Yakushigaku Zasshi. The Journal Of Japanese History Of Pharmacy[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
[The transition of amino acids drug development for 50 years in Japan (part 2)--ethical drugs containing amino acids (except alpha-amino acid parenteral fluid)].
Arai Y, Matsumoto K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2010 · PMID 21032888
There are approximately 1300 kinds of ethical drugs currently approved for use in Japan, excluding high molecular weight drugs and Chinese medicines. Among them, 81 contain alpha-amino acids, though some consist of a-ami...
There are approximately 1300 kinds of ethical drugs currently approved for use in Japan, excluding high molecular weight drugs and Chinese medicines. Among them, 81 contain alpha-amino acids, though some consist of a-amino acid parenteral fluid and peptide-type drugs, which include ACE inhibitors. Of these, 30 kinds of drugs are made from both natural and non-natural amino acids, and 51 kinds of drugs are prepared from amino acid derivatives. All of these drugs were developed in the last 50 years. Amino acids moieties such as D-phenylglycine and D-phydroxyphenylglycine have contributed to enhancing the stability, absorbability, and effectiveness of many drugs, particularly antibiotics, such as certain types of penicillin and cephalosporin. In recent years, radioactive and antiviral agents containing amino acid skeletons have also been developed for use as anti-AIDS medications.
[Ancient history of Indian pharmacy].
Okuda J, Natsume Y
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2010 · PMID 21032887
The study of the ancient history of Indian medicine has recently been revived due to the publication of polyglot translations. However, little is known of ancient Indian pharmacy. Archaeological evidence suggests the Ind...
The study of the ancient history of Indian medicine has recently been revived due to the publication of polyglot translations. However, little is known of ancient Indian pharmacy. Archaeological evidence suggests the Indus people lived a settled life approximately in 2500 B.C. Their cities were enjoying the cleanest and most hygienic daily life with elaborate civic sanitation systems. The whole conception shows a remarkable concern for health. Then, the early Aryans invaded India about 1500 B.C. and the Vedic age started. The Rgveda texts contain the hymns for Soma and those for herbs. The term Ayurveda (i.e., science of life) is found in some old versions of both Ramāyana and Mahābhārata and in the Atharvaveda. Suśruta had the credit of making a breakthrough in the field of surgery. The Ayurveda, a work on internal medicine, gives the following transmission of sages: Brahmā-->Daksa-->Prajāpati-->Aśivinau-->Indra-->Caraka. On the other hand, the Suśruta-samhitā, which deals mainly with surgical medicine, explains it as follows; Indra-->Dhanvantari-->Suśruta Both Caraka and Suśruta were medical doctors as well as pharmacists, so they studied more than 1000 herbs thoroughly. The Ayurveda had been used by his devotees for medical purposes. It eventually spread over Asia with the advanced evolution of Buddhism.
[Effort for renovation of pharmacy education].
Mochizuki M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2010 · PMID 21032886
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
[History of science and research of morphine].
Kanematsu K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2010 · PMID 21032885
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
[Historical research of cinchona cultivation in Japan (Part 3)--A proposal to introduce cinchona by Takeaki Enomoto].
Nagumo S, Izawa K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2010 · PMID 21661238
We attempted to determine how one of the most valuable medicinal plants, cinchona, was brought to and cultivated in Japan. In the course of the study, we report that cinchona seedlings were brought to Japan for the first...
We attempted to determine how one of the most valuable medicinal plants, cinchona, was brought to and cultivated in Japan. In the course of the study, we report that cinchona seedlings were brought to Japan for the first time in 1876, as per Takeaki Enomoto's proposal to the Meiji government. We also examine the details of his proposal in effort to clarify that the written proposal was submitted between February and March, 1874, and considered his motives leading to the submission. Cinchona is a very important medicinal plant that has saved human lives. However, there was no proof that Takeaki Enomoto's proposal made it introduction to Japan possible, nor was there any evidence that its cultivation was attempted. In addition, it was not clear that the details of the above has been found in document including the Nomutenmatsu (agricultural report published by the Meiji Government). It is significant that the details has been clarified by our series of studies not only from the standpoint of the history of pharmacy, but also from the accounts of the great predecessors involved, such as Takeaki Emonoto and Yasusade Tashiro.
[Significance of the term "huku-yaku" (taking medicines)].
Suzuki T, Endo J
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2010 · PMID 21661237
The term "Huku or Fu" in "Huku-yaku or Fu-yao", which means taking medicines, does not mean " to wear" , but means "to obey certain rituals or duties." Therefore "Huku-yaku (Fu-yao)" means " to obey the nature of a drug....
