The Journal Of Sports Medicine And Physical Fitness[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Reliability of a trail running submaximal treadmill test and its relationship with flat surface running economy.
DE Waal SJ, Jacobs SD, Lamberts RP
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 May · PMID 41697200 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Cost of exercise increases as a function of incline up to +15% and directly proportional to slope above +15%. Trail running racing consist of significant uphill locomotion at submaximal intensities, but the r...
BACKGROUND: Cost of exercise increases as a function of incline up to +15% and directly proportional to slope above +15%. Trail running racing consist of significant uphill locomotion at submaximal intensities, but the reliability of submaximal uphill treadmill running tests has not yet been established in ultra-trail runners. METHODS: Twenty-three male ultra-trail runners (maximal oxygen consumption (V̇O<inf>2max</inf>) 59.7±6.5 ml∙min∙kg) completed two uphill and one flat Submaximal Treadmill Running Test (STRT) separated by 7 days each. Uphill STRT test-retest reliability was measured via intraclass correlation coefficient (ICC), typical error of measurement (TEM), and typical error percentage (TEM%) for V̇O<inf>2</inf>, heart rate (HR), respiratory exchange ratio (RER), running economy (RE), and rating of perceived exertion (RPE). Relationships between uphill and flat STRT were determined via Pearson correlations. RESULTS: Highest reliability and lowest TEM% were found in HR (ICC: 0.86-0.94; TEM%: 1.9-3.6%), while reliability in V̇O<inf>2</inf> (ICC: 0.57-0.89; TEM%: 2.7-5.4%), RE (ICC: 0.57-0.89; TEM%: 2.7-5.4%), and RER (ICC: 0.67-0.86; TEM%: 1.8-2.6%) had greater variation between the five stages of the uphill STRT. RPE was least reliable (ICC: 0.57-0.70; TEM%: 9.6-13.3%). Moderate to strong correlations between the uphill and flat STRT HR were observed (r=0.69-0.89), with weaker correlations between flat and 5-10% uphill RE (r=0.45-0.81), and no relationship between flat and +25% RE. CONCLUSIONS: The uphill STRT has good overall reliability, showing potential as a training monitoring tool. However, flat and steep uphill (+25%) RE were not correlated indicating the need for uphill testing amongst trail running populations.
Effectiveness of diet-combined exercise interventions for glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials.
Huang X, Huang G, Jiang M … +1 more , Wei G
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Feb · PMID 41664973 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: To systematically analyze the effect of diet combined with exercise intervention on blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Six databases including PubMed, The Cochrane...
INTRODUCTION: To systematically analyze the effect of diet combined with exercise intervention on blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Six databases including PubMed, The Cochrane Library, Web of Science, EMBASE, MEDLINE and CNKI were searched from establishment to September 2024. Randomized Control Trial (RCT) articles that met the inclusion and exclusion criteria were screened. Meta-analysis was performed using Review Manager 5.3 software. The quality of the literature was assessed using the Cochrane Handbook of Systematic Reviews. Subgroup analysis and sensitivity analysis were used to find the source of heterogeneity. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Sixteen studies were included, with a total of 7212 patients with type 2 diabetes. There were 3678 cases in the intervention group and 3534 cases in the control group. The results of meta-analysis showed that dietary combined exercise intervention significantly improved fasting blood glucose (MD=-0.39, 95% CI: -0.72~-0.06, P=0.02) and 2-hour postprandial blood glucose (MD=-1.67, 95% CI: -3.62~0.27, P=0.09), glycosylated hemoglobin, HbA1c (MD=-0.49, 95% CI: -1.27~-0.33, P<0.001), body weight (MD=-2.47, 95% CI: -4.82~-0.13, P=0.04), body mass (MD=-3.64, 95% CI: -4.07~-3.21, P<0.001), SBP (MD=-2.1, 95% CI: -4.30~0.28, P=0.09), DBP (MD=-0.93, 95% CI: -1.88~0.02, P=0.05), total cholesterol (MD=17, 95% CI: -0.02~0.35, P=0.07), triglyceride (MD=-0.08, 95% CI: -0.15~-0.01, P=0.03), QOL (MD=3.83, 95% CI: 0.69~6.98, P=0.02). Body Mass Index (BMI) (MD=-0.4, 95% CI: -0.32~0.24, P=0.79), waist circumference (MD=-1.4, 95% CI: -4.94~1.25, P=0.24), HDL (MD=-0.02, 95% CI: -0.08~0.03, P=0.43), LDL (MD=12, 95% CI: -0.37~0.61, P=0.63) may be due to insufficient patient compliance, short intervention time, or insufficient study sample size to detect significant improvement. CONCLUSIONS: Diet combined with exercise intervention has significant effect on blood glucose control in patients with type 2 diabetes, and can significantly reduce HbA1c, fasting blood glucose, 2 h postprandial blood glucose, body weight, body mass, total cholesterol, triglyceride, SBP, DBP and QOL. Therefore, it is recommended that exercise combined with dietary intervention for at least 3 to 6 months can better improve the blood glucose indicators in patients with type 2 diabetes.
