The Journal Of Sports Medicine And Physical Fitness[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Relationship between muscle strength and muscle power of female artistic gymnasts on balance beam performance.
Papacharalampus K, Dallas CG, Karampatsos G … +2 more , Terzis G, Dallas GC
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Apr · PMID 41609440 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Artistic gymnastics (AG) is a sport that requires high percentages of muscle strength and power for successful execution of the exercises in various apparatus. However, studies investigating their relationshi...
BACKGROUND: Artistic gymnastics (AG) is a sport that requires high percentages of muscle strength and power for successful execution of the exercises in various apparatus. However, studies investigating their relationship with rate of force development (RFD) as well as AG performance are limited. The purpose of the present research was to investigate the relationship between muscle strength, muscle power and RFD of lower extremities in isometric and dynamic measurement condition with performance on balance beam. A partial objective was to examine the relationship of lean mass with RFD and AG performance. METHODS: Thirteen competitive level female gymnasts, with an average age of 11.6 years participated in the research and were evaluated in terms of body composition, isometric leg press strength and RFD and countermovement jump (CMJ). In addition, balance beam routines were evaluated by four international judges. Pearson's r coefficient was used to investigate the correlation of the variables under consideration. RESULTS: There was no statistically significant correlation between force-time characteristics during isometric and dynamic assessment with balance beam performance (P>0.05). However, a strong correlation was found between total lean body mass (TLM) and power (r=0.985), relative power (RP) (r=0.933), max strength (MS) (r=0.727), and RFD 100 ms (r=643) and RFD 150 ms (r=0.896) during the CMJ. Furthermore, there was a strong correlation of bone density (BD) with power (r=0.903), MS (r=0.74), RFD 100 ms (r=0.735) and RFD 150 ms (r=0.883) time intervals in CMJ. CONCLUSIONS: Balance beam performance is influenced by other physical factors and technical execution of exercises rather than lower limb strength characteristics.
Sport specialization, injury and illness: a prospective study of elite female adolescent soccer players.
Watson A, Haraldsdottir K
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 May · PMID 41569547 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Although cross-sectional evidence exists regarding the association between sport specialization and health outcomes, sport-specific, prospective research is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the...
BACKGROUND: Although cross-sectional evidence exists regarding the association between sport specialization and health outcomes, sport-specific, prospective research is lacking. The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between sport specialization status and in-season injury and illness risk in elite female adolescent soccer players. METHODS: 80 female youth soccer players (ages 13-18) from a local youth soccer organization underwent preseason evaluation of maximal aerobic capacity (VO<inf>2max</inf>) and sport specialization and provided self-reporting of daily training load (session-rating of perceived exertion), injury and illness for two four-month competitive soccer seasons. Mixed effects logistic regression models were used to predict individual injury and illness (yes/no) during the study period, using sport specialization, age, and training load as fixed effects and individual athlete as a random effect. RESULTS: Specialized (N.=46) athletes did not differ from non-specialized (N.=34) athletes with respect to age, preseason physical activity, VO<inf>2max</inf> or in-season training load (all P>0.05). 28 athletes participated in both years, representing 108 player-years. No differences were seen in the proportion of individuals from each group that reported an in-season injury (specialized = 25% vs. 20%, P=0.55) or illness (46% vs. 38%, P=0.41). After adjusting for age and training load, individual injuries (OR=0.86 [0.26, 2.8], P=0.81) and illnesses were not significantly predicted by specialization (OR=1.06 [0.45, 2.5], P=0.89). CONCLUSIONS: After adjusting for age and training load, late sport specialization was not associated with in-season injury or illness risk in elite female soccer players.
The three musketeers of the runner's calf: gastrocnemius, soleus and plantaris muscle.
Vasiliadis AV, Noussios G, Vassiou A … +1 more , Troupis T
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 May · PMID 41556736 · Publisher ↗
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Comparison of thoracic spine range of motion in different types of sports and relationship to low back pain.
Kasamasu T, Ishida Y, Hayami T … +4 more , Uematsu R, Fujitani J, Mase Y, Sairyo K
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 May · PMID 41556735 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Reduced hip joint mobility increases lumbar spine stress, leading to disorders. However, the impact of thoracic spine mobility on lumbar spine disorders remains unclear, as do sport-specific differences in th...
