Yakushigaku Zasshi. The Journal Of Japanese History Of Pharmacy[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
[A 50-year history of new drugs in Japan: the developments of antileprosy drugs and their epidemiological aspects].
Ozawa H, Maruyama Y
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2002 · PMID 12412600
The developments of antileprosy drugs and their influences on the epidemiological aspects of Hansen's disease (leprosy) in Japan are investigated. 1. Hydnocarpus oil (Daifushi-Yu) products were the only useful drugs for...
The developments of antileprosy drugs and their influences on the epidemiological aspects of Hansen's disease (leprosy) in Japan are investigated. 1. Hydnocarpus oil (Daifushi-Yu) products were the only useful drugs for the treatment of Hansen's disease (leprosy) in Japan from the early 1900's to just after the World War II. In those days leprosy was considered to be incurable malady. 2. The chemotherapy of leprosy, progressing from 1943 in the United States, was introduced to Japan in 1948. Promin(R) (sulfoxone sodium) for injection in 1948 and Diasone(R), and Promizole(R) for oral use in 1949 were available for the treatment of leprosy patients in the National Hansen's Disease Sanatorium in Japan. Because DDS (dapsone, diaphenylsulfone) was proved to be the main ingredient of sulfone drugs, since 1958 it has been the drug of choice for all forms of leprosy. Monotherapy with DDS has continued for more than 30 years, and sulfone-resistant bacillus has appeared occasionally. 3. Clofazimine (a new type of chemotherapeutic drug) and rifampicin (an antibiotic for tuberculosis) was added to therapy treatment for leprosy in 1996. In 1983, WHO recommended multidrug therapy (MDT) to prevent resistance to sulfones. The Japanese Leprosy Association published "Guidlines" for the Treatment of Hansen's Disease in Japan" in 2000, which proposes a multidrug therapy with rifampicin, DDS, and clofazimine for a 6-month or 2-year treatment. 4. The number of leprosy patients has slowly decreased since the application of chemotherapy with sulfone drugs, and newly infected patients in Japan have decreased to less than 10 per million persons (Figs. 1 & 2). Therefore the "Leprosy Prevention Law" (1953), which compels the controlled isolation of patients, was abolished in 1996. Effective chemotherapy with sulfone and other drugs has changed incurable leprosy to a curable infective disease.
[A historical study of coffee in Japanese and Asian countries: focusing the medicinal uses in Asian traditional medicines].
Namba T, Matsuse T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2002 · PMID 12412599
The medicinal properties of coffee, making it a diuretic and stimulant, because of the effects of caffeine, have been known since ancient times, and coffee is today a popular beverage worldwide. In Japan it was introduce...
The medicinal properties of coffee, making it a diuretic and stimulant, because of the effects of caffeine, have been known since ancient times, and coffee is today a popular beverage worldwide. In Japan it was introduced at the end of the eighteenth century through overseas trading with the Netherlands. During this period, various Western cultures flowed into Japan, and coffee was one of the subjects introduced through the translations of Dutch medical books. The pharmacological effects of coffee have been presented by Yamamoto in "Kōmō Honzou, (--, 1783)"; by K. Takahashi, G. Ohtsuki, and Y. Udagawa et al. in "Kōsei Shimpen (--, 1811)"; and by Kai Hirokawa in "Nagasaki Bunkenroku (--, 1795)." In the Chinese and Arabic traditional systems of medicine, the uses of coffee were based on its diuretic and central nervous system stimulant properties, attributed in general to caffeine. This study dealt with the uses of coffee in the traditional medicines of Asian countries and with some biological activities related to aging, infectious diseases, and cardioprotective effects. In various biological tests, the water extract of coffee showed no notable effect on myocardial cell beating; however, it did show superoxide anion-scavenging effects, inhibitory activity of lipid peroxidation, and suppression of hepatitis B virus surface antigen. These biological activities are closely related to the presence of caffeic acid derivatives, especially chlorogenic acid. The findings suggest that besides its stimulant effect, coffee has properties to prevent the deleterious actions of free radicals and viral infections.
