Journal Of Functional Biomaterials[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Next-Generation Orthodontics: Functional Resins, Biomechanics, Biocompatibility, and Current Clinical Reality of Direct 3D-Printed Aligners.
Zhang Y, Wu BM
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893185 · Full text
The orthodontic landscape is currently witnessing a significant technological evolution with the emergence of direct 3D-printed aligners (DPAs), which promise to close the digital workflow loop by eliminating the geometr...
The orthodontic landscape is currently witnessing a significant technological evolution with the emergence of direct 3D-printed aligners (DPAs), which promise to close the digital workflow loop by eliminating the geometric limitations and solid model waste inherent to traditional thermoformed clear aligners (TCAs). This review provides a comprehensive analysis of the material science governing this transition from inert thermoplastic sheets to reactive photocurable resins. We explore the fundamental chemistry of DPA materials, and the pivotal role of post-processing in ensuring mechanical integrity and biocompatibility. Beyond passive mechanics, this review highlights preclinical research in functional material engineering, detailing how experimental DPAs are being investigated for the integration of antibacterial agents, remineralization fillers, and drug delivery systems. Furthermore, we evaluate the limited but emerging clinical data on DPAs, contrasting their shape-memory properties and force delivery profiles with conventional appliances, while critically addressing emerging safety concerns regarding monomer elution and microplastic generation. We conclude that while DPA technology offers superior dimensional control, comprehensive life cycle assessments and long-term in vivo trials are essential to fully substantiate their clinical efficacy, overall sustainability, and potential as advanced orthodontic appliances.
Innovative Technologies for Articular Cartilage Repair: Research, Development, and Clinical Translation-A Narrative Review.
Lara-Bertrand AL, Lizarazo-Fonseca L, Correa-Araujo L … +2 more , Salguero G, Silva-Cote I
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893184 · Full text
Articular cartilage is a highly specialized connective tissue essential for joint function, providing load-bearing capacity, shock absorption, and near-frictionless motion. Due to its avascular nature, articular cartilag...
Articular cartilage is a highly specialized connective tissue essential for joint function, providing load-bearing capacity, shock absorption, and near-frictionless motion. Due to its avascular nature, articular cartilage has a limited intrinsic healing capacity, and focal injuries often progress to degenerative joint diseases such as osteoarthritis, leading to chronic pain and functional impairment. This review examines current and emerging scientific, clinical, and technological strategies for articular cartilage repair and regeneration, with particular emphasis on their translational relevance. This narrative review integrates data from peer-reviewed literature, clinical trial registries, and patent databases. Preclinical and clinical approaches are discussed, including orthobiologics, cell-based therapies, advanced biomaterials, and three-dimensional tissue-engineered scaffolds. Bibliometric and keyword network analyses are used to identify dominant research themes, technological trends, and emerging innovations. The findings reveal a clear paradigm shift from conventional surgical interventions, often associated with fibrocartilage formation and suboptimal biomechanical performance, to multifactorial regenerative strategies combining cells, bioactive signals, and biomimetic scaffolds designed to recapitulate the native extracellular matrix. This convergence of regenerative medicine, tissue engineering, and biomaterials science is reflected in growing clinical translation efforts and intellectual property activity. Overall, although articular cartilage repair remains a significant clinical challenge, integrated regenerative approaches show great potential for achieving durable and functional cartilage regeneration.
Autologous Platelet Concentrates and Photobiomodulation as Biologically Active Modifiers of Hard and Soft Tissue Healing: A Randomised Controlled Trial.
Selahi D, Dominiak M, Niemczyk W … +3 more , Pitułaj A, Jurczyszyn K, Hadzik J
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893183 · Full text
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated autologous platelet concentrates (APCs), including advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF+) and concentrated growth factors (CGFs), as biologically active matrices, and photobiom...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated autologous platelet concentrates (APCs), including advanced platelet-rich fibrin (A-PRF+) and concentrated growth factors (CGFs), as biologically active matrices, and photobiomodulation (PBM) as a biophysical stimulus affecting soft and hard tissue regeneration following mandibular third molar extraction. METHODS: A six-arm parallel randomised controlled trial was conducted including 135 patients. A total of 122 participants completed follow-up and were analysed: control ( = 22), photobiomodulation ( = 20), A-PRF+ ( = 19), CGF ( = 20), A-PRF+ plus photobiomodulation ( = 22), and CGF plus photobiomodulation ( = 19). The primary endpoint was postoperative pain intensity assessed on postoperative day 3 using an 11-point visual analogue scale (VAS). Secondary outcomes included swelling, trismus, wound healing assessed by the early healing index, and bone regeneration assessed by CBCT-based fractal dimension analysis at 4 months. RESULTS: On postoperative day 3, mean VAS pain was 2.95 ± 2.65 in the control group and 1.00 ± 1.65 in the photobiomodulation group, corresponding to a mean difference of 1.95 VAS points. The overall between-group difference for day 3 pain was statistically significant. In swelling outcomes, no statistically significant between-group differences were observed at days 1, 3, or 7 across facial measurement lines. In CBCT fractal analysis, a significant group effect was detected for the mid socket region, with higher fractal dimension at 4 months in the CGF plus photobiomodulation group compared with the control. CONCLUSIONS: Both APCs and PBM positively influenced postoperative healing. Their combined application, particularly CGF with PBM, showed the most consistent regenerative effects, although not all outcomes differed significantly between groups. These minimally invasive strategies may support soft and hard tissue regeneration.
