The Journal Of Sports Medicine And Physical Fitness[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Multidisciplinary oversight in sports eligibility: a medico-legal perspective from a regional appeal commission in Italy.
Gongolo F, Aita L, DE Carli S … +4 more , Moise G, Mos L, Pesavento C, Tavčar I
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jul · PMID 41926151 · Publisher ↗
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The 30-15 intermittent fitness test in young elite male soccer players: evaluating aerobic performance in relation to maturity offset.
Imperiali L, Bizzozero S, Magenes F … +4 more , LA Torre A, Iaia FM, Codella R, Borghi S
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jul · PMID 41926150 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The developmental trajectory of young elite soccer players is influenced by maturation and physiological parameters. This study examined age-based differences in maturation, physical performance, and position...
BACKGROUND: The developmental trajectory of young elite soccer players is influenced by maturation and physiological parameters. This study examined age-based differences in maturation, physical performance, and positional variations among young elite male soccer players using the 30-15 Intermittent Fitness Test (30-15 IFT) among 113 elite male players aged 11-17. METHODS: Assessments included peak height velocity (PHV), maturity offset, maximum running speed from the 30-15 IFT (MRS30-15IFT), and maximal oxygen uptake (VO<inf>2</inf>max). Age-related and positional differences were analyzed to identify significant variations across categories. RESULTS: Significant age-related differences were observed in maturation and performance parameters. U16 and U17 players differed in PHV (P=0.009), while maturity offset varied significantly across most categories except between U16 and U17. Aerobic performance, measured via MRS30-15IFT and VO<inf>2</inf>max, improved progressively with age; U12 players showed lower values than older groups (P<0.05). Strong correlations emerged between VO<inf>2</inf>max and maturity offset (r=0.73, P<0.001) and between MRS30-15IFT and maturity offset (r=0.73, P<0.001). Positional analysis revealed that central backs had lower PHV than midfielders and wingers in U12-U14 (P<0.015), while wingers showed higher VO<inf>2</inf>max than strikers in U15-U17 (P=0.042). CONCLUSIONS: Maturation and physiological performance parameters vary significantly across age categories in elite young soccer players. Position-specific differences in growth and aerobic capacity emphasize the importance of individualized training approaches to optimize development and performance.
Use of smart socks to identify different skating styles in professional inline speed skate athletes.
Bongiorno G, Sartori G, Poles F … +5 more , Michelutti A, Biancuzzi H, Dal Mas F, Filiputti D, Miceli L
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jul · PMID 41926149 · Publisher ↗
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Moral competence: is there a bond between general and sport-specific ones in student athletes. A questionable correlations.
Bronikowska M, Bronikowski M
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Apr · PMID 41885728 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Sport plays a growing role in promoting not only physical health but also moral development and personal growth. This study explores the relationship between general-life and sport-specific moral competencies...
BACKGROUND: Sport plays a growing role in promoting not only physical health but also moral development and personal growth. This study explores the relationship between general-life and sport-specific moral competencies among university students enrolled in sport-related programs (N.=1035; M=20.4±1.7 years). METHODS: Participants were assessed with the use of Moral Competence Test and Moral Competence in Physical Education test. The sample included students practicing individual sports (N.=492), team sports (N.=487), and those not engaged in sports (N.=56). Participants were categorized into 11 sport types and further into amateur (N.=537) and professional (N.=442) status. Statistical analyses (ANOVA, correlation) examined differences and associations across groups. RESULTS: Results showed that amateurs in individual sports had significantly higher levels of general moral competencies than other groups. A positive, though weak, correlation between general and sport-specific moral competencies was observed among professionals from individual sports (r=0.23, P=0.01). Among the subgroup of professionals, correlations ranged from weak in invasion games (r=0.18) to moderate in non-invasion games (r=0.42). No significant correlations were found among the subgroup of amateurs from team-sport. CONCLUSIONS: Notably, non-athletes exhibited the lowest moral competence levels thus, when compared to sport-engaged groups, indicating a potentially positive influence of sport on moral development.
The return to running of female soccer players postpartum: timing, prevalence of pelvic floor disorders and urinary incontinence.
D'Onofrio R, Sannicandro I, Savoia C … +3 more , Raiola G, Esposito G, Manzi V
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Apr · PMID 41885727 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The number of elite female athletes suspending competitive athletics for pregnancy and childbirth is increasing significantly. The objective of this manuscript is to investigate in female soccer players the...