BACKGROUND: Reduced hip joint mobility increases lumbar spine stress, leading to disorders. However, the impact of thoracic spine mobility on lumbar spine disorders remains unclear, as do sport-specific differences in thoracic mobility. METHODS: Participants were male athletes aged ≥18 years (26 baseball, 50 rugby, 20 handball, 33 gymnastics). Thoracic spine flexion, extension, and total ROM were measured using a Spinal Mouse, and rotation ROM using an inclinometer. Study 1 examined thoracic ROM differences among sports. Study 2 classified rugby players and gymnasts based on presence or absence of low back pain (LBP) in the past 6 months and compared thoracic ROM. RESULTS: In Study 1, thoracic flexion ROM was lower in handball than in baseball and rugby. Thoracic extension ROM was greatest in gymnastics. Total thoracic ROM was lowest in handball and highest in gymnastics. Thoracic rotation was greater in baseball than rugby or handball on both sides. In gymnastics, dominant-side rotation was greater than rugby, and non-dominant-side rotation was greater than rugby and handball. In Study 2, rugby players with LBP had reduced thoracic flexion ROM, while gymnasts with LBP had reduced total thoracic ROM. CONCLUSIONS: This study found that thoracic spine ROM differs by sport and is decreased in athletes with LBP, suggesting thoracic ROM is important for treating LBP in athletes.
Longitudinal analysis of body composition in Italian national U17 male handball players using bioelectrical impedance vector analysis.
Serafini S, Papale O, DI Credico A … +3 more , Fusco A, Mascherini G, Izzicupo P
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Mar · PMID 41556734 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Monitoring body composition is crucial for optimizing performance and preventing injuries in young athletes during a competitive season. This study evaluated changes in body composition and bioelectrical impe...
BACKGROUND: Monitoring body composition is crucial for optimizing performance and preventing injuries in young athletes during a competitive season. This study evaluated changes in body composition and bioelectrical impedance vector analysis (BIVA) in 15 male U17 Italian national handball players (age: 16.44±0.60 years). METHODS: Bioelectrical parameters were analyzed across four time points: end of the season (T0), pre-season (T1), season onset (T2), and winter break (T3), using repeated measures mixed models, while Mahalanobis' tests track vector shifts and ellipse distances (D). Statistical significance was set at P<0.05. RESULTS: The vector significantly lengthened from T0 to T1 (D=1.95), then shortened from T1 to T2 (D=1.63) and T2 to T3 (D=0.88). Stature-adjusted resistance significantly decreased at T2 (262.9 Ω/m±26.1) compared to T1 (275.6 Ω/m±27.8) and at T3 (249.7 Ω/m±21.4) compared to T0 (269.7 Ω/m±27.9), T1, and T2. Stature-adjusted reactance significantly increased at T1 (39.00 Ω/m±3.7) compared to T0 (35.3 Ω/m±3.6) then decreased at T2 (36.2 Ω/m±3.2) and T3 (35.7 Ω/m±3.4) compared to T1. From T0 to T3, phase angle, total body water, and fat-free mass increased significantly from 7.4°±0.5 to 8.1±0.6°, 59.9±3.6% to 61.1±3.7%, and 82.0±4.5% to 84.0±5.1%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Bioelectrical analysis effectively tracks hydration indices and training adaptations in young athletes, representing a valuable tool for managing performance and recovery.
Effectiveness of core stability programs in the prevention of sports injuries: a scope review.
Tedeschi R, Donati D
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Mar · PMID 41556733 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Core stability is essential for maintaining postural alignment and preventing injuries during athletic activities. A growing body of literature suggests that structured core stability programs can reduce th...