The term "Huku or Fu" in "Huku-yaku or Fu-yao", which means taking medicines, does not mean " to wear" , but means "to obey certain rituals or duties." Therefore "Huku-yaku (Fu-yao)" means " to obey the nature of a drug." From the viewpoint of "ShenXian" thought, the term used when referring to taking medicine depends on whether the purpose is to cure diseases or strengthen pneuma. The term "Huku (Fu)" is adopted for the latter. When the purpose is to strengthen pneuma, the drug does not only effect the inner body, but also works on the external world. Hence the "ShenXian" thought aims to conform to the rules of nature and obtain youth and longevity through taking medicines.
[Herbological studies on combination of rhubarb and mirabilite].
Doui M, Ando H, Goi C … +2 more , Kakiuchi N, Mikage M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2010 · PMID 21661236
In traditional Chinese medicine, it has long been thought that the medicinal effect of a crude drug can be modified by combination with other crude drugs. One well-known example is the combination of mirabilite (a purgat...
In traditional Chinese medicine, it has long been thought that the medicinal effect of a crude drug can be modified by combination with other crude drugs. One well-known example is the combination of mirabilite (a purgative) and rhubarb (an anti-inflammatory and essentially anti-blood stasis drug). One description in the medicinal literature states that mirabilite has to be added after rhubarb has been decocted. Another description states that rhubarb needs to be processed with liquor when both crude drugs are used together. However, the reason why rhubarb and mirabilite are used together, why mirabilite is added afterward, and why rhubarb needs to be processed with liquor have not been elucidated completely. Therefore, we performed a herbological study and found that rhubarb is expected to act as a purgative while mirabilite is expected to act as a stool softener when they are used together. We also found that they are used together to speed up the onset of a purgative effect in each other. Secondly, we decocted rhubarb (unprocessed or liquor-processed) and mirabilite together, and analyzed the content of principal compounds. We found that sennoside and anthraquinone contents of the rhubarb decoction were reduced by adding mirabilite. However, when mirabilite was added after rhubarb had been decocted, the decrease was smaller than when they were put in water at the same time. In addition, the decoction of liquor-processed rhubarb showed low sennoside content. Therefore we conclude that mirabilite is added after rhubarb has been decocted to prevent the decrease of active compounds, and we consider that unprocessed rhubarb is suitable for expecting a purgative effect.
[Historical research of cinchona cultivation in Japan (Part 2). Useful tropical plants introduced from Java and India in the early Meiji era].
Nagumo S, Sasaki Y, Takido M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2010 · PMID 21661235
In the early Meiji era, Takeaki Enomoto made a proposal to the government that cinchona and coffee seedlings be introduced to Japan. In response, the Meiji government dispatched Masatsugu Takeda of the Ministry of Intern...
In the early Meiji era, Takeaki Enomoto made a proposal to the government that cinchona and coffee seedlings be introduced to Japan. In response, the Meiji government dispatched Masatsugu Takeda of the Ministry of Internal Affairs to Java and India from March to August 1878 for the purpose of investigating useful plants of tropical origin and introducing them to Japan. This paper clarifies the route to those destinations and the plants obtained locally. Using the seeds obtained from India during his travels, the cultivation of cinchona was attempted in 1882 for the first time in Japan. In Ogasawara, coffee cultivation was conducted, again for the first time in Japan, using coffee seeds brought back from Java. The cultivation of coffee was successful and served as the foundation of the Ogasawara coffee that exists to this day. Takeda also introduced a number of books and materials related to useful tropical plants available as a result of his travels, which contributed to the promotion of new industries and businesses in the Meiji era.
[The history of drug reevaluation in Japan].
Takahashi H
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2010 · PMID 21661234
The drug reevaluation system was established to review the quality, efficacy and safety of drugs approved in the past based on current medical and pharmaceutical scientific standards. There have been three reevaluations...