[Doctors and jurists who objected to the separation of drug dispensaries from the medical practice in the Taisho Era].
Amano H
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2002 · PMID 12412598
Doctors were very nervous about the movements of pharmacists toward achievement of the separation of drug dispensaries in the medical practices and drug dispensation in 1914 and 1915. They specifically blamed one person,...
Doctors were very nervous about the movements of pharmacists toward achievement of the separation of drug dispensaries in the medical practices and drug dispensation in 1914 and 1915. They specifically blamed one person, Professor Tokichiro Niwa of Tokyo Imperial University who strongly advocated the separation of dispensaries in the medical practices. Furthermore, they were also very anxious that the Japan Pharmacists Association had supported legislators who had stood by the separation of dispensaries from medical practice at the twelfth general election held on March 25, 1915. They were concerned that the domain of doctors' activities would be narrowed by such a separation. Professor Kunika Katayama of the Tokyo Imperial University School of Medicine published a thesis at his own cost advocating a modification of the doctor's law to prohibit the separation of dispensaries be legislation and insisting that the right prescribe a drug to a patient must remain with the doctor. Moreover, Professor Mitsue Ichimura of Kyoto Imperial University also insisted that a doctor has the right to give drugs to patients, and that as a jurist he disagreed with the separation of dispensaries from medical practice.
[The 50th Imperial Diet and the separation of drug dispensaries from the medical practice].
Amano H
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2002 · PMID 12412597
At the session of the 50th Imperial Diet held on January 22, 1925, the Government submitted two drafts for a law governing pharmacists and one governing drug products. These drafts were very important for pharmacists bec...
At the session of the 50th Imperial Diet held on January 22, 1925, the Government submitted two drafts for a law governing pharmacists and one governing drug products. These drafts were very important for pharmacists because both the laws governing pharmacists and drug products could stipulate not only the qualifications and activities of pharmacists, but also their roles in the society. However, doctors were afraid of giving such power to pharmacists and feared that these laws might lead to a practical separation of drug dispensaries from the medical practice. Then objected that the Law of Drugs No. 10, which gave pharmacists the right to dispense drugs without a doctor's prescription, would infringe on the domain of doctor activities. Legislator also doctors strongly disagreed with both drafts presented to the Imperial Diet. Speculation was that neither draft would pass. As a result, the Law of Pharmacists, which was less damaging to the rights of doctors than the other law, was approved and ultimately became law. The Law of Drug Products was suspended.
[A case of a mispreparation of medicine on Yokohama and the separation of drug dispensaries from the medical practice].
Isobe S, Amano H
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2002 · PMID 12412596
On June 10, 1921, a fatal drug administration case occurred in Yokohama. A nontitled dispenser of drugs with little knowledge about drugs working in a hospital dispensary gave a patient a capsule of strychnine nitrate in...
On June 10, 1921, a fatal drug administration case occurred in Yokohama. A nontitled dispenser of drugs with little knowledge about drugs working in a hospital dispensary gave a patient a capsule of strychnine nitrate instead of one containing strychnine hydrochloride. This patient died 20 minutes later. A pharmacist revealed the case to the public. Pharmacists insisted that this unfortunate event occurred because of a current hospital system handling both medicine and drug dispensation. Therefore they argued that the responsibilities of doctors and of drug dispensaries must immediately be separated out of respect for the lives of patients. Pharmacists publicized the importance of separating drug dispensaries from the medical practice through newspapers, magazines, and public lectures. We are quite doubtful about this appeal to the public being effective. We question how many people could understand what the pharmacists were saying under such the era when people were not much educated. It became a great fear to doctors that pharmacists appealed the necessity of the separation of drug dispensaries from medical practice directly to the public.
[Dispensing drugs without prescriptions and the separation of drug dispensaries from the medical practice].
Isobe S, Amano H
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2002 · PMID 12412593
Many cases of dispensing drugs without doctors' prescriptions were reported throughout Japan during 1914-16. Some cases were brought to the courts. Pharmacists had been selling prescription drugs to their customers witho...
