Yakushigaku Zasshi. The Journal Of Japanese History Of Pharmacy[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
[Transition from Ancient Medicine Materials Traders to Pharmaceutical Manufacturers-- Cases of Gisaburo Shiono Junior and Chobei Takeda the Fifth].
Yasushi S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 27149784
The pharmaceutical industry, which developed through the Meiji and Taisho eras, is apparently one of the most important technological industries. However, only a few papers have been published regarding the entrepreneurs...
The pharmaceutical industry, which developed through the Meiji and Taisho eras, is apparently one of the most important technological industries. However, only a few papers have been published regarding the entrepreneurships of the industry early on. It is crucial to research this subject in order to explore the process of how highly technical companies progressed in the early stage of modern industrialization in Japan. This paper focuses on two distinguished entrepreneurs, Gisaburo Shiono Jr. and Chobei Takeda the Fifth, who were both from the Dosho district of Osaka City. Gisaburo Shiono Jr. founded Shionogi & Co., Ltd. and Chobei Takeda the Fifth founded Takeda Pharmaceutical Company Limited; both of which are currently outstanding companies in the Japanese pharmaceutical market. The paper reveals that the two entrepreneurs started out by importing chemical materials from western Europe and North America, and then expanded their activities into manufacturing pharmaceutical materials in their own firms. Finally, they succeeded in developing their own new medicine products. Their lifetime histories, surveyed along with management activities, are described to clarify the process of each company's development through a few wartime experiences including World War I. Their achievements were quite similar, but the processes used were different. The case of Gisaburo Shiono Jr. shows his risk management skills, which filled his lack of technological leadership. The case of Chobei Takeda the Fifth shows his ability to gradually adapt the company to change throughout a long history of changing environment.
Pharmaceutical Education in Japan--Past, Present--, and Human Social Pharmacy Education in the Near Future.
Okuda J
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 27149783
In this paper, the foundation of the 74 Japanese pharmacy schools was reviewed. From the early Meiji era until the beginning World War II, 21 schools including Tokyo University were established. After the war, the new fo...
In this paper, the foundation of the 74 Japanese pharmacy schools was reviewed. From the early Meiji era until the beginning World War II, 21 schools including Tokyo University were established. After the war, the new four-year university system was introduced from America, and the above 21 schools became universities and 25 universities were newly founded. In 2006, clinical pharmacy was introduced from America, and the six-year undergraduate system began. This system was divided into 2 groups, 1) 6 year system of clinical pharmacy plus 4 years doctor course and 2) 4 years system of pharmaceutical sciences and a master degree lasting 2 years plus a 3 year doctor course. These two systems started in 2006. The students of clinical pharmacy course must take the 22 weeks of clerkships in a community pharmacy and hospital pharmacy. The graduates (8,446) in 2015 March took the National License Examination for pharmacist, and the pass rate was 72.65%. The entrance into pharmacy school is not easy; however, the passing of the National License Examination is more difficult. The aim of pharmacy education should be to foster pharmacists with a deeper understanding of society and with richer humanity for the patient. To achieve this, what needs to be included in the curriculum are the subjects of the human social pharmacy, such as philosophy of pharmacy, ethics, religions, history of pharmacy, pharmaceutical affairs law, economics, management, and social pharmacy. The inclusion of such subjects needs to be implemented in the near future. Of course, the study of pharmaceutical sciences is a life-long endeavor.
[Tetsuo ISOGAWA: The Person Who Created the Modern Pharmaceutical System in Oita].
Goino M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 27149782
Tetsuo Isogawa was born in Oita in 1852 and in 1879 began working in the Imperial Japanese Pharmaceutical Laboratory (shiyaku-jo) for medicine inspections. The same year, Dr. Tsunekichi Torigata, head of Oita Prefectural...
Tetsuo Isogawa was born in Oita in 1852 and in 1879 began working in the Imperial Japanese Pharmaceutical Laboratory (shiyaku-jo) for medicine inspections. The same year, Dr. Tsunekichi Torigata, head of Oita Prefectural School of Medicine recruited him as its chief pharmaceutical officer. After the school's closing in 1889, he was hired as pharmaceutical lieutenant officer of the Oita prefectural government, where he strove to improve chemical and food safety for two decades. Through his work for the government, Isogawa created the modern pharmaceutical system in Oita in the late 19th century. Tetsuo Isogawa retired from public office in 1905 and died in 1908. Tetsuo Isogawa was not officially registered as a pharmacist under the 1890 Pharmacy Law; however, a special funeral address was written by the vice-president of the Oita Pharmaceutical Association on his behalf and published in the Association's journal.
