Asian Journal Of Sports Medicine[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
A Decade of Sports and Exercise Medicine Specialty Program in Iran, Achievements and Challenges.
Kordi R, Moghadam N
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Dec · PMID 28144416 · Full text
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Acute Cardiovascular and Hemodynamic Responses to Low Intensity Eccentric Resistance Exercise with Blood Flow Restriction.
Bazgir B, Rezazadeh Valojerdi M, Rajabi H … +6 more , Fathi R, Ojaghi SM, Emami Meybodi MK, Neto GR, Rahimi M, Asgari A
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Dec · PMID 28144415 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Recently it has been suggested that low intensity (LI) resistance exercise (RE) alone or in combination with blood flow restriction (BFR) can be applied for cardiovascular function improvement or rehabilitati...
BACKGROUND: Recently it has been suggested that low intensity (LI) resistance exercise (RE) alone or in combination with blood flow restriction (BFR) can be applied for cardiovascular function improvement or rehabilitation. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the present study was to investigate the acute effects of LI eccentric RE with and without BFR on heart rate (HR), rate pressure product (RPP), blood pressure (BP) parameters [systolic, diastolic, and mean arterial pressure (MAP)], oxygen saturation (SpO2) and rate of perceived exertion (RPE). METHODS: In a semi-experimental study 16 young adults (26.18 ± 3.67 years) volunteered and performed LI (30% maximum voluntary contraction) eccentric RE alone or combined with BFR. RESULTS: The results indicated that HR, RPP, and RPE increased significantly within both groups (P < 0.05); SBP and DBP increased significantly only with BFR (P < 0.05); MAP increased significantly during exercise without BFR (P < 0.05); and no change was observed in SpO in either groups (P > 0.05). Furthermore, studied parameters did not vary amongst different groups (P > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: It is concluded that LI eccentric RE with BFR positively regulated the hemodynamic and cardiovascular responses. Therefore, the eccentric RE combined with BFR seems to be a good option for future studies with the aim of time efficacy, since it alters these parameters within normal values.
Comparison of Lateral Abdominal Muscle Thickness and Cross Sectional Area of Multifidus in Adolescent Soccer Players with and without Low Back Pain: A Case Control Study.
Noormohammadpour P, Hosseini Khezri A, Linek P … +5 more , Mansournia MA, Hassannejad A, Younesian A, Farahbakhsh F, Kordi R
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Dec · PMID 28144414 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is a common complaint amongst adolescent athletes. While different studies have shown association between LBP and trunk muscle thickness in the general population, few articles have studie...
BACKGROUND: Low back pain (LBP) is a common complaint amongst adolescent athletes. While different studies have shown association between LBP and trunk muscle thickness in the general population, few articles have studied it in adolescent athletes. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study is to compare lateral abdominal muscle thickness and function, and cross sectional area (CSA) of lumbar multifidus (LM) in adolescent soccer players with and without LBP. METHODS: In total, 28 adolescent soccer players with and without LBP, from the premier league participated in this study. The thickness of external oblique, internal oblique and transversus abdominis and the CSA of the LM muscles at L4 level on both sides were measured at rest and contraction via ultrasound imaging (USI). In addition, leg length discrepancy, hamstring flexibility, active lumbar forward flexion, and isometric muscle endurance of trunk extensors were measured in both groups. (study design/setting: case control study). RESULTS: The mean (SD) age in LBP group and non-LBP group were 14.0 (1.1) and 14.1 (0.9) years, respectively. There was no significant difference in baseline characteristics of participants between groups. Findings showed no significant difference between LBP and non-LBP groups comparing all measured variables. CONCLUSIONS: The data obtained support that there is not a correlation between abdominal muscle thickness and CSA of the lumbar multifidi and LBP in adolescent soccer players. These findings suggest that other factors rather than the thickness of deep trunk muscles may play a more significant role in the etiology of LBP in adolescent soccer players.
The Isokinetic and Electromyographic Assessment of Knee Muscles Strength in the Short- and Long-Term Type 2 Diabetes.
Askary-Ashtiani A, Ghanjal A, Motaqi M … +3 more , Meftahi GH, Hatef B, Niknam H
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Dec · PMID 28144413 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients are subject to muscle weakness. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was an assessment of electromyographic (EMG) activity of knee muscles during isometric maximal voluntary contra...
BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes (T2DM) patients are subject to muscle weakness. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was an assessment of electromyographic (EMG) activity of knee muscles during isometric maximal voluntary contraction in the different disease durations of T2DM. METHODS: Eighteen patients with less than 10 years and twelve patients with more than 10 years of T2DM were compared with nineteen matched healthy control subjects. EMG of flexor and extensor muscles of knee concurrently with isometric maximal peak torque of knee flexion and extension at 75 degrees of knee flexion were recorded in three groups. RESULTS: Isometric maximal peak torque of extension and root mean squared (RMS) of vastus lateralis and medial hamstring in the healthy control was significantly higher than both patient groups. Whenever the maximal isometric peak flexion torque was not significantly different between groups, the mean power frequency (MPF) of flexor muscles especially medial hamstrings were higher in the short-term T2DM than healthy control groups. The two factors, gender and age, had significant effect on maximal peak torque and RMS of knee muscles. CONCLUSIONS: EMG could show the effect of T2DM, gender and age on knee muscles activity. It seems that the medial hamstring was the most sensitive muscle of knee compartment to show the effect of T2DM and difference of short and long-term T2DM in EMG study.
Secular Trend in Thinness Prevalence for 26 Years (1989 - 2014) among High School Runners in Japan.
Kinoshita N, Fukuda R
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Dec · PMID 28144412 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Female distance runners are predisposed to thinness for performance reasons and at greater risk for health-related consequences than the general population. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate th...
BACKGROUND: Female distance runners are predisposed to thinness for performance reasons and at greater risk for health-related consequences than the general population. OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate the secular trends in thinness among competitive distance runners in Japanese high schools with sex-specific comparison. METHODS: Body mass index (BMI) were analysed in 9,881 female and 12,786 male runners participating in the annual national road relay races between 1989 and 2014 using the directory of a track and field magazine. The age-specific trends of these variables and the prevalence of thinness were tested by linear and logistic regression, respectively. RESULTS: Although BMI declined significantly among both male and female runners (coefficients: boys, -0.033, -0.030, and -0.032; girls, -0.033, -0.034, and -0.034 [all P < 0.001] in 15.5-, 16.5-, and 17.5-year-olds, respectively), the prevalence of severely thin runners significantly increased only among girls (odds ratios for the yearly change = 1.05 and 1.06 [both P < 0.01] for 16.5- and 17.5-year-olds, respectively). Only 0.13% of male runners were regarded as severely thin throughout the study period. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggested that severely thin girl runners has steadily increased. Surveys on the health consequences of extreme thinness are necessary for the female adolescent runners.
Temporal Changes in Technical and Physical Performances During a Small-Sided Game in Elite Youth Soccer Players.
Moreira A, Saldanha Aoki M, Carling C … +5 more , Alan Rodrigues Lopes R, Felipe Schultz de Arruda A, Lima M, Cesar Correa U, Bradley PS
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Dec · PMID 28144411 · Full text
BACKGROUND: There have been claims that small-sided games (SSG) may generate an appropriate environment to develop youth players' technical performance associated to game-related problem solving. However, the temporal ch...
BACKGROUND: There have been claims that small-sided games (SSG) may generate an appropriate environment to develop youth players' technical performance associated to game-related problem solving. However, the temporal change in technical performance parameters of youth players during SSG is still unknown. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to examine temporal changes in technical and physical performances during a small-sided game (SSG) in elite soccer players. METHODS: Sixty elite youth players (age 14.8 ± 0.2 yr; stature 177 ± 5 cm; body mass 66.2 ± 4.7 kg) completed a 5 v 5 SSG using two repetitions of 8 minutes interspersed by 3 minutes of passive recovery. To evaluate temporal changes in performance, the data were analysed across 4 minutes quarters. Physical performance parameters included the total distance covered (TDC), the frequency of sprints (>18 km•h), accelerations and decelerations (> 2.0 m•s and - 2.0 m•s), metabolic power (W•kg), training impulse (TRIMP), TDC: TRIMP, number of impacts, and body load. Technical performance parameters included goal attempts, total number of tackles, tackles and interceptions, total number of passes, and passes effectiveness. RESULTS: All physical performance parameters decreased from the first to the last quarter with notable declines in TDC, metabolic power and the frequency of sprints, accelerations and decelerations (P < 0.05; moderate to very large ES: 1.08 - 3.30). However, technical performance parameters did not vary across quarters (P > 0.05; trivial ES for 1st v 4th quarters: 0.15 - 0.33). CONCLUSIONS: The data demonstrate that technical performance is maintained despite substantial declines in physical performance during a SSG in elite youth players. This finding may have implications for designing SSG's for elite youth players to ensure physical, technical and tactical capabilities are optimized. Modifications in player number, pitch dimensions, rules, coach encouragement, for instance, should be included taking into account the main aim of a given session and then focused on overloading physical or technical elements.
