The Journal Of Sports Medicine And Physical Fitness[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Prevalence of low energy availability and burnout syndrome in female athletes.
Gowers CR, McManus CJ, Jones B … +2 more , Chung HC, Waterworth SP
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Nov · PMID 40879154 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Optimal athletic performance requires balancing training with adequate recovery and energy intake. Failure to do this can result in low energy availability (LEA). This study investigated the prevalence of LEA...
BACKGROUND: Optimal athletic performance requires balancing training with adequate recovery and energy intake. Failure to do this can result in low energy availability (LEA). This study investigated the prevalence of LEA and burnout syndrome in an athletic population and explored potential relationships between these conditions. METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, online surveys including two validated questionnaires (LEAF-Q and ABQ) and questions relating to LEA risk factors were distributed via email and social media. 139 females (39±13 years, 1.67±0.11 m, 68.0±17.8 kg, 24.4±6.4 kg/m BMI) completed the survey. Participants were categorized as either at risk or not at risk of LEA based on their LEAF-Q scores. RESULTS: Eighty-nine female athletes (64%) were categorized as at risk of LEA. There was no significant relationship between LEAF-Q and ABQ scores, nor significant difference between athletes categorized as at risk and not at risk of LEA in sleep, dietary habits, perceived pressure to perform, and training history. CONCLUSIONS: Risk of LEA was widespread in this heterogeneous female athletic population. There were no relationships between LEA and burnout, suggesting that despite overlapping symptoms, pathways are independent, or these questionnaires measure different parameters. Understanding the distinction between burnout and LEA is critical, and properly diagnosing the specific condition is key to effective management. This will ensure that interventions are appropriately tailored to address the correct issues, thereby optimizing recovery and performance.
Exploring differences of functional movement screen among high-performance and recreational judo athletes.
Štefanovský M, Kraček S, Bujnová T … +3 more , Číž I, Jerman P, Šimenko J
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Nov · PMID 40879153 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Functional movement screen (FMS) is widely utilized in judo to assess movement patterns and identify potential deficiencies. The main objective of this study was to compare FMS results between high-performanc...
BACKGROUND: Functional movement screen (FMS) is widely utilized in judo to assess movement patterns and identify potential deficiencies. The main objective of this study was to compare FMS results between high-performance (HP) and recreational-level (RL) judo athletes. Additionally, we examined asymmetries within each group. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 49 male judo athletes, with 23 in the HP group and 26 in the RL group. Functional movement was assessed using the FMS battery, and differences between and within groups were analyzed. RESULTS: The HP group achieved a higher total FMS Score (17.09±1.38) compared to the RL group (16.50±2.42), but the difference was not statistically significant (P=0.51; r=-0.29). Significant differences were observed favoring HP athletes in the hurdle step test for the left leg (P=0.013; r=0.35) and in the rotator stability test, with HP athletes scoring higher on both the left (P=0.001; r=0.47) and right sides (P=0.030; r=0.31). In contrast, RL athletes demonstrated significantly better results in the right shoulder mobility test (P=0.028; r=0.31). Within-group analysis revealed asymmetries in HP athletes in the hurdle step test (right vs. left, P=0.042; r=0.41), whereas RL athletes showed asymmetries in the in-line lunge test (right vs. left, P=0.011; r=0.48). CONCLUSIONS: The HP group demonstrated superior trunk rotational stability, suggesting that the rotator stability test may serve as a distinguishing factor among judo athletes of varying competitive levels. Additionally, shoulder mobility limitations in HP judo athletes were highlighted. The presence of movement asymmetries within both groups suggests potential imbalances that could impact injury risk and performance. These findings emphasize the importance of targeted training interventions to enhance movement quality and address asymmetries in judo athletes. Furthermore, judo appears to be an effective activity for improving functional movement even at the recreational level, as indicated by the relatively high FMS Scores among RL athletes.
Mystery on Achilles tendon ruptures in the NBA: is shoe type the underrated culprit?
Vasiliadis AV, Giovanoulis V, Maris A … +2 more , Chytas D, Galanis N
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Dec · PMID 40748602 · Publisher ↗
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Effects of cryo plus ultrasound therapy on pain and functioning in patients with acute long head of the biceps tendinopathy: a proof-of-concept study.