INTRODUCTION: Core stability is essential for maintaining postural alignment and preventing injuries during athletic activities. A growing body of literature suggests that structured core stability programs can reduce the risk of both upper and lower limb injuries across various sports. However, the evidence remains scattered and inconsistent, particularly regarding specific populations and sports contexts. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: This scoping review was conducted following the Joanna Briggs Institute (JBI) methodology and reported according to the PRISMA-ScR guidelines. A comprehensive literature search was carried out across MEDLINE (via PubMed), Cochrane Library, PEDro, Scopus, and grey literature databases. Studies were included if they investigated the impact of core stability training on injury prevention in athletic populations, using the PCC (Population, Concept, Context) framework. Data extraction focused on participant characteristics, interventions, outcomes, and conclusions. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Five randomized controlled trials (RCTs) met the inclusion criteria. The studies involved athletes aged 8 to 58 years across six sports disciplines (soccer, Gaelic football, basketball, volleyball, gymnastics, and swimming). All included interventions demonstrated positive outcomes in reducing injury incidence, improving neuromuscular control, and enhancing dynamic stability. However, variability in training protocols and methodological quality limited cross-study comparability. Most interventions were low-cost, equipment-free, and feasible in both team and individual settings. CONCLUSIONS: Core stability training shows strong potential as a preventive strategy in sports injury management. Despite the variability among existing studies, the consistent positive effects suggest the need for broader integration into routine athletic training. Future research should aim to standardize protocols and explore long-term efficacy across diverse athletic populations.
Further evidence on the psychometric properties and convergent validity of the expanded exercise addiction inventory (EAI-3) in recreational exercisers.
Lev Arey D, Levental O, Yaffe Y
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Mar · PMID 41556732 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Exercise addiction (EA) is a maladaptive pattern of excessive exercise despite negative physical, psychological, and social consequences. The Expanded Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI-3) was developed to imp...
BACKGROUND: Exercise addiction (EA) is a maladaptive pattern of excessive exercise despite negative physical, psychological, and social consequences. The Expanded Exercise Addiction Inventory (EAI-3) was developed to improve the assessment of EA. This study validates the Hebrew version of the EAI-3 in Israel, where physical fitness is closely tied to national identity and military culture. METHODS: A sample of 367 recreational exercisers (140 men, 227 women; aged 18-45) completed the Hebrew EAI-3, the Exercise Dependence Scale-Revised (EDS-R), and the Eating Attitudes Test (EAT-26). Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) and measurement invariance testing were conducted. RESULTS: CFA supported a two-factor structure (Health Relevance and Addiction Tendency). A 7-item version demonstrated superior psychometric properties compared to the original 8-item scale. Internal consistency was moderate (α=0.61), but McDonald's omega (ω=0.68) indicated better reliability. The EAI-3 showed strong convergent validity with the EDS-R (r=0.45) and concurrent validity with the EAT-26 (r=0.24). The 7-item version achieved scalar invariance across gender, allowing for meaningful comparisons. CONCLUSIONS: The Hebrew EAI-3 is a valid tool for assessing risk of exercise addiction in Israeli exercisers. The 7-item version is recommended for clinical and research applications, particularly for gender-based analyses.
A qualitative study of goalkeeper coaches' perceptions of key qualities in talented youth soccer goalkeepers.
Steenbok W, Kubayi A, Morris-Eyton H … +1 more , Stone JA
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Mar · PMID 41556731 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Despite a substantial body of literature on identifying talent in outfield players, information on goalkeepers (GKs) is scarce due to the specialist demands associated with the position. The purpose of this s...
BACKGROUND: Despite a substantial body of literature on identifying talent in outfield players, information on goalkeepers (GKs) is scarce due to the specialist demands associated with the position. The purpose of this study was to explore which qualities GK coaches perceive as important for talented youth soccer GKs. METHODS: This qualitative study used a pragmatic research paradigm. The sample consisted of eight GK coaches (mean age 50.12±9.33 years; mean experience 17.25±9.97 years) who were purposively recruited to participate in the study. A semi-structured interview guide was used to collect data, and a two-stage thematic analysis was employed to identify themes. RESULTS: Four themes and 10 sub-themes were constructed: technical (i.e. handling), physical (i.e. upper body strength and height), tactical (defensive organization, build-up play and decision-making) and psychosocial (i.e. bravery, coachability, communication and composure) attributes. CONCLUSIONS: These findings may provide coaches with valuable information regarding the traits that potentially talented GKs should possess, which could guide training for talent development programs to increase their chances of being chosen for future opportunities.
Patellar tendon properties and neuromuscular performance across different power sports.