Can Resistance Exercise Alter Irisin Levels and Expression Profiles of and in Rats?
Reisi J, Ghaedi K, Rajabi H … +1 more , Marandi SM
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Dec · PMID 28144410 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Irisin is a new myokine secreted from the skeletal muscle and appears to affect the metabolism of adipose tissue. OBJECTIVES: The mechanisms of cellular and molecular identification by which exercise training...
BACKGROUND: Irisin is a new myokine secreted from the skeletal muscle and appears to affect the metabolism of adipose tissue. OBJECTIVES: The mechanisms of cellular and molecular identification by which exercise training exerts its benefits remain unclear and are under investigation. METHODS: We examined the effect of 8-week resistance exercise on plasma irisin levels and expression profiles of muscle and subcutaneous adipose tissue in male rats. Sixteen adult male rats were divided into two groups, control (n = 8) and exercise training (n = 8) groups. The training group received exercise for 3 days/week on a specific ladder (120 cm height) with a carrying load of 50% of body weight, which was attached to their tails. RESULTS: The weight of the load was gradually increased during the training sessions, ultimately reaching 200% of the body weight of rats in the final week. There were three sets of five repetitions with a 3-min rest between each set of exercise sessions and 1 minute between repetitions. Plasma irisin levels and relative mRNA expression of the genes and were assessed. The results demonstrated a significant increase in the irisin levels after 8 weeks of resistance exercise (P < 0.001, t = 4.48). The relative expression of (P < 0.001, t = 6.18) and genes (P < 0.001, t = 13.91) was also significantly increased. CONCLUSIONS: Therefore, we can conclude from this study that resistance exercise may improve body composition possibly through increased thermogenesis in white adipose tissue through the secretion of irisin.
Effect of Treadmill Running on Morphine Dependence Before and After Medial Prefrontal Cortex Lesion in Rats.
Saedi Marghmaleki V, Alaei H
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Dec · PMID 28144409 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Previous studies on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has shown that this area plays an important role in addiction behavior. Other studies also indicated that exercise decreases use of morphine. OBJECTIVES...
BACKGROUND: Previous studies on the medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has shown that this area plays an important role in addiction behavior. Other studies also indicated that exercise decreases use of morphine. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effects of short-term exercise on trends for use of morphine with an intact mPFC and lesion of that area. METHODS: 50 rats randomly were selected and divided into 5 groups. 1-exercise. 2- Morphine + Lesion. 3- Morphine + Exercise + Lesion. 4- Morphine. 5- Morphine and Exercise. All groups received morphine for 9 days except exercise group. On the 10th day, the symptoms of addiction were evaluated. To determine the effects of exercise, a treadmill apparatus was used for exercising. RESULTS: Our results indicated that exercise with intact mPFC area significantly decreased the tendency of using morphine which is verified by changes in symptoms (P < 0.05), but after a lesion of this area exercise did not significantly affect these withdrawal symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: It seems that a lesion of mPFC area significantly reduced the effect of short-term exercise on the usage pattern of morphine.
Health Psychological Constructs as Predictors of Doping Susceptibility in Adolescent Athletes.
Blank C, Schobersberger W, Leichtfried V … +1 more , Duschek S
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Dec · PMID 28144408 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Doping is a highly relevant problem in sport, even in adolescent athletes. Knowledge of the psychological factors that influence doping susceptibility in young elite athletes remains sparse. OBJECTIVES: This...