INTRODUCTION: The number of elite female athletes suspending competitive athletics for pregnancy and childbirth is increasing significantly. The objective of this manuscript is to investigate in female soccer players the timing of return to running and its main postpartum complications. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: For this review, we searched the PubMed indexed bibliographic database and the football-specific literature for studies relevant to answering the merits of 2 research questions: A) time to return to running postpartum; B) main complications related to return to running postpartum? EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: There is an insufficient literature, identified for the criteria for inclusion, in female soccer players, of points A-B preset in the methods. The literature shows how: A) return to running is recommended, in general, between 6 to 12 weeks after clinical and functional evaluation and on the mode of delivery (vaginal or cesarean birth); B) the major complications are related to: 1) pelvic floor dysfunctional pictures; 2) and stress urinary incontinence. CONCLUSIONS: The current research found in the indexed literature underscores knowledge gaps related to the research objectives. There is a lack of consistent evidence-based guidelines for a safe return to running after childbirth. Pelvic floor rehabilitation finds indications through guidelines in the pre and postpartum phases. This finds a primary prescription to reduce the incidence of stress urinary incontinence and pelvic girdle dysfunction.
Monitoring readiness in Italian amateur female volleyball players: combined use of the Countermovement Jump Test and Subjective Wellness Questionnaires.
Ruscello B, Castagna C, Santolamazza F … +8 more , Gabrielli PR, Ceccacci M, Del Bene P, Bucciarelli F, Guacci M, Arena E, Villanova FSD, D'Ottavio S
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Apr · PMID 41885726 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Amateur female volleyball players face substantial physical and psychological demands despite limited access to professional monitoring tools. Practical, low-cost strategies to assess readiness and recovery a...
BACKGROUND: Amateur female volleyball players face substantial physical and psychological demands despite limited access to professional monitoring tools. Practical, low-cost strategies to assess readiness and recovery are needed. This study investigated whether combining the Countermovement Jump (CMJ) Test with psychometric questionnaires could effectively monitor neuromuscular and psychophysical status within a weekly microcycle. METHODS: In this 12-week observational cohort study, twenty-one Italian amateur female volleyball players (mean age: 23.0±2.8 years) were monitored. CMJ performance was assessed on three key training days within the weekly microcycle (GD+2, GD-3, and GD-1) using the Chronojump Bosco-System. Subjective wellness variables, including sleep quality, recovery, readiness, perceived exertion (RPE), session-RPE, and menstrual-related soreness, were collected via questionnaires across the microcycle, including game day (GD). RESULTS: CMJ performance improved significantly from GD+2 and GD-3 to GD-1 (P<0.001), reflecting enhanced neuromuscular readiness leading into match day. Readiness scores were higher on GD compared to GD+2 (P<0.001). Among subjective variables, menstrual soreness was significantly and negatively associated with CMJ output (P=0.05), suggesting its relevance in performance monitoring. Sleep and recovery scores did not vary significantly across days, while session RPE showed moderate variation. CONCLUSIONS: Combining CMJ testing with brief psychometric questionnaires offers a feasible and informative strategy for monitoring readiness in amateur female volleyball. While CMJ alone cannot fully explain performance variability, its integration with subjective wellness indicators provides a more comprehensive view of recovery status. This approach supports individualized training adjustments and is particularly valuable in settings with limited access to advanced technologies.
Exploring cardiopulmonary parameters in athletes with exercise-induced dyspnea: a cardiopulmonary exercise test-based analysis.
Ertuna A, Dinçer Ş, Metin G … +1 more , Yakal S
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Apr · PMID 41885725 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) is widely recognized as a common cause of exertional dyspnea. The accurate identification and differentiation of EIB from other causes of exercise intolerance remain challe...