Dranevicius G, Snieckus A, Satkunskiene D … +5 more , Mickevicius M, Lukonaitienė I, Rutkauskaite R, Muanjai P, Kamandulis S
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Mar · PMID 41556730 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Monitoring tendon morphology and function can improve our understanding of how tendons adapt to chronic training, potentially supporting the maintenance of strength and endurance. Despite that explosive sport...
BACKGROUND: Monitoring tendon morphology and function can improve our understanding of how tendons adapt to chronic training, potentially supporting the maintenance of strength and endurance. Despite that explosive sports share similarities, they also differ in key factors like movement speed and reactivity, loading duration and direction, range of motion, and muscle contraction type. This study aimed to compare the patellar tendon morphology and mechanical characteristics among sprinters, long and high jumpers, gymnasts, and karate athletes. METHODS: Forty-one elite male athletes with national and international competition experience participated. Patellar tendon properties, knee extensor strength, power, and rate of force development during countermovement jumps were measured during the pre-competition training phase. RESULTS: Results indicated that patellar tendon length, cross-sectional area, stiffness, and Young's modulus were similar across these athletes (P>0.05), despite differences in body weight, height, body composition, force production, and power output during dynamic movements. However, significant differences in patellar tendon stress were observed, correlating strongly with maximal knee extension peak torque and peak power during the countermovement jump (r>0.646, P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that patellar tendon morphology and mechanical properties were largely consistent across different power athletes, but high tendon stress resulting from increased force production highlights the need for a balanced relationship between force development and tendon adaptation.
Exploring sports-related concussion awareness and response amongst teenage grassroots soccer players in the UK: a qualitative study.
Hussain A, Malcolm D
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jan · PMID 41498681 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: This study examines sports-related concussions (SRC) experiences, beliefs, and behaviors among male and female teenage grassroots soccer players in the UK, focusing on how these are shaped by interpersonal an...
BACKGROUND: This study examines sports-related concussions (SRC) experiences, beliefs, and behaviors among male and female teenage grassroots soccer players in the UK, focusing on how these are shaped by interpersonal and mediated relations with coaches, parents, and peers. METHODS: A cross-sectional cohort study informed by interpretivist epistemology and qualitative research design. Data collection involved focus groups, using a topic guide covering SRC knowledge, attitudes, behaviors, and reporting intentions. Focus group sessions were conducted between July 2023 and April 2024. Participants were enrolled through convenience and snowball sampling at a single grassroots soccer club in the UK. Three cohorts of male participants (N.=15) and one cohort of female participants (N.=5) participated in three focus groups each. The 12 focus groups were held at the grassroots soccer academy with the club welfare officer present. Sessions were digitally recorded, transcribed, and analyZed using a framework analysis model. RESULTS: Participants identified and recognized many symptoms associated with SRC, though knowledge was mainly acquired through informal channels (e.g., the media). However, this understanding did not lead to safety-related behavior changes, with significant non-compliance observed among players, parents, and coaches. CONCLUSIONS: Effective SRC management requires tailored education programs to overcome barriers and promote safety within grassroots youth soccer. Addressing gender norms and enhancing education can foster a culture of support and accountability, safeguarding the well-being of young athletes. There is a need for better awareness and more precautionary behaviors among all stakeholders in grassroots soccer.
Plantar fasciopathy: a comprehensive, evidence-based guide for diagnosis and treatment.
Tedeschi R
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jan · PMID 41498680 · Publisher ↗
Plantar fasciopathy is a prevalent cause of heel pain, often mischaracterized as an inflammatory condition. It primarily affects individuals aged 40 to 60, with risk factors including foot biomechanics, obesity, and prol...
Plantar fasciopathy is a prevalent cause of heel pain, often mischaracterized as an inflammatory condition. It primarily affects individuals aged 40 to 60, with risk factors including foot biomechanics, obesity, and prolonged standing. Diagnosis relies on clinical assessment, incorporating validated tests such as the Windlass and Foot Posture Index tests, alongside imaging when necessary. Treatment follows a stepwise approach based on foot morphology, starting with conservative measures such as activity modification, targeted stretching of the plantar fascia and calf muscles, footwear optimization, and orthotic support. If symptoms persist beyond 8-12 weeks, shockwave therapy and, in refractory cases, corticosteroid or platelet-rich plasma injections may be considered. Surgery remains a last resort. A personalized treatment strategy based on biomechanical evaluation and patient-specific factors is crucial for successful outcomes. This guide provides an evidence-based framework for clinicians to accurately diagnose and effectively manage plantar fasciopathy.
