Journal Of Functional Biomaterials[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Mechanostat-Informed Strain Mapping of Osseodensification-Inspired Peri-Implant Densification Versus Conventional Drilling in Osteoporotic-like Low-Density Cancellous Bone: A 3D Static Linear Finite Element Analysis.
Tuzlali M, Baki N, Önügören Nİ … +3 more , Aral K, Bahçe E, Aral CA
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893205 · Full text
Low-density cancellous bone results in reduced trabecular support and may increase crestal cortical strain around implants. Osseodensification (OD) compacts trabecular bone and may create a peri-osteotomy densified zone,...
Low-density cancellous bone results in reduced trabecular support and may increase crestal cortical strain around implants. Osseodensification (OD) compacts trabecular bone and may create a peri-osteotomy densified zone, but its strain-level effects in osteoporotic-like bone are unclear. This study evaluated whether an OD-inspired peri-implant densified trabecular zone reduces crestal cortical strain compared with conventional drilling (CD) in an osteoporotic-like model. A three-dimensional finite element model of a mandibular posterior segment with a 2.0-mm cortical shell and D4 cancellous core was constructed with a 4.3 × 11.4-mm titanium implant and a cemented monolithic zirconia crown. CD used a 4.0-mm osteotomy in D4 bone. The OD model used the same osteotomy plus a concentric peri-implant densified shell with radial density gradation from D1 to D3. The implant-bone interface was defined as bonded. Static 100 N axial and 45° oblique loads were applied. Outcomes were ε, ε, and ε, summarized as mean top-10 nodal values. OD reduced crestal cortical strains under both loads. Under axial loading, ε, ε, and |ε| decreased by 17.7%, 19.0%, and 24.1%, respectively. Under oblique loading, the corresponding reductions were 9.8%, 8.0%, and 8.9%. Oblique loading produced higher cortical strains than axial loading in both models. OD-inspired peri-implant densification reduced crestal cortical strain in this osteoporotic-like model, whereas oblique loading remained the main driver of elevated strain. These findings support occlusal/prosthetic strategies that minimize oblique forces and warrant experimental and clinical validation.
In Vitro and In Ovo CAM Model Evaluation of Periosteum-Derived Micrografts.
Almujaydil R, McCann CJ, Nguyen L … +1 more , D'Aiuto F
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893204 · Full text
Despite advances in periodontal regenerative therapies, consistent tissue regeneration remains challenging, with cells playing an essential role in successful repair. Therefore, this study tested different dental bone su...
Despite advances in periodontal regenerative therapies, consistent tissue regeneration remains challenging, with cells playing an essential role in successful repair. Therefore, this study tested different dental bone substitutes embedded in the chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) combined with periosteum-derived micrografts obtained using a chair-side device (Rigenera HBW system). Cell populations within the micrografts were identified and characterised via immunofluorescence and flow cytometry (CD31, CD105, CD34, CD90, CD73, and CD45). A CAM model was employed to examine the angiogenic potential of micrografts combined with bone substitutes, which were analysed through quantitative blood vessel/vascularisation assessments using the Ikosa software (2025), along with histological and immunohistochemical evaluations such as smooth muscle actin (SMA), H&E, and Masson's trichrome staining. Statistical analysis was performed using GraphPad Prism 10. The addition of periosteum-derived micrografts resulted in angiogenic enhancement compared to the controls. Notable enhancement of total vessel area, total length, and branching points were obtained when Fisiograft ( = 0.0007, = 0.0002, and < 0.0001, respectively), New Shore ( = 0.0006, = 0.0149, and = 0.0083, respectively), and Bio-Oss ( = 0.0038 and = 0.0010, respectively) were combined with micrografts, compared to the positive controls. The histological and immunohistochemical analyses confirmed increased vascularisation (positive staining for SMA) in the micrograft groups. Periosteum-derived micrografts represent a promising adjunct to conventional bone-grafting materials, promoting vascularisation and potentially enhancing tissue regeneration and healing outcomes.
Resin-Modified Calcium Silicate-Based Materials Versus Conventional Formulations in Primary Teeth: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Clinical and Radiographic Outcomes of Vital Pulp Therapy Procedures in Pediatric Dentistry.
Cabrera-Fernández A, Dominguez-Dominguez L, Pérez-Pérez A … +6 more , Marques Dos Santos JM, Díaz-Cuenca A, Sanchez-Margalet V, Sequeira DB, Segura-Egea JJ, Martín-González J
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893203 · Full text
Vital pulp therapy comprises a group of procedures whose use in the primary dentition is increasingly supported in pediatric dentistry. The clinical management of pediatric patients requires biomaterials that provide pre...