Many cases of dispensing drugs without doctors' prescriptions were reported throughout Japan during 1914-16. Some cases were brought to the courts. Pharmacists had been selling prescription drugs to their customers without prescriptions. This dispensing act was admitted by the Ministry of Internal Affairs after 1913. However, doctors claimed that the act of dispensing drugs without a prescription infringed on Law No. 10, and the Japan Pharmacists Association hired a notable lawyer and fought a lawsuit against eight pharmacists who dispensed prescription drugs without prescription in Shiba Ward, in Tokyo. This case occurred because at that time no practice existed that allowed drugs to be dispensed separately from medical practice.
[The law of patent medicine and the separation of drug dispensaries from medical practice].
Isobe S, Amano H
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2002 · PMID 12412588
On March 30, 1914, the law of patent medicine was enacted in Japanese, though it took three years for this to be accomplished. One reason why it took such a long time for enactment is because the doctors and drugstore ow...
On March 30, 1914, the law of patent medicine was enacted in Japanese, though it took three years for this to be accomplished. One reason why it took such a long time for enactment is because the doctors and drugstore owners raised strong objections to the law. They feared that pharmacists might try to take over all rights to sell drugs. The pharmacists, however, believed this law to be very important, making it possible for them not only to expand the business rights and the establishment of their status, but also to hold exclusive rights to the sales of drugs. On the other hand, doctors were very cautious about this law. They considered it to be a preliminary stage toward the enactment of the separation of drug dispensing by the medical practice. On March 19, 1914, Dr. Miyake former dean of the School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, and a member of the House of Lords, delivered his opinion on the "needlessness of pharmacists" by quoting European cases in the House of Lords, to members of the Special Committee of the Drug Trade Bill. He stated that a separation of the dispensary from the medical practice was a turning point in the field of medicine that should be reconsidered, and he tried to suppress the pharmacists' movements to pursue this issue. Probably Dr. Miyake was afraid that someone might submit a bill calling for dispensary separation. The proceedings of the Imperial Diet revealed a close relation between the law and the separation of dispensaries.
[An analysis of the frequency of formulations and crude drugs described in Shan-Han-Lun].
Katakai M, Akamaru T, Tani T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2002 · PMID 12408167
A systematic database was constructed to investigate the frequency of reporting formulations and crude drugs described in Shang-Han-Lun, a famous formulary in traditional Chinese medicine. It contains 112 kinds of genuin...
A systematic database was constructed to investigate the frequency of reporting formulations and crude drugs described in Shang-Han-Lun, a famous formulary in traditional Chinese medicine. It contains 112 kinds of genuine formulations, but because of overlapping or repetition, the number of formulations total as many as 430. The best two frequently mentioned in the formulary were Da-cheng-qi-tang and Guizhi-tang. Da-cheng-qi-tang, which is Dai-joki-to in Japanese, is a formulation composed mainly of Rhizoma Rhei and Cortex Magnoliae used for the treatment of interior heat- and excess-syndrome. Guizhi-tang, Keishi-to, contains Radix Glycyrrhizae, Ramulus Cinnamoni, and Radix Paeoniae as major crude drugs and is used for the treatment of exterior cold- and deficiency-syndrome. It was revealed that Shang-Han-Lun explained directions for using 112 formulations prescribed for acute febrile diseases and the associated syndromes by revealed clinical cases treated with Da-cheng-qi-tang and Guizhi-tang.
[Studies of the Chinese crude drug "Fangji" (1) herbological studies of name].
Mikage M, Yoshizawa C
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2002 · PMID 12408126
The Japanese Pharmacopoeia standardizes a Chinese crude drug "Bou-i" as the woody stem of Sinomenium acutum Rherder et Wilson of the family Menispermaceae. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia writes about the same drug under the n...