Marotta N, de Sire A, Scozzafava L … +7 more , Mazzei M, Sgro M, Zito R, Lopresti E, Lippi L, Invernizzi M, Ammendolia A
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Dec · PMID 40748601 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: This proof-of-concept study aimed to evaluate the short-term effects of cryo-plus-ultrasound treatment on pain and functioning in patients with acute long head of biceps tendinopathy (LHBT), through clinical...
BACKGROUND: This proof-of-concept study aimed to evaluate the short-term effects of cryo-plus-ultrasound treatment on pain and functioning in patients with acute long head of biceps tendinopathy (LHBT), through clinical and instrumental assessment with measurement of shearwave sonoelastography. METHODS: Adults with anterior shoulder pain and dysfunction (symptoms persisting for at least 2 weeks), diagnosed by imaging as LHBT, were randomly assigned to the experimental group (receiving active cryo-ultrasound therapy combined with conventional physical therapy) or control group (sham cryo-ultrasound therapy combined with conventional physical therapy). Pain intensity and physical functioning were assessed by the Numeric Rating Scale (NRS), handgrip strength (HGS), Euro-QoL, QuickDASH, and tendon stiffness with a SWE assessment baseline (T0) at the end of treatment (T1), and after one month (T2) after the end of the treatment. RESULTS: Twenty-one patients with LHBT tendinopathy, 11 in the experimental group and 10 in the control group, were included. At T1, a similar reduction in pain and tendon stiffness was reported in both groups (NRS, experimental group:4.45±1.92 vs. control group:3.5±0.97), (SWE, experimental group: 31.44±7.8 vs. control group: 29.38±5.66). However, at T2, the experimental reported improved perceived-pain and stiffness scores compared to the control group (NRS, experimental group:2.27±0.9 vs. control group: 3.3±0.67; SWE, experimental group:24.27±5.15 vs. control group:28.1±3.75). CONCLUSIONS: The main findings proved that a concurrent rehabilitative approach with proper physical agent modality (PAM) could provide significant results in acute LHBT with regards to pain, tendon stiffness and shoulder function. The experimental group, which synergistically received both conventional physical therapy and active cryo-ultrasound therapy, achieved similar results to the sham group at T1, but more significant improvements were observed in the active PAMs group at T2.
From lectures to laps: a cross-sectional and comparative analysis exploring physical activity patterns in medical students and junior doctors.
Vella-Fondacaro D, Bonkova V, Grech A
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Dec · PMID 40748600 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) improves health and quality of life, while providing an effective coping strategy against burnout. This study assessed PA levels among medical students and junior doctors in Malta, expl...
BACKGROUND: Physical activity (PA) improves health and quality of life, while providing an effective coping strategy against burnout. This study assessed PA levels among medical students and junior doctors in Malta, exploring demographic differences and relationships with anxiety, energy drink/coffee consumption, and career progression, addressing a gap in the literature. METHODS: Two hundred twenty-nine participants (161 medical students; 68 foundation year doctors; mean age=22.90 years) completed an online questionnaire including demographic data, standardized measures of PA (GLTEQ) and anxiety (GAD-7) and questions on energy drink/coffee consumption and career progression. RESULTS: Results revealed a significant negative relationship between PA and age, r<inf>s</inf>(227)=-0.14, P=0.04. Males carried out more PA (OR=1.82, 95% CI, 1.12 to 2.94) than females (U=4671.00, z=-2.42, P=0.02); this gender difference in PA was present in medical students (P=0.01) not junior doctors (P=0.75). Male junior doctors were less anxious than females (U=319.00, z=-2.32, P=0.02); no significant gender difference in anxiety was revealed in medical students (P=0.76). No significant correlation was found between PA and anxiety (P=0.41) or energy drink consumption (P=0.81, 1.00). No difference in PA levels was revealed between medical students and junior doctors (P=0.09). CONCLUSIONS: Further research is needed to compare PA levels between medical and general populations. The findings underscore the importance of including PA in medical curricula for students'/doctors' wellbeing and for effective lifestyle advice.
Efficacy and safety evaluation of exercise intervention in improving rehabilitation outcomes for advanced lung cancer patients.
Dong J, Lv X, Chi J … +1 more , Wang D
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Nov · PMID 40748599 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of exercise intervention in improving the rehabilitation outcomes of advanced lung cancer patients. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Acc...