Multimodal high-intensity gymnastics induced marked osteogenic impact for postmenopausal women.
Helge EW, Lund MT, Pedersen MT … +8 more , Vestergaard SG, Søndergaard CA, Esrup S, Bendtsen M, Madsen AO, Bundgaard A, Quardon N, Jørgensen NR
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Feb · PMID 41664972 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Multimodal training characterized by diverse, large, and novel bone strains improves bone mass, but after menopause the evidence is inconsistent. This intervention evaluated the osteogenic efficacy of multimo...
BACKGROUND: Multimodal training characterized by diverse, large, and novel bone strains improves bone mass, but after menopause the evidence is inconsistent. This intervention evaluated the osteogenic efficacy of multimodal high-intensity gymnastics for postmenopausal women. METHODS: Thirty-three healthy women participated in a 19-week controlled intervention followed by 11-weeks detraining: Group I (N.=21): 3x30 min fully supervised and personalized gymnastics weekly (age 57.1±4.8 yrs; weight 64.5±8.1 kg; BMI 22.9±2.9 kg/m; VO<inf>2max</inf> 30.3±3.9 mL/kg/min [mean±SD]). Group C (N.=12): Controls (age 57.9±3.9 yrs; weight 63.9±10.6 kg; BMI 22.7±3.0 kg/m; VO<inf>2max</inf> 30.4±4.9 mL/kg/min [mean±SD]). Primary outcomes: lumbar spine (L1-L4) and total proximal femur (TPF) bone mineral density (BMD) (g/cm) and markers of bone formation (procollagen type-I amino-terminal propeptide [PINP] and osteocalcin [OC] µg/L) and resorption (C-terminal telopeptide of type-I collagen [CTX-I], ng/L). RESULTS: Post-intervention, percent ΔBMD (mean±SEM) were larger for I than C in L1-L4 (0.9±0.5% vs. -1.1±0.8%, P<0.05) and right (0.8±0.4% vs. -1.0±0.3%, P<0.005) and left (0.7±0.3% vs. -0.5±0.3%, P<0.05) TPF. Percent ΔOC (mean±SEM) were larger (P<0.005) for I than C after 3 weeks (11.7±20.5% vs. -9.3±19.4%), 12 weeks (23.7±17.6% vs. -11.5±29.0%) and post-intervention (18.0±25.9% vs. -14.8±28.6%). Percent ΔPINP and ΔCTX-I did not differ between I and C, despite consistent significant increases in PINP for I. Following detraining, percent ΔBMD between-group differences had increased further in L1-L4 (P<0.005) and right TPF (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The osteogenic impact of 19-weeks high-intensity gymnastics for postmenopausal women was significant and consistent regardless of the assessment method. Thus, gymnastics proved to be effective to counteract the postmenopausal BMD reductions.
Epidemiology of injuries in kitesurfing.
Debieux P, Lobo B, Senger MM … +3 more , Burguer NB, Cohen M, Kaleka CC
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Feb · PMID 41664971 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Introduced in the mid-1990s and recently recognized as an Olympic sport, kitesurfing combines surfing, windsurfing, and wakeboarding. Despite its growing popularity and high-speed maneuvers that heighten inju...
BACKGROUND: Introduced in the mid-1990s and recently recognized as an Olympic sport, kitesurfing combines surfing, windsurfing, and wakeboarding. Despite its growing popularity and high-speed maneuvers that heighten injury risks, there is a significant gap in research on the epidemiological aspects of injuries. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence, patterns, and factors related to orthopedic injuries among kitesurfers. The secondary outcomes focus on characteristics associated with injuries, treatment options, duration of absence from sports, and subsequent effects on performance. These findings underscore the urgent need for developing effective safety protocols to mitigate these risks. METHODS: This cross-sectional study utilized a convenience sample of kitesurfing athletes aged 18 years or older, each with at least one year of experience, recruited through the Brazilian Kitesurfing Association. Participants completed an online questionnaire detailing their personal details, kitesurfing specifics and injury-related data. RESULTS: A total of 442 kitesurfers, aged 18 to 70 (mean 41.9 years), were included. Findings show that 66.6% of athletes reported injuries, more frequently among more experienced, especially those classifying themselves as advanced. Most injuries occurred during training within 50 meters of the shore, under moderate wind speeds (11-27 knots), and mainly affected the knee, foot, or ankle. CONCLUSIONS: The findings highlight the necessity for improved safety protocols and injury prevention measures in kitesurfing. Given the sport's rising popularity and inherent risks, these measures are crucial to reduce injury rates and mitigate their impact on performance and sport continuity. Additionally, kitesurfing's Olympic inclusion underscores the importance of global safety concerns.
