Yakushigaku Zasshi. The Journal Of Japanese History Of Pharmacy[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
[Current trends and issues of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry].
Takayama M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2003 · PMID 15143756
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[The separation of drug dispensaries from medical practice in the Taisho era; the intense conflict between pharmacists and medical doctors].
Amano H
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2003 · PMID 15143755
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[First domestic production of transaminase assay reagents].
Sugiyama S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2003 · PMID 14570071
Ultraviolet absorption has continued to improve and has become a commonly used method. The development of automated instruments has also contributed to its use, making the Reitman-Frankel Method retire from the prominent...
Ultraviolet absorption has continued to improve and has become a commonly used method. The development of automated instruments has also contributed to its use, making the Reitman-Frankel Method retire from the prominent stage it once occupied. While the Camen Method was indicated to be short of substrates, it is now used after incorporating improvements proposed from various countries, including the JSCC recommendation from Japan, as a titration method for the enzyme reference materials. The JSCC Common Standards Method was further provisioned through detailed examinations ot its reagents and processes, and is utilized under strict conditions. Standardization has thus evolved from more technique to what includes reference materials.
[Myrrh and mummy, Kamille and Ka-Mi-Tsu-Re].
Uchibayashi M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2003 · PMID 14570070
Myrrh and mummy were separately introduced into Japan and were individually called MIIRA in Japanese for a certain period of time, during which some confusion ensued. Later, it was settled to call them MOTSUYAKU for myrr...
Myrrh and mummy were separately introduced into Japan and were individually called MIIRA in Japanese for a certain period of time, during which some confusion ensued. Later, it was settled to call them MOTSUYAKU for myrrh and MIIRA for mummy. The etymology of related terms is discussed. Camomile (English) or Kamille (Dutch) was brought to Japan and named KAMITSURE with the "ts" sound inserted. This insertion was the outcome of a popular misunderstanding of the phonetic transcription of the Dutch word. The etymology of related terms is also discussed.
[A 50-year history of new drugs in Japan-the development and trends of hemostatics and antithrombotic drugs].
Ozawa H, Abiko Y, Akimoto T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2003 · PMID 14570069
The developments and trends of hemostatic and antithrombotic drugs in Japan were investigated chronologically for the last 50 years after the 2nd World War. 1. Hemostatic drugs are classified into three groups ; capillar...
The developments and trends of hemostatic and antithrombotic drugs in Japan were investigated chronologically for the last 50 years after the 2nd World War. 1. Hemostatic drugs are classified into three groups ; capillary stabilizers, blood coagulants and antifibrinolytics. l) As to capillary stabilizers, flavonoid (rutin, 1949), adrenochrome derivative (carbazochrome, 1954) and conjugated estrogen (Premarin, 1964) were introduced therapeutically. Especially, the soluble types of adrenochrome compounds (Adona 1956, S-Adchnon, 1962) were devised and used widely in Japan. 2) Drugs concerning blood coagulation, thrombin, introduced in 1953, and hemocoagulase, a snake venom introduced in 1966, were used clinically. V.K. groups producing various coagulation factors were introduced as V.K1 (Phytonadione, 1962) and V.K2 (rnenatetrenone,1972), and they were admitted in "The Japanese Pharmacopoeia"editions 8 and 14, respectively). 3) Regarding antifibrinolytic drugs, Japanese researchers have made remarkable contributions. e-Aminocapronic acid (Ipsilon, 1962) and tranexamic acid (Transamin, 1965) were developed and used for various abnormal bleedings or hemorrhage associated with plasmin over-activation. tranexamic acid also proved to suppress inflammations of the throat such as tonsillitis, pharyngitis or laryngitis. 