INTRODUCTION: This systematic review and meta-analysis aim to evaluate the efficacy and safety of exercise intervention in improving the rehabilitation outcomes of advanced lung cancer patients. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: According to PRISMA's statement, we searched the Web of Science, Medline, Embase, Cochrane Library, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases to collect randomized controlled trials on the efficacy and safety of exercise intervention in improving rehabilitation outcomes for lung cancer patients. These studies were established from the database until their publication in September 2024. A supplementary search was conducted on October 1, 2024. Perform statistical analysis using Review Manager 5.3. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: A total of 14 randomized controlled trials with 756 participants were included. The meta-analysis results showed that exercise intervention significantly improved quality of life (such as EORTC-QLQ-C30 scale MD=5.26, 95% CI: 2.41 to 8.11, P=0.0003; FACT-L scale MD-5.03, 95% CI: 0.51-9.55, P=0.03), fatigue (MD=-6.29, 95% CI: 9.94 to -2.65, P=0.0007), anxiety and depression (MD=-110, 95% CI: 1.67 to -0.54, P<0.0001; MD=1.96, 95% CI: 1.22 to 2.70, P<0.001), and exercise ability (MD=15.34, 95% CI: 4.07-26.61, P=0.008). However, exercise intervention did not improve dyspnea (MD=-0.86, 95% CI: -3.34~1.62, P=0.50 >0.05) in lung cancer patients. CONCLUSIONS: Exercise intervention can significantly improve patients' quality of life, alleviate symptoms of fatigue, anxiety, and depression, enhance functional status and physical function. Therefore, it is recommended to include exercise intervention as part of the comprehensive treatment plan for cancer patients and further explore its best practices and potential mechanisms in future research.
Cardiovascular effects of exercise in extreme climate conditions: when to watch out?
Mandoli GE, Adami PE
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Dec · PMID 40742791 · Publisher ↗
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Asymmetry, lumbo-pelvic hip complex and injury in european soccer players.
D'Onofrio R, Perna P, Pompa D … +3 more , Civitillo C, Sannicandro I, Manzi V
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Dec · PMID 40742790 · Publisher ↗
Human movement, in its synergistic, functional, and stabilizing nature, necessitates a balance of muscle length and strength between the muscles surrounding a joint. This balance, known as muscle balance, ensures optimal...
Human movement, in its synergistic, functional, and stabilizing nature, necessitates a balance of muscle length and strength between the muscles surrounding a joint. This balance, known as muscle balance, ensures optimal joint function during movement. Using a bibliography that can be linked to indexed literature, this article has as its strength the correlative analysis between gestural repetitiveness in soccer, related to players' roles on the field on the playing field that result in dysfunctional postural frameworks with increased risk factors for lower extremity injuries. Soccer, characterized by rapid changes of direction, accelerations, decelerations, twisting motions, and cutting maneuvers often performed with a dominant limb can contribute to the development of asymmetries, lateralization, and postural/dysfunctional patterns. These patterns could increase the risk of injury to the musculoskeletal system, particularly during the return-to-sport process after an injury. In contact/collision sports like soccer, asymmetrical imbalances within the lumbo-pelvic-hip complex have been linked to dysfunctional states that affect lower limb alignment. This can have clinical implications, manifesting as knee pain, low back pain, groin injuries, or adductor injuries. Additionally, rotational deficits at the hip have been identified as predictors of ACL and femoroacetabular impingement (FAI) injuries. To address these issues, a screening process to identify muscle imbalances and assess movement quality should be integrated into both preseason and in-season training programs, with regular follow-ups. Compensatory training tailored to the specific roles players occupy on the field can be effective in reducing asymmetries and mitigating the risk factors associated with musculoskeletal disorders frequently seen in soccer.
Technological advancements in sports injury: diagnosis and treatment.
Zhong Z, DI W
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Nov · PMID 40742789 · Publisher ↗
Sports injuries are a significant concern for athletes at all levels of competition, ranging from acute traumas to chronic conditions. Prompt diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial for an athlete's recovery and qu...