A correlational analysis of reported injury incidence between barefoot and shod runners.
Woodard CE
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Feb · PMID 41664970 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Running has increased in popularity as a form of exercise, and with it, the incidence of running-related injuries. Barefoot running has gained attention as a strategy to potentially reduce injury risk, though...
BACKGROUND: Running has increased in popularity as a form of exercise, and with it, the incidence of running-related injuries. Barefoot running has gained attention as a strategy to potentially reduce injury risk, though empirical evidence supporting this remains limited. The purpose of this study was to compare injury incidence between barefoot and shod runners based on self-reported history. METHODS: A total of 545 participants completed a survey assessing their running patterns and injury history. Descriptive and inferential analyses were conducted to examine associations between footwear type and injury incidence. RESULTS: Statistical analyses were performed showing strong association between the barefoot group and reduced reports of injury. A post-hoc matched-pair analysis of 21 barefoot runners and 21 shod runners (matched by age, gender, and BMI) indicated a significantly lower reported injury rate among barefoot runners (P=0.011). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that barefoot running was associated with a lower risk of injury in a matched subgroup, although further research is needed to confirm these results.
The impact of Advanced Footwear Technology on physical, physiological, biomechanical, and perception outcomes: a systematic review.
Marmondi F, Ferrando V, Panascì M … +1 more , Bonato M
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Feb · PMID 41664969 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The development of Advanced Footwear Technology (AFT) has introduced significant changes in the realm of athletic footwear, promising enhancements in running economy and reductions in energy cost compared t...
INTRODUCTION: The development of Advanced Footwear Technology (AFT) has introduced significant changes in the realm of athletic footwear, promising enhancements in running economy and reductions in energy cost compared to traditional shoes. This systematic review aims to analyze and synthesize the existing literature on AFT, focusing on its physical, physiological, biomechanical, and perceptual impacts on athletic performance. It seeks to identify key findings, variability, and implications for athletes by comparing AFT to traditional footwear. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Following the PRISMA 2015 guidelines for systematic reviews, a comprehensive search was conducted in PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Titles, abstracts, and full texts were analyzed based on predefined inclusion criteria to find relevant studies. The methodological quality of the selected studies was also assessed. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Nine studies (N.=138 participants) were included, with an average methodological quality score of 6.22 (range: 5 to 8) on a 10-point scale. AFT was found to improve biomechanical aspects, which were associated with enhanced running efficiency, and reduce metabolic energy expenditure. However, improve biomechanical aspects, which were associated with enhanced running efficiency. CONCLUSIONS: AFT offers significant performance and biomechanical benefits, but its physiological effects vary, and potential injury risks such as altered lower-limb stiffness and increased joint load require careful management. Personalized approaches to footwear technology are crucial to maximizing AFT's benefits.
Propulsion and symmetry within the stroke cycle: a comparison between tethered and free swimming.
Russo G, Coloretti V, Bartolomei S … +3 more , Malagoli Lanzoni I, Fantozzi S, Cortesi M
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Feb · PMID 41664968 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Asymmetry of propulsion is a key factor when the movements of two limbs occur in sequence. Considering the difficulties in quantifying thrust forces during free-swimming, tethered-swimming is proposed as an a...
BACKGROUND: Asymmetry of propulsion is a key factor when the movements of two limbs occur in sequence. Considering the difficulties in quantifying thrust forces during free-swimming, tethered-swimming is proposed as an alternative tool. The purpose of this study was to investigate the thrust forces during tethered and free-swimming, including the effect of hand dominance. METHODS: Eleven swimmers were analyzed during 10-s all-out front-crawl swimming test in both conditions using only arms. Two pressure sensors were attached to each swimmer's hand (palmar and dorsal side) to estimate the propulsive forces as the horizontal component of the product of hand differential pressure and hand surface. Propelling forces in terms of average (F<inf>MEAN</inf>), impulse (I), peak (F<inf>PEAK</inf>), and as a pattern within the stroke cycle values were analyzed. RESULTS: Larger hand propulsion was found in tethered than in free-swimming (~16%, 11%, and 21%, for F<inf>MEAN</inf>, F<inf>PEAK</inf>, and I, respectively). The SPM analysis highlighted larger values only at the beginning of the cycle (from 7% to 42%). Dominance analysis revealed a higher F<inf>PEAK</inf> (~12 N) in the dominant limb than in the nondominant limb in both swimming conditions. CONCLUSIONS: Larger hand force in tethered than free-swimming conditions is explained by differences from entry to catch phase.