Standardized Photobiomodulation Dosimetry Targeting the Base of Calvarial Critical-Sized Defects for Bone Regeneration: A Preclinical RCT Comparing Flattop vs. Gaussian Beam Profiles, with or Without Bio-Oss.
Hanna R, Selting W, Cuteri V … +8 more , Rossi G, Bosco A, Emionite L, Cilli M, Marcenaro E, Rebaudi F, Greppi M, Benedicenti S
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893182 · Full text
Photobiomodulation (PBM) has shown promising potential to enhance bone regeneration; however, its optimal delivery parameters and interactions with osteoconductive scaffolds remain insufficiently defined. This preclinica...
Photobiomodulation (PBM) has shown promising potential to enhance bone regeneration; however, its optimal delivery parameters and interactions with osteoconductive scaffolds remain insufficiently defined. This preclinical study is the first to incorporate a pilot dosimetry evaluation to standardize 980-nm PBM delivery and ensure that effective irradiance reached the target surface of critical-size calvarial defects in mice. The primary aim was to evaluate the effectiveness of this novel 980-nm PBM protocol delivered using either flat-top (FT) or standard Gaussian (ST) handpieces in enhancing bone regeneration in critical-size defects (CSDs), both with and without Bio-Oss grafting. A total of 120 adult mice were allocated into twelve experimental groups ( = 10 per group): untreated (control), Bio-Oss alone, PBM alone, and PBM combined with Bio-Oss, using either FT or ST handpieces, and evaluated at 30 and 60 days. Animals received 980 nm irradiation at 0.6 W (nominal power output-set on laser interface) in continuous-wave mode for 60 s, three times per week, for two consecutive weeks. Pilot dosimetry included power meter measurements to determine the therapeutic power reaching the defect surface area and temperature monitoring to ensure safe energy delivery. The dosimetry study demonstrated that, after accounting for the optical properties of mouse shaved skin and the Bio-Oss graft covered with Bio-Gide membrane, the effective irradiance reaching the base of the defect surface area was 1.131 W/cm for the FT handpiece and 0.413 W/cm for the ST handpiece. This dose was sufficient to induce significant regenerative effects. Histological, Masson's trichrome, and immunohistochemical analyses for Runx2, OCN, GLI1, CD34, and CTSK were performed to characterize early and late osteogenic events. The combination of PBM and Bio-Oss significantly accelerated bone regeneration compared with PBM alone, with the FT handpiece producing the most uniform and advanced osteogenesis. PBM enhanced progenitor activation, osteoblast differentiation, angiogenesis, matrix deposition, and late-stage remodeling, demonstrating a synergistic effect with the scaffold, whereas Bio-Oss alone or defect alone showed limited early regenerative potential. These findings highlight the effectiveness of this novel standardized PBM dosimetry and uniform beam profile (FT), supporting their use as a foundation for future randomized controlled trials in craniofacial bone repair.
Silk Fibroin Sheets Improve the Strength of Colon Anastomoses in Wistar Rats.
Mohamed Chairi MH, Huertas Peña FJ, García-García J … +7 more , López-Escánez L, Aznar-Cervantes SD, Becerra Massare P, Gálvez J, Anderson P, Molina-Tijeras JA, Rodríguez-Cabezas ME
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893181 · Full text
Colorectal resection and subsequent anastomosis are the standard curative procedures for a variety of colorectal pathologies. However, anastomotic leakage (AL) is an early and frequent complication that can have life-thr...