Injury risk and workload analysis in elite adolescent female volleyball players using machine learning.
Bouzigues T, Candau R, Äyrämö S … +2 more , Maurelli O, Prioux J
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jan · PMID 41498679 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: This study investigates the key variables influencing injury occurrence in elite-level female volleyball players. It aims to evaluate three hypotheses: (1) the quantification of workload using the "System Tra...
BACKGROUND: This study investigates the key variables influencing injury occurrence in elite-level female volleyball players. It aims to evaluate three hypotheses: (1) the quantification of workload using the "System Training Response" score provides a superior explanation and prediction of injury occurrence compared to traditional methods such as sum or mean; (2) both menses and external workload serve as primary variables that explain injury occurrence; and (3) non-linear models yield better explanatory and predictive capabilities for injury occurrence than linear models. METHODS: Nineteen elite female volleyball players were monitored throughout a 190-day competitive season, during which various training-related parameters were collected. These parameters included internal and external workload quantification and menses data. To analyze and predict injury occurrence, machine learning techniques were employed, with a particular emphasis on Random Forest models. RESULTS: The Random Forest model demonstrated superior performance in describing injury occurrence, achieving an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.87. Key variables identified as significant contributors to injury occurrence included the players' age, menses status, and the percentage of intense jumps executed. Furthermore, the cross-validation procedure conducted on a reserved portion of the dataset yielded positive results, with an area under the receiver operating characteristic curve of 0.74, indicating a good generalization performance of the model. CONCLUSIONS: The findings of this study suggest that intense training prior to performance may increase the risk of injury, while older players appear to exhibit a lower risk of injury. These insights highlight the importance of tailored training strategies that consider both physiological factors and individual player profiles to mitigate injury risks in elite female volleyball athletes, including the presence or absence of menstruation with associated discomfort, which appears to be a relevant factor.
Nutritional knowledge and dietary practices in semi-professional and professional Italian soccer players.
Formisano E, Pasta A, Squeri C … +2 more , Robotti PC, Pisciotta L
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jan · PMID 41498678 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Soccer is the most practiced sport globally, and adequate dietary intake can significantly impact athletic performance. This study aimed to assess the nutritional knowledge of semi-professional and profession...
BACKGROUND: Soccer is the most practiced sport globally, and adequate dietary intake can significantly impact athletic performance. This study aimed to assess the nutritional knowledge of semi-professional and professional Italian soccer players and evaluate whether their dietary intake aligns with international recommendation for elite soccer players. METHODS: Male players from two Italian football league teams (one in Category C, one in Category D) participated during the regular season. Demographic and anthropometric data were collected during the initial visit. Nutrition knowledge was evaluated using a simplified version of the "Nutrition for Sport Knowledge Questionnaire" (NSKQ). Participants completed a 4-day food diary and dietary data were compared against dietary references for elite athletes and soccer players. RESULTS: Twenty-five soccer players (11 from a Category C team and 14 from a Category D team) participated in the study. Total energy intake was consistently below recommendations but increased on match days. Category C players consumed more protein and fat but fewer carbohydrates than Category D players, with significant differences on specific days (P<0.05). The Category D team showed greater adherence to macronutrient intake guidelines: protein (60.7% vs. 38.6%, P=0.023), fat (58.9% vs. 15.9%, P<0.0001), and carbohydrates (23.2% vs. 9.1%, P=0.053). NSKQ scores indicated poor nutritional knowledge in both teams, with no significant correlation between NSKQ scores and dietary adherence. CONCLUSIONS: The dietary composition of the Category D team more closely aligned with reference guidelines compared to the Category C team. This discrepancy might reflect differences in dietary habits or nutritional misconceptions.
Coaching strategies and performance patterns in elite Italian football: a comparative analysis of possession and direct-play styles.