Effects of underwater breath-holding training on athletes' lung capacity, heart rate, blood pressure, and lung CT imaging.
Jing R, Zhu Z, Wang Z
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Feb · PMID 41664967 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to explore the effects of underwater breathing-holding training on the cardiovascular function and swimming performance of athletes. METHODS: Sixty swimming athletes from sports coll...
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to explore the effects of underwater breathing-holding training on the cardiovascular function and swimming performance of athletes. METHODS: Sixty swimming athletes from sports colleges are separated into an experimental group and a control group, with 30 athletes in each one. Two groups undergo 8 weeks of swimming training with a total of 32 lessons. The control group athletes receive routine swimming training. The experimental group adds breath-holding training during swimming training. Before and after training, cardiopulmonary function tests are conducted on the two groups, including heart rate, lung capacity, blood pressure, and breath-holding time. Meanwhile, the maximum suction pressure, suction flow rate, and maximum ventilation volume of the athletes are tested before and after the experiment. In addition, the study also adds a 50m freestyle swimming test to explore the swimming performance of two groups before and after training. RESULTS: After 8 weeks, the overall improvement effect of the experimental group was more significant. In the cardiopulmonary function test, the lung capacity of the experimental group athletes increased from 3.24±1.69L to 4.81±1.93L, with statistical significance (P<0.05). For the control group, the lung capacity before and after the experiment did not exhibit statistically significant difference (P>0.05). Meanwhile, the heart rate of the experimental group athletes decreased from 58.61±9.32 beats/minute to 56.39±8.28 beats/minute, with a P value of only 0.1668, lower than that of the control group's 0.4412. In addition, the breath-holding time of the experimental group increased from 54.36±2.05 s before the experiment to 60.15±3.28 s (P<0.05). In the index tests of maximum suction pressure, suction flow rate, and ventilation volume, the experimental group had statistically significant differences before and after the experiment (P<0.05). The control group only had statistical significance in maximum suction pressure and suction flow rate. In addition, the 50m freestyle swimming time of the experimental group athletes was reduced from 25.52±0.59 s to 25.20±0.66 s (P<0.05). The free swimming performance of the control group before and after training was not statistically significant (P>0.05). The results of lung CT examination showed that the lung function of the experimental group athletes significantly improved. The lung imaging images showed larger lung volume, unobstructed airway, clear alveolar structure, and no obvious lung lesions or atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: The combination of breath-holding training and routine training in swimming training can improve the cardiovascular function of athletes, enhance their respiratory function, and ultimately enhance their swimming performance. This training method provides a scientifically effective training strategy for swimmers.
Effect of self-selected pre-task music and whole-body vibration on agility and shooting accuracy in female futsal players.
Folino K, Greco F, Cicek G … +6 more , Spadafora M, Oranges FP, Cosco LF, Tarsitano MG, Quinzi F, Emerenziani GP
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Feb · PMID 41664966 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Agility and shooting accuracy play a fundamental role in female futsal performance. It has been shown that either whole-body vibration (WBV) and music stimuli may positively influence athletes' performance. T...
BACKGROUND: Agility and shooting accuracy play a fundamental role in female futsal performance. It has been shown that either whole-body vibration (WBV) and music stimuli may positively influence athletes' performance. Therefore, this study analyzed the acute effects WBV and self-selected music (SSM) on agility and shooting accuracy in female futsal players. METHODS: In the pre-testing session, body composition was evaluated in twenty-five female futsal players (age: 26.5±6.2 years). In the testing session, players performed the modified agility T-test and a shooting accuracy test with the dominant limb after three different conditions: static half squat plus WBV, SSM and Control Condition (CC). Before performing the modified agility T-test, the Felt Arousal Scale (FAS) was administered. RESULTS: FAS was significantly higher (P<0.01) in the SSM (5.2±0.9 score) than in the CC (4.1±1.2 score) and WBV (4.8±0.9 score). In the modified agility T-test no significant differences were observed after being exposed to CC (4.8±0.9 s) SSM (6.8±0.5s) or WBV (6.8±0.5s). No significant differences were observed in shooting accuracy between conditions (SSM: 13.4±2.5 score; WBV: 14.2±2.6 score; CC: 14±3.0 score). CONCLUSIONS: Neither whole body vibration nor self-selected music seem to be effective in improving agility and shooting accuracy in female futsal players.
Running kinematics, spatiotemporal variation and lower limb strength at different stages of a 156-km ultra-trail race.
Nguyen AP, Esculier JF, Dubois B … +8 more , VAN Cant J, Roy-Baillargeon O, Hebert-Losier K, Francisco B, Hingrand C, Delaunay PL, Mauvieux B, Pairot DE Fontenay B
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Feb · PMID 41664965 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Ultra-trail running is increasingly popular, yet most research on biomechanics focuses on road running or treadmills. This study assesses changes in foot strike pattern (FSP), step frequency, and other biomec...