Colorectal resection and subsequent anastomosis are the standard curative procedures for a variety of colorectal pathologies. However, anastomotic leakage (AL) is an early and frequent complication that can have life-threatening outcomes. The study aimed to evaluate the effect of silkworm fibroin sheets on colon anastomotic strength and wound healing early after intervention in Wistar rats. Male Wistar rats were randomized into two groups, control (N = 11) and fibroin (N = 11), and subjected to end-to-end colo-colic anastomosis. In the fibroin group, a single layer of fibroin membrane was applied externally around the anastomosis. The animals were sacrificed three days after the operation (POD3) and intestinal adhesions, anastomotic bursting pressure and histological parameters based on the eosin, hematoxylin, and Masson's trichrome stains were compared between the groups. Fibroin-treated rats showed a significant increase in anastomotic bursting pressure compared to control animals (69 (18) vs. 41 (28) mmHg), whereas no differences in the intestinal adhesion scores were detected. No significant differences in the numbers of granulocytes, monocytes/macrophages and fibroblasts, nor the amount of collagen fibers, as measured by Masson's trichrome stain, were found between the groups. These results indicate that fibroin sheets could represent a simple and promising tool to provide mechanical support and improve colonic anastomotic strength early after intervention.
In Vitro Biocompatibility of Calcium Silicate-Based Materials for Retrograde Endodontic Treatment Under Different Setting Conditions.
Markova K, Manchorova-Veleva N, Todorova V … +2 more , Vangelov L, Petkova D
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893180 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Calcium silicate-based materials are widely used in retrograde endodontic treatment due to their bioactivity and favorable biological properties. The environmental conditions during setting and the time-depen...
BACKGROUND: Calcium silicate-based materials are widely used in retrograde endodontic treatment due to their bioactivity and favorable biological properties. The environmental conditions during setting and the time-dependent release of soluble components may influence cellular responses; however, these factors remain insufficiently investigated. AIM: This in vitro study evaluated the cellular response to three calcium silicate-based materials-MTA+, Biodentine, and NeoPUTTY-after setting under different environmental conditions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Cylindrical specimens were allowed to set under three conditions: dry environment, phosphate-buffered saline (PBS), and human blood. Eluates obtained after 1, 3, and 5 days were applied to human BJ fibroblasts. Cell viability, based on metabolic activity measured using the AlamarBlue assay, was evaluated at 48 and 96 h. Biocompatibility was inferred from cell viability, reflecting eluate-mediated effects rather than direct material-cell contact. RESULTS: Cell viability was influenced by both the setting environment and eluate maturation time. PBS-set materials showed variable cellular responses, with high viability at early time points but marked decreases at 96 h for some MTA+ and NeoPUTTY groups. Biodentine demonstrated the most stable cellular response across all conditions. Materials set in blood produced cellular responses comparable to those observed for PBS and dry conditions, with no statistically significant overall reduction in cell viability. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limitations of this in vitro eluate-based model, blood exposure during setting had a minimal influence on the cell viability to the tested materials. Among the evaluated materials, Biodentine exhibited the most stable biological profile. These findings reflect time-dependent, eluate-mediated cellular effects and should be interpreted with caution when extrapolating to clinical conditions.
Biomechanical Evaluation of CAD/CAM Inlay Restorations Through Experimental Flexural Strength Testing and Finite Element Analysis.
Sagsoz O, Yildiz M, Ghahramanzadeh Asl H
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893179 · Full text
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the biomechanical behavior of conservative inlay restorations fabricated from different CAD/CAM materials by combining experimental flexural strength testing with finite elemen...
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to investigate the biomechanical behavior of conservative inlay restorations fabricated from different CAD/CAM materials by combining experimental flexural strength testing with finite element analysis. METHODS: Five CAD/CAM materials were evaluated: feldspathic ceramic (Cerec Blocs), leucite-reinforced ceramic (IPS Empress CAD), resin nano-ceramic (Lava Ultimate), polymer-infiltrated ceramic network (VITA Enamic), and lithium disilicate ceramic (IPS e.max CAD). Young's modulus and Poisson's ratio were experimentally determined using three-point bending and nanoindentation tests and used as inputs for 3D FEA. Von Mises (VM) stress distributions within the inlays were analyzed under simulated occlusal loading. RESULTS: Maximum VM stresses showed an inverse relationship with material elasticity. IPS e.max CAD exhibited the highest maximum VM stress (45.571 MPa), whereas the resin nano-ceramic showed the lowest (25.419 MPa). Despite higher stress concentrations in high-modulus ceramics, VM values for all materials remained well below their FS limits. CONCLUSIONS: All materials demonstrated adequate mechanical stability under physiological loading. Lithium disilicate showed a comparatively larger margin between stress levels and flexural strength, while lower-modulus materials tended to promote greater stress transfer to supporting structures.
LXW7 Peptide Modification of Acellular Liver Scaffolds Improves Endothelialization and Hemocompatibility in Bioengineered Liver.
Yadav U, Yadav CJ, Afrin S … +3 more , Lee JY, Kamel J, Park KM
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893178 · Full text
End-stage liver disease caused by advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis remains a major global burden, yet its treatment is limited by donor organ shortages. Bioengineered liver scaffolds offer a promising alternative, but the...