[Beginning Knowledge of Transfusion in Japan].
Mazda T, Shimizu M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 27149781
Blood components and plasma derivatives are two of the most useful tools in modern medicine. When the Portuguese opened the maritime routes to the Far East in the 16th century. Western medicine traveled to Japan on the t...
Blood components and plasma derivatives are two of the most useful tools in modern medicine. When the Portuguese opened the maritime routes to the Far East in the 16th century. Western medicine traveled to Japan on the trading vessels that carried physicians and barber-surgeons to care for the body and Christian missionaries to care for the soul. Skilled interpreters such as Kōgyū Yoshio translated and studied Dutch editions of early medical books, like Lorenz Heister's "Chirurgie" (Nürnberg, 1719), that illustrate the concept of transfusion. The oldest description of transfusion originating in Japan is a handwritten manuscript entitled "Bansui Sensi Chojutsu Shomoku" by Masamichi Nishijima, a student of Bansui Otsuki. It is a list of Otsuki's translated works. He described book names and chapter names in the manuscript, and when he finished translation of a chapter, he marked a circle on the chapter name. The transfusion chapter had a circle. That dates the earliest writing on transfusion in Japanese to 1804, shortly after the death of Kōgyū. Unfortunately, the manuscript translation no longer exists. In 1814, Shunzō Yoshio, grandson of Kōgyū, and in 1820, Tokki Koshimura, translated the figure legends of "Chirurgie." Soon afterwards, after the first report of transfusion from human-to-human by James Blundell in London in 1818, Western medical books published on the subject began to arrive. The works of Christoph Wilhelm Hufeland, Georg Friedrich Most and Carl Canstatt all mentioning transfusion, albeit without details, were translated by Kōan Ogata and Shinryō Tsuboi. During the Edo period, Japan was a closed country; only open to the Dutch through a tiny island in Nagasaki. But Japanese doctors in the Edo period learned about blood transfusion through Dutch-translated versions of Western medical Books. Transfusion began being practiced in Japan in 1919, almost exactly 100 years after the concept was introduced
[Transition of Psychotropic Drugs in Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) (Part 16). Transitions in the Standards and Test Methods of Bromovalerylurea in JP V (1932) and JP X VI (2011), and Comparison with Deutsches Arzneibuch].
Yanagisawa K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 27149780
Soam discovered the drug Bromovalerylurea (or less BV) in 1907. After that, BV was imported in Japan in the latter part of the Meiji period as Western medicine. Under the influence of the First World War, in Japan, BV wa...
Soam discovered the drug Bromovalerylurea (or less BV) in 1907. After that, BV was imported in Japan in the latter part of the Meiji period as Western medicine. Under the influence of the First World War, in Japan, BV was domestic production. And BV are listed in JP V (1932), it is continued listing until the current JP X VI (2011). As a foreign pharmacopoeia which listed the BV, only in addition to the JP, there was a German Pharmacopoeia (DAB). During this time, the JP and DAB, the standards and test methods of BV, it was amended as shown in Table 1 and Table 2. The discrimination test and analysis test was defined based on the chemical properties of urea and isovaleric acid and bromine. Therefore, consistency was seen in the chemical criteria for test. From this it is understood that BV is Bromoisovalerateureido synthesized based on urea and isovaleric acid and bromine. This isovaleric acid is the active ingredient of Japanese Valerian and Valerian roots. BV is an organic synthetic urea derivative that was effectively improved organic synthesis isovaleric acid with respect to quality and efficacy surface. For this reason at the time that BV have been developed, it is an ideal new drug, it was described as a good medicine have no side effects. But to BV, there is a nature that it has tolerance, addictive, a dependency. In Japan after the Second World War, there was a lack of awareness about the nature of such BV. That it had become a system that masses can easily purchase the BV. Revision of the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law of 1960 against in this, selling regulation of BV is provided. However, for analgesic formulated with BV of dose observed in the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law, as generic drugs, selling is permitted, it is continuing until today. For this reason in recent years, long-term use of BV by self-judgment of the masses is frequent. And chronic bromine poisoning BV by this it have been a problem. Therefore regard to BV, always for their safety, including the overseas situation, I think it is important to seize the new knowledge and information.