The Japanese Pharmacopoeia standardizes a Chinese crude drug "Bou-i" as the woody stem of Sinomenium acutum Rherder et Wilson of the family Menispermaceae. The Chinese Pharmacopoeia writes about the same drug under the name of "Fang-ji". The present herbological studies resulted in learning that the original written character for this drug is in China. The ancient Japanese misread it as "--" because of confusion between "--" and "--" in old Chinese herbals. The reason for changing "--" to "--" in China is presumed to be because the pronunciation of these characters changed in the Yuan dynasty, to "--" from "zi" to "si", and to "--" from "ki" to "tsi." That is, the original name "Fang-ji," written in today's Chinese phonetic symbols, can be used without big changes by switching the character from "--" to "--".
[Historical study on spectrometry innovation for the structural analysis of organic compounds (part 2)].
Yamakawa K, Nishitani K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2002 · PMID 12405132
Third spectrometry innovation (1970s) Pulse Fourier transformation NMR spectrometry (PFT-NMR) (at 100 MHz) was presented. Therefore the H-1 and C-13 NMR spectra of organic compounds can be measured with a small amount of...
Third spectrometry innovation (1970s) Pulse Fourier transformation NMR spectrometry (PFT-NMR) (at 100 MHz) was presented. Therefore the H-1 and C-13 NMR spectra of organic compounds can be measured with a small amount of the samples. Proton-proton spin decoupling methods in NMR spectrometry are helpful for the structural analysis of organic compounds. The Stereostructures of organic compounds were elucidated by new techniques, the nuclear Overhauser effect (NOE), and the application of NMR chift reagents. Double-focus MS spectrometers were introduced in the 1970s. The MS instruments related to computer-aided data processor systems were also introduced. The molecular weight and the formula were directly obtained by the use of the on-line MS system. Several ionizing techniques of mass spectrometry were also introduced, such as electron ionization (EI), chemical ionization (CI), and in-Beam methods. Fourth spectrometry innovation (1980s). In the 1980s, NMR spectrometers had super conductivity magnets (200-500 MHz) introduced. Some new NMR spectral techniques, such as 2D (H-H, H,-C) and 3D (H-H,H,C-H) NMR spectral methods, were introduced. The structures of complex organic compounds could then be elucidated by the above methods. Gaschromatography (GC) and liquid chromatography (LC) were connected to MS spectrometers. Several instruments were introduced, including GC-MS and LC-MS, which were applied to organic medicines and their metabolites. Many new ionizing techniques (such as FD, API, PD, SIMS, TSP, FAB, and ESP) were then applied. Bio-organic mass-spectrometry (BMS) was developed in a new research field. The structural determination method by the X-ray single-crystal analysis method is also described.
[Historical study on spectrometry innovation for the structural analysis of organic compounds (part 1)].
Yamakawa K, Nishitani K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2002 · PMID 12405119
Structural determination methods of organic compounds have long been accomplished by a comparison of the physical properties (e.g., melting point) of the known compounds. After World War II, these methods were converted...
Structural determination methods of organic compounds have long been accomplished by a comparison of the physical properties (e.g., melting point) of the known compounds. After World War II, these methods were converted to methods comparing the spectra of the compounds. Some spectrometries such as ultraviolet (UV), infrared (IR), mass (MS), and nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) were used to determine the structures. The first spectrometry innovations (1950s). In the 1950s, some functional groups of organic compounds were confirmed by UV spectrometry, especially for enones and holoketones. Several groups, such as carbonyl, hydroxyl, and cyano groups, were confirmed by IR spectrometry. Second spectrometry innovations (1960s). In the 1960s, the organic MS spectrometer (a single-focus instrument) was presented. The determination of the organic formula and molecular weight in the organic compounds are effective by MS spectrometry. The NMR spectrometer (a 60 MHz instrument) was presented, in which the chemical shift values and the H-H coupling constant were very effective in the structural confirmation of many organic compounds.
[European paintings entitled "Jesus Christ as Pharmacist" in the Middle Ages and later].
Okuda J
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2001 · PMID 11971290
Ninety-eight pictures painted in the Middle Ages and later entitled "Christ as Pharmacist" are shown in a little German book (W. H. Hein, Christus als Apotheker, Govi-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1974). In the three painti...