End-stage liver disease caused by advanced fibrosis and cirrhosis remains a major global burden, yet its treatment is limited by donor organ shortages. Bioengineered liver scaffolds offer a promising alternative, but their efficacy is often limited by thrombosis, insufficient vascularization, and poor graft integration due to inadequate endothelialization. To overcome these challenges, we employed LXW7 αvβ3 integrin targeting peptide with high endothelial cell specificity and low platelet affinity to enhance re-endothelialization and hemocompatibility of decellularized liver scaffold (DLS) and thereby improve hepatic integration and function. LXW7 was covalently conjugated to the decellularized rat liver scaffold via EDC/NHS-mediated carbodiimide coupling and subsequently reseeded with human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and cultured in a perfusion bioreactor to promote endothelialization. LXW7 immobilization significantly improved HUVECs attachment and proliferation, achieving approximately 81% vascular coverage, while sustaining the endothelial function. Ex vivo blood perfusion showed minimal thrombus formation and markedly reduced platelet adhesion, demonstrating enhanced hemocompatibility. Following confirmation of endothelialization, scaffolds were recellularized with hepatocellular carcinoma (HepG2) cells and HUVECs. LXW7 modified scaffolds promote organized hepatocyte distribution, sustained albumin expression, and increased urea secretion. In vivo implantation of LXW7-DLS into the omentum of mice promoted robust host endothelial recruitment and enhanced neovascularization, highlighting the scaffold's excellent biocompatibility and good integration with surrounding tissues. Moreover, in vivo implantation of LXW7 recellularized scaffolds into a thioacetamide-induced fibrotic mouse liver resulted in reduced collagen deposition and lowered serum ALT/AST levels, demonstrating hepatic regeneration and extracellular matrix remodeling. Overall, our results showed that LXW7-modified DLS promotes stable endothelialization, improves hemocompatibility, and enhances hepatic function, underscoring its translational potential for the development of vascularized transplantable liver grafts.
Contact-Dependent Antibacterial Performance of Silver Nanoparticles Encapsulated in Collagen-Based Gels.
Ntolia A, Matisioudis N, Dimitriou E … +10 more , Rouptsiou K, Chatzigiannakou T, Manglaris C, Kalis M, Triantafillou E, Evangelopoulou G, Liakopoulou-Kyriakides M, Zaspalis V, Michailidis N, Aggeli A
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893177 · Full text
The design of new medical devices in biomedical engineering often necessitates the control of microbial load at the point of application, making antibacterial action valuable for numerous applications in the biomedical f...
The design of new medical devices in biomedical engineering often necessitates the control of microbial load at the point of application, making antibacterial action valuable for numerous applications in the biomedical field. Nanotechnology products, such as silver nanoparticles (), represent highly promising yet underexplored bioactive and antimicrobial agents that have attracted researchers' interest for integration into medical devices. This study focuses on stable suspensions of silver nanoparticles, characterized by using a range of complementary physicochemical techniques as well as bacterial cell cultures, while also demonstrating controlled entrapment of the nanoparticles in collagen-based gels. The findings reveal that highly stable suspensions of negatively charged (~6 nm in size) consistently exhibit broad-spectrum antimicrobial activity against both Gram-negative and Gram-positive bacteria, with minimum inhibitory concentration values of 10-20 ppm, whilst, importantly, close contact between the nanoparticles and bacterial cells turns out to be essential for their antibacterial action. Controlled entrapment of the nanoparticles in collagen-based gels enables regulation of nanoparticle release and their antimicrobial efficacy. This work highlights the promising prospects of silver nanoparticles in designing novel biomedical engineering products, while underscoring the need for a more comprehensive understanding of their biological activity to ensure optimal utilization.
Micro- and Nano-Structuring of Hydroxyapatite-MMT-Loaded Hydrogels for Bone Regeneration Applications.
Eshkol-Yogev I, Hanoon Kogan T, Levi I … +3 more , Salman M, Gariani O, Zilberman M
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893176 · Full text
Bone regeneration focuses on the creation of functional tissue to repair bone defects. Creating a biodegradable scaffold hydrogel that combines a hemostatic agent with bioactive ceramics can afford the biological and mec...