BACKGROUND: Exercise-induced bronchospasm (EIB) is widely recognized as a common cause of exertional dyspnea. The accurate identification and differentiation of EIB from other causes of exercise intolerance remain challenging in clinical practice. We aimed to analyze CPET-derived ventilatory and metabolic parameters in adolescant athletes with exercise-related dyspnea to assess whether these parameters can aid in differentiating EIB from other non-EIB causes of dyspnea. METHODS: This retrospective, observational, cohort study included 47 athletes (8-18 years old) presenting with exercise-related dyspnea. Participants were divided into EIB-positive [EIB (+)] and EIB-negative [EIB (-)] groups based on a ≥10% decrease in forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV<inf>1</inf>) after CPET. A control group (N.=36) was also included. Spirometry measurements were obtained before and after CPET, and cardiopulmonary parameters such as peak oxygen uptake (peak VO<inf>2</inf>), oxygen uptake efficiency slope (OUES), and ventilatory equivalents were analyzed. RESULTS: No significant differences were found between EIB (+) and EIB (-) groups in terms of baseline spirometry values. Post-exercise spirometry revealed significant reductions in FEV<inf>1</inf>, FEV<inf>1</inf>/FVC, FEF<inf>25-75</inf>, and PEF values in the EIB (+) group (P<0.05). Peak VO<inf>2</inf> and peak O<inf>2</inf>/HR were lower in both dyspneic groups compared to controls, but no significant difference was observed between EIB (+) and EIB (-) groups (P>0.05). OUES was moderately correlated with AT VCO<inf>2</inf> (r=0.519) and strongly correlated with peak VO<inf>2</inf> (r=0.804) and peak O<inf>2</inf>/HR (r=0.861). CONCLUSIONS: While EIB affects ventilatory function, athletes with exercise-related dyspnea exhibited similar CPET changes regardless of EIB diagnosis. This suggests that dyspnea in young athletes may not always be due to EIB but could result from other ventilatory adaptations. OUES and peak VO<inf>2</inf> may serve as useful indicators in evaluating dyspnea-related exercise limitations.
Interest of carbohydrate consumption during endurance exercise: a systematic review of systematic and meta-analyses of RCTs.
Tarrit B, Moretton C, Duclos M … +5 more , Metz L, Chanseaume-Bussiere E, Ennequin G, Thivel D, Rannou F
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Apr · PMID 41885724 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Systematic reviews (SR) and meta-analyses (MA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have reported the benefits of carbohydrate (CHO) consumption in various endurance athletes, mainly cyclists or runners....
INTRODUCTION: Systematic reviews (SR) and meta-analyses (MA) of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have reported the benefits of carbohydrate (CHO) consumption in various endurance athletes, mainly cyclists or runners. Gathering existing reviews, the present systematic review tends to determine the best conditions and characteristics of this CHO ingestion to optimize athletes' performance. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A comprehensive search was conducted on five databases (from inception up to September 05, 2024) to identify related SR and MA of RCTs investigating the association between CHO consumption and performance. The quality of SRs was evaluated using the AMSTAR2. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Fifteen SR, including 8 MA were included, gathering 262 RCTs and 521 single trials. The overall reviews' quality was rated low or critically low (11 reviews, 73%). All the measurements performance were conducted in the form of a Time Trial (69%) or a Time to Exhaustion (31%). A total of 102 studies (44%) revealed significant positive effect of CHO consumption on performance, with no difference between the performance modalities or sports practices. Consumption of complex CHO (fructose + glucose) improved performance compared with simple CHO or other combinations. Consumption introduced during efforts lasting 1 to 2 hours (57 trials) and 2 to 4 hours (70 trials) seem to favor better performances. CONCLUSIONS: The present review of SR and meta-analysis clarifies the conditions of CHO ingestion to optimize endurance athletes' performances, especially pointing its interest for efforts lasting 1 to 4 hours and of complex CHO formulations. More rigorous research remains however needed to transfer research results to the real practise of athletes.
Hematological and performance enhancements using live high-train low in cycling, a review with meta-analysis.
Torres-Pérez J, Fernández-Peña E, Pinedo-Jauregi A
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Apr · PMID 41885723 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The "Live High-Train Low" protocol, as an altitude training protocol used to enhance endurance sports performance, including cycling, aims to increase red cell mass and hemoglobin mass, crucial for aerobic...
INTRODUCTION: The "Live High-Train Low" protocol, as an altitude training protocol used to enhance endurance sports performance, including cycling, aims to increase red cell mass and hemoglobin mass, crucial for aerobic performance. This study sought to review and meta-analyze cycling studies applying LHTL, focusing on hematological and performance variables. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: The search of studies was conducted in PubMed/MEDLINE and SPORTDiscus databases and 34 studies were identified, with six meeting the inclusion criteria. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Results revealed improvements in red cell mass, hemoglobin concentration, hemoglobin mass, reticulocyte count, performance variables of maximum oxygen consumption and time trial performance. However, studies with lower PEDro scores reported non-significant or modest enhancements. Meta-analysis on hemoglobin concentration] and hemoglobin mass indicated a significant positive effect (0.82%) with confidence limits of 0.62% to 1.03%. CONCLUSIONS: Influence and bias analyses underscored individual study impacts, urging caution in interpretation. A positive effect of Live High-Train Low on hematological variables in cycling was found, emphasizing the need for further research which amplifies studies available on Live High-Train Low in cycling.