Vital pulp therapy comprises a group of procedures whose use in the primary dentition is increasingly supported in pediatric dentistry. The clinical management of pediatric patients requires biomaterials that provide precision, ease of handling, and reduced chairside time; in this context, resin-modified calcium silicate-based materials (RM-CSCs) have been introduced as an alternative to conventional calcium silicate formulations. This systematic review and meta-analysis aimed to evaluate the clinical effectiveness of RM-CSCs compared with non-resin calcium silicate-based materials in vital pulp therapy performed in primary teeth. A systematic search was conducted in MEDLINE, Scopus, Embase, and Web of Science in accordance with PRISMA guidelines. Randomized clinical trials were included, the risk of bias was assessed using the RoB 2 tool, and the certainty of evidence was evaluated using the GRADE approach. Of the 605 records initially identified, nine randomized clinical trials were ultimately included, all of which evaluated TheraCal LC as the RM-CSC. Meta-analyses were performed for vital pulp therapy overall and for procedure-specific subanalyses, including indirect pulp capping and pulpotomy. None of the meta-analyses demonstrated statistically significant differences between RM-CSCs and non-resin calcium silicate-based materials in terms of clinical or radiographic success. Therefore, the available evidence supports the use of TheraCal LC as an effective option for indirect pulp capping in primary teeth; however, its use in pulpotomy should be interpreted with caution until further randomized clinical trials become available.
Cytocompatibility Assessment of L-PBF-Manufactured Zinc-Silver-Copper Alloys for Customized Biodegradable Medical Implants.
Illing B, Schultheiss J, Schumacher L … +7 more , Kimmerle-Mueller E, Roehler A, Heiss A, Klotz UE, Okafor VO, Krajewski S, Rupp F
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893202 · Full text
Biodegradable zinc (Zn) has attracted increasing interest as a material for temporary implants, primarily due to its moderate degradation kinetics. In recent years, additive manufacturing of Zn alloys using the laser pow...
Biodegradable zinc (Zn) has attracted increasing interest as a material for temporary implants, primarily due to its moderate degradation kinetics. In recent years, additive manufacturing of Zn alloys using the laser powder bed fusion method (L-PBF) has shown promising results. Compared to as-cast Zn alloys, it offers preferable customized solutions for patient-specific temporary biomedical implants. Due to the novelty of these printed degradable biomaterials and due to reported cytotoxic effects of Zn alloys, this study investigates additively manufactured ZnAgCu, ZnAgCuMn, and ZnAgCuTi alloys, both in as-printed and post-processed conditions, with a focus on L929 and SAOS-2 biocompatibility. In this work, we demonstrate that the increased porosity and therefore larger surface areas compared to polished Zn-alloy samples affect their biocompatibility. Minimal to no cell proliferation was observed on and near the Zn-alloy test plates after 24 h. Undiluted extracts from as-cast Zn and L-PBF-manufactured plates were initially cytotoxic to SAOS-2 cells. However, as passivation proceeded, cytocompatibility was significantly increased from day 3 onward. Zn ion release peaked at 24 h and declined significantly from day 2 to day 10. Compared to the other Zn alloys, ZnAgCuMn exhibited the lowest cytocompatibility. Most intriguingly, 3-month surfaces exhibited reduced cytocompatibility to osteoblasts compared to freshly polished samples. The observed in vitro cytotoxicity motivates further investigation of as-printed and post-processed L-PBF-manufactured Zn alloys, aiming to develop novel surface modification strategies to mitigate the initial ion burst responsible for reduced cytocompatibility and to adjust and tailor the overall degradation kinetics to physiologically tolerable levels tailored to the intended clinical application.
Calcium Phosphate Bone Substitutes in the Prevention of Bisphosphonate-Related Osteonecrosis of the Jaw: A Review.
Paulo S, Abrantes AM, Laranjo M … +6 more , Marto CM, Paula A, Trancoso P, Botelho F, Serra A, Ferreira MM
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893201 · Full text
Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is characterized by exposed necrotic bone that often progresses with increasing pain and impaired quality of life. Zoledronate, the most potent and widely used bisp...
Bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ) is characterized by exposed necrotic bone that often progresses with increasing pain and impaired quality of life. Zoledronate, the most potent and widely used bisphosphonate, has been strongly associated with BRONJ development following invasive dental procedures. Given the rising incidence of BRONJ, understanding and implementing effective preventive strategies have become imperative. Biomaterials based on synthetic hydroxyapatite and beta-tricalcium phosphate have been investigated as potential preventive agents. Their therapeutic rationale is supported by two key principles: the well-documented chemical interaction of calcium phosphates with bisphosphonates when used as drug carriers, and the established clinical use of synthetic calcium phosphate biomaterials in dentistry for bone regeneration. This review examines the underlying mechanisms of this preventive therapeutic strategy and evaluates studies investigating synthetic calcium phosphate biomaterials for BRONJ prevention through zoledronate adsorption at jaw wound sites, thereby reducing soft tissue toxicity and promoting healing. The evidence supports the protective effect of these biomaterials as a scientifically grounded preventive approach for BRONJ.
