Yakushigaku Zasshi. The Journal Of Japanese History Of Pharmacy[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
[Studies on Yakushi Buddha and its medicinal container].
Okuda J
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2014 · PMID 25799838
In Japan, there are about 250 Yakushi Buddha (i.e., Buddha of Healing) statues in Buddhist temples. They are listed as Important Cultural Properties and 14 of them are National Treasures. Belief in Yakushi Buddha was esp...
In Japan, there are about 250 Yakushi Buddha (i.e., Buddha of Healing) statues in Buddhist temples. They are listed as Important Cultural Properties and 14 of them are National Treasures. Belief in Yakushi Buddha was especially prevalent from the 7th to the 13th centuries in Japan. The oldest wooden Yakushi Buddha statue is in Horin-ji Temple in Nara. Among the approximately 250 Yakushi Buddha statues, about 200 have medicinal containers-or rarely, a bowl-in the palm of the left hand. However, these medicinal containers are wooden blocks. Very recently, it was found that the Yakushi Buddha statue in the Suho-Kokubun-ji Temple in Yamaguchi Prefecture, Japan has a medicinal container in the palm of his left hand, in which an offering (i.e., 220 g of materials) was found. The date on the reverse side of the lid places the offering at October 12, 1699. The offering is composed of five cereals (rice, barley, wheat, soybean and azuki bean), five medicinal plants (Acori graminei, Acori calami, Ginseng, Flos caryophylli and Lignum santali albi) and six minerals (rock crystals, purple and blue lead glass, CaCO3 particles, and silver and golden foils). Recently, the pharmacy educational program was extended from four to six years in order to meet clinical pharmacy requirements for patients. From studying the Buddha of Healing and its medicinal container described above, the author suggests that, in addition to pharmaceutical bioscience, philosophical concept be studied as part of the history of pharmacy in the future.
[A historical review on International Conference on Harmonisation of Technical Requirements for Registration of Pharmaceuticals for Human Use (ICH) and internationalization of Japan's new drugs development and regulation].
Kurokawa T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2014 · PMID 25799837
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[Japanese pharmaceutical professors of a medical university and colleges in colonial Korea (1916-1945)].
Ishida S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2011 · PMID 22164692
This study investigates the 14 Japanese pharmaceutical professors who worked in colonial Korea from 1916 to 1945. Of these professors, four worked at Keijyo Imperial University, five worked at Keijyo Medical College, two...
This study investigates the 14 Japanese pharmaceutical professors who worked in colonial Korea from 1916 to 1945. Of these professors, four worked at Keijyo Imperial University, five worked at Keijyo Medical College, two worked at Taikyu Medical College and two worked at Heijyo Medical College. Nine were physicians and four were pharmacists. Four persons graduated from Tokyo Imperial University, one from Kyoto Imperial University, two from Kumamoto Medical College, one from Toyama Pharmaceutical College, one from Nagasaki Medical College, one from Okayama Medical College and one unknown. A medical degree was obtained by 9 of 14 professors (69.2%), a high rate compared to the same grade of medical institution in Japan at that time. Regarding the positions of the professors in Japan after the end of the Second World War in 1945, four obtained professor positions at universities, three were clinical doctors, one worked for a pharmaceutical company, one was a researcher at an institute, one died and three are unknown.
[Research on plants originally named chang].
Kotaka S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2011 · PMID 22164691
In our previous research, we have found that the function of some herbs differs according to ancient and present records. The reason is thought to be that the plants are different in spite having of the same name. In add...
In our previous research, we have found that the function of some herbs differs according to ancient and present records. The reason is thought to be that the plants are different in spite having of the same name. In addition, the original herbs for some specific herb names cannot be understood. This paper attempts to clarify the details of herbs named Chang.
[Zhang-shu-zhen pharmacists' activities in the Qing dynasty].
Ishikawa A
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2011 · PMID 22164690
Throughout the Qing dynasty, the commodity economy and domestic distribution in China developed dramatically. In this context, the market of Chinese medicines also expanded. At that time, the Zhang-shu-zhen pharmacists,...
Throughout the Qing dynasty, the commodity economy and domestic distribution in China developed dramatically. In this context, the market of Chinese medicines also expanded. At that time, the Zhang-shu-zhen pharmacists, in Jiangxi province, took the initiative in this market. This article explores their activities which were spread across China and it also examines the level of success or failure of their activities as well as the economical impact to the society of Zhang-shu-zhen. Due to its location between two important rivers that were used extensively for trade and their technical proficiency in pharmacy, Zhang-shu-zhen became an emporium of medicines. Nevertheless, many of the druggists were active in the southwest provinces of China. In order words, the activities of the druggists were coupled with the movement of immigration, from midland China to the southwest.