Sports injuries are a significant concern for athletes at all levels of competition, ranging from acute traumas to chronic conditions. Prompt diagnosis and effective treatment are crucial for an athlete's recovery and quality of life. Traditionally, sports injury diagnosis has relied on clinical assessments, patient history, and basic imaging techniques such as X-rays, ultrasound, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). However, recent technological advancements have revolutionized the field of sports medicine, offering more accurate diagnoses and targeted treatment strategies. High-resolution MRI and CT scans provide detailed images of deep tissue injuries, while advanced ultrasound technology enables on-field diagnostics. Wearable sensor devices and machine learning algorithms allow real-time monitoring of an athlete's movements and physical loads, facilitating early intervention and injury risk prediction. Regenerative medicine, including stem cell therapy and tissue engineering, has emerged as a transformative approach to healing damaged tissues and reducing treatment time. Despite the challenges of high costs, lack of skilled personnel, and ethical considerations, the integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning into sports medicine holds immense potential for revolutionizing injury prevention and management. As these advancements continue to evolve, they are expected to extend athletes' careers and enhance their overall quality of life. This review summarizes conventional methods to diagnose and manage injuries and provides insights into the recent advancements in the field of sports science and medicine. It also states future outlook on the diagnosis and treatment of sports injuries.
Mandibular repositioning effects on running until exhaustion at moderate intensity.
Cardoso F, Carvalho DD, Cardoso R … +5 more , Maligno F, Vilas-Boas JP, Pinho JC, Pyne DB, Fernandes RJ
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Dec · PMID 40742788 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Wearing a mandibular repositioning dental splint may enhance ventilatory function and exercise performance. We aim to analyze the performance and the biophysical effects of wearing an intraoral splint with ma...
BACKGROUND: Wearing a mandibular repositioning dental splint may enhance ventilatory function and exercise performance. We aim to analyze the performance and the biophysical effects of wearing an intraoral splint with mandibular repositioning when running until exhaustion at moderate intensity. METHODS: Sixteen trained male runners completed a crossover randomized controlled study to evaluate the effects of two intraoral splints (with and without mandibular forward repositioning) on performance, ventilatory and bioenergetic profiles during running until exhaustion at the velocity corresponding to the anaerobic threshold. Ventilatory variables were analyzed at different running time-points, and a paired samples t-test was employed to compare the experimental conditions across all evaluated variables. RESULTS: The splint with mandibular forward repositioning facilitated ~12% longer running than the splint without mandibular repositioning. Oxygen uptake was the sole ventilatory variable demonstrating a higher value across all the analyzed running time-points when the mandible was advanced (10 min, 58.1±9.4 vs. 55.3±9.8; 10 min before the end, 57.7±8.7 vs. 55.3±9.1; and at the end of the exercise, 57.2±8.2 vs. 54.2±9.0 mL∙kg∙min; P≤0.05). The splint with mandibular forward repositioning also elicited a lower rate of perceived exertion (17.1±0.77 vs. 17.4±0.63, P=0.05) and higher aerobic contribution (2611±708 vs. 2212±640 kJ), overall energy spent (2633±708 vs. 2232±642 kJ) and exercise energy cost (0.28±0.05 vs. 0.26±0.05 kJ∙m-1, P≤0.005). CONCLUSIONS: The mandibular forward repositioning elicited a marked improvement in moderate intensity performance, with beneficial physiological and perceived effects.
Body image perception and satisfaction in Italian athletes, gym practitioners and inactive individuals.
Calella P, DI Dio M, Pelullo CP … +4 more , Liguori F, Valerio G, Liguori G, Gallè F
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Nov · PMID 40742787 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Body image refers to a person's perception of her/his own body. Currently, the media and most of the social settings place significance on having a thin body. The purpose of this study was to investigate the...
BACKGROUND: Body image refers to a person's perception of her/his own body. Currently, the media and most of the social settings place significance on having a thin body. The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationships between body image perception and satisfaction and some lifestyle-related factors such as weight status, sedentary habits and engagement in physical activity among sport athletes, gym practitioners and inactive individuals. METHODS: An observational study with a cross-sectional design was carried out. An electronic questionnaire was used to assess participants' characteristics and engagement in physical activity. Perception and satisfaction of body image were assessed using Stunkard's figures. RESULTS: One hundred-and-five (33.5%) of the participants were inactive, 107 were gym practitioners and 101 practiced different sport disciplines. The inactive group had a higher percentage of participants desiring to be thinner and a lower percentage desiring to be bigger, while the athlete group had a higher percentage expressing satisfaction with their current body image. Body satisfaction was found to be related with training volume. CONCLUSIONS: This study highlights the significant associations between body image perception, satisfaction, and lifestyle factors such as physical activity levels and sedentary habits. Athletes reported greater body satisfaction compared to inactive individuals, emphasizing the potential role of regular physical activity in fostering a positive body image. These findings underscore the importance of promoting active lifestyles to improve both physical and psychological well-being.