Design and Performance Evaluation of TPMS-Based Dual-Layer Gradient Porous Structures for Bone Scaffolds.
Li X, Zhou D, Lu C … +4 more , Zhong M, Xie X, Zhou L, Fu Y
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893200 · Full text
This study investigates and compares properties of various P-type Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) porous structures for bone scaffold design. At first, six cases of homogeneous single/dual-layer structures, axial...
This study investigates and compares properties of various P-type Triply Periodic Minimal Surface (TPMS) porous structures for bone scaffold design. At first, six cases of homogeneous single/dual-layer structures, axial single/dual-layer gradient structures and radial single/dual-layer gradient structures with the same average porosity are developed. Dual-layer gradient structures are selected for further design due to more similar pore and stress distributions to human bones, reduced maximum stress, higher yield strength and greater variations in yield strength and elastic modulus (). The mechanical and permeability properties of ten cases of axial and radial dual-layer gradient structures with the same overall porosity but different inner and outer layer porosities are then further designed and studied. The results show that yield strength is within 112.75-139.97 MPa, ranges from 11.15 to 13.01 GPa, the permeability () falls within 1.51-10.01 × 10 m and the average wall shear stress () varies between 6.18 and 9.11 mPa. The yield strength, and of radial dual-layer gradient structures are higher and is lower than those of axial dual-layer gradient structures. Moreover, with increase in inner average porosity (P¯) and decrease in outer P¯, the yield strength, and gradually decrease while gradually increases for both types of structures. In particular, the radial dual-layer structure with the lowest porosity of 27.5% in the inner layer and highest porosity of 42.5% in the outer layer has superior mechanical and permeability properties. The findings offer direct guidance for the structural design of bone implants, enabling performance customization for different applications.
Three-Dimensional Printing of a Spinal Interbody: Design Principles, Biomaterials, and Translational Considerations.
Garg S, Young P, Franquemont C … +2 more , Conley R, Gill S
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893199 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Interbody spinal fusion is a common surgical treatment for degenerative, traumatic, and deformity-related spinal pathologies. Despite advances in cage geometry and fixation strategies that improve alignment a...
BACKGROUND: Interbody spinal fusion is a common surgical treatment for degenerative, traumatic, and deformity-related spinal pathologies. Despite advances in cage geometry and fixation strategies that improve alignment and early stability, reliable fusion remains limited by the mechanical and biological constraints of conventional interbody implant materials. Traditional titanium and polymer-based cages often fail to optimally balance load sharing, osteointegration, and biological activity within the mechanically demanding interbody environment. This narrative review examines the development and translational potential of 3D-printed interbody fusion devices, with emphasis on how additive manufacturing enables the integration of mechanical performance with biologically active scaffold design. METHODS: A thorough literature review was performed to evaluate the evolution, design principles, material properties, and translational outcomes of three-dimensional (3D)-printed interbody fusion devices. RESULTS: Additive manufacturing enables precise control over implant architecture, allowing for the fabrication of porous, lattice-based cages with tunable stiffness, optimized load sharing, and enhanced bone-implant integration. Preclinical and early clinical studies suggest that 3D-printed porous titanium cages may reduce subsidence, promote osteointegration, and improve fusion-related outcomes compared with conventional designs. Emerging evidence indicates that scaffold porosity, surface microtopography, and bioactive coatings influence macrophage polarization, angiogenesis, and osteogenic signaling. Polymeric and composite constructs, particularly hybrid designs incorporating surface functionalization, represent promising adjuncts, though clinical evidence remains limited. CONCLUSIONS: Three-dimensional printing represents a paradigm shift in interbody fusion device design. Continued translational research and longer-term clinical follow-up are required to validate efficacy and guide widespread clinical adoption.
Therapeutic Biomaterials for Chronic Osteomyelitis: Time-Space-Control Strategies for Infection Control and Bone Repair-A Narrative Review.
Tian J, Meng Q, Zhang P
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893198 · Full text
Chronic osteomyelitis and infected bone defects are driven by recurrent infection, biofilm persistence, and dysregulated inflammation, but conventional "eradicate bacteria and fill the defect" approaches often fail to re...