BACKGROUND: Doping is a highly relevant problem in sport, even in adolescent athletes. Knowledge of the psychological factors that influence doping susceptibility in young elite athletes remains sparse. OBJECTIVES: This study investigated the predictive potential of different health-psychological constructs and well-being on doping susceptibility. The main hypotheses to be tested were positive associations of fear of failure, external locus of control, and ego-oriented goal orientation as well as negative associations of confidence of success, task orientation, internal locus of control, and performance motivation with doping susceptibility. Low levels of well-being are furthermore expected to be associated with doping susceptibility. METHODS: Within this cross-sectional study, 1,265 Austrian junior athletes aged between 14 and 19 years responded to a paper-pencil questionnaire. RESULTS: Performance motivation was a negative, while depressive mood, self-esteem, fear of failure and ego-oriented goal orientation were positive predictors of doping susceptibility. In addition, participants who were offered performance enhancing substances in the past were particularly susceptible to doping. CONCLUSIONS: The study corroborates the predictive value of classical psychological constructs in doping research, initially analyzed in view of adult athletes, also for adolescents' doping susceptibility.
Knee Injuries in Wrestlers: A Prospective Study from the Indian Subcontinent.
Agarwal S, Mann E
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Dec · PMID 28144407 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Wrestling is a very popular sport the world over and its popularity is rapidly increasing in India. However, due to its arduous nature it is associated with a high incidence of injuries. Out of all the injuri...
BACKGROUND: Wrestling is a very popular sport the world over and its popularity is rapidly increasing in India. However, due to its arduous nature it is associated with a high incidence of injuries. Out of all the injuries, those to the knee are one of the commonest injuries reported. OBJECTIVES: Our aim was to study the pattern of these injuries in the Indian wrestlers. METHODS: A prospective study was conducted involving 196 wrestlers who were followed up over a period of 2 years. Their knee injuries were studied by means of a structured questionnaire which they filled up with assistance from their athletic trainers. RESULTS: There were a total of 188 injuries in 121 wrestlers with overall injury rate of 5.13/1,000 athlete exposure. 35 wrestlers sustained 71 knee injuries (71/188; 37.77%). 71.83% injuries were new. More number of injuries occurred in competition (incidence density ratio = 20.7) and in attack position. There was a statistically significant association with age and duration of practice. No association was found between these injuries and style of wrestling, weight and height of wrestlers. Ligament sprains and muscular strains were the commonest injuries. CONCLUSIONS: Goal of any such study is to minimize the risk of injury in the young athlete by understanding the factors responsible and development of preventive programs. We hope to do just that with this first study involving Indian wrestlers.
Fatigue Effect on Linear Center of Pressure Measures during Gait in People with Flat Feet.
Sanjari MA, Boozari S, Ashraf Jamshidi A … +1 more , Nikmaram MR
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Dec · PMID 28144406 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Flat foot, as one of the common foot deformities can affect gait biomechanics and risk of lower extremity injury. Fatigue, as a high load task, can also change biomechanical parameters of locomotion. Studying...
BACKGROUND: Flat foot, as one of the common foot deformities can affect gait biomechanics and risk of lower extremity injury. Fatigue, as a high load task, can also change biomechanical parameters of locomotion. Studying normal and flat footed individuals under high load tasks such as fatigue can elucidate their differences more easily. OBJECTIVES: In this study, center of pressure (CoP) changes were studied between individuals with flat and normal feet after fatigue. CoP is one of the important gait measures which can show various biomechanical behaviors of different foot shapes. METHODS: Seventeen subjects with normal feet and 17 with flat feet walked across two force plates before and after a functional fatigue protocol. Standard deviation of CoP in mediolateral direction (SD of CoPx) and in anteroposterior direction (SD of CoPy), overall mean velocity of CoP and length of CoP construction line of both groups were analyzed. The values of SD of CoPy and length of CoP construction line were normalized to individual foot lengths prior to statistical analyses. RESULTS: There were no significant between-subject effects for all CoP measures. The only significant finding was the within-subject effect for the SD of CoPy (P = 0.008) with a large effect size (partial eta squared = 0.21). Fatigue resulted in lower SD of CoPy in both groups. CONCLUSIONS: Lower SD of CoPy indicates less fluctuation of CoPy and a probable less center of mass movement which could reduce the risk of injury. Furthermore, the similar fatigue response in both groups of individuals with normal and flat feet indicates a similar biomechanical behavior despite their different foot arch height.