[Historical and Hygienic Aspects on Roles of Quality Requirements for Antibiotic Products in Japan: Part 2--Achievements of Domestic Production of Penicillin and Streptomycin].
Yagisawa M, Foster PJ, Kurokawa T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 27149779
Domestic production of penicillin was initiated in 1946 and that of streptomycin in 1950. In the early days, however, the quality of products was considerably lower and the capacity of production small. Surprisingly, the...
Domestic production of penicillin was initiated in 1946 and that of streptomycin in 1950. In the early days, however, the quality of products was considerably lower and the capacity of production small. Surprisingly, there was a sufficient amount of penicillin preparations, with a purity of 85% or more, satisfying domestic demand within three years (1949). In the case of streptomycin, within three years (1953), preparations with a purity two-fold higher than initially available were produced in amounts sufficient to meet both domestic demand and create a surplus availability for exporting purposes. Such increases in quality and production were considered to be made possible by strict quality control of penicillin and streptomycin preparations, based on "Minimum Requirements for Penicillin" established in May 1947 and "Minimum Requirements for Streptomycin" established in December 1949. These requirements were also amended over time in order to provide even higher quality standards in response to the evolving improvements in production processes. Life-threatening diseases such as septicemia and pneumonia were controlled by the sufficient supply of high-quality penicillin preparations and the mortality rate of tuberculosis, regarded as a national disease at the time, markedly decreased by that of streptomycin preparations. Achievements of domestic production of penicillin and streptomycin were considered important factors that contributed greatly to the maintenance of public health in Japan.
[Historical and Hygienic Aspects on Roles of Quality Requirements for Antibiotic Products in Japan: Part 1--Development of Antibiotic Products].
Yagisawa M, Foster PJ, Kurokawa T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 27149778
Antibiotic products have contributed greatly to keep Japanese people healthy by controlling lethal infections. In the early days, antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin were produced using microbial fermentation...
Antibiotic products have contributed greatly to keep Japanese people healthy by controlling lethal infections. In the early days, antibiotics such as penicillin and streptomycin were produced using microbial fermentation processes. Therefore, the component ratio of the active element and related substances varied lot by lot. For the purpose of efficacy and assuring safety, minimum requirements for penicillin and streptomycin products were enacted. Both variations and the number of clinically available antibiotic products have increased due to the pharmaceutical development of novel natural antibiotics. In addition, semi-synthetic derivatives of various antibiotics have been developed for the purpose of enhancing antimicrobial activity or improving pharmacological properties. As a result, 202 entities of antibiotic products have been approved and used clinically as of 2012. We conducted a detailed investigation of the progress made in the field of antibiotic products, and analyzed the characteristics of those belonging to each class of antibiotics by means of setting up a system of classification that reflects clinical applications. This report is intended to serve as an introduction to our series of investigations into the role and influence of quality requirements on development of antibacterial antibiotic products in Japan. As described here, the general view of antibacterial antibiotic products spanning a time frame of 67 years in Japan might serve as an ideal reference for future reports.
[On Japanese Ginseng-Exports to Qing China during the Middle of the Meiji-Period].
Tong D
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 27149777
Summary Early Meiji Japan witnessed a boom in Japanese Ginseng exports, but the years between 1880 and 1886 brought a sharp decline. Previous research linked this recession to chaos in domestic production and by illegal...
Summary Early Meiji Japan witnessed a boom in Japanese Ginseng exports, but the years between 1880 and 1886 brought a sharp decline. Previous research linked this recession to chaos in domestic production and by illegal imports of Korean Ginseng without presenting data about the actural fluctuation of Ginseng output. Moreover, as the biggest target market of Japanese Ginseng exportation, the situation in Qing, China should be included in any analysis. Based on statistical data collected in China and Japan, this study clarifies the reasons for the sharp decline during the early 1880s.
[Chapter 5. The internationalization of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry (1980-2010)].
Yongue JS
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2014 · PMID 25272639
The Japanese pharmaceutical industry experienced a period of rapid and economic growth following the introduction of the national healthcare system in 1961. Triggered by a major revision in Japanese legislation from proc...