Chronic osteomyelitis and infected bone defects are driven by recurrent infection, biofilm persistence, and dysregulated inflammation, but conventional "eradicate bacteria and fill the defect" approaches often fail to restore a regenerative microenvironment. Herein, we review biofilm-associated immune dysfunction in impaired angiogenesis/osteogenesis and summarize biomaterials that couple infection control with tissue regeneration. We integrate representative platforms into a "Time-Space-Control" framework: (i) time-programmed systems that sequence early antibiofilm/antibacterial actions with later pro-angiogenic and osteogenic cues; (ii) space-focused designs that enhance defect localization, penetration, and coverage of infected niches; and (iii) controllable strategies that enable pathology-responsive and/or externally triggered, on-demand modulation. Based on this synthesis, we propose a practical 4P principle to guide programmable therapeutic biomaterials. Overall, explicitly managing timing, localization, and controllability may improve the alignment of antimicrobial therapy, immune reprogramming, and regenerative support for chronic infected bone repair.
A Defined-Area Bonding Approach for Microtensile Testing: A Reliable Alternative to Monoblock Sectioning for High-Hardness Restorative Materials.
Yamashita K, Kawamoto C, Toida Y … +4 more , Kawano S, Hoshika S, Sano H, Tomokiyo A
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893197 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The microtensile bond strength (μTBS) test is the gold standard for evaluating adhesive performance in restorative dentistry. However, the conventional non-trimming technique-referred to in this study as the...
BACKGROUND: The microtensile bond strength (μTBS) test is the gold standard for evaluating adhesive performance in restorative dentistry. However, the conventional non-trimming technique-referred to in this study as the monoblock sectioning technique (MST)-is difficult to apply to hard and brittle CAD/CAM materials such as zirconia and ceramics, thereby limiting test reproducibility. This study compared a newly developed defined-area bonding (DAB) method with MST to determine whether DAB could serve as a reliable specimen preparation technique for μTBS testing. METHODS: CAD/CAM resin blocks and resin core materials were bonded using either ESTECEM II or Panavia V5. MST specimens were obtained by bonding the blocks first and subsequently sectioning them into individual beams. In contrast, DAB specimens were produced by pre-shaping the sticks and bonding them within a defined 1 mm area. μTBS, failure modes, and fracture/interface morphology (SEM) were evaluated. RESULTS: MST produced significantly higher μTBS values than DAB ( < 0.001), with central MST beams showing the highest bond strengths. DAB values were statistically equivalent to MST peripheral values for both cements. More than 80% of failures were cohesive within resin cement across all groups. SEM revealed uniform cement layer thickness (50-60 μm) and similar peripheral-like fracture patterns in DAB specimens. CONCLUSIONS: Although MST yielded higher μTBS overall, the DAB method produced bond strengths equivalent to the MST peripheral region and demonstrated consistent fracture characteristics. Because DAB requires minimal cutting, it offers a promising, reproducible approach for μTBS testing of high-hardness materials that are otherwise difficult to section.
Single-Step Extrusion Printing of Microgrooved Annulus Fibrosus Scaffolds via Patterned Nozzles.
Kluser N, Alig GU, Sprecher C … +8 more , Woods X, Grad S, Alini M, Häckel S, Albers CE, Eglin D, Narayanan R, Vernengo AJ
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893196 · Full text
Intervertebral disk pathology, including disk herniation and degeneration, is a major contributor to chronic low back pain, and when conservative treatment fails, surgical management often involves discectomy-based proce...
Intervertebral disk pathology, including disk herniation and degeneration, is a major contributor to chronic low back pain, and when conservative treatment fails, surgical management often involves discectomy-based procedures that leave residual annulus fibrosus (AF) defects associated with reherniation and progressive degeneration. These limitations have motivated interest in regenerative strategies using biomaterial scaffolds; however, reproducing the hierarchical, angle-ply architecture of the AF remains challenging. Here, we present a single-step extrusion-based 3D-printing approach to fabricate polycaprolactone (PCL) scaffolds with aligned microscale surface grooves that promote AF-like organization. Patterned nozzles with circumferential peaks generated uniaxial concave microgrooves (10-17 µm wide) directly during printing, enabling formation of multilamellar angle-ply constructs. Human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells cultured on patterned scaffolds aligned longitudinally within concave grooves, forming end-to-end arrays that guided extracellular matrix deposition. Gene expression analysis showed that topographical cues governed cellular organization without significantly altering gene expression profiles, while TGF-β3 supplementation upregulated outer AF-associated markers, including COL1, COL12, SFRP2, MKX, MCAM, and SCX. TAGLN expression increased specifically on patterned scaffolds in the absence of TGF-β3, indicating an association between microgroove-guided cellular organization and TAGLN expression, warranting further investigation into potential tension-related mechanisms. This novel single-step extrusion-printing approach leverages custom nozzle geometry to impart concave microgrooves, facilitating scalable fabrication of multilamellar angle-ply scaffolds that induce aligned cellular organization and support potential applications in annulus fibrosus repair, as well as mechanobiological studies of anisotropic musculoskeletal tissues.