Bone regeneration focuses on the creation of functional tissue to repair bone defects. Creating a biodegradable scaffold hydrogel that combines a hemostatic agent with bioactive ceramics can afford the biological and mechanical benefits of both components. In the present study, we developed an injectable gelatin-alginate dual-composite hydrogel, loaded with two functional fillers: hydroxyapatite (HA) and the hemostatic agent montmorillonite (MMT). HA (microparticles and nanoparticles) was incorporated at concentrations of 10-30 mg/mL, with and without MMT at 20 mg/mL. The effects of functional fillers and their concentration on the microstructure and resulting physical and mechanical properties were studied, and a qualitative model summarising these effects was developed. All formulations exhibited clinically appropriate gelation times (5-29 s). n-HA significantly prolonged gelation time, reaching 29 ± 3 s at 30 mg/mL, while MMT reduced gelation time at all concentrations. The tensile strength of the unloaded hydrogel reached 20 kPa and increased to 57 kPa with 30 mg/mL of n-HA. The tensile strength even increased further with the addition of MMT (77 kPa). The results indicate that the combination of HA and MMT produced dual micro-composite hydrogels with moderate reinforcement, whereas the combination of n-HA and MMT generated dual nano-micro composites with combined reinforcing effects. The latter exhibited the highest strength and sealing ability while maintaining clinically relevant gelation times and controlled swelling behaviour. In conclusion, the combination of MMT with n-HA or HA enables the creation of functional hydrogels with controlled properties, tailored to specific applications in bone regeneration.
Adipose-Derived Stem Cell Membrane-Coated Mitochondria Restore Tendon Stromal Cell Function Through Metabolic Reprogramming and Promote Achilles Tendon Healing.
Li X, Huo Z, Wang Z … +4 more , Deng H, Shao H, Li Y, Jiang C
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893175 · Full text
Achilles tendon rupture often leads to poor functional recovery due to limited self-healing, with mitochondrial dysfunction in tendon stromal cells (TSCs) being a key factor in disease progression. Here, we developed adi...
Achilles tendon rupture often leads to poor functional recovery due to limited self-healing, with mitochondrial dysfunction in tendon stromal cells (TSCs) being a key factor in disease progression. Here, we developed adipose-derived stromal cell (ADSC) membrane-coated mitochondria (Mito-NPs) to target this dysfunction and evaluate their therapeutic potential for tendon repair. Mito-NPs exhibited uniform size, stable surface charge, and effective membrane coating. In lipopolysaccharide-induced inflammatory TSCs, Mito-NPs enhanced oxidative phosphorylation, improved mitochondrial metabolic homeostasis, and reshaped gene expression profiles to normalize TSC functional phenotypes, including inflammation, migration, and collagen synthesis. When encapsulated in a reactive oxygen species (ROS)-responsive hydrogel (Mito-NPs@HG) and implanted into rat Achilles tendon injuries, Mito-NPs@HG improved gait function, decreased local inflammation, and promoted histological repair of damaged tendons by enhancing collagen organization and reducing inflammation. Our findings demonstrate that ADSC membrane-coated mitochondria effectively rescue TSC dysfunction and facilitate tendon regeneration, providing a promising translational strategy for treating tendon injuries.
A Pre-Set Calcium Sulfate/Hydroxyapatite Biomaterial as an Antibiotic-Eluting Bone Extender and a Carrier for BMP-2: A Pilot Study in a Rabbit Posterolateral Spinal Fusion Model.
Huang J, Lukoševičiūtė G, Mrkonjic F … +6 more , Alidadi H, Jakstas D, Sebastian S, Lidgren L, Tägil M, Raina DB
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893174 · Full text
Synthetic biomaterials used as bone graft extenders (BGE) in spinal fusion surgery can supplement but do not replace autologous bone. This pilot study evaluated a calcium sulfate/hydroxyapatite (CaS/HA) material as an an...
Synthetic biomaterials used as bone graft extenders (BGE) in spinal fusion surgery can supplement but do not replace autologous bone. This pilot study evaluated a calcium sulfate/hydroxyapatite (CaS/HA) material as an antibiotic-eluting BGE and a carrier for bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) in a rabbit posterolateral lumbar (L4-L5) spinal fusion model (PLF). Pre-set CaS/HA beads were loaded with tobramycin (TOB) and tested for in vitro antibiotic release and antibacterial activity against . For the in vivo PLF study, CaS/HA beads were used in two treatment strategies: (1) CaS/HA + TOB + autograft (left side) and (2) CaS/HA + BMP-2 (right side). Serum levels of TOB were quantified and spinal fusion was evaluated after 12 weeks. TOB exhibited a rapid initial release, followed by a decline below detectable levels after 6 h in vitro and 48 h in vivo. TOB-loaded CaS/HA beads demonstrated in vitro antibacterial activity for 19 days. In the PLF study, 5/6 and 6/6 specimens were fused radiologically in the TOB and BMP groups, respectively, and 100% using mechanical testing. Micro-CT analysis showed no significant difference in bone volume between the TOB and BMP-2 groups (364 ± 84 vs. 479 ± 95 mm). Histology verified continuous bone bridging in both groups. Our in vitro findings indicate that locally added TOB could protect the CaS/HA material from bacterial colonization and did not adversely impact the CaS/HA material negatively to act as BGE. The addition of low-dose BMP-2 to the CaS/HA material proved effective in building bone without the need to harvest autologous bone. In summary, this pilot PLF study demonstrates that the tested CaS/HA material combined with BMP-2 could replace autologous bone harvesting in spinal fusion surgery. Addition of TOB could potentially protect the material from bacterial colonization during the early post-operative period but further studies in infection models are warranted.