The drug reevaluation system was established to review the quality, efficacy and safety of drugs approved in the past based on current medical and pharmaceutical scientific standards. There have been three reevaluations of ethical drugs in Japan implemented according to the approved dates. The first reevaluation started in 1971 and finished in 1995 for the drugs that were approved up until September 1967. The second reevaluation started in 1984 and finished in 1996 for the drugs that were approved between October 1967 and March 1980. The new reevaluation system for all drugs regardless of the approval date consists of periodic reevaluation and Ad Hoc reevaluation. This system started in 1988 and has continued up to the present. Periodic reevaluation is a system where the efficacy and safety of drugs of all therapeutic categories are reviewed every five years based on literature screening. However, this system is currently suspended. Ad Hoc reevaluation is used to supplement periodic reevaluation and is performed at the onset of an emergency or when an entire therapeutic category becomes roblematic. In the second reevaluation and new reevaluation system, it is harder to judge which products must be reevaluated than in the first reevaluation for all drugs. In addition, the quality reevaluation for oral solid formulations based on dissolution studies started in February in 1997 and is almost finished.
[Association between Hajime Hoshi and Imperial princes].
Misawa M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2008 · PMID 19227663
Hajime Hoshi established Hoshi Pharmaceutical Company in 1911, and developed it into the No. 1 pharmaceutical company of Japan by 1918. He had many well-known friends and acqaintances including Hirobumi Ito, Shinpei Goto...
Hajime Hoshi established Hoshi Pharmaceutical Company in 1911, and developed it into the No. 1 pharmaceutical company of Japan by 1918. He had many well-known friends and acqaintances including Hirobumi Ito, Shinpei Goto, Koki Hirota, Hideyo Noguchi, Inazo Nitobe, Kojiro Matsushita and Mitsuru Toyama. In this paper, the Imperial Family (princes) who had personal relationships with Hajime Hoshi are reported. Six princes visited the factories of Hoshi Pharmaceutical Company and Hoshi Pharmaceutical Commercial School from 1922 to 1928. They were Princes Fushimino-miya, Asakano-miya, Chichibuno-miya, Kitashirakawano-miya, Takedano-miya and LiKen-Ko. Each of His Imperial Highnesses showed much enthusiasm when visiting the factories and school. They wished to see the latest world-scale modern factories that were producing important drugs and exporting them to advanced Western countries. The anniversary date of the founding of Hoshi University is May 18, the day on which Fushmino-miya visited the former school of the University. Hajime Hoshi named his daughter Yasuko after Prince Asakano-miya Yasuhiko. He used to receive invitations to visit from those princes, hold congenial talks with them, and was sometimes presented with Imperial gifts. Hoshi had a global view and warm character, and entertained a deep respect for the Imperial Family. Therefore, it is conjectured that the princes had a favorable impression for Hoshi. It is believed that the splendid historical association between Hajime Hoshi and the Imperial princes should be recorded as historical events.
[Meat diet and use of milk in the history of Japan].
Sugiyama S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2008 · PMID 19227662
It is generally believed the Japanese race was formulated from multiple ethnic groups, with a strong influence from so-called "hunting people." The prohibition of a meat diet, however, was not a result of the disseminati...
It is generally believed the Japanese race was formulated from multiple ethnic groups, with a strong influence from so-called "hunting people." The prohibition of a meat diet, however, was not a result of the dissemination of Buddhism, but was because of orders from the rulers at the time. Animal meat and milk are ideal protein sources for humans, which most likely contributed to the physical buildup and stamina of caucasians. Many heroes in the Japanese warring states period including Iyeyasu Tokugawa, Soun Hojo and Motonari Mori lived long with numerous offspring. In addition to good luck and inborn physical strength, it appears they were particularly careful with their daily habits including diet. Since around the Fifth Century AD, Japanese rulers began building government-run pastures in many places to raise horses and cattle, from which meat and dairy products were regularly supplied. As this episode portrays, beef-eating was practiced since ancient times, the popularity of which was so high that the Tokugawa Shogunate often attempted to control its consumption with prohibitive orders. The Imperial Court also tried to discourage a meat diet as it did not want rice-growing peasants to consume meat. Samurai, the warrior-class people, however, regularly hunted for wild animals for their own consumption. Many samurai of the warring states generally kept manufacturing facilities for weapons and armor, and such facilities regularly produced fresh meat as byproducts. A meat diet was essential for the success of warlords of the era. The production of butter, on the other hand, was introduced through Kudara in Seventh Century AD, and butter was a popular gift to provincial governors. Milk and dairy products became popular in the 15th Century along with the introduction of Christianity to Japan, and in the 18th Century, Yoshimune, the Shogun of the time, created retail stores for milk. Milk never became popular, however, probably because it does not go very well with cooked rice, the ubiquitous staple food in Japan.
[Transition of Rosai hospitals and their pharmaceutical departments].
Fujii H
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2008 · PMID 19227661
The Rosai hospitals were established in Kyushu, Tokyo and Tochigi after the war in 1949 for the purpose of treating work-related accidents. They were originally run by the Occupational Health Association, and were subseq...