The Impact of Kitesurfing on the Dynamic Equilibrium.
da Luz RL, da Silva FA, Coertjens M
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Dec · PMID 28144405 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The kitesurfing athletes endure unexpected conditions in terms of the function of irregularities in the surface of the water that requires a correct proprioceptive response in order to maintain equilibrium an...
BACKGROUND: The kitesurfing athletes endure unexpected conditions in terms of the function of irregularities in the surface of the water that requires a correct proprioceptive response in order to maintain equilibrium and execute the required movements while maintaining contact with the board and the water. OBJECTIVES: The objective of this work was to use the star excursion balance test to compare the dynamic equilibrium of athletes who engage in kitesurfing activities with non-athletic subjects. METHODS: Fourteen kitesurfing athletes and fifteen sedentary male subjects completed three rounds of the star excursion balance test: familiarity, test one and test two. During each phase the eight directions of the test were performed three times on each leg and the maximum distance reached by the leg (cm) was measured before being divided by the length of the lower limb (%). To compare the intergroup averages, a student test t to independent samples was performed. To compare the averages across the eight directions in the same group, the repeated-measures ANOVA test was employed and to compare the averages of the right leg and the left leg, a student test t to dependent samples was used (α = 0.05). RESULTS: For both groups and in both legs, the distance reached in the medial, posteromedial, posterior and posterolateral directions was similar and further than the other directions. It was observed that the athletes in the comparison intergroup achieved superior results than those in the control group in the medial, posteromedial, posterior and posterolateral directions in both right and left legs and the lateral direction in the right leg (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Kitesurfing activities result in proportionate adaptations in the dynamic equilibrium of athletes, maybe in function of adaptations in the neuromuscular structure, resulting in a better performance in situations that cause disequilibrium.
Knee Laxity Variations in the Menstrual Cycle in Female Athletes Referred to the Orthopedic Clinic.
Shafiei SE, Peyvandi S, Kariminasab MH … +4 more , Shayesteh Azar M, Daneshpoor SM, Khalilian A, Aghajantabar Z
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Dec · PMID 28144404 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is the biggest concern for orthopedic surgeons who are involved in sports injuries, so most of ACL reconstruction surgeries are sports related. ACL injuries in female...
BACKGROUND: Anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) rupture is the biggest concern for orthopedic surgeons who are involved in sports injuries, so most of ACL reconstruction surgeries are sports related. ACL injuries in female athletes are 2 - 8 times more common than male athletes in similar sport injuries. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to compare knee laxity changes in the menstrual cycle in female athletes referred to the orthopedic clinic of Imam Khomeini hospital in the north of Iran, Sari, 2013. PATIENTS AND METHODS: The present descriptive study was conducted on 40 female athletes that were referred to the orthopedic clinic. Hormone levels, such as estrogen and progesterone were assessed by one laboratory in 3 phases of the menstrual cycle. We used Lachman test and anterior drawer test for knee laxity rate. The descriptive statistics were calculated as indices of central distribution of bonds (x ± SD) and relative frequency distribution was used for qualitative variables. RESULTS: The results of the current study showed that there is no significant difference in ACL laxity in female athletes in three phases of menstrual cycle; namely menstruation time, ovulation time and mid-luteal phase. CONCLUSIONS: Despite numerous studies and research in the field of knee laxity and effects of female hormones, many researchers do not agree about the effect of female hormones on knee laxity. The current study also reported no relationship between female hormones and knee laxity, while statistics show fundamental difference between male and female athletes.
The Effect of 20 Minutes Scuba Diving on Cognitive Function of Professional Scuba Divers.
Pourhashemi SF, Sahraei H, Meftahi GH … +2 more , Hatef B, Gholipour B
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Sep · PMID 27826405 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Physical activity increases the performance of the nervous system by stimulating the body's metabolism and improving the efficiency of the ATP production system. OBJECTIVES: In the present study, the effect o...