Ninety-eight pictures painted in the Middle Ages and later entitled "Christ as Pharmacist" are shown in a little German book (W. H. Hein, Christus als Apotheker, Govi-Verlag, Frankfurt am Main, 1974). In the three paintings shown here, Christ appears as a pharmacist standing behind a pharmacy table used to compound medicine, and he has a medicinal balance in his left hand. The Christian terms, such as faith, love, and hope, and the drug's name are written on each of the drug vase labels. It seems that the purpose of displaying these paintings in a pharmacy was both to propagate Christianity to the poor who bought medicine at their family pharmacy and to win their respect for the pharmacist.
[Rhubarb in the East and the West].
Uchibayashi M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2001 · PMID 11971289
An etymological account of edible rhubards (stalks) and medicinal rhubarbs (rhizomes) is presented. Rheum rhaponticum (edible) was originally brought to the West from the barbarian Volga (old name Rha) district and from...
An etymological account of edible rhubards (stalks) and medicinal rhubarbs (rhizomes) is presented. Rheum rhaponticum (edible) was originally brought to the West from the barbarian Volga (old name Rha) district and from the Black Sea (old name Pontus) area. Rha comes from the Indo-European protolanguage *sreu, which means river or to flow. Rha barbarum was transformed to rhubarb in English and to Rhabarber in German. Medicinal rhubarbs are R. palmatum (the shape of its leaves are palm shaped), R. tanguticum from Tangut, China, and R. officinale and R. coreanum (both of which need no explanation). The relationship of Rheum with Rumex is also mentioned.
[Etymology of clove].
Uchibayashi M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2001 · PMID 11971288
A very brief history of clove in Europe and Indonesia with particular reference to Dutch monopoly of clove in the spice islands, the Moluccas, is presented. The etymology of clove originates from the Greek word karuóphul...
A very brief history of clove in Europe and Indonesia with particular reference to Dutch monopoly of clove in the spice islands, the Moluccas, is presented. The etymology of clove originates from the Greek word karuóphullon (káruon=nut+phúllon=leaf) and the Latin word caryophyllon, which were transformed to clou de girofle in Old French and clow of gilofer in Middle English. Further modification resulted in a separation into clove and gilly-flower.
[A challenging history of pharmaceutical education in Hokkaido].
Yoshizawa I
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2001 · PMID 11968221
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[The 50-year history of PAS production at Tanabe Seiyaku].
Oda N, Matsumoto K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2001 · PMID 11968220
More than 50 years have passed since Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd. (Tanabe) started producing PAS series (para-aminosalicy-late), which is one of the typical antituberculous agents. NIPPAS series, Tanabe's PAS was produced by...
More than 50 years have passed since Tanabe Seiyaku Co., Ltd. (Tanabe) started producing PAS series (para-aminosalicy-late), which is one of the typical antituberculous agents. NIPPAS series, Tanabe's PAS was produced by the enormous efforts of Tanabe's researchers and engineers in the 1950s, and it made a great contribution to the remedy for many tuberculars. After that, the prominent progress of antituberculous agents, medical technology, and public hygiene dramatically decreased the member of tubercular patients, and usage of the PAS series was also on the decrease year by year. Most recently, tuberculars are unfortunately increasing gradually and the NIP-PAS series holds an important position as a prominent remedy for this disease. Therefore Tanabe still produces NIPPAS. This paper describes the historical process of NIPPAS production of Tanabe.
[A 50-year history of new drugs in Japan: the developments and trends of antihyperlipidemic drugs].
Ozawa H, Ozawa T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2001 · PMID 11968219
The developments and trends of antihyperlipidemic drugs and their effects on the mortality of coronary heart disease in Japan were investigated. The developed drugs available for hyperlipidemia were recorded with their a...