The Rosai hospitals were established in Kyushu, Tokyo and Tochigi after the war in 1949 for the purpose of treating work-related accidents. They were originally run by the Occupational Health Association, and were subsequently taken over by the Labour Welfare Organization, which was established in 1957. Thereafter, the organization opened 39 hospitals including the newest, Yokohama Rosai Hospital, which opened in 1991. Since 2004, the hospitals have been managed under the direction of the Japan Labour Health and Welfare Organization. Due to dramatic improvement in the working environment over the chaotic postwar and high-growth periods, the percentage of patients who visit a Rosai Hospital due to a work-related incident has decreased remarkably from around 50% to the current 4%. Therefore, in order for Rosai hospitals to continue to be operated as hospitals, they have been transformed into medical institutions that provide workers with medical services that facilitate activities to consistently maintain the health of workers. These activities include the prevention and treatment of work-related injuries and illnesses, and support for patients returning to work after an injury or illness. In addition, pharmacists at Rosai hospitals originally performed prescription-related tasks upon employment by the individual hospitals, but after the establishment of the United Working Group of Pharmaceutical Departments of Japan Rosai Hospitals in 1972, they focus on carrying out academic research, exchanging knowledge with one another and improving the social status of pharmacists. During the days when an increasing number of hospitals were opened, the number of pharmacists at Rosai hospitals increased to nearly 500, in parallel with their increased workloads. These numbers later decreased to roughly 370 due to the amendment of laws related to medical care and a transition to external prescriptions. Recently, the number of pharmacists has an increased again as a result of an increased focus on medical safety and the idea that "for the answer to anything about medicine, you should ask a pharmacist" has begun to spread. Furthermore, the pharmacists at Rosai hospitals have closely monitored overseas pharmaceuticals every year since 1994 as part of their project to support workers overseas, and due to this activity, they are highly appreciated by overseas workers. As a result, this activity is planned to be continued in the future.
[Fifty years after the enactment of the law to separate drug dispensing from doctors].
Mizoroki S, Sato S, Fukushima N
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2008 · PMID 19227660
This report summarizes the action of Mr. Usho Mizoroki, who was not a pharmacist but was an activist for enacting the law to separate drug dispensing from doctors (Division of Labour Law). We collected the information Mr...
This report summarizes the action of Mr. Usho Mizoroki, who was not a pharmacist but was an activist for enacting the law to separate drug dispensing from doctors (Division of Labour Law). We collected the information Mrs. Shigeko Mizoroki revealed about her husband's activities towards enacting the Division of Labour Law, and added the historical background of that era. Nobody knows of his activities related to the enactment of the Division of Labour Law. It may be possible that the law itself was not successful, or that Mr. Usho Mizoroki was not a pharmacist. However it is important to know his efforts because the present division of labour practice is the result of the efforts of many people like him.
[Pharmacists (Yakuzaikan) in the Japanese Military System during the Meiji period].
Horiguchi N
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2008 · PMID 19227659
The medical organization in the Japanese Army and the activity of army pharmacists during the Meiji period (1868-1912) are described. The army pharmacists worked to not only prepare medicines in the pharmacies of militar...
The medical organization in the Japanese Army and the activity of army pharmacists during the Meiji period (1868-1912) are described. The army pharmacists worked to not only prepare medicines in the pharmacies of military hospitals, but also were in charge of supplying and maintaining medical machinery, equipment and other materials including bandages, gauzes, etc. used by the army troops. Basically, the responsibilities for these tasks have been passed on to the present self Defense Force pharmacists. Some army pharmacists went to Germany with the aide of governmental scholarships or at their own expense to study advanced pharmacy during Meiji period. The first army clinic was founded in Meiji 1 (1868), and the number of army hospitals increased to a total of 87 in all Japanese territories including Korea, Manchuria, Taiwan and South Sakhalin in Meiji 43 (1910). The number of Japanese army doctors and pharmacists working in the Meiji period, as well as their titles, are also reported. The activities of army pharmacists during the Meiji period are more specifically clarified as well.
[The pharmacist examination in Keijo (Seoul, Republic of Korea) during the 1920s and Korean Pharmacy School (Chosen-Yakugakuko)].
Goino M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2008 · PMID 19227658
This is a report of the pharmacist examination and pharmacy school in Keijo (present-day Seoul, ROK) during the 1920s. There were two kinds of examinations: 1) Given by the Ministry of Education, the same as that in Japa...