Pelvic floor muscle training versus De Gasquet method in non-elite sports women: a pilot trial.
DI Benedetto A, Granito I, Micarelli RX … +6 more , Materazzetti C, Gregorace E, Gallo G, Basso L, Alessandrini M, Micarelli A
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Mar · PMID 41880200 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Pelvic floor disorders are increasingly recognized in women performing high-impact sport, but evidence on conservative rehabilitation strategies in athletic populations remains limited. The De Gasquet rehabil...
BACKGROUND: Pelvic floor disorders are increasingly recognized in women performing high-impact sport, but evidence on conservative rehabilitation strategies in athletic populations remains limited. The De Gasquet rehabilitation technique (DGRT) combines posture and breathing with coordinated pelvic floor activation; its comparative effects versus pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) in athletes are unclear. METHODS: In this pilot randomized, parallel-group exploratory trial, 30 nulliparous non-elite sports women (18-40 years) with self-reported pelvic floor symptoms were allocated to an 8-week DGRT or PFMT programme (home-based practice with twice-weekly supervised sessions). Outcomes were assessed at baseline and postintervention using the Pelvic Floor Distress Inventory-20 (PFDI-20; primary), the Colorectal-Anal Distress Inventory-8 (CRADI-8), the Incontinence Severity Index (ISI), and the 36-Item Short Form Health Survey (SF-36; exploratory quality of life). Between-group effects were estimated as differences in change using likelihood-based linear mixed-effects models, while Holm correction was applied to secondary outcomes. RESULTS: Both groups improved, with a larger reduction in PFDI-20 total after DGRT (difference in change -20.20 points, 95% confidence interval -34.41 to -5.98; P=0.005). DGRT also yielded greater improvement in CRADI-8 (difference in change -8.58, 95% confidence interval -14.63 to -2.53; P=0.005; Holm-adjusted P=0.022). No between-group differences were observed for prolapse symptoms or ISI, and no SF-36 domain remained significant after Holm correction. Adherence exceeded 80% in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: DGRT may provide greater short-term benefit for overall pelvic floor distress and anorectal symptoms than PFMT in non-elite sports women; urinary and quality-of-life findings are exploratory and require confirmation in adequately powered trials.
A new era of doping? Use of peptide and peptide-analog drugs in recreational and professional sport and bodybuilding: a critical review.
Coutinho LFD, DE Oliveira Neves LF, Camilo RP
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jul · PMID 41880199 · Publisher ↗
The pursuit of pharmacological enhancement in sport has evolved from the widespread use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) to novel agents such as peptides and peptide analogues. Marketed as more selective and ostensi...
The pursuit of pharmacological enhancement in sport has evolved from the widespread use of anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS) to novel agents such as peptides and peptide analogues. Marketed as more selective and ostensibly safer alternatives, peptides-including growth hormone secretagogues (e.g., Ipamorelin), growth hormone-releasing hormone analogues (e.g., CJC-1295, Sermorelin), and synthetic fragments (e.g., Frag 176-191, KPV)-are promoted for muscle growth, fat metabolism, recovery, and anti-inflammatory effects. Their pharmacological profiles, including enhanced stability and receptor selectivity, have made them attractive in both medical research and bodybuilding communities. Despite their growing popularity, the clinical evidence supporting peptide use in sport is limited. Most published studies examine therapeutic applications under controlled dosing regimens, not the supraphysiological or combined protocols common in bodybuilding. Emerging data highlight potential risks: cardiovascular strain, insulin resistance, dyslipidemia, and psychiatric instability. The largely unregulated supply chain exacerbates these dangers, as products are often mislabeled or contaminated. Regulatory bodies such as the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA) have responded by expanding detection technologies, yet analytical challenges remain due to peptides' structural similarity to endogenous hormones and short half-lives. Beyond elite sport, the extent of peptide use in the general population is unknown. Anecdotal reports and widespread promotion on social media suggest growing uptake among recreational gym-goers, including younger individuals, but prevalence studies are lacking. This represents a critical gap in current knowledge. In conclusion, peptides represent a new phase in performance enhancement but remain experimental substances with poorly defined long-term risks. Until longitudinal data clarify their safety and prevalence, peptide use in both competitive and recreational settings should be considered high-risk and ethically problematic.