2. Antithrombotic drugs are also divided into three groups; anticoagulants, antiplatelet drugs and fibrinolytics.1) The anticoagulants used therapeutically by injection are heparins (Na-salt, 1951; Ca-salt, 1962) and low-molecular-weight heparins such as dalteparin (1992), parnaparin (1994) and reviparin (1999). The low molecule compounds are superior to the original heparins in reducing the risk of bleeding. As oral anticoagulants, coumarin derivatives, dicumarol (1950), ethylbiscoumacetate (1954), phenylindandione (1956) and warfarin (1962) are known. Warfarin potassium is the main drug for oral therapy of thromboembolism lately. Gabexate mesilate (1989) and nafamostat mesilate (1989) were developed in Japan and used for DIC and acute pancreatitis to inhibit protease enzymes. Argatroban is a unique antithrombin product developed by Japanese researchers in 1990, and is used for vascular or cerebral thrombosis. After noticing in 1968 that aspirin inhibits platelet aggregation and prevents myocardial infraction, projects for developing antiplatelet drugs were initiated worldwide. Ticlopidine, originally developed in France, was introduced in 1981 and prevailed widely in Japan for reducing the risk of thrombotic stroke. Aspirin itself was recognized by the FDA (USA) as an antithrombotic drug in 1988, and was also approved by Japanese authorities in 2000. PGE1 clathrate compounds have also been developed as antiplatelet drugs; alprostadil alfadex for injection (1979), and limaprost alfadex for oral use (1988). The PGI2 product, beraprost sodium, for oral use followed them in 1992. Other antiplatelet drugs with unique mechanisms explored in Japan: Ozagrel (1988), which inhibits TXA2 synthetase, cilostazol (1988), which inhibits cAMP phosphodiesterase, and sarpogrelate (1993), which blocks 5HT in platelets, are the notable drugs in this field. Ethyl icosapentate, from fish oil, is available for antiplatelet therapy. Concerning the fibrinolytic system, plasminogen activators are useful for thromboembolism. The streptokinase from bacterial origin developed in the USA and Europe was not introduced, and urokinase (1965) was the first plasminogen activator developed in Japan. Then tissue plasminogen activators (t-PA) tisokinase (cell culture, 1991), alteplase (genetical recombination, 1991), nateplase (genetical recombination, 1996), monteplase (1998) and pamiteplase (1998) were developed and approved for acute myocardial infarction. Nasaruplase (prourokinase, cell culture,1991) was also approved for the same indication. While the development of the hemostatic drugs ceased in the 1960s, avid project studies for antithrombotic drugs including fibrinolytics began in the 1980s and are progressing now towards new molecular targets. This may be due to the increasing tendency of cardiovascular thromboembolic diathesis in Japan. (The figures in parentheses are the years approved by the Japanese Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare.)
[A study of the medical treatment for Ho-shun-in, Mrs. Toshiie Maeda, described in "Igaku-tensho-ki"].
Yoshizawa C, Mikage M, Taru A
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2003 · PMID 14570068
The medical commentary "Igaku-tensho-ki," written by Gensaku Manase in the Edo era, Japan, describes the medical treatment of Ho-shun-in, Mrs. Toshiie Maeda, the first seignior of Kaga. The Igaku-tensho-ki is famous for...
The medical commentary "Igaku-tensho-ki," written by Gensaku Manase in the Edo era, Japan, describes the medical treatment of Ho-shun-in, Mrs. Toshiie Maeda, the first seignior of Kaga. The Igaku-tensho-ki is famous for its clinical descriptions of the diseases of many notables such as Emperors and Shoguns by their antonyms, and thus is very important for both medical and historical studies. Several variant versions are known to exist now. As to the description of Ho-shun-in, the details such as the date and place of the treatment, and the recipe of the Kampo medicine are not clear. In this study, to clarify these things, a comparative study of various descriptions in all of the variants was carried out. The results show that the medical treatment was conducted on June 7th of the lunar calendar, in the 11th year of the Keicho Era (1606) in Edo (present-day Tokyo). The disease was thought to be diarrhea caused by the infection of bacteria and round worms. Gensaku , effectively prescribed Sho-ko-en, Kakko-shoki-san with Gorei-san, and Jinryo-byakujutu-san to Ho-shun-in over a 4-day period. All of these prescriptions were basically based on those in "Manbyo-kaishun", archaic medical text written in the Ming Dynasty in China, though they were derived from different origins.
[Historical study of clinical pharmacy education in Japan (part 2) retrospective evaluation of the roles of the one-year graduate course of clinical pharmacy practice (Yakugaku Senkouka) at Meijo University].
Han-Ya M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2003 · PMID 14570066
Clinical pharmacy practice education started 30 years ago in Japan. Since 1975, a one-year graduate course, clinical pharmacy practice (Yakugaku Senkouka), has been offered at Meijo University, making it a leading school...