This is a report of the pharmacist examination and pharmacy school in Keijo (present-day Seoul, ROK) during the 1920s. There were two kinds of examinations: 1) Given by the Ministry of Education, the same as that in Japan, and 2) Given by the Governor-General, almost the same examination as that of the Ministry of Education. The Korean pharmacy school (Chosen-Yakugakuko) was founded in 1915. Before 1914, the school of pharmacy was located in Taikan-Iin Medical School and lectures were given by the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea (Chosen-Yakugakukai).
[List of literature existing in Japan related to the history of Korean pharmacy in the early half of the 20th century].
Chiba Y, Misawa M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2008 · PMID 19227657
In the present study, the authors created a list of literature existing in Japan related to the history of Korean pharmacy in the early half of 20th century. The titles of books, newspapers and journals were searched usi...
In the present study, the authors created a list of literature existing in Japan related to the history of Korean pharmacy in the early half of 20th century. The titles of books, newspapers and journals were searched using freely accessible Internet databases: 1) Webcat Plus, 2) National Diet Library of Japan, 3) Database for Books and Magazines of Modern Korea, and 4) Japan Center for Asian Historical Records. As the result, 31 titles, of books that can be accessed in Japan were listed and 9 titles of journals and newspapers related to the history of modern Korean pharmacy were also found. On the other hand, related literature that can be accessed only in Korea were also found. The authors therefore plan to also make a list of literature that exists in Korea to more clearly understand the history of modern Korean pharmacy.
[On the Chosen Pharmaceutical Association and "The Journal of the Chosen Pharmaceutical Association"].
Ushikubo H, Chiba Y, Misawa M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2008 · PMID 19227656
In the 20th century, the medical and pharmaceutical fields in Korea and Japan were markedly developed. There was a deep relationship between the two countries as Japan had annexed Korea from 1910 to 1945, until the end o...
In the 20th century, the medical and pharmaceutical fields in Korea and Japan were markedly developed. There was a deep relationship between the two countries as Japan had annexed Korea from 1910 to 1945, until the end of World War II. The present study was performed to investigate the Chosen Pharmaceutical Association and "The Journal of the Chosen Pharmaceutical Association" to research part of the history of Korean pharmacology in those days. In 1914, the Chosen Pharmaceutical Association was established; Takasato Kojima was appointed as the first chairman. The first issue of "The Journal of the Chosen Pharmaceutical Association" was published in 1921 as the only chemical bulletin in Korea. The contents of the journals mainly consisted of academic papers, investigations on hygiene and health in Korea and management reports of the association. Concerning the academic papers, most of them were on studies of environmental health and medicinal plants in Korea. The Chosen Pharmaceutical Association was disbanded by 1945.
[Hoshi Pharmaceutical Company and Korea in the early half of the 20th century].
Misawa M, Chiba Y, Ushikubo H
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2008 · PMID 19227655
Hajime Hoshi, the founder of Hoshi Pharmaceutical Company and Hoshi University, was called "the medicine manufacturing king of Asia." He played active parts in the world including the USA, Europe, Asia and South America....
Hajime Hoshi, the founder of Hoshi Pharmaceutical Company and Hoshi University, was called "the medicine manufacturing king of Asia." He played active parts in the world including the USA, Europe, Asia and South America. In the present study, we investigated the footprint of brisk activities of Hajime Hoshi and Hoshi Pharmaceutical Company in terms of relevance to Korea in the early half of the 20th century, and considered their historical implications. He built a large pharmacy store chain network throughout the Korean Peninsula, appealing to customers with a family-like intimateness and providing good drugs to Korean people. His activities took the initiative at a time far earlier than other Japanese drug companies. Furthermore, Hoshi Pharmaceutical School in Japan, which was founded by him, educated a number of Korean-based pharmacy store owners and their children. After graduating and going back to Korea, they played a key role in the Hoshi chain-store network. It was at the time of Japan's annexation of Korea, but Hoshi's work can be called pioneering activities that will always be remembered in the Korean history of pharmacy.
[Herbological study on the botanical origin of the Chinese crude drug shan-zhu-yu].
Mikage M, Hutagi Y
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2008 · PMID 19227654
The historical change in the botanical origin of the Chinese herbal drug Shan-zhu-yu, San-syu-yu in Japanese) was studied herbologically. The results obtained were as follows: The original plant, described in Shen-nong-b...