BACKGROUND: Ultra-trail running is increasingly popular, yet most research on biomechanics focuses on road running or treadmills. This study assesses changes in foot strike pattern (FSP), step frequency, and other biomechanical parameters over a 156-km ultra-trail race. METHODS: Fifty-five experienced runners participated in the Trail Scientifique de Clécy, a 156-km race with 6000 meters of elevation gain. Biomechanical data were collected at the end of each 26-km lap using video for FSP and Optojump for other parameters. Muscle strength was measured via maximal voluntary isometric contraction (MVIC) of the hip abductors and ankle plantar flexors. RESULTS: Forty-one runners completed the race. FSP remained consistent. Step frequency decreased initially (P=0.003) before stabilizing. Self-selected speed declined by 14.2% (P<0.001), and step length reduced by 12.6% (P<0.001). Ground contact time increased (+12.9%, P<0.001), while flight time remained stable. Leg stiffness showed a non-significant decreasing trend (P=0.048). MVIC for hip abductors and ankle plantar flexors slightly decreased late in the race (P=0.015 and P=0.004). CONCLUSIONS: Experienced ultra-trail runners maintain consistent FSP while strategically adapting other biomechanical parameters to manage fatigue, supporting sustained performance and injury prevention in ultra-endurance races.
Survey of injuries among Slovenian sport climbers.
Hlebš S, Brezovar T
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 May · PMID 41661162 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Rock climbing is associated with a high risk of musculoskeletal injuries, yet limited data exist for Slovenian sport climbers. Understanding the prevalence, types, and mechanisms of injuries is essential for...
BACKGROUND: Rock climbing is associated with a high risk of musculoskeletal injuries, yet limited data exist for Slovenian sport climbers. Understanding the prevalence, types, and mechanisms of injuries is essential for developing targeted prevention strategies. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional online survey was conducted among 191 Slovenian sport climbers registered with the national federation. The questionnaire assessed demographics, climbing characteristics, and injury-related variables using the UIAA injury definition. Non-parametric tests (Mann-Whitney U, Kruskal-Wallis, Dunn-Šidák post-hoc) and Spearman correlations examined associations between injury counts and climbing variables. RESULTS: Overall incidence was 5.2 injuries per 1000 climbing hours. Men sustained more injuries than women (2.8±3.1 vs. 2.0±2.6; P=0.022). The number of injuries correlated weakly with weekly climbing hours (ρ=0.20; P=0.005) and climbing difficulty (ρ=0.20; P=0.007). A strong positive correlation was found between climbing experience and climbing difficulty (ρ=0.55; P<0.001). Upper extremity injuries predominated (82%), particularly fingers (50%), shoulders (32%), and elbows (16%). CONCLUSIONS: Slovenian climbers exhibit a high injury burden, dominated by finger and shoulder injuries. Gender differences appear behavioral, reflecting route selection rather than exposure. Preventive routines were not associated with lower injury frequency, highlighting the need for specific, climbing-oriented programs, such as a joint-by-joint training approach. Future prospective studies should incorporate objective biomechanical assessments, to refine prevention and rehabilitation strategies.
Somatotype, age, and neuromuscular performance in elite youth football players.
Androulakis N, Tsiakiris C, Koundourakis N
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 May · PMID 41661161 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Somatotype has been linked to physical performance in youth athletes, but its independent contribution to power development, particularly in relation to biological maturity, remains underexplored. This study...
BACKGROUND: Somatotype has been linked to physical performance in youth athletes, but its independent contribution to power development, particularly in relation to biological maturity, remains underexplored. This study examined whether somatotype and age independently influence neuromuscular performance in elite youth football players and whether these effects persist after normalization for body mass. METHODS: A total of 106 elite male academy players aged 15 to 18 years were classified as mesomorphic or ectomorphic using the Heath-Carter method. Performance tests included vertical jumps from a squat position and with countermovement, lower-limb peak power (estimated via a validated field equation), and an index estimating stretch-shortening cycle efficiency. Relative power (W·kg) was also calculated to account for body-mass dependence. Analyses included multivariate and variance testing, to explore independent effects of somatotype and age. RESULTS: Mesomorphic players produced significantly higher power output than ectomorphic players; older athletes also exhibited greater power. No interaction was observed between somatotype and age group. However, when normalized to body mass, between-group differences were no longer significant, indicating that the apparent mesomorphic advantage reflected greater mass rather than superior neuromuscular efficiency. No significant somatotype effect was observed for the Elasticity Index (P=0.098). Logistic regression correctly classified 72.6% of somatotypes, but specificity for ectomorphs was very low (11.5%), indicating that power-based profiling is ineffective for identifying ectomorphic players. CONCLUSIONS: Somatotype and age independently influence power performance in elite youth football players. Nevertheless, relative power analysis demonstrated that morphological differences primarily underlie these effects. Power metrics alone lack diagnostic validity for morphological classification and should complement, rather than replace, anthropometric assessment.