Clinical pharmacy practice education started 30 years ago in Japan. Since 1975, a one-year graduate course, clinical pharmacy practice (Yakugaku Senkouka), has been offered at Meijo University, making it a leading school to raise pharmacists with sufficient experience in hospital settings. This article describes the scope of the course, the development of educational systems to meet public demand for new pharmaceutical skills, and the influences on reforming the Japanese health-care system. The content consists of the following: (1) The process of building up the first curricula of clerkship, (2) requirements for admission, namely including an essay, an interview, school records and an aptitude test, (3) establishing the teaching discipline, (4) achievement goals, (5) learning process modeled on methods used in the United States, (6) establishing the concept of medical ethics, (7) professional status of course graduates, and (8) nationwide influence on the social health-care of the country. The one-year graduate course of clinical pharmacy practice was terminated in 2002 and is to be reintroduced as a two-year graduate school course to cope with the present and future trends in health-care systems.
[Historical study of clinical pharmacy education in Japan (part 1). The founding and history of the one-year graduate course of clinical pharmacy practice (yakugaku senkouka) at the Meijo University].
Han-Ya M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2003 · PMID 14570065
Since there was an increasing demand for highly educated pharmacists with clinical experience, a one-year graduate course in clinical pharmacy practice (Yakugaku Senkouka) was established at Meijo University in 1975. Thi...
Since there was an increasing demand for highly educated pharmacists with clinical experience, a one-year graduate course in clinical pharmacy practice (Yakugaku Senkouka) was established at Meijo University in 1975. This was aimed to provide pharmacists a training program for clinical skills and hospital settings. The course became a leading school in clinical pharmacy education in Japan. The present study describes what it was like and how it contributed to the development of clinical pharmacy in the country. In this article, the history is divided into five terms ranging from 1975 to 2002. The first term (1975-1979): To introduce the educational system, a system that was modeled on those in USA was introduced. The curriculum of clinical clerkship and the methods for evaluating training process were devised. The second term (1980-1984): Clinical clerkships were systematized and modified to fit to society. A manual textbook for training in clinical pharmacy was edited. The third term (1985-1989): The activities in the course were recognized as a new professional practice of pharmacists in Japan under The New Medical Law and The Law of Healthcare Insurance. The fourth term (1990-1995): Clinical pharmacy became popular nationwide. In Meijo University, a new challenge was made to merge clinical pharmacy skills with scientific backgrounds. The fifth term (1996-2002): To cope with the trends of extending undergraduate pharmacy education to six years, it has been decided that the course will be reorganized into a 2-year master's course in clinical pharmacy and accepted as a graduate course in 2003. The history of the course, a forerunner of clinical pharmacy education in Japan, ended in 2002.
[Historical and herbological investigation of Yinchenhao].
Okuno I, Namba T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2003 · PMID 14570059
The description of "Yinchenhao" in Chinese and Japanese medical and pharmaceutical literature, Bencao, was historically examined.Yinchenhao was consistently considered an indispensable medicine for treating jaundice. It...
The description of "Yinchenhao" in Chinese and Japanese medical and pharmaceutical literature, Bencao, was historically examined.Yinchenhao was consistently considered an indispensable medicine for treating jaundice. It was estimated that in China, a shrubby Artemisia plant just like the Artemisia capillaris, or a related plant, was utilized as Yinchenhao in the Liuchao and Song dynasties. Further, several kinds of. plants, including Artemisia, were used in the Song Dynasty and probably thereafter. Until the Song Dynasty, the leaves and stems of elongated aerial parts of the plants described above were used, while young (non-elongated) shoots on the stems of the previous year, which were called Mianyinchen after the Qing Dynasty, were found to be already utilized in the Ming Dynasty. In Japan, the botanical source of Yinchenhao was believed to be A. capillaris since the Edo era, without any differentiation in opinion. In the early Edo era, the leaves and stems of the plant seem to have been used. But late in Edo era, the flower heads of the plant gradually prevailed in the market.
[Historical study of separation technology innovation in the field of pharmaceutical science].
Yamakawa K, Nishitani K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2003 · PMID 14570056
The separation of organic compounds has been carried out using the method of distillation and recrystallization since the 17th century.1st separation technology innovation (1950s to 1960s). After World War II, the scienc...