Mechanical Characterization of Intermaxillary Orthodontic Elastics: Energy-Based Metrics and Clinical Guidance.
Antunes P, Oliveira C, Santos M … +5 more , Marto CM, Vilhena L, Ramalho A, Francisco I, Vale F
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893173 · Full text
: Intermaxillary elastics are widely used in orthodontics to deliver controlled forces for malocclusion correction, aiding in the correction of anteroposterior, vertical, or transverse problems. Despite their clinical re...
: Intermaxillary elastics are widely used in orthodontics to deliver controlled forces for malocclusion correction, aiding in the correction of anteroposterior, vertical, or transverse problems. Despite their clinical relevance, comprehensive mechanical characterization remains limited. : This study aimed to evaluate the mechanical properties of nine types of intermaxillary elastics available on the market to guide evidence-based clinical selection. : Elastics were tested under uniaxial tensile loading following ISO 37:2011 and ISO 21606:2007, with six replicates per type. Load-displacement and stress-strain responses were analyzed, measuring peak force, elongation at rupture, work-to-rupture, and specific rupture work. Non-linear behavior was modeled using cubic polynomial regression, and normalized stress-strain curves enabled intrinsic material comparisons. One-way ANOVA with post-hoc tests assessed differences among elastics. : All elastics displayed characteristic non-linear elastomeric responses. Functional grouping distinguished short-displacement/high-stiffness, intermediate-displacement/moderate-stiffness, and long-displacement/high-capacity bands. Work-to-rupture, specific rupture work, and normalized stress-strain metrics varied significantly, reflecting differences in energy absorption and force delivery ( < 0.05). : Mechanical characterization, including energy-based descriptors and normalized stress-strain analysis, supports informed elastic selection, enhancing orthodontic treatment predictability and patient safety.
Bovine Cartilage-Derived Type II Collagen Composite Scaffolds: Collagen Characterization, Physicochemical Properties, and In Vitro Chondrocyte Responses.
Zhu Z, Ju M, Li M … +1 more , Zhang W
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Feb · PMID 41893172 · Full text
Type II collagen (CII), the major structural protein in the cartilage extracellular matrix, is a promising biomaterial for scaffold design in cartilage tissue engineering. In this study, high-purity CII was successfully...
Type II collagen (CII), the major structural protein in the cartilage extracellular matrix, is a promising biomaterial for scaffold design in cartilage tissue engineering. In this study, high-purity CII was successfully extracted from bovine cartilage, an abundant by-product of cattle slaughter, and its amino acid composition, triple-helical conformation, and thermal stability were verified. CII was subsequently combined with silk fibroin (SF) and chitosan (CS) to fabricate three-dimensional (3D) porous scaffolds via freeze-drying. The pore structure, porosity, swelling behavior, mechanical properties and in vitro degradation characteristics were systematically evaluated. Scaffolds with favorable structural integrity, mechanical performance, and degradation rates were further evaluated biologically using human primary chondrocytes. All CII-based composite scaffolds supported chondrocyte growth and promoted early extracellular matrix deposition. Notably, the scaffold with a CII:SF:CS ratio of 7:3:1 showed the highest GAG/DNA content, accompanied by upregulated gene expression related to the cartilage phenotype (COL2A1, ACAN, and SOX9) and reduced expression of the dedifferentiation marker COL1A1, indicating improved phenotype maintenance. Overall, within the tested range, CII70 (CII:SF:CS = 7:3:1) represents a practical compromise between scaffold stability and in vitro chondrocyte-related outcomes, providing a basis for selecting CII/SF/CS formulations for cartilage tissue engineering.
Vascularization and Bone Regeneration with 3D-Printed Composite Scaffolds in Rodent Critical-Size Calvarial Defects: Systematic Review.
Vitosyte M, Tesing M, Galinauskaite S … +2 more , Rutkunas V, Gendviliene I
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Feb · PMID 41893171 · Full text
Rapid vascularization is essential for bone regeneration in oral and maxillofacial surgery. This systematic review synthesised in vivo evidence on 3D-printed composite scaffolds in rodent critical-size calvarial defects...