Cyclic Acidic Beverage Exposure Induces Formulation-Dependent Mechanical Softening and Tribological Alterations in Microhybrid and Nanohybrid Dental Resin Composites.
Mierzejewska ŻA, Wołosiewicz P, Łukaszuk K … +3 more , Rusztyn B, Borys J, Antonowicz B
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893195 · Full text
Dental resin composites are routinely exposed to chemically aggressive beverages that may compromise long-term functional performance. This study investigated the structure-property-tribology relationships of four restor...
Dental resin composites are routinely exposed to chemically aggressive beverages that may compromise long-term functional performance. This study investigated the structure-property-tribology relationships of four restorative composites (Filtek Z250, Filtek Z550, Herculite, and Herculite Ultra) subjected to cyclic immersion in beverages with different pH values. A total of 120 cylindrical specimens (7 mm diameter, 2 mm thickness; = 5 per material per condition) were fabricated and exposed to mineral water, tea, coffee, Coca-Cola, Cola Light, and red wine for 28 days under cyclic conditions. Microhardness, surface roughness (Ra), steady-state coefficient of friction (COF), and mass variation were evaluated. All composites exhibited significant microhardness reduction after acidic exposure ( < 0.05), with the greatest decrease observed for Herculite Ultra in red wine (-47.4%) and Coca-Cola (-35.3%). Filtek Z250 demonstrated the highest baseline hardness and the lowest degradation susceptibility. Surface roughness changes were formulation-dependent, with Herculite Ultra showing pronounced roughening (ΔRa up to +0.074 µm), whereas Filtek Z550 exhibited erosion-driven smoothing (ΔRa down to -0.068 µm). Tribological behaviour was primarily governed by matrix softening rather than roughness alterations, with softened systems displaying unstable frictional responses (COF range: 0.127-0.697; < 0.05). The results indicate that polymer matrix stability plays a more critical role in long-term functional performance than surface roughness or mass variation alone. Clinically, frequent exposure to acidic and solvent-containing beverages may accelerate mechanical and tribological degradation of susceptible composite formulations.
Differential Response of Stro-1 and Stro-1 Shed to Er,Cr:YSGG Laser Stimulation: Viability, Matrix Production and Lineage Commitment.
Mihaylova Z, Miteva M, Karova E … +10 more , Grancharova N, Dogandzhiyska V, Marinova-Takorova M, Hristov K, Mitev V, Aleksiev E, Kosturkov D, Mitova N, Tsenova-Ilieva I, Ishkitiev N
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893194 · Full text
Stem cell heterogeneity represents a critical yet underexplored variable in laser-assisted regenerative strategies. While photobiomodulation has been shown to influence mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) behavior, it remains un...
Stem cell heterogeneity represents a critical yet underexplored variable in laser-assisted regenerative strategies. While photobiomodulation has been shown to influence mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) behavior, it remains unclear whether stem cell maturation status modulates responsiveness to Er,Cr:YSGG irradiation. This study investigated the differential response of magnetically separated STRO-1 and STRO-1 SHED subpopulations to low-power Er,Cr:YSGG laser stimulation (0.10 W and 0.25 W), focusing on viability, extracellular matrix production, and lineage commitment. STRO-1 cells comprised 13.4% ± 1.2% of the total Stem Cells from Human Exfoliated Deciduous teeth (SHED) population. Laser exposure did not impair metabolic activity in either subpopulation. Collagen synthesis demonstrated a power- and time-dependent increase, with maximal enhancement observed in STRO-1 cells at 0.25 W after 7 days. Laser irradiation selectively promoted osteogenic differentiation, as evidenced by increased alkaline phosphatase (ALP) expression at 0.10 W and enhanced mineral deposition, while chondrogenic potential remained unaffected and adipogenesis was reduced following 0.10 W exposure. These findings suggest that ALP expression is temporally and power-dependently modulated during osteogenic progression. Overall, Er,Cr:YSGG photobiomodulation does not uniformly affect heterogeneous SHED populations but modulates lineage allocation and extracellular matrix deposition in a maturation- and power-dependent manner. Integrating stem cell subpopulation selection with laser-based bioactivation may represent a strategy to refine regenerative endodontic and biomaterial-guided therapies.