The separation of organic compounds has been carried out using the method of distillation and recrystallization since the 17th century.1st separation technology innovation (1950s to 1960s). After World War II, the science of separating organic compounds evolved to the use of paper or column chromatography. 2nd separation technology innovation (1960s to 1980s). In the 1960s, thin-layer chromatograpy (TLC) was developed. TLC is a convenient analytical technique for organic compounds. Separation methods for organic compounds using column chromatography and preparative TLC were carried out as practical applications. Gas chromatography (GC) was also introduced in the 1960s. GC is a useful analytical method for a mixture of various volatile organic compounds. Many GC instruments with new kinds of sensors were developed. Gas chromatography of nonbenzenoid organometallic compounds and metal complexes was successfully conducted by the author. 3rd separation technology innovation (1980s to 1990s). In the 1980s, high-performance liquid-chromatography (HPLC) was developed. HPLC analytical methods were useful for various kinds of organic compounds. In the 1990s, LC-MS and LC-NMR instruments were introduced for biomedical products. 4th separation technology innovation (1990s to present). Several new ionization methods for mass-spectrometry (electrospray, matrix-aided lazer desorption ionization, etc) are applied for proteins and biomedical products. Several new separation technologies (supercritical field chromatography, capillary electrophoresis, field-flow fractionization, etc.) are now being developed.
[A 50-year history of new drugs in Japan-the development and progress of anti-diabetic drugs and the epidemiological aspects of diabetes mellitus].
Ozawa H, Murai Y, Ozawa T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2003 · PMID 14570054
The development and progress of antidiabetic drugs (e.g., insulin preparations and hypoglycemic drugs) are retrospectively investigated in Japan. Their influences on the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its epidem...
The development and progress of antidiabetic drugs (e.g., insulin preparations and hypoglycemic drugs) are retrospectively investigated in Japan. Their influences on the treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) and its epidemiological aspects are also discussed. 1) Insulin preparations: Insulin was introduced for DM therapy in 1925, two or three years after its discovery in Canada. The preparations were raw extracts of bovine or porcine pancreas. These did not prevail widely in Japan because of the low incidence of DM before World Wan II. After the war, a shortage of mammalian materials compelled the use of fish pancreatic tissues such as bonito and/or tuna for insulin production. Insulin infection, so-called regular insulin, was first promoted in the 6th "Pharmacopoeia Japonica" (JP6) in 1951 and has been maintained to the present edition (JP14, 2001). Although depot-type insulin preparations were developed in the USA and Europe during the war, the introduction of those preparations to Japan was delayed until 1951, when Protamine zinc insulin appeared. Globin zinc insulin and Isophane insulin were introduced for clinical use in 1952 and 1955, respectively. These were also adopted for JP7 (1961). Biphasic-type insulin, which has a rapid onset and long duration of activity, appeared in 1965. Purified preparations from bovine or porcine sources have been available since 1980, which might be a strong reason for the decrease in insulin allergy. Insulin from animal origin has been supplied for almost 60 years since its discovery. Amino acid sequences of insulins from various species of animals were determined by the pioneering studies of Sanger and his associates. Human insulin, which differs from porcine insulin by only one amino acid, was produced by Novo researchers in 1982 using a semi-synthetic method. Then the Lilly group soon succeeded in obtaining human insulin by recombinant DNA technology in the same year. Both products were introduced to Japan in 1985, and the recombinant products prevailed throughout the 1990s. Human insulin analogues (i.e., Insulin lispro and Insulin aspart) appeared in 2001. These are applied for after-meal glycosmia owing to their ultrarapid onset of activity. Self-injection by DM patients was legalized in 1981. To make the infection technique sure and easy, cartridge (pen-type) and disposable kit-type needles were devised in the 1990s. 2) Oral hypoglycemic drugs: Instead of the exclusive parenteral usage of insulins, there was also demand for oral dosage forms. The first of the sulfonyrlurea (SU) group, BZ-55, was used for DM clinically in 1955 in Germany. But it was soon withdrawn because of its antibacterial action. This led to the development of various SU groups. Tolbutamide (1956), chlorpropamide (1959), acetohexamide (1964) and tolazamide (1961) were introduced to Japan as first-generation SUs. Then glyclopyramide (Kyorin, 1965), glybenclamide (1971), gliclazide (1984) and glimepiride (1999) appeared as the second-generation SUs. These were used orally for Type 2 diabetes. Biguanide (BG) group, phenformin HC1 (1959), metformin HC1 (1961) and buformin HC1 (1961) had also been in use by oral treatment of Type 2 diabetes. SU appears to act by increasing the sensitivity of b-cells, which secrete insulin. BG probably exerts by increasing glucose transport across the membranes of target organs. 