Detecting muscle strain in professional football players through plasma myoglobin levels.
Saita Y, Yamamoto N, Fukushima Y … +6 more , Izawa H, Iwadate D, Harada K, Ohyama T, Inoue J, Ishijima M
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Nov · PMID 40742786 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Muscle issues such as soreness, cramps, and strains are common consequences of sports exercise, making it critical to accurately identify the nature of muscle discomfort. It is important for not only medical...
BACKGROUND: Muscle issues such as soreness, cramps, and strains are common consequences of sports exercise, making it critical to accurately identify the nature of muscle discomfort. It is important for not only medical professionals but also athletes and sports enthusiasts to independently identify and manage the risk of muscle strain. METHODS: This prospective observational study explores the effectiveness of measuring blood myoglobin (MB) levels as a method for detecting muscle strains among athletes. The study involved 30 male professional footballers monitored over one season. MB levels were measured the morning after players reported muscle pain. The analysis involved comparing these levels between two groups: one diagnosed with muscle strain through physical examination and magnetic resonance imaging (strain group), and the other with muscle soreness or cramps (non-strain group). RESULTS: The strain group, consisting of nine players, showed significantly higher MB levels (124±87.7 ng/mL) compared to the non-strain group, which included 15 players (49.9±29.6 ng/mL, P<0.01). A cutoff value of 60.3 ng/mL was determined via receiver operating characteristic analysis for suspected muscle strain cases. Subsequent logistic regression revealed that MB levels exceeding this threshold were associated with a 32.0-fold increase in the likelihood of muscle strain (P=0.005). CONCLUSIONS: This finding suggests that blood myoglobin measurement can serve as a reliable tool for athletes to independently recognize the occurrence of muscle strains, even in settings without immediate medical oversight.
The effect of age, sex, peak oxygen uptake, and training on resting and postexercise central blood Pressure Augmentation Index in aerobic trained adults.
Buzza G, Solomon C, Lovell GP … +1 more , Askew CD
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Nov · PMID 40728286 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Markers of arterial stiffness including high Augmentation Index (AIx) are associated with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality and are reduced with exercise training. In trained individuals, the AIx...
BACKGROUND: Markers of arterial stiffness including high Augmentation Index (AIx) are associated with cardiovascular events and all-cause mortality and are reduced with exercise training. In trained individuals, the AIx response to peak exercise (exercise delta AIx75 [Ex-AIx75]) may better help identify the effect of age and sex on arterial stiffening compared with conventional resting measures. This study aimed to determine the effect, and contribution of age, sex, peak oxygen (O<inf>2</inf>) uptake (V̇O<inf>2peak</inf>), mean weekly training load and lifetime training on resting AIx75, and Ex-AIx75 of healthy aerobic trained adults. METHODS: One hundred healthy aerobic trained adults (49 women, 51 men, being 48 younger [18-30 years], 52 older [40-60 years]) underwent non-invasive measurements of AIx75 at rest and post peak cycling exercise. RESULTS: Resting AIx75, and Ex-AIx75 were significantly higher (P<0.001) in the older group compared to the younger group. Peak O<inf>2</inf> uptake made the largest unique contribution to resting AIx75 (P<0.001), followed by age, height, and sex. None of the variables made a significant unique contribution to Ex-AIx75. CONCLUSIONS: In healthy aerobic trained adults, while age and sex are unique contributors of resting AIx75, V̇O<inf>2peak</inf> makes the largest unique contribution. Therefore, increasing V̇O<inf>2peak</inf> should be a primary component to consider for individuals who want to reduce their risk of CV events.
Screening for suicidal thoughts, attempts, and associated factors in endurance and ultra-endurance runners.