Rapid vascularization is essential for bone regeneration in oral and maxillofacial surgery. This systematic review synthesised in vivo evidence on 3D-printed composite scaffolds in rodent critical-size calvarial defects quantified by Microfil perfusion and micro-CT. "Composite" was defined as an organic-inorganic construct within the printed scaffold (not a single-phase scaffold with a surface coating). PubMed, MEDLINE, and Web of Science Core Collection were searched for studies published from January 2014 to December 2025. Eligible studies compared composite scaffolds with non-composite (single-phase) scaffolds and/or empty controls and reported vascular outcomes (vessel number, vascularized area) together with bone outcomes (new bone area, bone volume fraction [BV/TV], and bone mineral density). Ten studies met the inclusion criteria. In outcome-specific exploratory analyses, composite scaffolds were associated with higher new bone area than comparators ( = 0.031). Functional modifications were associated with higher vascularized area ( = 0.025) and higher new bone area ( = 0.038), while dual-factor modifications showed the largest gain in new bone area ( = 0.002). Pore sizes ≥ 400 μm were associated with higher BV/TV ( = 0.029). Heterogeneity in designs, follow-up, and reporting, together with small sample sizes, precluded meta-analysis. Composite scaffolds appear promising, but standardised methodologies and improved reporting are needed to define optimal design features and support translation.
The Effect of Biomechanical Loading Parameters on the Stress and Strain Behavior of Orthodontic Mini-Implants: A Finite Element Study.
Panaite T, Romanec CL, Dragomir BR … +4 more , Sîrghie A, Amititeloaie C, Balcos C, Savin CDN
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Feb · PMID 41893170 · Full text
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the influence of key biomechanical parameters-orthodontic force magnitude, loading direction, and insertion depth-on stress and strain distribution in orthodontic mini-implants...
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: This study evaluated the influence of key biomechanical parameters-orthodontic force magnitude, loading direction, and insertion depth-on stress and strain distribution in orthodontic mini-implants using three-dimensional finite element analysis (FEM). METHODS: A three-dimensional model of a titanium orthodontic mini-implant inserted into a mandibular bone segment was developed and analyzed under varying force magnitudes (1-10 N), loading directions (30°, 45°, and 60°), and insertion depths (2-4 mm). Cortical and cancellous bone components were included, and static loading conditions were applied using simplified, linear elastic material assumptions. RESULTS: Stress and strain levels increased with higher force magnitudes, with implant stresses approaching critical values at loads above 9 N. Cortical bone stresses remained within physiological limits, whereas cancellous bone exceeded the microdamage strain threshold at forces greater than 3 N. A 60° loading direction reduced implant bending and strain, while deeper insertion significantly decreased strain and displacement, indicating improved primary stability. CONCLUSIONS: Within the limits of this computational model, optimal mechanical behavior was observed under 1-3 N forces, a 60° loading direction, and a 2-4 mm insertion depth. Loads above 9 N approached fatigue and interfacial risk. These findings provide computational insight into the biomechanical behavior of orthodontic mini-implants under the modeled conditions.
Low-Intensity Pulsed Ultrasound in Peripheral and Central Nerve Repair: Mechanisms and Emerging Therapeutic Strategies.
Ma C, Song S, Dai J … +1 more , Shen H
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Feb · PMID 41893169 · Full text
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has emerged as a versatile, non-invasive physical modality with growing potential in regenerative medicine and neural repair. Advances in ultrasound physics and biomedical engineer...
Low-intensity pulsed ultrasound (LIPUS) has emerged as a versatile, non-invasive physical modality with growing potential in regenerative medicine and neural repair. Advances in ultrasound physics and biomedical engineering have enabled precise spatiotemporal control of acoustic stimulation, positioning therapeutic ultrasound as an alternative to conventional pharmacological and surgical interventions that often suffer from limited targeting and substantial side effects. Unlike high-intensity focused ultrasound, which relies primarily on thermal ablation, LIPUS operates within a low-energy, non-thermal regime and modulates cellular behavior through mechanical cues, mechano-transduction, and downstream biological responses. Accumulating evidence demonstrates that LIPUS regulates calcium dynamics, cytoskeletal remodeling, neurotrophic factor expression, inflammation, myelination, and local vascular remodeling, thereby promoting functional recovery in both peripheral and central nerve injury models. Moreover, the integration of LIPUS with biomaterials, including piezoelectric scaffolds and acoustically responsive drug delivery systems, has expanded its functionality from direct stimulation to on-demand electrical signaling and controlled therapeutic release. Despite these advances, challenges remain regarding parameter standardization, mechanistic consistency, and clinical translation. In this review, we summarize the systems, parameters, and biological mechanisms underlying LIPUS, discuss its applications in peripheral and central nerve injury repair, and highlight emerging strategies and translational barriers toward intelligent, multimodal, and personalized ultrasound-based therapies.
Transformation Temperatures and Mechanical Properties in Bending of a Multizone Rhodium-Coated NiTi Archwire: A Retrieval Analysis Study.