3) New types of antidiabetic drugs: a-Glucosidase inhibitors (i.e., acarbose: Bayer, 1993; and voglibose: Takeda, 1994) act on hyperglycemia after meals by decreasing glucose absorption. Thiazolidinedione compounds, such as troglitazone (Sankyo, 1995) and pioglitazone HC1 (Takeda, 1994) act by increasing the insulin sensitivity of the target tissues. These are useful for Type 2 DM patients when SUs are ineffective. Nevertheless, troglitazone was discontinued in 2000 due to severe liver damage. Nateglinide (Ajinomoto Co., 1999), which is a D-phenylalanine derivative acting similar to SUs, is useful orally for after-meal hyperglycemia of Type 2 diabetes. Epalrestat (Ono Yakuhin Co., 1992) is effective for diabetic neuropathy by reducing the formation of sorbitol. These anti-DM drugs were recently studied and developed in Japan. 4) The Japan Diabetes Society proposed a guideline on diagnostic criteria and treatment of diabetes mellitus (DM) in 1999 and revised it in 2002. DM is classified as insulin-dependent DM (Type l) and non-insulin dependent DM (Type 2). Type 1, juvenile onset DM, requires insulin therapy to prevent ketosis and to sustain life. Treatment of type 2, adult onset DM, is recommended as a step-by-step method, starting with dietary-exercise therapy, followed by oral hypoglycemic drugs and then insulin therapy. DM patients with complications should have a therapy devised to match their circumstances. 5) Epidemiological aspects: The mortality rate of DM compared to the time of drug appearance was traced from 1920 to 2000. The curve goes down slowly in the time frame of World War II, but rises from 1950 to 1970. The elevation could not be suppressed by the appearance of SUs, BGs or improved insulin preparations. The curve runs flat from 1980 to 1990, which might be related to the use of purified insulin or human insulin therapy. The mortality rate of DM indicates that death by hyperglycemic coma and other deaths resulting from complications are excluded. The survey of the principal cause of death by DM during the period of 1981-1990 indicates that the death rate due to hyperglycemic coma is only 1.7% of the total deaths caused by DM. The effect of drug therapy on all of the death resulting from DM is not detected. Hospital visitation and admission rates of the DM patients have been recorded since 1952 in Japan. This curve is rising continuously, and none of the antidiabetic drugs has been able to suppress it. These data show that the antidiabetic drugs relieve DM symptoms through their effective hypoglycemic actions, but that they cannot suppress the mortality rate of DM. It is possible that none of the drugs currently available can suppress the increasing tendency of DM patients.
[An analysis of appearance frequency of formulations and crude drugs in Jin-Kui-Yao-Lue].
Katakai M, Akamaru T, Tani T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2003 · PMID 14570051
A systematic database was constructed to examine the frequency of appearance of individual formulations and crude drugs in Jin-Kui-Yao-Lue, a traditional Chinese formulary used for miscellaneous chronic internal diseases...
A systematic database was constructed to examine the frequency of appearance of individual formulations and crude drugs in Jin-Kui-Yao-Lue, a traditional Chinese formulary used for miscellaneous chronic internal diseases. This formulary contains 263 kinds of genuine formulations, but because of overlapping or repetition, the total number of formulations mentioned is as high as 309. It was proved that among the 212 kinds of crude drugs described in Jin-Kui-Yao-Lue, the five crude drugs most frequently mentioned are Glycyrrhizae Radix, Cinnamomi Ramulus, Zhingiberis Rhizoma, Zizyphi Fructus and Paeoniae Radix, which are used in Guizhi-tang, Keishi-to in Japanese. Mel used for preparing pills appears more frequently in Jin-Kui-Yao-Lue than in Shang-Han-Lun, which is the most commonly Chinese medical formulary referred to for treatment of acute externally contracted diseases. The ways of using Astragali Radix, Sinomeni Caulis et Rhizoma, Moutan Cortex and Cnidii Rhizoma described in Jin-Kui-Yao-Lue differ from that described in Shang-Han-Lyn. Furthermore, the directions for using Pinelliae Tuber for cold-phlegm syndrome and Poria for dampness-retention syndrome are developed in Jin-Kui-Yao-Lue.
[Chen Zutian: the fourth heir to Chen Wailang].
Sugiyama S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2003 · PMID 12755125
This manuscript deals with the state of affairs in the Chen-Wailang family, with special emphasis on Soden, the fourth heir to the founder of the Uiro family Chen Wailang. Especially interesting is the library that encom...