[Impact of the last 15 years: from PMDEC to PMDA --looking back at the first stage of the PMDEC].
Morimoto K, Fujiwara Y, Kawahara A
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2011 · PMID 22164689
The Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) (renamed the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [MHLW] in Jan. 2001) amended the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law, resulting in a fundamental reform of the review system for New Dru...
The Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW) (renamed the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare [MHLW] in Jan. 2001) amended the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law, resulting in a fundamental reform of the review system for New Drug Applications, based on the 1996 report of the ad-hoc Committee for Drug Safety Ensuring Measures. One of the most important changes in the review system was the establishment of the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Evaluation Center (PMDEC) on July 1, 1997 followed by the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) in 2004. In five years, the drug approval system in Japan underwent a series of significant reforms, such as adopting new GCP based on the ICH/E6 (R1), changes relating to ethnic factors in the acceptability of foreign clinical data (ICH/E5 (R1)), and the establishment of a Common Technical Document (CTD) (ICH/M4). The addition of the PMDEC has greatly improved the speed of review for new drugs, especially oncology drugs and orphan drugs. We discuss the philosophy of PMDA in relation to the concept of regulatory science.
[Historical studies on the origins of pharmaceutical sciences in Hyuga (Miyazaki). (Part 10)--students from Hyuga (Miyazaki) who studied under Sanyou Rai in Osaka and Toyou Yamawaki in Kyoto during the late Edo period].
Yamamoto I, Usami N, Jun CB … +1 more , Kishi N
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2011 · PMID 22164688
This paper is part 10 of a historical article on young students from Hyuga who went to Osaka or Kyoto to study in the Edo period. The article investigates the influence of these students on medical and pharmaceutical sci...
This paper is part 10 of a historical article on young students from Hyuga who went to Osaka or Kyoto to study in the Edo period. The article investigates the influence of these students on medical and pharmaceutical sciences in the Hyuga, which is now Miyazaki-Prefecture. The knowledge in this area is limited, thus, we aimed to examine and summarize the historical events. It was found that seven students, Bunchu Niizuma, Shikan Kai, Kaneo Niizuma, Ritsukei Shiraishi, Bunkichi Maki, Genzou Katayose and Buntetsu Kai, studied under Sanyou Rai in Osaka, and two students, Zusho Hayakawa and Chikanaga Nyuta-Motonaka, studied under Toyou Yamawaki in Kyoto. Both Kaneo Niizuma and Zusho Hayakawa participated in the foundation of the medical school called "Meidou-kan" at Nobeoka in 1857 before the Meiji Restoration in 1868.
[Historical consideration of the widespread infection of the hepatitis C virus in Japan and use of a fishbone diagram to investigate the cause].
Haga H, Fukushima N
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2011 · PMID 22164687
About 75% of Japanese liver cancer is caused by hepatitis C. Widespread infection of the virus resulted from inadequate medical knowledge, as well as the political, economic and administrative conditions of the time. We...
About 75% of Japanese liver cancer is caused by hepatitis C. Widespread infection of the virus resulted from inadequate medical knowledge, as well as the political, economic and administrative conditions of the time. We investigated the association between the widespread infection of the hepatitis C virus and the historical events. We used a fishbone diagram to investigate the cause of widespread infection of the hepatitis C virus and considered the issue from a historical standpoint. We found causes including treatment (medical care), transfusion (medicine), economy (expense) and people (infection route). These causes are explained in further detail below. 1) Treatment (medical care). The initial large-scale infection occurred following attempts to eradicate Schistosoma japonicum involving mass vaccination in schools and public health centers. 2) Transfusion (medicine). The use of non-heated fibrinogen for massive postpartum hemorrhage spread the virus further. In 1987, it resulted in a mass outbreak of hepatitis in Aomori Prefecture. 3) Economy (expense). Recognition of the benefit of disposable syringes was delayed. As a result, disposable syringes were too expensive to be widely available, and did not become low-priced. 4) People (infection route). The second wave of dissemination of the hepatitis C virus was stimulant abuse after World War II. Prior to the discovery of the hepatitis C virus, transmission resulted from repeated use of contaminated syringes. Although we initially thought that these four causes occurred independently on a historical chronology, associations between the causes were found when we investigated the problem with a fishbone diagram.