Psychological resistance of athletes: focus on moral standards, sports values and prosocial behavior.
Kislyakov PA, Krasnova EA, Belov MS … +1 more , Tyurina SY
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Mar · PMID 41880198 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Currently, the issue of an athlete psychological resistance, the focus on moral standards (such as justice, loyalty, respect, honesty) and prosocial sport behavior is becoming increasingly important. However,...
BACKGROUND: Currently, the issue of an athlete psychological resistance, the focus on moral standards (such as justice, loyalty, respect, honesty) and prosocial sport behavior is becoming increasingly important. However, empirical research is lacking to analyze the characteristics of prosocial sport behavior among Russian athletes. THE AIM OF THE STUDY: to identify relation between athletes' focus on moral standards, social values of sport and prosocial behavior and their psychological resistance and psychological well-being. METHODS: The research studied 174 athletes, including team (game-based) sports (volleyball, basketball, football: 53.5%), and individual (cyclic) sports (track-and-field athletics, skiing, swimming: 46.5%); age from 17 to 28 years (mean: 20); 42% are men, 58% are women; sports experience from 1 to 19 years (mean: 8.5); 18% are Masters of Sports and Candidates Master of Sports, 16% have athletic titles, 66% do not have athletic titles. The following methods were used to conduct the study: Psychological Competence of Athletes, Subjective Well-Being Scale (Russian-language version by M.V. Sokolova), Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ-32), Spirit of Sport (SOS) (Russian-language version by K.A. Bochaver), Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior in Sports Scale (PABSS - Prosocial and Antisocial Behavior in Sports Scale; Russian-language version by P.A. Kislyakov et al.). RESULTS: In general, all sports values at an above-average level are important to the test-takers, however, the values of teamwork and solidarity are less in demand. Athletes are more likely to point to the examples of how they demonstrate help and support to others during competitive activities and workout training than examples of unsportsmanlike and aggressive behavior. At the same time, prosocial sports behavior is more often observed with respect to the teammates or the national team. The study results made it possible to establish correlations between the prosociality of athletes, the importance of moral standards, social sport values (respect for sports ethics, adherence to rules, teamwork, respect for oneself and for other participants of competitions, good manners and education, a sense of community and solidarity, health), psychological sport resistance and subjective well-being. At the same time, prosociality in sports is a predictor of psychological resistance and subjective well-being. Cluster analysis made it possible to identify four types of athletes according to the severity of the studied characteristics: "Athlete-Aggressor," "Athlete-Individualist," "Athlete-idealist," "Athlete-Moralist." CONCLUSIONS: Such criteria of the development of an athlete's personality as moral standards, social values, and prosocial sports behavior can be considered as a kind of internal resource that helps an athlete to gain sports identity and referent significance, to maintain psychological resistance during the competitive activities and workout training, and to ensure psychological well-being. The study contributes to a better understanding of the moral and psychological development of athletes.
Predictors of bench press throw performance in resistance-trained athletes: relative strength, training experience, and body morphology.
Poczta P, Koźlenia D
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jul · PMID 41867033 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: This study examined the relationships between relative strength, training experience, body composition, and upper-body power performance assessed through the bench press throw (BPT). METHODS: Thirty-one resis...
BACKGROUND: This study examined the relationships between relative strength, training experience, body composition, and upper-body power performance assessed through the bench press throw (BPT). METHODS: Thirty-one resistance-trained men aged 21.9±2.7 years, with a training experience: 4.3±1.5 years participated. Participants performed 1RM testing in the bench press and executed the BPT with 30% 1RM on a Smith machine, using a linear position transducer to record mean concentric velocity (MCV), bar displacement (BD), and relative power (RPO). Pearson's correlations and linear/quadratic regression models were applied. RESULTS: Relative strength (BP-to-body mass ratio) correlated strongly with RPO (r=0.63, P<0.001), and training experience showed a moderate positive correlation (r=0.53, P=0.002). Body fat percentage (BF%) correlated negatively with RPO (r=-0.36, P=0.044). Regression analysis confirmed that relative strength (R2=0.43) and training experience (R2=0.26) were the main predictors of RPO, whereas BF% explained a smaller portion of the variance (R2=0.15). The quadratic model revealed a curvilinear association between relative strength and RPO, with a threshold around a 1.35 bench press-to-body mass ratio, beyond which performance plateaued. BF% exhibited an inverse nonlinear trend, with RPO near 11-12%. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that BPT performance depends primarily on relative strength and long-term training experience, with body composition exerting a secondary, yet meaningful, influence. Practically, optimizing strength-to-mass ratio and maintaining moderate body fat levels may enhance upper-body power output in trained athletes.