This manuscript deals with the state of affairs in the Chen-Wailang family, with special emphasis on Soden, the fourth heir to the founder of the Uiro family Chen Wailang. Especially interesting is the library that encompassed much of the medical literature of the time, which may still have a bearing on the modern world.
[Camphor in the Edo era (4) moth repellent, deodorant, and fungicide].
Hattori A
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2003 · PMID 12755123
A troublesome task in the daily life of the Edo era was ridding houses of harmful insects such as mosquitoes, fleas and clothes moths. People commonly drove away mosquitoes by making smoke. They hung their clothes or boo...
A troublesome task in the daily life of the Edo era was ridding houses of harmful insects such as mosquitoes, fleas and clothes moths. People commonly drove away mosquitoes by making smoke. They hung their clothes or books in the air to keep them free from moisture. This was effective in protecting them from becoming moldy or being damaged by insects. Various medicinal plants were used to eliminate harmful house insects or agricultural vermin. Camphor was a variety of insecticide, but it was not popular in early Edo times because it was not easily available then. But in the end of Edo period, camphor became popular as a moth repellent.
[The origin of cephalosporins].
Nakajima S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2003 · PMID 12755121
The origin of cephalosporins is investigated. In 1945, Giuseppe Brotzu, who was the rector of the University of Cagliari in Sardina, Italy, isolated a cephalosporin-producing strain, Cephalosporium acremonium. Although a...
The origin of cephalosporins is investigated. In 1945, Giuseppe Brotzu, who was the rector of the University of Cagliari in Sardina, Italy, isolated a cephalosporin-producing strain, Cephalosporium acremonium. Although as many as 48 cephalosporin derivatives have been developed in Japan, how a cephalosporin-producing organism was discovered is not widely known here. This article contains the first Japanese translation of Brotzu's Italian publication entitled "Ricerche su di un nuovo antibiotico (Research on a new Antibiotic)" and reveals how cephalosporin was developed, together with a cross reference to the first report of penicillin, a similar antibiotic compound, which was discovered by A. Fleming in 1928. Brotzu's brief academic and social background is also presented.
[Chin Junso--founder of the medical lineage Uirou].
Sugiyama S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2002 · PMID 12418490
Chin Junso was an excellent doctor with expertise in the medical sciences gained from teachings that originated in the Kin and Gen dynasties. He devised and used unique prescriptions with various aromatics, which he coll...
Chin Junso was an excellent doctor with expertise in the medical sciences gained from teachings that originated in the Kin and Gen dynasties. He devised and used unique prescriptions with various aromatics, which he collectively called Hoyaku (fragrant medication). Although he did not desire to enter government service because of his old age, his knowledge and wishes were handed down to his descendants. He led a quiet life in his later years by practicing meditation at a Zen temple of the Rinzai-shu order. Uirou in Odawara incidentally belongs to the Nichiren-shu order and not to the lineage of Junso. Nichiren-shu was a Buddhism order popular among townspeople in Kyoto at that time. It may be of interest to note the second master Souju and the third master Jouyu contributed to the trade between Japan and Korea.
[Eaglewood and eagle].
Uchibayashi M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2002 · PMID 12412609
The etymology of eaglewood (chén xiāng, --) and its related terms with particular reference to its relation to eagle (aquilaria) is discussed. It is pointed out that this fragrant wood has nothing to do with eagle. A Por...
The etymology of eaglewood (chén xiāng, --) and its related terms with particular reference to its relation to eagle (aquilaria) is discussed. It is pointed out that this fragrant wood has nothing to do with eagle. A Portuguese aguila transcribed from akil (Malay, the name of wood), perhaps underwent phonetic traction to aguia (Portuguese, eagle) in the process of being translated into French. Thus pau d'aguila (Portuguese) was transformed to bois d'aigle (French, aigle=eagle), which led to eagle-wood (English) and Adlerholz (German).
[Gambir revisted].
Uchibayashi M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2002 · PMID 12412607
Preparations made from Uncaria gambir or Acacia catechu are called hái-ér-chá, băi-yào-jiān, or a-sen-yaku. Their identification and relation to one another are discussed historically and etymologically. Hái-ér must have...