The developments and trends of antihyperlipidemic drugs and their effects on the mortality of coronary heart disease in Japan were investigated. The developed drugs available for hyperlipidemia were recorded with their approval dates by the Ministry of Health and Welfare (Table 1). 1. Antihyperlipidemic drugs have been developed since the late 1950s. Useful drugs among them include the fibrate series and the statin (HMG-CoA reductase inhibitor) series. Clofibrate, developed in 1965, was the first fibrate drug, and pravastatin sodium (Mevalotin(R) Sankyo Co.), developed in 1989, was the first statin drug. They have sure effectiveness for lowering serum cholesterol and triglyceride. But they induce an unfavorable side-effect, rhabdomyolisis, especially after the continuous or simultaneous use of both. The other drug classes using hyperlipidemia include various different types, e.g., probucol, nicotinates, anion exchange resins, ethyl icosapentate, and dextran sodium sulfate. Despite their mild activities, the low incidence of adverse effects make them suitable for supplementary use with fibrates or statins. 2. "Guideline for Diagnosis and Treatment of Hyperlipidemia in Adult" was presented by the Japan Atherosclersis Society in 1997. The standard criteria of serum cholesterol and triglyceride levels in Japanese adults were proposed. The hypercholesterolemia is the state of more than a 220 mg/dl level of serum cholesterol, and hypertriglyceridemia is of more than a 150 mg/dl level of serum triglyceride. The pharmacotherapy should be applied for a high serum level of cholesterol exceeding 240 mg/dl. But the standard routine formula of drug therapy were not indicated in the present guideline. 3. Epidemiological surveys show that hyperlipidemia induces coronary heart diseases in the United States, European countries, and Japan. The mortality of all heart disease patients in Japan increased rapidly from the late 1960s, but the mortality resulting from coronary heart disease was suppressed from 1968. This suppression continued throughout 1994 when artificial statistical changes occurred. It may be due to the newly developed antihyperlipidemic drugs, e.g., the clofibrate group, the statin series, and others (Fig.2).
[Historical investigation of dentifrice in China].
Kubo M, Song Q, Tang F
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2001 · PMID 11968218
A herbal literature survey was carried out on data concerning historical pharmacognostical changes of "dentifrice" in China and how diseases of the teeth and gums had been treated there in ancient times. It had been cons...
A herbal literature survey was carried out on data concerning historical pharmacognostical changes of "dentifrice" in China and how diseases of the teeth and gums had been treated there in ancient times. It had been considered to be a matter of utmost importance that to prevent teeth from decaying, only the brushing of teeth with a toothbrush was necessary. Over time, various tooth agents have been found to treat oral diseases the teeth and gums. Glycyrrhizae Radix, Ginseng Radix, Scutellariae Radix, Menthae Herbal, and salt were widely used materials. Investigations from all approaches are being carried out to develop remedies for oral diseases, including Kampo medicine and the pharmacological effects of numerous crude drugs. When tracing the pharmacognostical changes of dentifrice in ancient China, we felt wonder at and admiration for the abundance of clinical experiences described in the old herbal and medical literature we researched.
[A botanical research worker in Bitchu Province (Okayama Prefecture) Yoshino Zensuke].
Koyama T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2001 · PMID 11968217
Yoshino Zensuke (1877.5 5-1964. 12. 11) helped in his father's drugstore after his graduation from Takahashi Higher Primary School. He developed a great interest in roadside plants while traveling on business ordering an...
Yoshino Zensuke (1877.5 5-1964. 12. 11) helped in his father's drugstore after his graduation from Takahashi Higher Primary School. He developed a great interest in roadside plants while traveling on business ordering and delivering for the store drugs and gradually become one of the most famous botanical research workers in Bitchu Province. The author has explored Zensuke's life and work in detail.
[Historical study of a moth repellent, "Fujisawa Camphor" (2) manufacture of borneol].
Hattori A
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2001 · PMID 11968216
The manufacture of borneol started in about 1890 by the reduction of camphor at a rural chemical work in Osaka. Fujisawa Company, which refined and sold crude camphor, began to study the techniques necessary to manufactu...
The manufacture of borneol started in about 1890 by the reduction of camphor at a rural chemical work in Osaka. Fujisawa Company, which refined and sold crude camphor, began to study the techniques necessary to manufacture borneol. In 1912, Fujisawa had succeeded in producing high-quality borneol in its plant. They tried to export it to China, from where they imported it before. The company replaced natural borneol on the market, supplying large amounts of high-quality borneol produced by the reduction method.
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