[A historical review of the therapeutic use of wood creosote. Part II: Original plant source of crude drug wood creosote].
Moriguchi N, Sato A, Shibata T … +1 more , Yoneda Y
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2011 · PMID 22164686
Wood creosote is a medicine that has been listed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) since the first edition published in 1886. Medicines containing wood creosote and other natural ingredients have been very popular in Ja...
Wood creosote is a medicine that has been listed in the Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) since the first edition published in 1886. Medicines containing wood creosote and other natural ingredients have been very popular in Japan and Southeast Asian countries. In Japan, one such medicine, named Seirogan, has been used for more than 100 years. In this paper, we report the results of our examination on the historical aspects of wood creosote. One finding was that creosote, called "kereosote" at that time, was imported to Japan for the first time to Nagasaki by Johann Erdewin Niemann, who was the Director of the Dutch Mercantile House, and prescribed by Johannes Lijdius Catharinus Pompe van Meerdervoort and Anthonius Franciscus Bauduin. From our findings, we concluded that wood creosote was one of the essential medicines for the successful introduction and progression of Western medicine in Japan. Furthermore, we found that Dutch physicians introduced wood creosote to Japanese physicians, including Taizen Sato, Dokai Hayashi, and Jun Matsumoto, and that wood creosote was subsequently popularized by Rintaro (Ogai) Mori during the Russo-Japanese war. In addition, we examined the original plant for wood creosote, and consequently confirmed that the 15th edition of the JP, Supplement Two, clarifying the original plant for wood creosote, matches the pharmaceutical and historical facts. We also provide drug information relating to distinguishing between wood creosote and the creosote bush.
[Historical study on traditional Chinese formulations and crude drugs used for bad breath].
Masuda M, Murata K, Matsuda H … +3 more , Honda M, Honda S, Tani T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2011 · PMID 22164685
Bad breath is a topic of general interest. In this study, the treatment for bad breath in traditional Chinese medicine was reviewed with a special focus on pathologic diagnosis and crude drug prescriptions. It was shown...
Bad breath is a topic of general interest. In this study, the treatment for bad breath in traditional Chinese medicine was reviewed with a special focus on pathologic diagnosis and crude drug prescriptions. It was shown that bad breath developed based on both systemic and local diseases. Some systemic conditions, including nasal, paranasal, pulmonary and digestive diseases, are considered to cause bad breath. The morbid state of a patient with bad breath has been recognized as being based on "heat syndrome" and "Qi-stagnation syndrome." Bad breath based on "heat syndrome" is manifested as thirst and ulceration of the oral cavity, and has been treated with crude drugs such as Coptis rhizome, Scutellaria root and gypsum. One case study reported that bad breath resulting from a dry mouth was treated with byakkokaninjinto, a Kampo formulation containing gypsum. "Qi" is considered to be the vital energy of all life forms including for the functioning of organs and mental and emotional activity. "Qi-stagnation syndrom," referring to the dysfunction of organs, is manifested as psychosomatic symptoms such as irritability, a flushed face and restlessness. Bad breath based on "Qi-stagnation syndrome" has been treated with crude drugs such as Cnidium rhizome, clove and cinnamon bark. Modern dental and medical treatment both accept the participation of psychogenic agents in the development of bad breath. Bad breath also develops based on periodontal and oral diseases. This type of bad breath has been treated with mouth-wash (collutorium) containing Asiasarum root, Angelica dahurica root and Cnidium rhizome. This historical evidence regarding crude drug prescriptions contributes to the development of mouth care products for preventing and treating bad breath.
[History of the physiological studies on olfaction in Japan].
Shibuya T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2011 · PMID 22164684
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[Historical study on traditional Chinese formulations and crude drugs used for gouty arthritis].
Nakao K, Moriyama K, Murata K … +2 more , Matsuda H, Tani T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2011 · PMID 22849240
Rates of gouty arthritis with hyperuricemia have increased recently as it has become a lifestyle-related disease. We reviewed historical treatments for pain due to gouty arthritis in traditional Chinese medical books, wi...