The Japanese pharmaceutical industry experienced a period of rapid and economic growth following the introduction of the national healthcare system in 1961. Triggered by a major revision in Japanese legislation from process to substance patents, leading Japanese pharmaceutical companies began to invest in research and development (R&D). By the mid-1980s, some had managed to develop their first internationally marketable drugs, many of which were antibiotics. The emergence of novel drugs gave companies the impetus to engage in progressively more appreciable investments in Asia, Europe and the United States. In the 1980s, internationalization was mainly inwardly focused so as to limit firms' exposure to risk. However, as profits increased in the 1990s from the sale of new drugs, Japanese pharmaceutical companies were able to engage in even more sizeable, outwardly focused investments. By 2010, Japan's leading pharmaceutical enterprises had succeeded in putting place three types of global operations: manufacturing, marketing and R&D.
[Chapter 4. Transitions in pharmaceutical market, production and sales in Japan (1980-2010)].
Yoshioka R, Matsumoto K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2014 · PMID 25272638
In this paper, the writers reviewed in detail the pharmaceutical market and the shifts in manufacturing and sales including the trade balance in Japan over a thirty-year period from 1980 to 2010. From the 1980s to the 19...
In this paper, the writers reviewed in detail the pharmaceutical market and the shifts in manufacturing and sales including the trade balance in Japan over a thirty-year period from 1980 to 2010. From the 1980s to the 1990s, many innovative pharmaceutical products were developed and launched in the Japanese market. During the same period, some Japanese companies managed to develop their first internationally marketable drugs, which were antibiotics and effective remedies for the digestive and circulatory organs. During this period, Japanese pharmaceutical companies were also able to launch some of blockbuster drugs. For two decades, the pharmaceutical market grew rapidly. For this reason, it can be called "The Growth Period for Pharmaceutical Products" in Japan. After that period, drug development and sales slowed down due to a lack of expertise in genetic engineering and biotechnologies. This situation caused a large deficit in the trade balance for Japanese pharmaceutical products. However, with regard to the trade balance (including technical royalties) for pharmaceutical product technologies, Japan remains in the black even today.
[Chapter 3. Transitions in clinical trials and appropriate use of drugs in Japan (1980-2010)].
Koshimizu T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2014 · PMID 25272637
This paper reviews the status of clinical trials and appropriate use of drugs from historical perspectives in the last 30 years in Japan. Industry-sponsored clinical trials in Japan began being regulated under the revise...
This paper reviews the status of clinical trials and appropriate use of drugs from historical perspectives in the last 30 years in Japan. Industry-sponsored clinical trials in Japan began being regulated under the revised Pharmaceutical Affairs Law in 1980. Japanese modifications were made to the ICH-GCP, which reached step 4 in May 1996, and a notification called the "New GCP" was issued in March 1997. This was fully implemented as of April 1998. The number of clinical trials, however, dropped sharply after 1998. Patients worldwide who have no drugs for their diseases are waiting for new medicines. Clinical trials must be held as part of a scientific and valid process. Physicians have a duty to use new medicines considering a balance of effectiveness and safety. In Japan, several "yakugai" cases were observed in the past. They were not only caused by the toxicological effects of drugs but were also due to social factors in drug use. Responding to these scandals, new regulations were developed and contributed to the appropriate use of drugs in Japan.
[Chapter 2. Transitions in drug-discovery technology and drug-development in Japan (1980-2010)].
Sakakibara N, Yoshioka R, Matsumoto K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2014 · PMID 25272636
In 1970s, the material patent system was introduced in Japan. Since then, many Japanese pharmaceutical companies have endeavored to create original in-house products. From 1980s, many of the innovative products were smal...
In 1970s, the material patent system was introduced in Japan. Since then, many Japanese pharmaceutical companies have endeavored to create original in-house products. From 1980s, many of the innovative products were small molecular drugs and were developed using powerful medicinal-chemical technologies. Among them were antibiotics and effective remedies for the digestive organs and circulatory organs. During this period, Japanese companies were able to launch some blockbuster drugs. At the same time, the pharmaceutical market, which had grown rapidly for two decades, was beginning to level off. From the late 1990s, drug development was slowing down due to the lack of expertise in biotechnology such as genetic engineering. In response to the circumstances, the research and development on biotechnology-based drugs such as antibody drugs have become more dynamic and popular at companies than small molecule drugs. In this paper, the writers reviewed in detail the transitions in drug discovery and development between 1980 and 2010.