Preparations made from Uncaria gambir or Acacia catechu are called hái-ér-chá, băi-yào-jiān, or a-sen-yaku. Their identification and relation to one another are discussed historically and etymologically. Hái-ér must have been derived from khadira (Sanskrit), khayer (Bengalese), or khair (Hindi). A-sen is supposed to be formed by the combination of er and sen; the latter may be a euphonic transformation from sen, to (--, to decoct).
[Transition of Japanese societies related to clinical chemistry in the mid-Showa period (1955-1980) (part 3) - related to the medical field].
Yamada M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2002 · PMID 12412605
Remarkable progress in the Japanese clinical chemical field was observed in the mid-Showa period (1955-1980). Many biochemists, pharmacists, medical doctors, and medical technologists started their studies and reported t...
Remarkable progress in the Japanese clinical chemical field was observed in the mid-Showa period (1955-1980). Many biochemists, pharmacists, medical doctors, and medical technologists started their studies and reported their accomplishments in the clinical chemical societies during this period. I recently reported on the transition of pharmaceutical science societies in the clinical chemical field in JJHP, Vol. 35, No. 2, in 2000, and Vol. 36, No. 1, in 2001. In these reports, the transition of medical societies in the clinical chemical field and social insurance medical fee payments were discussed. The Japan Society of Clinical Pathology (JCCP) was started in 1951 and the Japanese Association of Medical Technologists (JAMT) in 1952. The former mainly consists of biochemists and medical doctors and the latter of medical technologists in Japanese hospitals. Because many clinical examinations in hospitals were undertaken with the support of instruments (for example, the Auto Analyzer AA-1), the Japan Society for Clinical Laboratory Automation (JSCLA) started in 1969. The Japan Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards started in 1984. The Japan Medical Association helped to promote clinical chemical examinations in the medical field, especially since 1957, by increasing the social insurance medical fee payment.
[A 50-year year history of new drugs in Japan: the developments of antituberculosis drugs and their influences on the epidemiological aspects].
Ozawa H, Ozawa T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2002 · PMID 12412601
Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis (Tb) in Japan are investigated. Especially the chemotherapy for Tb and its influences on epidemiological aspects are discussed. 1. Various drugs were used for Tb patients befor...
Drugs used in the treatment of tuberculosis (Tb) in Japan are investigated. Especially the chemotherapy for Tb and its influences on epidemiological aspects are discussed. 1. Various drugs were used for Tb patients before the World War II, but none was effective in curing this infectious disease. Creosote and guajacol groups were used frequently to relieve symptoms of pulmonary tuberculosis, but the disease could not cure itself. Because of the sacrifice of young patients, the mortality rate of Tb from 1935 to 1950 was ranked as the worst in Japan. So until the advent of chemotherapeutic drugs, Tb was known as the most formidable fatal plague. 2. Streptomycin (SM), the first effective chemotherapeutic drug, was imported into Japan and widely used from 1947. PAS in 1950 and isoniazid (INH) in 1952 were introduced to Tb therapy. The triple combination therapy of these drugs was considered the most favorable regimen for Tb from the 1950s to the early 1970s. Excellent results were obtained in this period. The mortality rate of Tb had dropped rapidly from its peak to half in 1952 and to a fourth in 1956 (Figs. 2, 3). 3. Several anti-Tb drugs, such as pyrazinamide ethionacide, ethambutol, and some antibiotics (kanamycin, cyloserine, and capreomycin) had been discovered and used in practice. These were not used singly, because of their weak clinical efficacies and severe side effects. They were mostly used to prevent the development of bacillus resistance to SM or INH. In the guidelines of the Japanese Society for Tuberculosis, in 1974. drugs used for Tb could be divided into two major categories: first-line and second-line groups. The second-line drugs included those that prevent a high resistance to the main (first-line) drugs. 4. Rifampicin (RFP), the most valuable drug for Tb, was introduced in therapy in Japan in 1971. RFP has a low incidence of severe side-effects, but because of the rapidity with which resistance may develop, it cannot be used alone. RFP in combination with INH is the most effective therapy for all forms of the disease. The guidelines, newly proposed in 1986 by the Japanese Society for Tuberculosis recommended the short 6-month course of treatment that used combination of RFP and INH. The advent of RFP had contributed to the cure of the individual patient, but it did not effect the mortality or the morbidity rate of Tb. Chemotherapy is the most effective means of suppressing tuberculosis, which was formerly nearly always fatal, but it could not completely eradicate the disease. Preventing the development of resistance to chemotherapeutic drugs might be a special problem.
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