Rates of gouty arthritis with hyperuricemia have increased recently as it has become a lifestyle-related disease. We reviewed historical treatments for pain due to gouty arthritis in traditional Chinese medical books, with special interest in pathological causes, including dietary and drinking habits, as well as the frequency of crude drugs used in historical prescriptions. From the present historical survey, we showed that six traditional terms may be equivalent to modern gouty arthritis and that the "Manbyokaishun," a formulary edited in the 16th century in China, included medical information for gouty arthritis. Furthermore, the 46 prescriptions, including Sokeikakketsuto, mentioned in the "Manbyokaishun," were selected as likely treatments for gouty arthritis. The most common crude drugs in the 46 prescriptions were aconite root, angelica root, cinnamon bark, peony root and saposhnikovia root. The inhibitory activity of these crude drugs extracts against xanthine oxidase was investigated. Angelica root and saposhnikovia root showed more potent inhibitory activity (20% at 250 microg/mL) than aconite root (16%), notopterygium rhizome (15%) and cinnamon bark (12%).
[The etymological study of mudan and shaoyao in Chinese herbal medicine (Part 1). A Comparative Study of mudan and Ardisia spp].
Kubo T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2011 · PMID 22849239
In China, present-day, the tree peony is not only being used in traditional medicine, but has also been extolled to a status equivalent to that of a national flower. This plant is now called mudan in the Chinese language...
In China, present-day, the tree peony is not only being used in traditional medicine, but has also been extolled to a status equivalent to that of a national flower. This plant is now called mudan in the Chinese language, although it seems disputable what plant mudan originally referred to. Particularly, the botanical accounts on mudan in the Newly Revised Canon of Materia Medica (Xinxiu Bencao) contain some discrepancies regarding the actual features of the tree peony. The primary investigation of this issue has already been published, and reached the conclusion that mudan used to refer to Ardisia spp. However, further verifications looking at different aspects are required. This paper intends to show that mudan and Ardisia ssp. have shared drug properties and usages as listed in various Chinese medical texts. These consistencies certify that mudan can possibly be replaced with Ardisia ssp., when we utilize the pre-Tang dynasty's prescriptions. In addition, there is further significant evidence for the notion that mudan used to refer to Ardisia ssp.
[Historical consideration of the outbreaks induced by adverse drug reactions in Japan and the necessary preventive schemes depending on the accurate use of drug informatics].
Yamazaki M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2011 · PMID 22849238
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[Merchandising of camphor mothballs in the Meiji era].
Hattori A
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2011 · PMID 22849237
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[Drugs in Kamigata Rakugo (a traditional style of Japanese story-telling in Osaka)].
Goino M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2010 · PMID 21032893
Rakugo, traditional Japanese story-telling, has a history of over 300 years. The stories consist of jokes, anecdotes, and funny messages. The content often includes critical points of view from the perspective of normal...
Rakugo, traditional Japanese story-telling, has a history of over 300 years. The stories consist of jokes, anecdotes, and funny messages. The content often includes critical points of view from the perspective of normal people. Some of the targets of criticism are physicians and druggists. This study looked at the number of medical and medicinal items mentioned in kamigata rakugo (rakugo in Osaka). There were ten occasions in which medical/medicinal items were used for practical purposes in scenarios and 27 occasions in which they were simply mentioned. Some of the uses show us the medical and pharmaceutical situation in the 18-19th century in a humorous way. For example, mentions of kyu:moxibustion, biwayoutou:loquat herb tea, and ninjin:ginseng.
[Social change and Pharmaceutical Affairs Law (PAL)].
Masuyama K, Isobe S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2010 · PMID 21032892
Former Japanese pharmaceutical laws, originally based on the Pharmaceutical Marketing and Handling Regulations enacted in 1874 were in operation for many years before World War II. However, in order to address several dr...
Former Japanese pharmaceutical laws, originally based on the Pharmaceutical Marketing and Handling Regulations enacted in 1874 were in operation for many years before World War II. However, in order to address several drug issues, such as poor drug quality and insufficiences regarding the role of pharmacists during the War, the laws needed to be unified and revised. In this paper, we analyzed the record of discussions held by the Imperial Diet on the bill for the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law (PAL) in 1943. This is also regarded as the origin of the current PAL (LawNo.145 in 1960). Through this analysis, we tried to clarify the relationship between the social change and the role of PAL in society. During the War, the bill was discussed, aiming at the improvement of both human resources who treated drugs, and the quality of drug materials. Diet members discussed three main points, namely, "the duty of pharmacists", "the mission of the Japan Pharmaceutical Association" and "the quality control of pharmaceutical products". Notably, the bill pharmacists are required not only to dispense drugs, a role they had previously, but also to manage drug and food hygiene through the quality control of pharmaceutical products and the inspection of food and drink, in order to improve the public health in Japan. Originally, the law was passed to deal with the extraordinary circumstances during the War, but through our analysis, we found that they proactively improved the role of the law to comply with various drug issues raised during the War, the rapid change of the pharmaceutical hygiene concept and the social transformation.