Ruscello B, Cantore F, Morganti G … +5 more , Padua E, Filetti C, Porta M, Briotti G, Pantanella L
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jan · PMID 41498677 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: This study examines how coaching strategies influence performance patterns in elite Italian football, comparing the possession-based "building-from-the-back" style with a direct approach. METHODS: Observation...
BACKGROUND: This study examines how coaching strategies influence performance patterns in elite Italian football, comparing the possession-based "building-from-the-back" style with a direct approach. METHODS: Observational data from all 380 matches of the 2022-2023 Serie A season, sourced from a public online platform, were categorized by playing style based on goalkeeper distribution patterns. RESULTS: Teams favoring the "building-from-the-back" strategy (Group 1) achieved superior results compared to those adopting direct play (Group 2). On average, Group 1 earned more points (63.8±14.4 vs. 40.2±14.1, P<0.002), scored more goals (57.3±10.5 vs. 40.1±12.5, P=0.004), and conceded fewer (42.4±10.4 vs. 55.0±10.9, P=0.017). They also recorded a higher goal difference (+14.9 vs. -14.9, P=0.003), greater ball possession (53.1±4.3% vs. 46.9±5.0%, P=0.009), more shot-creating actions (906.6±128.4 vs. 777.9±133.2, P=0.041), and more goal-scoring actions (97.7±17.3 vs. 64.8±24.0, P=0.003). Logistic regression showed that teams using build-up play were 13.5 times more likely to qualify for European competitions (95% CI: 1.20-152.0), with six of the seven qualified teams adopting this style. Effect sizes across metrics were consistently large (Cohen's d: 0.94-1.65). CONCLUSIONS: Possession-oriented teams outperformed direct-play teams in both offensive and defensive indicators, underscoring the strategic role of coaches in orchestrating effective build-up play. These descriptive findings highlight how tactical choices are strongly associated with measurable outcomes in elite Italian football, offering data-driven insights for coaching methodologies and future research.
The effect of external focus distance on shooting accuracy in soccer for novice players.
Sarhan A
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jan · PMID 41498676 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effects of external focus distance for novice soccer players to determine motor skills and enhancing shooting accuracy in soccer. Soccer demands a unique combination of physicality an...
BACKGROUND: This study evaluated the effects of external focus distance for novice soccer players to determine motor skills and enhancing shooting accuracy in soccer. Soccer demands a unique combination of physicality and technical finesse, with precision, accuracy, and ball-handling skills distinguishing great players. This study aims to investigate the impact of different external focus cues on the shooting accuracy of novice male soccer players during a crossbar challenge. It aims to provide insights for coaches and players to optimize training techniques for skill development. METHODS: The study involved 45 male participants aged 18-25 who were assigned to the distal external focus, proximal external focus, and control group. Participants performed a practice trial followed by five experimental trials with specific focus instructions. Shooting accuracy was measured using the Loughborough Soccer Shooting Test. Statistical analysis was done using SPSS version 20, which included a mixed paired t-test and one-way ANOVA to compare the group performances. RESULTS: Participants with a distal external focus (M=2.4080) group consistently achieved the highest scores, followed by the proximal external focus group (M=1.5573), with the control group (M=1.3467) having the lowest scores. CONCLUSIONS: The study shows that, in comparison to a proximal external focus and a control group, a distal external focus significantly increases soccer shooting accuracy. These findings provide valuable insights for optimizing motor skills and enhancing shooting accuracy in soccer.
Pulmonary gas exchange responses during submaximal running with blood flow restriction.
Lubiak SM, Proppe CE, Rivera PM … +7 more , Howard MA, Prajapati AJ, Shah NM, Patel NN, Zak RB, Schmidt JT, Hill EC
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jan · PMID 41498675 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Blood flow restriction (BFR) implemented during aerobic exercise has been shown to alter cardiopulmonary responses under intensity-matched conditions, but its effects relative to maximal running speed and the...