BACKGROUND: Physical activity increases the performance of the nervous system by stimulating the body's metabolism and improving the efficiency of the ATP production system. OBJECTIVES: In the present study, the effect of twenty minutes scuba diving in high depth (10m) on cognitive function and stress system activity was investigated. METHODS: Twelve professional scuba divers with a mean age of 23 ± 1 year, weight of 80 ± 2.5 kg and height of 1.79 ± 3.5 cm resident in the city of Mashhad participated in the test. Their cognitive functions were measured 60 min before and 20 min after diving and the data were evaluated using the PASAT software. In the present study, parameters such as general mental health, sustained attention, average response speed, and mental fatigue were measured. Moreover, in order to determine the activity of the stress system, their salivary cortisol was collected before and after diving. RESULTS: Results revealed that, the general mental health of these scuba divers was normal and it did not undergo a remarkable change after diving. Their average response speed and sustained attention had a significant decrease after scuba diving. Mental fatigue after diving increased. Also, salivary cortisol level significantly increased after diving. CONCLUSIONS: According to our data, it seems that scuba diving as stress stimulant increases cortisol level and therefore reduces cognitive performance after diving.
The Activation Pattern of Trunk and Lower Limb Muscles in an Electromyographic Assessment; Comparison Between Ground and Treadmill Walking.
Mazaheri R, Sanjari MA, Radmehr G … +2 more , Halabchi F, Angoorani H
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Sep · PMID 27826404 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Due to biomechanical differences, various patterns of muscle contraction are expected to occur while walking over ground versus when walking on a treadmill. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare amplitude a...
BACKGROUND: Due to biomechanical differences, various patterns of muscle contraction are expected to occur while walking over ground versus when walking on a treadmill. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to compare amplitude and duration of activation of selected trunk and lower extremity muscles during over-ground and treadmill walking. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Through a simple sampling method, 19 sedentary healthy men within the age range of 20 - 40 were selected. Surface electromyography of rectus abdominis, external oblique, longissimus and multifidus muscles as the selected trunk muscles and vastus medialis, vastus lateralis and hamstrings as the selected lower limb muscles were recorded. RESULTS: In each gait cycle, there were no statistically significant differences in duration of selected trunk as well as lower limb muscles activity between treadmill and over-ground walking. However the mean amplitude of rectus abdominis (P = 0.005), longissimus (P = 0.018) and multifidus (P = 0.044) as the selected trunk muscles as well as the mean amplitude of vastus lateralis (P = 0.005) and vastus medialis (P < 0.001) as the lower limb muscles was greater on treadmill compared with over ground. CONCLUSIONS: Due to the stabilizing role of trunk and lower limb muscles during walking, these muscles seem to be active throughout the entire gait cycle. The increased muscle amplitude on treadmill can demonstrate that more motor units may be recruited during the contraction, which can be helpful in prescribing the appropriate type of exercise especially for patients with core muscle weakness.
The Effect of Increasing Volume of Exercise on Activation Pattern of Vastus Medialis and Lateralis and its Correlation With Anterior Knee Pain in Karate Elites.
Safar Cherati A, Lotfian S, Jamshidi A … +2 more , Sanjari MA, Razi M
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Sep · PMID 27826403 · Full text
BACKGROUND: The effects of exercise volume on the pattern of muscle activity is one of the most important factors in training management and injury risk reduction. In the lower limb, the quadriceps muscle which plays a d...
BACKGROUND: The effects of exercise volume on the pattern of muscle activity is one of the most important factors in training management and injury risk reduction. In the lower limb, the quadriceps muscle which plays a determining role in performing the stance and other karate techniques could be injured in intensive exercise and may induce anterior knee pain in athletes. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to determine the relationship between training volume and muscle activity of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis and its association with anterior knee pain in karate elites. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Male and female athletes from national junior and cadet karate team (14 to 18 years) were invited to participate in the study at the beginning and the end of the training camps. Studies involved measurement of electromyographic muscle activity of vastus medialis and vastus lateralis in both lower extremities with surface electromyography device and assessment of movement by electrogoniometery. Muscle activity was recorded in three tests of dachi, walking up and walking down stairs. Simultaneously, anterior knee pain was evaluated using visual analogue scale and anterior knee pain scale questionnaire. RESULTS: Eight athletes of a total number of 23 reported increased ratings of pain in their right knees. No differences in muscle activity were observed in tests of Dachi and stairs between the groups with and without pain. Comparing Dachi task pattern at the beginning and end of training camps, there was no significant difference in pattern of biomechanical movement; however, reducing the amount of muscle activity in early and late phases of tasks was observed in electromyographic assessment. CONCLUSIONS: The results showed that performing the same task after a six-week training period, less muscle activity was required in all phases in two groups of tasks, including karate-specific movement (dachi) and activities of daily living (up or down stairs).