Scheer V, Valero D, Knechtle B … +3 more , Valero E, Viljoen C, Thuany M
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Dec · PMID 40728285 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Suicide is one of the leading causes of premature death. Prevalence of suicidal thoughts in the general adult population is approximately 4%, with lifetime prevalence of 5.6%, and suicidal attempts of 2.7%. N...
BACKGROUND: Suicide is one of the leading causes of premature death. Prevalence of suicidal thoughts in the general adult population is approximately 4%, with lifetime prevalence of 5.6%, and suicidal attempts of 2.7%. No data are available on endurance runners (ER) and ultra-endurance runners (UER). METHODS: Prospective cohort study of ER (distance of ≥21.1 km-42.2 km) and UER (≥42.2 km), collecting self-reported data on biometrics, social, psychological, medical, and training history. Suicidal risk was assessed via the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) and open questions. Statistical analysis included descriptive, predictive techniques, and regression analysis. RESULTS: A total of N.=601 runners participated in the study (female N.=222; male N.=379; mean age [standard deviation (SD)] 42.8 (10.1) years). Suicidal thoughts were present in 8.0%, with a lifetime prevalence of 14.1% (P<0.001). Previous suicidal attempts occurred in 2%. Associated factors for suicidal thoughts included previous diagnosis of depression (P<0.001), anxiety (P=0.015), age (P=0.013), and participating in fewer (<9) competitions per year (P=0.026). Associated factors of lifetime risk of suicidal thoughts included previous diagnoses of depression (P<0.001) and age (P=0.015). Runners aged less <30 years of age presented with a higher risk of suicide (P<0.001) than older runners. Associated factors for previous suicidal attempts included previous diagnosis of depression (P=0.01) and stress (P=0.028). CONCLUSIONS: We present novel data on prevalence of suicidal thoughts in ER/UER, which were 2-2.5-fold higher than in the general population. Creating awareness among athletes, families, coaches, medical teams, and race organizers and providing education, screening and access to appropriate support are important to reduce the burden of suicide in this sport.
Injury epidemiology in male professional German football: a long-term comparison between the two highest national leagues.
Aust A, Ahlgrim C, Izadpanah K … +2 more , Deibert P, Breitbart P
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Dec · PMID 40728284 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Football injuries pose substantial risks to player health, team performance, and club finances. Although injury prevention is a key priority, most epidemiological studies focus on short-term data from interna...
BACKGROUND: Football injuries pose substantial risks to player health, team performance, and club finances. Although injury prevention is a key priority, most epidemiological studies focus on short-term data from international tournaments or clubs outside Germany. This study aimed to examine the injury epidemiology in German elite men's football through a long-term analysis of a single club competing in both top national leagues. METHODS: A professional German football team was prospectively observed over eight consecutive seasons, with four seasons played in the first division and four in the second. Injury incidence and associated time loss were analyzed using Poisson regression. RESULTS: A total of 357 match injuries and 625 training injuries were recorded. Injury incidence did not significantly differ between the first and second division, either for match play (79.0 vs. 80.8 injuries per 1000 match hours, P=0.83) or training (8.7 vs. 9.2 injuries per 1000 training hours, P=0.49). However, average time loss was significantly greater in the first division for both training injuries (70 vs. 49 days per 1000 training hours, P<0.01) and match injuries (653 vs. 596 days per 1000 match hours, P=0.017). CONCLUSIONS: Although injury incidence was comparable between the two top German divisions, injuries sustained in the first division led to significantly greater time loss. These findings highlight the importance of addressing not only the frequency but also the severity of injuries in elite football injury prevention strategies.
Construct validity of a new intermittent aerobic fitness field test in elite soccer players.
Benedetti L, Prandelli N, Aiello P … +4 more , Manari G, Nigro F, Marcora S, DI Michele R
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Nov · PMID 40728283 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate the construct validity of a novel constant-velocity Intermittent Recovery Test (IRT), designed to evaluate aerobic fitness in the field in soccer players. METHODS: Eightee...