A systematic evaluation of musculoskeletal injuries in mixed martial arts athletes: a meta-analysis.
Huang Y, Si W, Xue Y … +1 more , Yin W
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Apr · PMID 41661160 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a popular combat sport including wrestling, boxing, and martial arts, which involves danger and violence. It is reported to have one of the greatest injury rates among different...
INTRODUCTION: Mixed martial arts (MMA) is a popular combat sport including wrestling, boxing, and martial arts, which involves danger and violence. It is reported to have one of the greatest injury rates among different sports, limits participation, and often consists of considerable medical costs. The available literature on MMA injuries is sparse and requires a comprehensive review of injuries in this popular sport. This systematic review and meta-analysis was conducted with the aim of critically evaluating the epidemiological literature on injury patterns, mechanisms, and associated risk factors in mixed martial arts athletes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: According to PRISMA (Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses) procedures, primary English-language literature investigating MMA injuries was scanned in six databases from the time these databases were established to July 14, 2025. Reports that provided information on injury rates and attributes were reviewed and analyzed. The PICOS (population, intervention [participation in MMA], comparison [comparison within MMA], outcome [prevalence of specific injuries - concussions, fractures, etc.], and study design) model was used to clarify the research questions. The quality and level of reports were assessed employing the JBI method. Random effects meta-analysis on the prevalence of concussion was done using STATA software. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: A total of 2520 reports were eligible for inclusion in the current review. Descriptive analysis disclosed that the prevalence of injuries ranged from 0.2 to 92.7 injuries in MMA athletes. MMA athletes suffered more upper limb injuries. Head injuries in 17 out of 55 reports (30.90%), shoulder injuries in 13 out of 55 reports (23.63%), hand injuries in 11 out of 55 reports (20.0%), elbow injuries in 10 out of 55 reports (18.18%), ankle in 10 out of 55 reports (18.18%), knee injuries in eight out of 55 reports (14.54 percent), and facial injuries in six out of 55 reports (10.90 percent) were the most frequent injuries in MMA athletes. Concussions, sprains, fractures, dislocations, tears, contusions, and strains in different body parts were also reported. There is evidence that injury rates are higher among professional MMA fighters. Striking, being struck, grappling, overuse, and takedowns were mechanisms of injuries in MMA athletes. Higher competitive level was a major risk factor for MMA athletes. Moreover, older age, weight, having a previous injury, the number of rounds, and non-submission outcome were associated risk factors. The pooled prevalence of concussion injuries in MMA athletes were 20.68%; 95% CI 17.66, 23.69. The subgroup analysis showed that the polled prevalence of concussion injuries in MMA athletes with age 31-40 years old (20.37%; 95% CI 14.82, 25.91) was higher than in athletes with age 20-30 years old (19.50%; 95% CI 3.72, 35.29). CONCLUSIONS: The injury rate in MMA seems to be higher than most, if not all, other popular and common combat sports. MMA fighters, who are older, train at highly competitive levels and are exposed to competitive environments, are at accelerated risk of injury. Further epidemiological research is necessary to advance the accuracy of injury occurrence estimates, identify injury severity, and determine additional risk factors for injury in MMA athletes.
The effects of high-intensity interval training on cardiac fibrosis biomarkers in rats with methamphetamine-induced cardiac fibrosis.
Shahrabadi H, Haghighi AH, Askari R … +12 more , Asadi-Shekaari M, Shafiei A, Caturano A, Russo V, Caminiti G, Barone R, Volterrani M, Parisi A, Iellamo F, Farsetti P, Bei R, Perrone MA
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Apr · PMID 41661159 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Methamphetamine (METH) use is associated with significant cardiac damage, including the development of cardiac fibrosis. While high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has demonstrated cardio-protective effect...
BACKGROUND: Methamphetamine (METH) use is associated with significant cardiac damage, including the development of cardiac fibrosis. While high-intensity interval training (HIIT) has demonstrated cardio-protective effects in various cardiovascular conditions, its potential role in mitigating METH-induced cardiac fibrosis remains unclear. This study aimed to investigate the effects of HIIT on the mRNA expression of cardiac fibrosis biomarkers in METH-dependent rats. METHODS: In this experimental study, the expression of collagen 1a1 (COL1A1), collagen 3a1 (COL3A1), periostin (POSTN), and alpha smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) genes was measured using real-time PCR across four groups: Sham, METH, METH-control (METH-CON), and METH-HIIT. Rats in the METH-HIIT group underwent an 8-week HIIT protocol during the withdrawal period following METH administration. RESULTS: Twenty-one days of METH administration significantly increased the mRNA expression of all measured fibrosis-related (P<0.05). However, the subsequent HIIT intervention did not significantly attenuate the elevated mRNA expression of these markers (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: These findings suggest that HIIT does not reverse METH-induced upregulation of cardiac fibrosis markers. Further studies are warranted to explore alternative or complementary interventions in the context of METH-associated cardiac fibrosis.