[Starting with camphor--the progress of Nippon Fine Chemical].
Kimura O
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2010 · PMID 21032891
In 1918, Nippon Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. (NFC) was founded under the name, Nippon Camphor Co., Ltd. for the purpose of unifying the camphor business throughout Japan. The company manufactured purified camphor as a governm...
In 1918, Nippon Fine Chemical Co., Ltd. (NFC) was founded under the name, Nippon Camphor Co., Ltd. for the purpose of unifying the camphor business throughout Japan. The company manufactured purified camphor as a government-monopolized good. Camphor was used as a plasticizer for nitrocellulose, as a moth repellent, as an antimicrobial substance, as a rust inhibitor, and as an active ingredient in medicine. It was also a very important good exported in order to obtain foreign currency. Later on, after World War II and the abolition of the camphor monopoly, the company started manufacturing products related to oils and fats, including higher fatty acids, and expanded its business by developing a new field of chemical industry. In 1971 the company changed its name to Nippon Fine Chemical Co., Ltd., and made a new start as a diversified fine chemicals company. Recently, the fine chemicals division of NFC has concentrated on rather complex molecules, such as active pharmaceutical ingredients, and other chemicals. Since 2000, NFC have started to supply "Presome", precursors of liposome DDS drugs. NFC is strengthening marketing strategies in foreign countries with unique technologies and products.
[Historical research of cinchona cultivation in Japan (1): first trial cultivation in Japan in the early Meiji period recorded in Nomutenmatsu].
Nagumo S, Sasaki Y, Izawa K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2010 · PMID 21032890
Cinchona is known as a magic bullet for malaria and its cultivation was dominated by Java on a global scale in the 19th century. In 1875, in accordance with a suggestion by Takeaki Enomoto, the Meiji government made a re...
Cinchona is known as a magic bullet for malaria and its cultivation was dominated by Java on a global scale in the 19th century. In 1875, in accordance with a suggestion by Takeaki Enomoto, the Meiji government made a request to the Dutch government that cinchona seedlings be distributed to Japan. In response to that request, in 1876, 42 cinchona seedlings arrived in Yokohama from Java. It was the first time cinchona seedlings were shipped to Japan. After that, cinchona seeds and seedlings were shipped to Japan a total of three times between 1876 and 1883. The seeds shipped in 1878 were raised at the Nishigahara Agricultural Experiment Station and then planted at nine places in both Okinawa and Kagoshima Prefectures in 1882. The planter was Yasusada Tashiro. However, all of the planted seedlings had died by 1884. The first national farming plan of cinchona in Japan ended in failure. These matters were found in documents included in Nomutenmatsu compiled by the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce of the Meiji government in 1888.
[Medicinal history and ginsenosides composition of Panax ginseng rhizome, "Rozu"].
Matsuda H, Murata K, Takeshita F … +3 more , Takada K, Samukawa K, Tani T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2010 · PMID 21032889
Ginseng is prepared from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer root. The root of wild P. ginseng has long tortuous rhizome called traditionally "Rozu" in Japanese. In the present historical studies on ginseng, it has been proven that...
Ginseng is prepared from Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer root. The root of wild P. ginseng has long tortuous rhizome called traditionally "Rozu" in Japanese. In the present historical studies on ginseng, it has been proven that ginseng has sometimes been used after removing "Rozu" due to its emetic effects. However, ginseng with "Rozu" is prescribed in almost all the present Kampo formulations used clinically in China and Japan. Possible reasons for this are (1) some formulations including "Rozu" have been used for vomiting resulting from the retention of fluid in the intestine and stomach, "tan-in" in Japanese, and (2) the present cultivated ginseng has shorter "Rozu" than wild ginseng. Furthermore, it is proved that "Rozu", rich in ginsenoside Ro with oleanane-type aglycone, is distinguished from ginseng roots rich in ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 with dammarane-type aglycone. This is the first report to declare the distribution of ginsenosides in underground parts of wild P. ginseng. Ginsenoside Ro is a minor ginsenoside in ginseng whereas it is the major ginsenoside in P. japonicus rhizome (chikusetsu-ninjin in Japanese). Ginsenoside Ro is characterized by antiinflammatory effects which differ from ginsenosides Rb1 and Rg1 responsible for adaptogenic effects of ginseng. These results suggest that "Rozu" containing both oleanane- and dammarane-type ginsenosides might be a promising raw material distinct from ginseng root or P. japonicus rhizome.
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