BACKGROUND: Blood flow restriction (BFR) implemented during aerobic exercise has been shown to alter cardiopulmonary responses under intensity-matched conditions, but its effects relative to maximal running speed and the gas exchange threshold (GET) remain unclear. The purpose of this investigation was to examine cardiopulmonary (oxygen consumption [V̇O<inf>2</inf>] and carbon dioxide production [V̇CO<inf>2</inf>]) responses during submaximal running with BFR relative to maximal running without BFR and the GET. METHODS: Fifteen aerobically trained females completed a custom ramp protocol to determine peak running speed and GET. Participants randomly completed four, three-minute running bouts at 70%<inf>BFR</inf>, 80%<inf>BFR</inf>, and 90%<inf>BFR</inf> of their top speed with BFR and 100%<inf>NOBFR</inf> of their top speed without BFR. Separate Bayesian repeated-measure models were performed to examine differences in V̇O<inf>2</inf> and V̇CO<inf>2</inf> during the final minute of the bouts. RESULTS: V̇O<inf>2</inf> largely increased across bouts but was similar between the 80%<inf>BFR</inf> and 90%<inf>BFR</inf> (Mean<inf>diff</inf>=-2.26±-0.44 mL·kg·min) bouts as well as the 90%<inf>BFR</inf> and 100%<inf>NOBFR</inf> (Mean<inf>diff</inf>=-2.54±0.03 mL·kg·min) bouts. V̇CO<inf>2</inf> also increased across bouts and was similar between the 90%<inf>BFR</inf> and 100%<inf>NOBFR</inf> (Mean<inf>diff</inf>=-0.25±-0.02 L·min) bouts. Relative to GET, V̇O<inf>2</inf> and V̇CO<inf>2</inf> was greater during each bout (GET < 70%<inf>BFR</inf>, 80%<inf>BFR</inf>, 90%<inf>BFR</inf>, and 100%<inf>NOBFR</inf>). CONCLUSIONS: Pulmonary gas exchange during submaximal running with BFR was comparable to maximal running without BFR (i.e., 90%<inf>BFR</inf> and 100%<inf>NOBFR</inf>) and greater than speed-matched running (i.e., relative to GET). Thus, BFR may serve as a training adjunct to lower the intensity (i.e., ≤10%) relative to the GET.
Efficacy of blood flow restriction training in upper extremity musculoskeletal disorders: a meta-analysis.
Chen F, Yan L, Huang C … +3 more , Wang M, Zhao Z, Wang Q
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Mar · PMID 41424391 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to compare the effects of traditional exercise (using low-load resistance training (LLRT) with and without blood flow restriction (BFR)) on functional outcome...
INTRODUCTION: This systematic review with meta-analysis aimed to compare the effects of traditional exercise (using low-load resistance training (LLRT) with and without blood flow restriction (BFR)) on functional outcomes, pain levels, muscle strength, and range of motion (ROM) in patients with upper extremity disorders. The primary distinction between the experimental and control interventions lies in the application of blood flow restriction during the exercise protocol. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Searches have been performed in the PubMed, Web of Science, Embase and Cochrane databases, together with the reference lists of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) up to March 2025. The participants in the RCTs were individuals with orthopedic abnormalities of the upper extremity arising from surgical intervention, trauma, or degenerative disorders, and the intervention was LLRT-BFR, as opposed to LLRT alone. The major focus was on assessing upper limb function and pain, with secondary considerations including muscle strength and ROM. The quality and reporting standards of the studies were evaluated via the TESTEX scale. The Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation (GRADE) was conducted to verify the quality of evidence. The means and standard deviations (SDs) of the pre- and post-intervention data were extracted from each study. The means and SDs of the change scores were calculated, and these values were imported into Review Manager software (The Nordic Cochrane Collaboration) to compute the standardized mean difference (SMD) as the effect size. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: A systematic search across the aforementioned four databases initially identified 466 potentially relevant articles. Through a rigorous screening process, five articles that met the predefined inclusion criteria were ultimately selected for further analysis. These studies included 85 patients who underwent LLRT-BFR and 85 patients who received only LLRT. In patients with upper extremity dysfunction, the meta-analysis revealed significantly superior outcomes with LLRT-BFR compared with LLRT without BFR across multiple measures: pain reduction (SMD, 1.19; P=0.0002 [95% CI, 0.56-1.81]), functional improvement (SMD, 1.32; P=0.005 [95% CI, 0.39-2.24]), grip strength enhancement (SMD, 0.64; P=0.004 [95% CI, 0.20-1.07]), and radial flexion improvement (SMD, 0.81; P=0.003 [95% CI, 0.28--1.34]). CONCLUSIONS: BFR combined with LLRT produced better outcomes than LLRT alone in terms of function, discomfort, grip strength, and wrist range of motion (ulnar deviation). For people with upper limb deficits, BFR combined with LLRT may have some potential as a complementary intervention, and further research is needed to establish its efficacy and safety, particularly in different patient populations.