The Prevalence of Selected Intrinsic Risk Factors for Ankle Sprain Among Elite Football and Basketball Players.
Halabchi F, Angoorani H, Mirshahi M … +2 more , Pourgharib Shahi MH, Mansournia MA
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Sep · PMID 27826402 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Lateral ankle sprains (LAS) are among the most common sports- related injuries and the reinjury rate is very high. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of some intrinsic risk factors among...
BACKGROUND: Lateral ankle sprains (LAS) are among the most common sports- related injuries and the reinjury rate is very high. OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of some intrinsic risk factors among professional football and basketball players with or without history of acute or recurrent ankle sprain. PATIENTS AND METHODS: One hundred and six professional football and basketball players who were referred for pre-participation examinations were recruited in this study. Prepared checklist was completed for each participant. Athletes were asked for any history of previous ankle sprain and the severity (based of self-description of signs and symptoms by the athlete), level and number of injuries in the last two years. All players were assessed for measures of foot posture index- 6, foot length and width, Beighton generalized joint laxity score, anterior drawer and talar tilt tests, star excursion and single leg balance tests and goniometric assessment of ankle plantarflexion, ankle dorsiflexion and first metatarsophalangeal dorsiflexion. RESULTS: Forty eight basketball players (45.3%) and 58 football players (54.7%) with mean (SD) age of 19.8 (4.5) years participated. About 58.5% and 14.2% of athletes had a history of ankle sprain and recurrent sprain in at least one extremity, respectively. Sprains were more prevalent in basketball players and in dominant leg. There was no significant difference in assessed risk factors between athletes with and without history of ankle sprain, except for positive single leg balance test which was more prevalent in athletes with history of ankle sprain and also for positive talar tilt test and decreased ankle plantarflexion range of motion in acute and recurrent injury of left ankle. CONCLUSIONS: Some intrinsic risk factors including lateral ankle ligaments laxity, balance and ankle plantarflexion seem to be related to acute or recurrent LAS in athletes. Further research is needed to reveal the role of different arthrokinematics following lateral ankle sprain.
Effects of Ramadan Fasting on Inspiratory Muscle Function.
Soori M, Mohaghegh S, Hajain M … +1 more , Moraadi B
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Sep · PMID 27826401 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Ramadan fasting is a major challenge for exercising Muslims especially in warm seasons. There is some evidence to indicate that Ramadan fasting causes higher subjective ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in...
BACKGROUND: Ramadan fasting is a major challenge for exercising Muslims especially in warm seasons. There is some evidence to indicate that Ramadan fasting causes higher subjective ratings of perceived exertion (RPE) in fasting Muslims. The mechanisms of this phenomenon are not known exactly. The role of respiratory muscle strength in this regard has not been studied yet. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was investigation of the effects of Ramadan fasting on respiratory muscle strength. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In a before-after study, from 35 fasting, apparently healthy, male adults who had fasted from the beginning of Ramadan, maximal inspiratory muscle pressure (MIP) and peak inspiratory flow (PIF) were measured in the last week of Ramadan month in summer. At the time of test, there was not any sleep problem in participants and all of them had good cooperation. Three months later, after exclusion of incompatible persons mainly because of change in their physical activity level, smoking behavior or drug consumption, the measurements were repeated in 12 individuals. RESULTS: Weight, MIP and PIF data had normal distribution (Kolmogorov-Smirnov Test). There was a significant increase in MIP (mean 8.3 cm HO with 95% confidence interval of 2.2 - 14.3) and PIF (mean 0.55 lit/s with 95% confidence interval of 0.02 - 1.07) and weight (mean 3.4 Kg with 95% confidence interval of 2.2 - 4.5) after Ramadan (Paired t test with P < 0.05). When weight difference was used as a covariate in repeated measure ANOVA test, there was no further significant difference between MIP and PIF measurements. CONCLUSIONS: Ramadan fasting may cause reduction of respiratory muscle strength through reduction of body weight.