Tribological Performance of CAM-Processed Interim Dental Restoration Materials: Effects of 3D Printing, Milling, and Post-Processing on Wear and Surface Topography.
Porojan L, Vasiliu RD, Bejan FR … +3 more , Gherban MI, Uțu D, Matichescu A
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893193 · Full text
In order to provide clinically significant evidence on the long-term functional performance of CAD/CAM provisional materials, especially 3D-printed and milled resins, accurate tribologically in vitro wear tests that inte...
In order to provide clinically significant evidence on the long-term functional performance of CAD/CAM provisional materials, especially 3D-printed and milled resins, accurate tribologically in vitro wear tests that integrate wear parameters and surface topography analysis are necessary. The goal of the study was to assess the wear resistance of several CAM-obtained dental crown materials and the relationship between wear and the manufacturing process, distinctive postprocessing, microhardness, microroughness, and surface topography. A standardized ball-on-flat tribological protocol was applied to ( = 70) CAD/CAM-fabricated PMMA specimens (four 3D-printed groups with distinct post-processing protocols (Optiprint) and three milled materials (TelioCAD, Shaded PMMA, Copra Temp Symphony)) to quantify wear parameters micro- and nanoroughness (Ra, Rz, Sa, Sy), and Vickers microhardness, followed by comprehensive statistical analysis (-tests, Pearson correlations) to elucidate material- and process-dependent differences in wear behaviour. Nanoroughness was carried using atomic force microscopy evaluation. Wear testing showed that most materials, particularly the 3D-printed groups, developed limited wear, whereas the milled materials evolved toward groove-dominated wear topographies. Wear statistics showed that the printed resins consistently had an advantage, meaning that the degree and rate of wear are significantly influenced by the manufacturing process. Hardness has a central role in governing the wear performance of interim resin materials, while nanoroughness acts as a secondary factor. Optimised post-processing of printed materials, particularly a prolonged post-curing period, yields a beneficial combination of low wear and specific topography, thereby providing a significant clinical advantage.
Development of Freeze-Dried Hyaluronic Acid Sheets for Healing Oral Mucositis: Influence of Hyaluronic Acid Molecular Weight and Nicotinamide Mononucleotide Loading on Healing Efficacy.
Tanaka A, Takata T, Katsumi H … +6 more , Sawai Y, Nakano H, Yoneto C, Yoneto K, Furubayashi T, Sakane T
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893192 · Full text
Oral mucositis frequently develops during radiotherapy or chemotherapy for head and neck cancer and is characterized by severe pain and impaired eating and speech. It was previously demonstrated that freeze-dried hyaluro...
Oral mucositis frequently develops during radiotherapy or chemotherapy for head and neck cancer and is characterized by severe pain and impaired eating and speech. It was previously demonstrated that freeze-dried hyaluronic acid (HA) sheets effectively promote the healing of oral mucosal ulcers. This study aimed to optimize the HA sheet formulation by evaluating the effects of HA molecular weight and nicotinamide mononucleotide (NMN) loading on therapeutic efficacy. HA sheets were prepared using HA with four different molecular weights (50, 350, 800, and 2000 kDa), and their therapeutic effects were evaluated in an animal oral ulcer model using 6-week-old male Syrian hamsters. Among the formulations tested, the 800 kDa HA sheet exhibited the greatest healing efficacy, and it showed an excellent balance between buccal retention and the sustained release of NMN for the treatment of oral mucositis. In vitro cytotoxicity assays confirmed that HA, with or without NMN, was non-toxic and suitable for local applications. These findings indicate that HA sheets, particularly those composed of 800 kDa HA, may represent a promising and biocompatible mucoadhesive material for the delivery of NMN and the local treatment of oral mucositis associated with head and neck cancer.
Living Tissues by Design: The Rise of Hybrid Models in Biofabrication.
Platania V, Lamprou A, Bugueno IM
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893191 · Full text
Current in vitro tissue models struggle to recapitulate the structural, vascular, and mechanical complexity of human tissues, limiting their physiological relevance for disease modelling and preclinical testing. Self-org...