[Chapter 1. A contemporary history of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry (1980-2010). A contemporary history of the Japanese Pharmaceutical Industry (1980-2010) Task Force].
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2014 · PMID 25272635
This publication, commemorating the sixty years since the founding of Japan Society for the History of Pharmacy (JSHP), provides an overview of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry over a thirty-year span from 1980 to 20...
This publication, commemorating the sixty years since the founding of Japan Society for the History of Pharmacy (JSHP), provides an overview of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry over a thirty-year span from 1980 to 2010. In the first section, entitled Medical Evolution: The Growth Period for Pharmaceutical Products, and the second section, "Patient-Based Medicine: The Period of Information Prioritization, the following themes are examined. Changes in Drug Pricing Policies, Promotion of Bungyō (separation of prescription from dispensing), Measures to Improve the Safety of Pharmaceutical Products; Appropriate Use of Pharmaceutical Products, Drug Discovery: Changes in Pharmaceutical Product Development and Actual Conditions in the Domestic Launch of New Medicines; Marketing (Medical Representative) Reforms, Pharmaceutical Industry Mergers and Acquisitions, Internationalization of the Pharmaceutical Industry. The following papers are provided as further references to support the conclusions made in the sections above. Changes in Japanese Drug Discovery Technologies and Drug Development. Japan's Pharmaceutical Market and Shifts in Manufacturing and Sales. Changes in Clinical Trials in Japan and Appropriate Use of Pharmaceuticals. Internationalization of the Japanese Pharmaceutical Industry.
[Proceeding of branch meetings for the Japanese society for history of pharmacy, 2014].
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2014 Mar · PMID 25073203
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
[Report of the 19th Japanese-German Symposium].
Tanaka T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2014 · PMID 25799844
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[A historical walk in Hachinohe--research on Andou Shoueki].
Kemuyama N
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2014 · PMID 25799843
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[The history of regulatory system for plasma fractionation products in the United States].
Fukuzawa M, Tsutani K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2014 · PMID 25799842
In Japan, biologics have been described as special sorts of medicines in the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law and are regulated by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW). In contrast, in the United States, some of t...
In Japan, biologics have been described as special sorts of medicines in the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law and are regulated by the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW). In contrast, in the United States, some of the regulatory laws for biologics are different from other medicines and the relevant regulatory agencies have been changed historically. We reviewed the histories of the laws and changes in regulatory agencies for biologics, especially focusing plasma fractionation products in the United States, which may give suggestions and advice for the regulation of biologics in Japan. In the earliest stage, biologics were regulated by the Biologics Control Act (BC Act) of 1902 and as parts of the Federal Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act (FD&C Act) of 1938. The effectiveness of these regulations was not equivalent to that of other drugs; therefore, Congress passed some amendments to the FD&C Act, in which biologics were treated in the same way as other drugs. In 1972, the authority for biologics control was transferred from the National Institutes of Health (NIH) to the Food and Drug Administration (FDA). Thereafter, in order to achieve the most efficient regulation under the rapidly evolution of biologics, the biologics regulating sections in the FDA have changed several times. At present, some biologics that are used in ways similar to other drugs (e.g., cytokines, monoclonal antibodies and immunomodulators) are regulated by the Center for Drug Evaluation and Research (CDER), and other biologics (e.g., vaccines, blood products and cellular products) are regulated by the Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research (CBER) of the FDA.
[The history of developing anticancer Drugs and their evaluation guidelines in Japan].
Maeda H, Kurokawa T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2014 · PMID 25799841
The cancer therapies currently available do not yet offer fully satisfactory treatments, even in 21st century, and efforts and progress are being made daily in the area of drug development. Anticancer drugs, which play t...