BACKGROUND: The aim of the study was to evaluate the construct validity of a novel constant-velocity Intermittent Recovery Test (IRT), designed to evaluate aerobic fitness in the field in soccer players. METHODS: Eighteen elite soccer players (age: 24.0±7.2 years, body mass: 82.9±6.8 kg, height: 184.7±5.2 cm) completed the IRT test, consisting of 50-m runs at 18 km/h (10-s/50 m), interspersed by a recovery time initially set at 17 s, gradually decreased up to 2 s, and then held constant until exhaustion. The maximum oxygen uptake (VO<inf>2</inf>max) measured by means of a portable gas analyzer, and the distance covered during the test were recorded, and their relationships with a selection of physical performance indicators collected during official matches were assessed with Pearson's r correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Small to moderate (r≤0.45), non-significant correlations (all P>0.05) were observed between VO<inf>2</inf>max and all the examined match performance variables. Conversely, the distance covered at exhaustion was largely and positively correlated (r=0.71 to 0.76) to total distance covered, average metabolic power, distance covered at high metabolic power, and acceleration/deceleration distance (all P<0.01). CONCLUSIONS: The present findings reveal good construct validity of the distance covered in the IRT to predict match physical performance in elite soccer players.
A comparative study of lactate threshold testing outcomes: walking vs. running.
Larssen T, Glesaaen OJ, Bruusgaard J … +4 more , Strand MF, Kalhovde JM, Tønnessen E, Haugen T
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Oct · PMID 40677136 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Although lactate threshold (LT) tests are widely used by athletes to evaluate endurance performance, such tests are not commonly applied in health controls among recreationally active subjects. This study aim...
BACKGROUND: Although lactate threshold (LT) tests are widely used by athletes to evaluate endurance performance, such tests are not commonly applied in health controls among recreationally active subjects. This study aimed to investigate the test-retest reliability of walking as an exercise modality during LT testing and compare the test outcomes with those obtained during running. METHODS: Twenty-three male and female participants (25±3 year, 172±8 cm, 70±13 kg, and maximal oxygen consumption [VO<inf>2max</inf>] 51±5 mL·kg·min) performed four LT tests within 2-3 weeks, either using walking or running (two tests in each condition) protocols. The running tests were performed on a flat treadmill, and the pace increased by 1 km·h for each stage. During the walking tests, the pace was set to 6.5 km·h, and the incline increased by 2.5% for each stage. LT was determined based on a fixed blood lactate concentration of 4.0 mmol·L. RESULTS: Similar reliability values were observed for the walking and running protocol, and all between-trial differences were trivial or small. Significantly lower heart rate at LT was observed for the walking vs. running condition, but all between-modality differences were trivial or small. Analysis revealed that LT occurred at a slightly lower workload in walking than running (11.4±1.4 vs. 12.0±1.3 metabolic equivalents [METs]). CONCLUSIONS: Given the trivial to small differences in LT variables observed between running and walking, these two protocols cannot be used interchangeably. However, the present study shows that walking represents an alternative exercise modality during LT testing in recreationally active subjects.
Injuries and overuse injuries in padel tennis: a retrospective epidemiological cross-sectional study of a level 1 trauma center in Germany.
Meyer HL, Birkner L, Polan C … +4 more , Mester B, Herten M, Dudda M, Burggraf M
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Oct · PMID 40677135 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Padel tennis is a trend sport. The sport promises a good workout with low physical demands for people of all ages and physical conditions. It is therefore of great interest to understand the sport better and...
BACKGROUND: Padel tennis is a trend sport. The sport promises a good workout with low physical demands for people of all ages and physical conditions. It is therefore of great interest to understand the sport better and to be aware of possible injuries and overuse injuries in padel tennis. This could result in possible preventative measures, such as increased education on adapting training and assistance for treating and supervising doctors and medical staff. METHODS: A total of 411 padel tennis players of all levels answered a retrospective questionnaire about injuries and overuse damage which occurred during their careers under the supervision of medical staff. 234 padel tennis players completed the questionnaire in full and were included in the study. Professional padel players are defined as those who take part in competitions. Demographic data and information on injuries in various body regions were collected. In addition, significance tests were performed. Depending on whether a normal distribution was present, the t-test or the Mann-Whitney U Test was performed. RESULTS: The study included 70 (29.9%) women and 164 (70.1%) men, who were on average 37.8 years old. The injury rate for the entire collective was 4.03 per 1000 h of exposure. The most frequently affected body region was the lower leg, ankle, and foot region (77; 18%). Most injuries occur at the wall/net, followed by injuries to the racket. Professional padel players injure themselves significantly more often than non-professional padel players (P<0.001). Looking at the anatomical regions, professional padel players have the most injuries in the lower leg and foot (19.9%; 32) region and non-professional padel players most frequently injured their knee (19.6%; 51). Padel players who do not practice any other rebound sport, injure their elbow significantly more often than athletes who practice another rebound sport (P<0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Padel tennis has similarly high injury rates to other rebound sports and is well comparable to these sports. The injury locations and types are very similar. The results emphasize the need to develop and implement preventive measures to reduce injuries in padel sports. By implementing training programs to improve playing technique and muscle strength, significant progress could be made in reducing injuries and overuse injuries in padel sports.