Current in vitro tissue models struggle to recapitulate the structural, vascular, and mechanical complexity of human tissues, limiting their physiological relevance for disease modelling and preclinical testing. Self-organising three-dimensional cultures such as spheroids and organoids capture key aspects of cellular organisation and differentiation, but they commonly lack controlled geometry, perfusable vasculature, and reproducible mechanical microenvironments. Conversely, biofabrication strategies, such as three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting and organ-on-chip (OoC) microfluidic devices, offer spatial control, integrated perfusion, and dynamic mechanical stimulation, yet often fall short in recapitulating the full cellular diversity and self-organisation of native tissues. Notably, emerging hybrid approaches that embed self-organising biological units (e.g., organoids and spheroids) into engineered scaffolds or microfluidic platforms combine biological relevance, architectural fidelity, and functional control. Advances in bioink chemistry, sacrificial-printing vascularisation, and chip-organoid interfaces now enable perfusable, multicompartment tissues suitable for disease modelling and preclinical testing. This review highlights the most recent (2020-2025) progress in organoid vascularisation, bioprinting strategies for prevascularised constructs, and OoC integration, outlining remaining challenges and emphasising priorities for next-generation hybrid cellular and tissue models.
LHRH-Conjugated Magnetite Nanoparticles and Nanorods as Magnetic Resonance Imaging Contrast Agents for Targeting Triple-Negative Breast Cancer.
Ezeala CC, Obayemi JD, Salifu AA … +9 more , Ezenwafor T, Danyuo Y, Onyekanne MC, Eluu SC, Aina T, Oparah J, Etinosa PO, Odusanya OS, Soboyejo WO
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893190 · Full text
This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the effects of magnetite nanoparticle (MNP) shape on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) xenograft tissues. T-weighted MRI...
This paper presents the results of an experimental study on the effects of magnetite nanoparticle (MNP) shape on magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) of triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) xenograft tissues. T-weighted MRI scans using spherical shaped MNPs as contrast agents are compared to MRI scans done with nanorod-shaped MNPs as contrast agents. The MNPs were first coated with polyethylene glycol (PEG) and subsequently conjugated to luteinizing hormone-releasing hormone (LHRH) to specifically target LHRH receptors, which are present at high levels on the surfaces of xenograft TNBC cells/tissues. After 3 weeks of tumor growth in nude immunocompromised mice, LHRH-conjugated (functionalized) and unconjugated (non-functionalized) MNPs were injected into the immunocompromised mice. Four types of MNPs were used: non-functionalized nanorod-shaped MNPs (BMNR); LHRH-conjugated nanorod-shaped MNPs (LCMNR); non-functionalized spherical-shaped MNPs (BSSMNP); and LHRH-conjugated spherical-shaped MNPs (LCSSMNP). T-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scans were obtained from the mice before the injection of the MNPs and two hours after the injection of the MNPs. The results show that using nanorod-shaped LHRH-conjugate MNPs as contrast agents yielded higher-resolution T-weighted MRI scans of TNBC tumors compared to those from spherical-shaped MNPs. The implications of the results are discussed in relation to potential applications of functionalized MNPs in MRI for TNBC diagnosis.
Influence of Treated Surface Proportion on the Antibacterial Performance of UV-Activated Hydroxyapatite-Magnesium Phosphate-Zinc Oxide Coating on Magnesium Alloys.
Tamurejo-Alonso P, Casares-López JM, García-Galván FR … +5 more , Constantino JA, Gallardo-Moreno AM, Galván JC, Pacha-Olivenza MÁ, González-Martín ML
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893189 · Full text
Surface damage occurring during surgery can compromise coating integrity, leaving exposed areas susceptible to bacterial colonization. However, the impact of partial coating loss on antibacterial performance has not yet...
Surface damage occurring during surgery can compromise coating integrity, leaving exposed areas susceptible to bacterial colonization. However, the impact of partial coating loss on antibacterial performance has not yet been investigated. In this work, a multifunctional UV-activated coating composed of hydroxyapatite, magnesium phosphate, and zinc oxide (HMZ) was developed and electrodeposited onto AZ31 and MgCa magnesium alloys. Its antibacterial efficacy against and was evaluated under three conditions: adhered bacteria, planktonic cells, and biofilm. In the absence of UV activation, coated surfaces exhibited no significant antibacterial activity. In contrast, fully coated and UV-activated surfaces achieved bacterial reductions above 98% in all scenarios. Surfaces with 60% coverage showed antibacterial efficacy equivalent to that of fully coated surfaces, even against established biofilm. Surfaces with 30% coverage also exhibited moderate activity, particularly against adhered and planktonic bacteria. These results demonstrate that full surface coverage is not required to preserve the coating's antibacterial effectiveness. This strategy provides a clinically relevant solution to maintain antibacterial protection even when coating integrity is compromised.
Influence of the Topography of Zirconium Treated with Laser Micropatterning on Periodontal Ligament Stem Cells: An In Vitro Study.