Plyometric training enhances jump, sprint, and agility performance across different surface types: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Song I, Kwon J, Kyun I … +2 more , Lee DH, Lee SY
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Feb · PMID 41369729 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated and quantified the effects of plyometric training (PT) on soft versus rigid surfaces on jump, sprint, and agility performance. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A literature search was conducted us...
INTRODUCTION: This study evaluated and quantified the effects of plyometric training (PT) on soft versus rigid surfaces on jump, sprint, and agility performance. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A literature search was conducted using PubMed, CINAHL, Embase, SportDiscuss, and Web of Science from January 1980 to April 2024. Randomized controlled trials examining PT interventions on the lower limbs with surface descriptions were included. Data extracted by two independent reviewers comprised: 1) the name of the first author and year of publication; 2) study design and participant characteristics; 3) PT program details; and 4) main outcome measures. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The meta-analysis revealed that soft-surface PT significantly increased the vertical jump height (standardized mean difference [SMD], 0.83; [95% confidence interval [CI] 0.59, 1.07]), while rigid-surface PT also produced significant improvements in jump height (SMD, 0.98; [95% CI 0.68, 1.28]). For horizontal jump performance, soft-surface PT showed significant effects (SMD, 0.96; [95% CI 0.64, 1.27]), while rigid-surface PT demonstrated moderate effects (SMD, 0.78; [95% CI 0.5, 1.05]). Both soft- and rigid-surface PT significantly reduced sprint time (SMD, -1.03; [95% CI -1.24, -0.81] and SMD, -0.89; [95% CI -1.22, -0.57], respectively) and enhanced agility performance (SMD, -1.07; [95% CI -1.34, -0.80]). CONCLUSIONS: PT significantly enhanced physical performance outcomes, regardless of the surface type. Practitioners may not need to prioritize the specific surface type when implementing PT programs aimed at improving jump, sprint, and agility performances.
Potential typographical error in P values in "Incidence of musculoskeletal sport injuries in a sample of male and female recreational paddle-tennis players".
Donassollo Piva A, Bertol Graeff D
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jan · PMID 41342749 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Effect of selective stretching of the flexor digitorum longus on the exercise-induced muscle stiffness change.
Noda T, Saeki J, Ichihashi N
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Feb · PMID 41342748 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome is associated with the stiffness of flexor digitorum longus (FDL) muscle. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the load on FDL. Stretching has been reported to immediately reduce...
BACKGROUND: Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome is associated with the stiffness of flexor digitorum longus (FDL) muscle. Therefore, it is necessary to reduce the load on FDL. Stretching has been reported to immediately reduce muscle stiffness and decrease maximal muscle strength. Thus, stretching the FDL may reduce its stiffness and stress. Additionally, the decrease in muscle strength due to stretching may be compensated by other cooperative muscles. This study aimed to determine how selective stretching of the FDL before exercise affects the stiffness of the FDL and its cooperative muscles after exercise. METHODS: Twenty-one healthy young men were enrolled in this crossover study. The elastic modulus of the FDL, tibialis posterior (TP), soleus, and flexor hallucis longus muscles were measured. The intervention trial involved selective stretching of the FDL. Subsequently, an eccentric ankle inversion exercise was performed, and the elastic modulus of each muscle was measured. The control trial consisted of resting in a sitting position instead of stretching. RESULTS: A significant interaction was observed for the elastic modulus of the FDL, the elastic modulus increased significantly only in the control trial after exercise. A main effect of timing was found only for the TP, and neither a main effect nor an interaction effect was found for any of the other muscles. CONCLUSIONS: Selective stretching of the FDL muscle before exercise prevented an immediate increase in its stiffness after exercise, but there was no such effect following changes in muscle stiffness caused by exercise in the other cooperative muscles.
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