Metabolic efficiency in a supramaximal treadmill running test does not directly determine 400-m sprint performance.
Muratomi K, Furuhashi Y, Ushirooka N … +3 more , Kanno K, Tanigawa S, Maemura H
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jun · PMID 41867032 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The 400-m sprint is a complex event requiring contributions from the phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative energy systems. This study investigated the relation between metabolic energy expenditure during shor...
BACKGROUND: The 400-m sprint is a complex event requiring contributions from the phosphagen, glycolytic, and oxidative energy systems. This study investigated the relation between metabolic energy expenditure during short-term supramaximal running and 400-m sprint performance. METHODS: Sixteen male sprinters performed a treadmill test at approximately 90% of their mean 400-m sprint speed. Energy expenditure was estimated based on three components: the fast component of excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (phosphagen system), the difference between peak and baseline blood lactate concentrations (glycolytic system), and oxygen uptake above the baseline level (oxidative system). RESULTS: No significant correlations between total or individual energy expenditures (phosphagen, glycolytic, oxidative) and 400-m sprint time (r=-0.216-0.405, P=0.119-0.423), with variability in individual energy distribution strategies. CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that metabolic efficiency alone does not directly determine 400-m sprint performance. Instead, they emphasize the importance of personalized training programs that focus on optimizing individual energy system utilization and pacing strategies rather than solely enhancing metabolic efficiency.
Examination of player level and body composition-performance associations in Finnish elite women's soccer.
Savolainen EHJ, Harjunen MA, Ihalainen JK
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jun · PMID 41859843 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: This cross-sectional study aimed to compare body composition and physical performance between national-team selected and non-selected female soccer players, and to examine the potential associations between b...
BACKGROUND: This cross-sectional study aimed to compare body composition and physical performance between national-team selected and non-selected female soccer players, and to examine the potential associations between body composition and physical performance. METHODS: Forty-five female players were divided into two groups: national-team players (N.=22, 22±3 years) and league players (not selected to national-team N.=23, 22±4 years) players. Body composition was assessed using the Inbody 720 device, and physical performance was measured by the following field tests: 30-meter sprint test, Countermovement Jump (CMJ) Test, and the 1200-meter shuttle run test to estimate maximal aerobic speed (MAS). RESULTS: No significant differences in body composition were found between groups, but national-team players were faster in the 30-meter sprint (4.55±0.14 s [95% confidence interval (CI) 4.48-4.61] vs. 4.67±0.18 s [4.59-4.75], g = -0.72 [-1.34 to -0.10], P=0.021) and had higher MAS (4.28±0.20 m/s [4.18-4.38] vs. 4.04±0.29 m/s [3.91-4.16], g = 0.94 [0.31 to 1.57], P=0.003). For correlation and regression analyses, data was pooled across groups. Weak-to-moderate correlations (r=-0.327 to -0.577, P<0.05) were found between body composition variables and physical performance. Linear regression analysis indicated that body composition variables explained 8-33% of the variance in performance outcomes. CONCLUSIONS: Despite no differences in body composition between groups, national-team players were faster and had higher MAS, and body composition showed weak-to-moderate associations with performance. Elite preparation should therefore target the concurrent development of physical performance and body composition, progressed together within multidisciplinary, high-standard practice.
Sport- and sex-specific differences in rapid weight loss practices among elite combat sport athletes.
Park KJ
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jul · PMID 41859842 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Rapid weight loss (RWL) is widely practiced in combat sports, yet comparative data across sports and sexes are limited. This study aimed to compare RWL patterns, methods, and associated physical and psycholog...