The Prevalence and Characteristics of Performance-Enhancing Drug Use Among Bodybuilding Athletes in the South of Iran, Bushehr.
Haerinejad MJ, Ostovar A, Farzaneh MR … +1 more , Keshavarz M
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Sep · PMID 27826400 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Several reports have implied progressive increase of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use among Iranian athletes. More importantly, most of the previous research in the Iranian population had mainly focused o...
BACKGROUND: Several reports have implied progressive increase of performance-enhancing drug (PED) use among Iranian athletes. More importantly, most of the previous research in the Iranian population had mainly focused on the anabolic steroid abuse, and ignored other agents. OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to investigate the prevalence and characteristics of PED use among bodybuilding athletes in Bushehr, south of Iran. METHODS: Four hundred and fifty three male bodybuilding athletes were recruited from Bushehr gyms between February and May of 2015. Men were eligible to participate in the survey if they had regularly participated in the strength-training exercise (minimum of 1 year and 4 hour/week). Data were collected via a face-to-face interview. The survey consisted of three separate parts including demographic data, exercise pattern and PED use. RESULTS: According to this study, 234 (51.7%) of bodybuilding athletes had used PEDs. The PED users reported an average of 3.80 ± 4.52 agents' use in their programs and they had used PEDs for the average of 3.24 ± 3.99 years. The most prevalent agents which had been abused by the athletes were anabolic steroids (used by 185 athletes (79.4% of athletes). Furthermore, 110 (47%) of athletes reported stimulant agents' use during their routines. The most prevalent motivation for using PEDs was increasing muscle mass that was reported by 164 (70.1%) of PED users. In addition, sexual and dermatologic effects were the most prevalent adverse effects reported by the PED user athletes (114 (49.4%) and 103 (44.2%), respectively). CONCLUSIONS: This study showed the high rate of PED use among recreational and professional Iranian bodybuilding athletes that can expose them to the serious side effects of these agents.
Contact Karate Promotes Post-Exercise Hypotension in Young Adult Males.
Magalhaes Sales M, Victor de Sousa C, Barbosa Sampaio W … +8 more , Ernesto C, Alberto Vieira Browne R, Fernando Vila Nova de Moraes J, Motta-Santos D, Rocha Moraes M, Eugene Lewis J, Gustavo Simões H, Martins da Silva F
Asian J Sports Med · 2016 Sep · PMID 27826399 · Full text
BACKGROUND: Worldwide, systemic arterial hypertension is a leading cause of death and non-communicable cardiovascular disease. A major factor contributing to this disease is a sedentary lifestyle. However, physical exerc...
BACKGROUND: Worldwide, systemic arterial hypertension is a leading cause of death and non-communicable cardiovascular disease. A major factor contributing to this disease is a sedentary lifestyle. However, physical exercise, such as martial arts, may be an option for blood pressure (BP) control. The magnitude of post-exercise hypotension is associated with a prolonged decrease in BP in normotensive and hypertensive individuals. OBJECTIVES: The present study aimed to verify the effects of a Contact Karate (CK) session on BP responses during a post-exercise recovery period in young adults. PATIENTS AND METHODS: Thirty-two male CK athletes volunteered (28.2 ± 6.7 years; 77.0 ± 5.7 kg; and 176.0 ± 4.7 cm) and underwent one CK session (50 minutes) and a control session in which no exercise was performed and the individuals remain seated during the whole time. BP was measured during rest (before sessions), as well as on the 15th, 30th, 45th, and 60th minutes of the post-exercise recovery. RESULTS: The systolic (SBP), diastolic (DBP), and mean arterial pressure (MAP) were significantly lower at the post-exercise period compared to pre-exercise rest (P < 0.05), with the largest reductions being observed at the 60th minutes of recovery [SBP (rest: 125.9 ± 4.7 vs. 60th minutes of recovery: 111.7 ± 5.4 mmHg); DBP (rest: 78.8 ± .7 vs. 60th minutes of recovery: 69.8 ± 2.7 mmHg)] and at the same periods of post-exercise recovery of the control session. CONCLUSIONS: A single CK session can promote a decrease in BP for at least 60 minutes after performing this type of exercise in young adults.
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