Citius, Altius, Fortius: secular trends of physical and fitness parameters of professional soccer players in first division of Greece (1981-2013).
Antonakis-Karamintzas D, Skouras AZ, Poulos S … +7 more , Pavlou KN, Behrakis PK, Vassiliou MP, Balabinis CP, Tsolakis C, Christogeorgos P, Koulouvaris P
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Oct · PMID 40677134 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Over the past several decades, soccer has undergone significant evolution, reflected by increasing physical demands and distinct anthropometric characteristics among elite players worldwide. This study examin...
BACKGROUND: Over the past several decades, soccer has undergone significant evolution, reflected by increasing physical demands and distinct anthropometric characteristics among elite players worldwide. This study examines long-term trends in anthropometric and physiological characteristics of professional soccer players of Greece first division from 1981 to 2013. METHODS: A repeated cross-sectional study was conducted, analyzing data from 850 male players, aged 18-40, competing in Greece's top soccer league. Participants were divided into five groups based on evaluation periods (1981-1989, 1990-1995, 2000-2004, 2005-2010, and 2011-2013). Anthropometric measurements included height, body mass, and body fat percentage, while physiological assessments included maximal oxygen uptake (V̇O<inf>2max</inf>), minute ventilation (VE), anaerobic power (Wingate Test), and vertical jump height (countermovement jump, CMJ). Data were analyzed using non-parametric statistical tests, with correlations assessed and adjusted for anthropometrics. RESULTS: Over time, significant increases were observed in height (η=0.089, P<0.001), V̇O<inf>2max</inf> (η=0.281, P<0.001), anaerobic power output (η=0.732, P<0.001), and CMJ height (η=0.160, P<0.001), while body fat percentage declined significantly (η=0.085, P<0.001) from 1981 to 2013. Positive correlations were found between V̇O<inf>2max</inf>, anaerobic power, and CMJ performance. CONCLUSIONS: The observed improvements in anthropometric and physiological characteristics among Greek soccer players reflect the increased physical demands of modern soccer over a period of about 30 years. Increased aerobic and anaerobic capacities, along with improved body composition, indicate the impact of advancements in training and selection practices. Future research should investigate how various training practices and individual internal and external factors affect performance outcomes.
Developmental changes in the physical fitness of young female and male basketball players: a Bayesian analysis.
Miguel CG, Soares AL, Lima AB … +6 more , Karasiak FC, Galvão LG, Leonardi TJ, Foster C, Gonçalves CE, Carvalho HM
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2025 Oct · PMID 40677133 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: This study examined the sex-related variation in the developmental changes of growth and physical fitness outputs in young Brazilian basketball players. METHODS: The study included repeated measures of 90 pla...
BACKGROUND: This study examined the sex-related variation in the developmental changes of growth and physical fitness outputs in young Brazilian basketball players. METHODS: The study included repeated measures of 90 players (46 females and 44 males), aged between 9.5 and 19.5 years. Performance assessment included the countermovement jump, line-drill test, and yoyo intermittent recovery test level-1. With a mixed-longitudinal design, athletes were measured at least 2 times over 12 months and a maximum of 36 months. Bayesian hierarchical models were used to model developmental trends across adolescence. RESULTS: Our model-based predictions indicate substantial differences in the rate of development of both vertical jump and line-drill test performances and performance development leveling off. Female players' maximal short-term performance rate of development was lower, and a plateau in improvements was attained earlier than male players. There was substantial variation in the rate of development of intermittent endurance between females and males, which became clear when intermittent endurance development was adjusted for body size in the model, particularly for female players. CONCLUSIONS: These findings offer valuable insights to youth basketball coaches when interpreting the asynchrony in growth and physical fitness progression during adolescence.
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