The cancer therapies currently available do not yet offer fully satisfactory treatments, even in 21st century, and efforts and progress are being made daily in the area of drug development. Anticancer drugs, which play the leading role in cancer therapy, are being developed dynamically around the world, and Japan is not an exception. Looking back on the history of developing anticancer drugs, cytotoxic drugs were the mainstream of drug development until the end of the 20th century. In the 21st century, they have been replaced by molecularly targeted drugs, and thus the development of cytotoxic drugs has been declining rapidly. There were various approaches to the development of anticancer drugs and clinical trial endpoints until the 1980s. In 1991, the "Guidelines for Clinical Evaluation Methods of Anti-Cancer Drugs in Japan" was issued. From 2000 onwards, there was vigorous discussion on the clinical trial endpoints of anticancer drugs in the United States. In conjunction with this discussion, the "Guidelines for Clinical Evaluation Methods of Anti-Cancer Drugs in Japan" was revised in 2005. The revised guidelines required survival data at the time of filing a new drug application (NDA) as a general rule. Around 2005, a bridging strategy was promoted as the "International Conference on Harmonization E5" was promulgated among Japan, the U.S. and EU, resulting in an outflow of clinical trials to overseas, with more non-Japanese survival data generated outside of Japan used for NDAs than Japanese data. Subsequently, the "Guideline for Basic Principles on Global Clinical Trials" was issued in 2007, which promoted the change in the mainstream approach from a bridging strategy to a pivotal, global study involving Japan. Thus, an era of full-fledged globalization in clinical trials began. We believe Japan will need systems to enhance the motivation for anticancer drug development, such as an expedited program or pediatric program, from now on. We hope that the enhancement of these systems will contribute to shortening the period required for approving an anticancer drug and reducing developmental costs. Furthermore, we expect Japan to be creating breakthrough anticancer drugs in the near future.
[History of pharmaceutical packaging in modern Japan. II--Package size of pharmaceuticals].
Hattori A
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2014 · PMID 25799840
When planning pharmaceutical packaging, the package size for the product is important for determining the basic package concept. Initially, the sales unit for herbal medicines was the weight; however in 1868, around the...
When planning pharmaceutical packaging, the package size for the product is important for determining the basic package concept. Initially, the sales unit for herbal medicines was the weight; however in 1868, around the early part of the Meiji era, Japanese and Western units were being used and the sales unit was confusing. Since the Edo era, the packing size for OTC medicines was adopted using weight, numbers, dosage or treatment period. These were devised in various ways in consideration of convenience for the consumer, but the concept was not simple. In 1887, from the time that the first edition of the Japanese Pharmacopoeia came out, use of the metric system began to spread in Japan. Its use spread gradually for use in the package size of pharmaceutical products. At the time, the number of pharmaceutical units (i.e., tablets), became the sales unit, which is easy to understand by the purchaser.
[Transitions of psychotropic drugs in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) (Part 14). Transitions in the standards and test methods of Valerian root in the Deutsches Arzneibuch (DAB) and comparison between the USP, BP, EP and JP, and Oleum Valerianae (Japan Kesso oil) listed in DAB6 (1926)].
Yanagisawa K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2014 · PMID 25799839
Valerian has been used as a name for Japanese Valerian and European Valerian root. Valerian in the German market today was originally called Baldrian. Transitions in the standards and the test methods of Valerian root li...
Valerian has been used as a name for Japanese Valerian and European Valerian root. Valerian in the German market today was originally called Baldrian. Transitions in the standards and the test methods of Valerian root listed in the DAB were studied this time. Moreover, we compared these standards and test methods with those in the USP, BP, EP and JP. We also considered the pharmacology evaluation in Germany. At the time, the standards and test methods had content in accordance with the EP from DAB9 (1986) of the West Germany publication. It also agreed with the EP and BP of the same period. To date in the DAB, botanical features have been mainly derived from the discriminating characteristics of the Valerian root. In DAB9 (1986), standards and test methods were added to the content, enhancing it and making it more stringent. This is thought to have happened as a result of a new, academic finding showing an improvement in the pharmacology level. Valerian root has been listed continuously in the DAB. These listings suggest that Valerian root has continally been evaluated as a sedative. We think that the listing was connected with a relisting in the BP as a result of scientific communications between Britain and Germany, EC member nations, such as through EP publications. On the other hand, the oil made with Japanese Valerian was listed in a radical field in DAB6 (1926) in the past. This is a valuable result, proving that it was used and evaluated as an important herbal medicine from Japan and foreign countries at that time. The Japanese Valerian referred to is not grown in Japan today. Moreover, it is not possible that cultivation will be restarted through good quality revaluation. However, this fact introduces a valuable piece of history supporting the survival of Japanese Valerian and European Valerian root as a sedative in the future.
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