BACKGROUND: Rapid weight loss (RWL) is widely practiced in combat sports, yet comparative data across sports and sexes are limited. This study aimed to compare RWL patterns, methods, and associated physical and psychological difficulties by sport and sex among elite Korean combat sports athletes. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis was conducted in 414 elite athletes from taekwondo, judo, wrestling, and boxing. Body mass was recorded before RWL, at the official weigh-in, and prior to competition. RWL practices, sources of information, and physical and psychological difficulties were assessed using validated questionnaires. One-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) and multivariate analysis of variance (MANOVA) were performed separately for male and female athletes. RESULTS: Athletes engaged in RWL for an average of 6.53 days, losing 5.49% of body mass and regaining approximately 95% before competition. RWL duration did not differ by sport or sex. However, significant sport-specific differences were observed in absolute and relative weight loss and weight regain, with judo and wrestling athletes showing greater weight loss and wrestlers exhibiting the highest regain. No significant differences were found among sports in RWL methods, sources of information, or reported physical and psychological difficulties. Athletes predominantly relied on coaches and peers and commonly reported fatigue, dizziness, irritability, and impaired concentration. CONCLUSIONS: While RWL duration is similar across sports and sexes, the magnitude of weight loss and regain varies according to sport-specific regulations. Despite these differences, RWL methods and associated difficulties are consistent, emphasizing the need for evidence-based weight management and greater involvement of health professionals.
The Major League Baseball pitch clock: two-year position player retrospective cohort injury analysis.
Puga TB, Box MW, Marchese CR … +2 more , Drawbert H, Riehl JT
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jun · PMID 41859841 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: One year after the Major League Baseball (MLB) pitch clock was implemented, position players saw decreased injury rates. The aim of this study was to see if injury rates in position players decreased two year...
BACKGROUND: One year after the Major League Baseball (MLB) pitch clock was implemented, position players saw decreased injury rates. The aim of this study was to see if injury rates in position players decreased two years after the implementation of the MLB pitch clock. METHODS: Injury data was collected for the 2021, 2022, 2023, and 2024 MLB seasons for position players using the fangraphs.com injury database. The incidence rate ratio was calculated to compare the injury rate for the 2024 season to each of the 2021, 2022, and 2023 seasons. A z-test for proportions was used to determine significance levels. RESULTS: Comparison of the 2024 season to both the 2022 and 2021 seasons found a statistically significant (P<0.05) decrease in the overall total incidence of injuries, upper extremity injuries, head and neck injuries, and lower extremity injuries. Comparison of the 2024 to the 2023 season also found a decrease in the incidence of injuries for the overall number of injuries (P=0.020) and head and neck injuries (P=0.424). CONCLUSIONS: This study found a continued decrease in the overall incidence of injuries and a decrease in the incidence of injuries in multiple sub-categories at two-year follow-up since the implementation of the pitch clock. This continued decrease in injuries in position players may stem from a decrease in players' overall workloads over a season.
Reliability and anthropometric influence of a new Light-Based Reactive Agility Wall Test in basketball.
Snieckus A, Pathadan Titus J, Matulaitis K … +2 more , Ziv G, Kamandulis S
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jun · PMID 41859840 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of a newly developed Reactive Agility Test and examine the impact of body dimensions on performance. METHODS: Male university-level basketball players (N....
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to evaluate the reliability of a newly developed Reactive Agility Test and examine the impact of body dimensions on performance. METHODS: Male university-level basketball players (N.=32; age: 22.3±2.2 years; height: 190.7±8.2 cm; arm span: 189.9±9.6 cm; weight: 80.1±10.9 kg) completed testing over three laboratory visits within one week. Tests on days 1 and 2 assessed the test-retest reliability of the Light-Based Reactive Agility Wall Test (LBRAT-W), developed through multiple pilot trials using the Witty SEM electronic system. On day 3, to evaluate the influence of anthropometric factors, the equipment layout was customized to each participant's height, arm span, and downward reach. Each session included eight trials: four unplanned (Unplanned Light-Based Reactive Agility Wall Test, U-LBRAT-W), with unpredictable light sequences, and four planned (Planned Light-Based Reactive Agility Wall Test, P-LBRAT-W), with numbered plates indicating the sequence. RESULTS: Both U-LBRAT-W and P-LBRAT-W demonstrated good reliability (intraclass correlation coefficient [ICC] = 0.895 and 0.848), the same as the time difference between planned and unplanned tasks (Reactivity Index [RE-Index], ICC=0.891). Performance improved on day 2 for both tests (P<0.05), suggesting a learning effect, while RE-Index remained stable (P>0.05). Height explained approximately 10.8% of the variance in the unplanned test and 5.0% in the planned test but had minimal influence on the RE-Index. CONCLUSIONS: The LBRAT-W is a reliable tool for assessing reactive agility, with the RE-Index independent of height, although scaling may be considered for planned and unplanned task completion times if these are the primary outcome.