The historical change in the botanical origin of the Chinese herbal drug Shan-zhu-yu, San-syu-yu in Japanese) was studied herbologically. The results obtained were as follows: The original plant, described in Shen-nong-ben-cao-jing written in the Hou-Han Dynasty (A.D. 25-220) and Wu-pu-ben-cao written in the Wei dynasty (A.D. 220-265), was Prunus pseudocerasus or an allied species such as P. tomentosa. However, the original plant described in Ming-yi-bie-lu, written in the same era, was thought to be Cornus officinalis; the fruit of which is used commonly today as Shan-zhu-yu. In addition to Prunus and Cornus, the plants of the genus Berberis, of the family Berberidaceae, and Zanthoxylum of Rutaceae were also used in China until the Ming Dynasty. The plants of Elaeagnus, of the family Elaeagnaceae, were possibly used in ancient Japan. Cornus officinalis was determined to be the origin of Shan-zhu-yu during the Qing Dynasty, China.
[Historical consideration of tea trees and tea flowers, especially regarding the use of tea flowers as food].
Harima S, Yoshikawa M, Tokuoka K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2008 · PMID 19227653
Not only tea leaves, but also many kinds of plants have been used as tea, even those plants not belonging to Camellia sinensis, and they should be called "tea out of tea" in the Lucidophyllous forest zone. Generally, the...
Not only tea leaves, but also many kinds of plants have been used as tea, even those plants not belonging to Camellia sinensis, and they should be called "tea out of tea" in the Lucidophyllous forest zone. Generally, the tea leaf is drank after being decocted (almost boiled). The growth distribution of tea ranges in a belt-like zone of 30-40 degrees north latitude. Therefore, tea might have grown wild as "YAMACHA (mountain tea)" from ancient times in Japan as well as China. The first recored of tea drinking in Japan is the ceremony of "GYOUCHA" at the Imperial Court of the Emperor SHOUMU in 729. On the other hand, the oldest book about tea in China (CHAKYOU) was written in 770. Therefore, it seems that tea drinking started at nearly the same time in both countries. Tea was dispensed as medical supplies by Chinese medicinal prescription (SENKYUCHACHOUSAN) in Japan, but in China, tea was used as powdered medicine for drinking (SEICHA). However, the leaf of a certain plant used as "tea out of tea," was applied as a galenical preparation for traditional Chinese medicinal constitution. However, it is not possible to judge whether or not there was adaptability in Chinese medicine theory. In Japan, when tea was first consumed as a food, other than a few exceptions tea leaves were used as a coarse tea (BANCHA) until the latter half of the Meiji period. Mixing in air by stirring a tea solution, and at the same time, letting tea match with hot water. It was wisdom to improve the taste. As a result, in order to make bubble well, both of the condition and technique were devised. One of the approaches was to add the dried plant of Leguminosae (saponin) or tea flower (saponin), when "BANCHA" was decorted. And also tools such as a bamboo tea whisk (CHASEN) as well as bowl (GOROHACHI-CHAWAN), were conceived. "FURICHA" was served as a medicine by KUUYASHOUNIN in Japan in 951. Afterwards, the prayer ceremonies at shrines and temples used CHARAZU," showing the custom to serve tea in 1400. The custom of tea serving continues today, and the tea flower continues to be used according to the demand. After that, it seems that "FURICHA" (tea with bubbles) continued to be used for 640 years, until 1590 (AZUCHI-MOMOYAMA period) because MANCHARAZU was regarded as important in religion. Then, it is believed that the customs of "BOTEBOTECHA" and/or"BATABATACHA" succeeded traditionally. The culture of both tea drinking and cooking, each development course, existed respectively from the relations of tea and food. The state that was accompanied with neither tea nor cooking, such as "KISHUU-CHAGAYU (tea gruel)" and BOTEBOTECHA, continued for a while, but it was combined together as "ICHIJUU-ICHISSA (one soup one tea)" of "KAISEKIRYOURI (tea-ceremony dish)." It is noteworthy that the tea flower is used as preserved food seasoned with "MISO (fermented soybean paste)" and "TSUKUDANI (boiled food in sweetened soy sauce)." Even though old documents about the use of tea flowers as food in China were not found, according to literature in the past ten years, seven descriptions were found that the tea flower was used for food provided alone or with black tea, oolong tea or green tea. As for tea leaves and tea flowers being used as medicine, drink or food in Japan, as well as in neighboring countries which belong to the Lucidophyllous forest zone. The process that they were regarded as important with the time was investigated and reported here.
About
- Frequency
- Sun
- Papers found
- 200
- RSS feed
- Subscribe