Serrano-Belmonte I, Rico-Molina A, Rosales-Leal JI … +4 more , Lorite-Méndez G, Rodríguez-Valverde MÁ, Serna-Muñoz C, Martínez-Cánovas A
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893188 · Full text
Zirconium is a widely used material in the field of dentistry, employed for implants and their components as well as for the creation of crowns and veneers. Given that its biocompatibility has been studied and demonstrat...
Zirconium is a widely used material in the field of dentistry, employed for implants and their components as well as for the creation of crowns and veneers. Given that its biocompatibility has been studied and demonstrated in various fields of application, it is necessary to analyze how surface modification of this material influences its properties. The purpose of this study was to analyze the biocompatibility, initial adhesion (48 h), and morphology of periodontal ligament stem cells (PDLSCs) seeded on different zirconium surfaces treated with laser micropatterning, as well as plastic coverslips as a control. The Neubauer chamber was used to count the cells adhered to each of the sets, and confocal and scanning electron microscopy were employed to examine the adhesion and morphology of periodontal ligament stem cells on each of the zirconium surfaces studied. Results: Statistically significant differences were found in terms of primary cell adhesion, with sets 3 (grid topography) and 4 (channel topography) showing the most favorable characteristics for fibroblast adhesion. It was concluded that regular and moderately rough surfaces promoted better cell proliferation and development.
Evaluation of the Physicochemical and Biological Properties of Calcium-Silicate-Based Root-End Filling Materials.
Aka A, Matsuura T, Yoshimura A
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893187 · Full text
This study compared the physicochemical and biological properties of Bio-C Repair (BR), a new putty-type calcium silicate-based material, with ProRoot MTA (P) and Super-Bond (SB). Discs of the three materials were prepar...
This study compared the physicochemical and biological properties of Bio-C Repair (BR), a new putty-type calcium silicate-based material, with ProRoot MTA (P) and Super-Bond (SB). Discs of the three materials were prepared. Human periodontal ligament cells were seeded onto the discs, and metabolic activity was assessed by MTT assay on days 7 and 28; cells without discs served as the negative control (NC). Moreover, the pH and calcium ion concentration of the eluate, the mass change, and the water sorption were investigated. On day 7, BR showed significantly lower cell activity than P and NC. However, by day 28, BR activity increased significantly, with no significant difference relative to other groups, whereas P activity was significantly suppressed relative to SB and NC. Physiochemically, BR maintained a significantly higher alkalinity (pH ~11.0) and greater calcium ion release than P throughout the 28 days. Furthermore, BR exhibited significant mass gain (15.7%) and the highest water sorption (15.4%), whereas P showed mass loss (-1.1%). Although the high pH of BR initially suppressed cell activity, it demonstrated favorable cytocompatibility by day 28. BR showed a significantly improved long-term cellular response compared to P, suggesting it is a promising alternative as a root-end filling material.
From Lab to Chairside: Dentists' Perception of Natural Nanomaterials and Smart Delivery Systems in Regenerative Dentistry.
Cot Pitic DE, Kis AM, Marian D … +7 more , Călin M, Moleriu RD, Moleriu LC, Feher A, Trușculescu LM, Bodnar AM, Popovici RA
J Funct Biomater · 2026 Mar · PMID 41893186 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The clinical translation of natural nanomaterials and smart delivery systems in regenerative dentistry relies heavily on practitioner acceptance; however, end-user perspectives remain under-investigated. OBJE...
BACKGROUND: The clinical translation of natural nanomaterials and smart delivery systems in regenerative dentistry relies heavily on practitioner acceptance; however, end-user perspectives remain under-investigated. OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated dental practitioners' self-reported knowledge, attitudes, and perceived barriers regarding these innovations. The questionnaire examined stated intention and self-reported willingness, not clinical behaviour. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey using convenience sampling was conducted among 713 Romanian dentists. Statistical analysis included Chi-square tests and odds ratio estimation to identify factors associated with willingness to adopt nano-formulations. RESULTS: Self-reported familiarity was moderate, with only 19.1% of respondents describing themselves as "very familiar" with nanodentistry; nevertheless, 77.3% believed natural nano-formulations could match synthetic efficacy. High costs (36.5%), lack of long-term evidence (35.9%), and staining concerns (46.0%) were identified as primary perceived barriers. Experience with digital technologies (CAD/CAM) was significantly associated with a positive attitude toward adoption (OR = 2.05, 95% CI: 1.41-2.98, < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Respondents demonstrated a generally positive attitude toward integrating bioactive nanomaterials, though widespread adoption is currently limited by economic, educational, and evidentiary gaps. Future strategies should focus on establishing clear clinical protocols, providing robust long-term safety data, and improving the aesthetic stability of natural biomaterials.
About
- Frequency
- Sun
- Papers found
- 200
- RSS feed
- Subscribe