Postural influence on postexercise hypotension: a randomized crossover study of supine, seated, and standing recovery following high-intensity exercise.
Laufenberg J, Bratetic M, Jacobson K … +4 more , Wabakken K, Takenaka C, Ostrander K, Zeigler ZS
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Apr · PMID 41661158 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Postexercise hypotension (PEH) is a well-established cardiovascular benefit of acute exercise, yet the influence of recovery posture on hemodynamic mechanisms remains understudied. This study investigated how...
BACKGROUND: Postexercise hypotension (PEH) is a well-established cardiovascular benefit of acute exercise, yet the influence of recovery posture on hemodynamic mechanisms remains understudied. This study investigated how different recovery positions affect postexercise cardiovascular responses. METHODS: Ten healthy adults (23.1±6.8 years, Body Mass Index [BMI] 24.5±3.7 kg/m) completed a randomized crossover trial comparing four conditions: control (no exercise), and high-intensity interval exercise followed by supine, seated, or standing recovery. Cardiovascular parameters of blood pressure, heart rate, stroke volume, and systemic vascular resistance were measured continuously for 60 minutes postexercise. RESULTS: Standing recovery produced the greatest heart rate increase (61.5%) versus supine (18.5%, P<0.001). Stroke volume showed significant condition × pre-/postexercise interactions (F<inf>(3, 2097)</inf>=134.219, P<0.001), with standing recovery causing dramatic reductions (-69.6%) compared to supine (+0.1%) and seated (-20.3%). Cardiac output interactions were significant (F<inf>(3, 2097)</inf>=45.292, P<0.001), with standing decreasing (-21.4%) while supine increased (+19.0%). Systemic vascular resistance demonstrated significant interactions (F<inf>(3, 2097)</inf>=55.977, P<0.001), increasing markedly during standing (+31.9%) while decreasing during supine recovery (-17.7%). Diastolic blood pressure showed significant condition × pre-/postexercise interactions (F<inf>(3, 592)</inf>=4.512, P=0.004), with standing producing the highest increase (+8.9%). CONCLUSIONS: Recovery posture significantly influences postexercise cardiovascular responses through gravitational effects on blood distribution. Standing recovery attenuates hypotensive benefits due to orthostatic stress, while supine recovery optimizes acute blood pressure reduction.
A global evaluation of cheerleading injuries and risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Zhang X, Liu Y, Wang X
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Apr · PMID 41661157 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Cheerleading has become growingly popular in recent years due to the nature of athleticism and competitive, which can pose a great risk of injury. The current research aimed to provide a comprehensive overv...
INTRODUCTION: Cheerleading has become growingly popular in recent years due to the nature of athleticism and competitive, which can pose a great risk of injury. The current research aimed to provide a comprehensive overview of cheerleading-related musculoskeletal injuries and its risk factors in amateur or competitive cheerleaders through the presentation as a systematic review and meta-analysis methodology. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: A comprehensive search of seven credible databases (the Epistemonikos, Cochrane, Scopus, PubMed, Medline, Embase, and Web of Science) was conducted using two sets of keywords up to March 2025 in accordance with the PRISMA guidelines. The quality assessment of the literature was carried out using JBI method. Random effects meta-analysis on prevalence rates was carried out using STATA software. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: Forty articles included in the study, which 175739 athletes were studied. The prevalence range of musculoskeletal injuries in cheerleaders was between 0.2 and 68.0 percent in different parts of body. Head/neck in 17 out of 40 studies (42.5%), ankle injuries in 13 out of 40 studies (32.5%), knee injuries in 12 out of 40 studies (30.0%), wrist injuries in 12 out of 40 studies (30.0%), hand injuries in 9 out of 40 studies (22.0%), and shoulder injuries in 8 out of 40 studies (20.0%), were the highest prevalence in all injuries. Sprains, contusions, strains, fractures, and concussions in various body parts were also observed. BMI, previous injury, surface firmness of participation, and carrying out stunts and/or training in the presence of a trainer with less coaching experience are major risk factors in incidence of musculoskeletal injuries in cheerleaders. The subgroup analysis showed that the polled prevalence of ankle injuries in cheerleaders with BMI 20-25 kg/m (39.32%; 95% CI 16.23, 94.89) was higher than in cheerleaders with BMI <20 kg/m (23.60%; 95% CI 19.43, 27.76). CONCLUSIONS: These results signify the need for injury prevention and management schemes, particularly targeting vulnerable body parts such as head/neck and ankle in cheerleaders. Also, paying attention to risk factors, particularly hiring trainers with much coaching experience, is of utmost importance.