Sifakakis I, Banis A, Mylonopoulou IM … +3 more , Papadaki T, Boukos N, Bourauel C
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Feb · PMID 41893168 · Full text
This study compared the mechanical and thermal properties of new and retrieved multizone rhodium-coated superelastic nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires across anterior and posterior segments. Using three-point bending test...
This study compared the mechanical and thermal properties of new and retrieved multizone rhodium-coated superelastic nickel-titanium (NiTi) archwires across anterior and posterior segments. Using three-point bending tests, Scanning Electron Microscopy with Energy-Dispersive Spectroscopy analysis, and multiple linear regression, it was found that the posterior segments of new wires generated forces 0.50-0.80 N higher than those of anterior or retrieved specimens. While anterior segments exhibited higher austenite start and finish temperatures (by 6.15 °C and 5.21 °C, respectively) compared to posterior segments, these temperatures remained below average intraoral levels, and clinical retrieval did not significantly alter transformation temperatures. However, retrieved wires produced lower overall forces, likely due to surface cracking identified through microscopy. Ultimately, while posterior segments consistently generate higher forces than anterior segments, the observed reduction in force over time and the risk of surface degradation led to the conclusion that these archwires are not recommended for tooth movements exceeding 2 mm.
Influence of Micro-Nanostructured Anatase-Coated SLA Titanium on Macrophage Behavior.
Mohammadnejad L, Mangold M, Conrady H … +8 more , Zafira W, Kimmerle-Mueller E, Schneider P, Illing B, Ohle CV, Hechler A, Rupp F, Krajewski S
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Feb · PMID 41893167 · Full text
The success of titanium dental implants rely on osseointegration, influenced by surface properties and early immune responses. While sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) titanium surfaces have shown clinical success, macrop...
The success of titanium dental implants rely on osseointegration, influenced by surface properties and early immune responses. While sandblasted and acid-etched (SLA) titanium surfaces have shown clinical success, macrophage-mediated immune responses at these interfaces remain poorly understood. Anatase nanostructures have been shown to influence macrophage polarization on smooth titanium, but their effects on micro-rough SLA surfaces are not fully explored. This study investigates the immunomodulatory effects of micro-nanostructured anatase coatings on SLA titanium using human monocyte-derived macrophages (MDMs). M0-MDMs, were cultured and polarized to M1 and M2- macrophages on Ti-machined, Ti-SLA, Ti-SLA-anatase, and coverslip control surfaces for 48 h. Macrophage behavior was assessed using CCK-8 assay, confocal microscopy, SEM, ELISA, and qRT-PCR. All surfaces demonstrated excellent cytocompatibility, with similar macrophage viability across all investigated groups. M1 macrophages showed upregulation of CCR7 and TNF-α, while M2 macrophages expressed CD209 and CCL13 across all surfaces. Importantly, Ti-SLA-anatase did not significantly alter M1 or M2 markers, cytokine secretion, or gene expression, and did not exacerbate inflammatory responses. Micro-nanostructured anatase coatings on SLA titanium are immunologically well-tolerated and do not increase inflammation. These findings, combined with previously reported enhanced osteogenic properties, suggest the clinical potential of anatase-coated SLA surfaces.
The Influence of Orthodontic Bracket Base Design and Bonding System on Shear Bond Strength.
Nardin MM, Ionescu AG, Done AE … +6 more , Mirițoiu CM, Pădeanu PA, Rauten AM, Dăguci L, Preoteasa CT, Mercuț V
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Feb · PMID 41893166 · Full text
The success of orthodontic therapy depends on the effective, continuous application of forces to teeth. Therefore, an essential element of the treatment is the adhesion between the bracket and enamel. The purpose of this...
The success of orthodontic therapy depends on the effective, continuous application of forces to teeth. Therefore, an essential element of the treatment is the adhesion between the bracket and enamel. The purpose of this study was to evaluate the influence of bracket base design and bonding system on shear bond strength. The study was conducted on eighty extracted premolars which were randomly divided into four groups of twenty teeth each, using two types of metal brackets (80-gauge mesh and anchor pylons base design) and two types of bonding systems (conventional and self-etching). The combination of bracket and bonding system resulted in four distinct configurations of bracket bonding, with each configuration tested on twenty teeth. Shear bond strength testing was performed using a Laryee Universal Testing Machine. The obtained values were statistically analyzed. Slightly higher shear bond strength values were recorded for brackets with anchor pylons bonded using the conventional bonding system (13.32 ± 4.20 N/mm), whereas the lowest values were recorded for the same bracket base design bonded with the self-etching system (11.10 ± 4.50 N/mm). Nevertheless, ANOVA test did not reveal statistically significant differences between the two bracket types or between the two bonding techniques in terms of shear bond strength and force values and no significant interaction effects were observed. Considering the obtained results, several additional factors must be taken into account when evaluating the shear bond strength of orthodontic brackets.
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