Kinematic analysis of the crossover step technique in elite female volleyball players.
Yarkin G, Uysal AA, Yücel S … +2 more , Stone MH, Altun K
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jun · PMID 41859839 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The aim of the investigators was to conduct a kinematic analysis of the crossover block stepping technique in elite female volleyball players based on acceleration and time data from each phase, and to compar...
BACKGROUND: The aim of the investigators was to conduct a kinematic analysis of the crossover block stepping technique in elite female volleyball players based on acceleration and time data from each phase, and to compare the performances of players in different positions. The secondary aim of this study was to conduct a correlation analysis between the anthropometric and explosive strength characteristics of the participants and their crossover block stepping performance. METHODS: Twenty-nine elite female volleyball players (20±4.4 years; 1.80±0.07 m; 68.7±7.84 kg) participated in this study. Athletes were divided into two groups according to their playing positions as middle blockers (MB; N.=8) and wing players (WP; N.=21). WPs included setters, opposite and outside hitters. In addition, each playing position was analyzed separately. RESULTS: Players were significantly faster toward the left direction compared to the right during the total movement. The highest rate of force development was observed during Phase 3 in both directions. MBs exhibited higher mean acceleration in both directions during all phases compared to WPs. Both countermovement jump (CMJ) and squat jump (SJ) had weak-to-moderate correlations with Phase 1 acceleration toward the left (r: 0.30-0.32). Height (r: 0.36-0.46) and leg length (r: 0.38-0.55) were moderately correlated with mean acceleration during the overall movement in each direction. CONCLUSIONS: Strength and conditioning coaches may utilize exercises aimed at improving triple extension performance to enhance push-off during the initiation of the crossover step. Taller players with longer legs have an advantage in crossover block stepping.
Acute biochemical and physiological responses to prolonged road cycling in competitive youth athletes: a cross-sectional study.
Salazar-Monge H, Valdez-Velazquez LL, Gaitan-Hinojosa MA … +4 more , Apango-Figueroa EA, Barajas-Saucedo CE, Flores-Moreno PJ, Vazquez-Vuelvas OF
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jun · PMID 41859838 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Road cycling requires high-intensity efforts from athletes due to the prolonged and intense training sessions. The impact of the effort is reflected in physiological changes described by acute biochemical res...
BACKGROUND: Road cycling requires high-intensity efforts from athletes due to the prolonged and intense training sessions. The impact of the effort is reflected in physiological changes described by acute biochemical responses. Monitoring these metabolic signals is essential for optimizing training and safeguarding health. This report aims to analyze the behavior of acute biochemical and physiological changes induced by a prolonged road cycling session in competitive youth athletes, to identify safe and effective training strategies. METHODS: Eighteen competitive youth cyclists rode for 115-km prolonged road cycling session. Anthropometric data (body weight, height, body fat percentage, muscle mass, limb circumferences) and physiological measures (blood pressure, fasting glucose) were collected. Venous blood samples were analyzed for urea, creatinine, uric acid, total cholesterol, triglycerides, sodium, potassium, calcium, chloride, and lactate using spectrophotometry. RESULTS: Postexercise, significant increases were observed in urea (P<0.001, d=1.53), creatinine (P<0.001, d=1.13), uric acid (P<0.001, d=1.25), triglycerides (P=0.01, d=0.71), potassium (P=0.003, d=0.88), calcium (P<0.001, d=1.15), glucose (P=0.006, d=0.77), and lactate (P<0.001, d=1.48). In contrast, total cholesterol significantly decreased (P=0.005, d=0.79), while sodium and chloride remained unchanged. Thigh circumference increased significantly (45.23 to 51 cm; P<0.001), indicating transient muscle swelling, whereas calf circumference showed no significant change. Resting lactate levels were within normal ranges for trained individuals (0.5-2.2 mmol/L). CONCLUSIONS: These results highlight the pronounced acute metabolic stress induced by prolonged cycling, including protein catabolism, lipid mobilization, electrolyte shifts, and altered carbohydrate metabolism. Regular biochemical assessment is recommended to optimize training, performance, and athlete safety.
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