First application of near infrared spectroscopy technology on the vastus lateralis muscle during inline roller speed skating.
Bongiorno G, Biancuzzi H, Dal Mas F … +3 more , Bednarova R, Miceli G, Miceli L
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Apr · PMID 41631994 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Creatine alone is not enough: the need for rigorous evidence in older populations.
Machado M
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Apr · PMID 41609443 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Physical profiling of national talent pathway age-group and senior national basketball players from England.
Gee TI, Crump R, Rands SN … +1 more , Williams MD
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 May · PMID 41609442 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to conduct physical profiling within national talent pathway age-group and senior national male and female England basketball players. METHODS: In total 235 players (male, 124; femal...
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to conduct physical profiling within national talent pathway age-group and senior national male and female England basketball players. METHODS: In total 235 players (male, 124; female, 111) from squads U14, U15, U16, U18, and senior featured. The testing battery featured; anthropometrics, countermovement jump (CMJ), 10-m sprint, modified 5-0-5 change of direction test. RESULTS: There were no differences in CMJ (P=0.659) between female groups (29.9-33.0 cm). CMJ was significantly different across male groups (P<0.001), senior players having a greater jump height (45.3 cm) than U14, U15 and U16 (P<0.05). There were no differences in 10-m sprint time for female (1.95-2.01 s) (P=0.469) and male groups (1.74-1.83 s) (P=0.055). There were significant differences within both female and male groups for 5-0-5L and 5-0-5R (P<0.001) with U14 and U15 females being slower (+0.12 to +0.20 s) and male performance showing a linear improvement with group age, U14 being slower than all other groups (+0.07 to +0.27 s). Significant correlations existed for both sexes between CMJ and 10-m (males; -0.582, females; -0.699) and between CMJ and both 5-0-5L (males: -0.397, females: -0.375) and 5-0-5R (males: -0.454, females: -0.370) (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: The study's data and findings can be used to inform practice and guide the long-term strategy regarding physical development of talented young basketball players particularly within the national talent pathway in England.
Profiling Fireball Extreme Challenge™ athletes: an exploratory multidimensional study in an emerging co-ed sport.
Ríos-Gallardo PT, Gotoo-Vázquez PJ, López-Walle J … +3 more , Mendoza-Farias FJ, Figueroa-Jimenez MO, Montalvo S
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 May · PMID 41609441 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Fireball Extreme Challenge is a coeducational high-intensity intermittent-explosive sport that lacks normative performance data; this study aimed to create multidimensional athlete profiles and establish refe...
BACKGROUND: Fireball Extreme Challenge is a coeducational high-intensity intermittent-explosive sport that lacks normative performance data; this study aimed to create multidimensional athlete profiles and establish reference benchmarks to support talent identification and training prescription. METHODS: Twenty-one national-level athletes (13 males and 8 females; mean age 26.2±5.8 years) completed countermovement jump, one-repetition maximum strength assessment, bilateral handgrip testing, and the 30-15 intermittent fitness test under standardized indoor (21 °C, 50% relative humidity) and outdoor (37 °C, 68% relative humidity) field conditions representative of the athletes' typical training environment in coastal southern Mexico, recorded for ecological validity rather than thermal control. We calculated descriptive statistics and percentile distributions (25, 50, 75), performed sex-stratified analyses adjusted for age, and conducted exploratory principal component and cluster analyses to examine interdomain associations and emergent performance groupings. RESULTS: Across all participants, the observed performance spectrum spanned a broad range of neuromuscular and metabolic capacities, with individual variability captured through percentile reference values (25, 50, 75). The highest jump heights (up to 48 cm) and peak power outputs (≈2100 W) coexisted with moderate endurance and balanced heart rate responses, defining the multidimensional nature of Fireball Extreme Challenge performance. Sex-stratified distributions are presented descriptively but were not the primary analytical outcome. Principal component analysis identified two dominant performance domains - neuromuscular power and metabolic strain - explaining 59% of total variance. Hierarchical clustering revealed three mixed profiles that integrated both male and female athletes, illustrating overlapping phenotypes rather than categorical differences. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides the first multidimensional performance profile of Fireball Extreme Challenge athletes, establishing normative reference percentiles and identifying key physical domains - neuromuscular power and metabolic capacity - that characterize success in this coeducational, high-intensity team sport. The derived phenotypic clusters highlight overlapping attributes between male and female athletes, reflecting the integrated dynamics of mixed-team performance. These findings offer a foundational framework for evidence-based training design, athlete monitoring, and future validation in larger international cohorts.
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