Yakushigaku Zasshi. The Journal Of Japanese History Of Pharmacy[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
[Methods and intentions of revisions to "Heji Jufang" during the Shaoxing, Baoqing and Chunyou eras].
Suzuki T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2008 · PMID 19227652
The first edition of "Heji Jufang" was published during the Northern Song Period and then revised numerous times. The most commonly used edition of "Heji Jufang" is divided into six pharmacopoeias. This paper reports, th...
The first edition of "Heji Jufang" was published during the Northern Song Period and then revised numerous times. The most commonly used edition of "Heji Jufang" is divided into six pharmacopoeias. This paper reports, the results of this author's examination of the methods and intentions of the revisions made to the "Heji Jufang". At the time that the Shaoxing pharmacopoeia was edited, the same prescription was shown to be given to plural illness divisions. The Xutian pharmacopoeia, which was expanded by Xuhong, includes over 80 prescriptions that are not included in the most commonly used edition today. The method of revising the Baoging pharmacopoeia was to transfer prescriptions of the Xutian pharmacopoeias to the Baoqing pharmacopoeia (the main body of pharmacopoeias). This means that these prescriptions were upgraded to formal pharmacopoeias from supplemental pharmacopoeias. The revision of the Chunyou pharmacopoeia was performed as follows. (1) The main body of "Heji Jufang" was divided into four pharmacopoeias: Daguan, Shaoxing, Baoqing, and Chunyou. (2) For divisions left with no or few prescriptions, prescriptions were incorporated from other divisions. (3) Generally, prescriptions were incorporated to the main body of the pharmacopoeias from supplemental pharmacopoeias. (4) Unnecessary prescriptions in the Xutian pharmacopoeia were deleted.
[Empirical studies on some drugs for patent lawsuits in the age of manufacturing patents].
Yamakawa K, Nishitani K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2009 · PMID 20527312
Empirical studies on patent lawsuits for some drugs by author (K.Y.) from 1953-1998, are described. Case 1: One of the authors (K.Y.) clarified that silylmethylation of a penicillin derivative gave either N, O-disilylmet...
Empirical studies on patent lawsuits for some drugs by author (K.Y.) from 1953-1998, are described. Case 1: One of the authors (K.Y.) clarified that silylmethylation of a penicillin derivative gave either N, O-disilylmethylated product or O-monosilylmethylated product. However, only O-silylmethylated product was obtained after the usual work-up (Fig. 1). Case 2: A point under discussion of the trial is whether the reported manufacturing process of "metoclopramide" is possible or not. One of the authors (K. Y.) clarified the possibility by means of a careful synthetic experiment (Fig. 2). Case 3: The essential effective structure of herbicides, Roundup (Monsanto Co.) and Sulfosate (Stoph Co.), was the same in highly diluted solution (Fig. 3). Case 4: Cimetidine has been prepared by the Oxy procedure (SKB Co.), but another cimetidine (Fujimoto Co.) was prepared by the Lek procedure. Is it true? Experimental preparations of both cimetidines by the respective Oxy and Lek processes, were achieved by the authors. The cimetidine in the tablet named "Cylock" by Fujimoto Pharm. Co., Ltd. should be manufactured by the Oxy process on the basis of the by-products analysis (Fig. 4). Finally, a short history of patents in Japan from 1899-1975 is described.
[The history of adverse drug reactions, relief for these health damage and safety measures in Japan].
Takahashi H
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2009 · PMID 20527311
The first remarkable adverse drug reaction (ADR) reported in Japan was anaphylactic shock caused by penicillin. Although intradermal testing for antibiotics had been exercised as prediction method of anaphylactic shock f...
The first remarkable adverse drug reaction (ADR) reported in Japan was anaphylactic shock caused by penicillin. Although intradermal testing for antibiotics had been exercised as prediction method of anaphylactic shock for a long time, it was discontinued in 2004 because of no evidence for prediction. The malformation of limbs, etc. caused by thalidomide was a global problem, and thalidomide was withdrawn from the market. Teratogenicity testing during new drug development has been implemented since 1963. Chinoform (clioquinol)-iron chelate was detected from green tongue and green urine in patients with subacute myelo-optic neuropathy (SMON) and identified as a causal material of SMON in 1970. Chinoform was withdrawn from the market, and a fund for relief the health damage caused by ADR was established in 1979. The co-administration of sorivudine and fluorouracil anticancer agents induced fatal agranulocytosis, and sorivudine was withdrawn from the market after being on sale for one month in 1993. The guidelines for package inserts were corrected with this opportunity, and early phase pharmacovigilance of new drugs was introduced later. Since acquired immune deficiency syndrome, and hepatitis B and C were driven by virus-infected blood products, the Ministry of Health, Labor and Welfare tightened regulations regarding biological products in 2003, and a fund for relief of health damage caused by infections driven from biological products was established in 2004. The other remarkable ADRs were quadriceps contracture induced by the repeated administration of muscular injection products and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease caused by the transplantation of human dry cranial dura matter, etc. The significance of safety measures for drugs based on experiences related to ADRs is worthy of notice. New drugs are approved based on a benefit-risk assessment, if the expected therapeutic benefits outweigh the possible risks associated with treatment. Since unexpected, rare and serious ADRs have been detected after administration to many patients in the post-marketing stage, risk management is required for product life-cycle management.
[Review of studies on the role of community pharmacy in dispensing practice--change on the 30-year study].
Nakamura T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2009 · PMID 20527310
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[Drugs and pharmaceutical episodes in "Sazae-San": Japanese comic strips in 1940s-1970s].
Goino M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2009 · PMID 20527294
This is a report on episodes with references to drugs and pharmaceuticals in one of the most famous Japanese comic strips, "Sazae-san", in the period from 1945 to 1974. There were 111 episodes of "Sazae-san" including re...
This is a report on episodes with references to drugs and pharmaceuticals in one of the most famous Japanese comic strips, "Sazae-san", in the period from 1945 to 1974. There were 111 episodes of "Sazae-san" including references to drugs and pharmaceuticals in this period. In the period from 1945 to 1954, there were some references to pharmacists and pharmacies but only a small number of references in the period from 1965 to 1974. In the period from 1945 to 1954, there were references to disinfectants and insecticides in the hygienic chemistry field. However, in the period from 1965 to 1974, there were references to environmental problems, food additives and agricultural chemicals. As drug development has progressed, the number of references to practical drugs in "Sazae-san" has decreased over the period from 1945-1974.
[The history of modern Korean pharmaceutical education].
Ishida S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2009 · PMID 20527293
During the Korean colonial days from 1910 to 1945, many Japanese pharmacists, druggists, apothecaries and pharmaceutical scientists worked in Korea. Although these fields belong to Japanese pharmaceutical history, there...
During the Korean colonial days from 1910 to 1945, many Japanese pharmacists, druggists, apothecaries and pharmaceutical scientists worked in Korea. Although these fields belong to Japanese pharmaceutical history, there are very few papers about modern Korean pharmaceutical education written in Japanese. There is, however, a huge amount of general books written in Japanese which were published during Korean colonial days. These books are reprinted versions of originals, reprinted in Japan or Korea. It is possible to read these books at the Seoul National University Central Library, Medical Library, the History of Hospital Institute Library, the Central National Library in Seoul, the library in the Pusan Modern History Museum or the Pusan Municipal Library. While reading these books over four weeks in September 2008 in Seoul, information about modern Korean pharmaceutical education was obtained for this paper.
[Study on the history of exchange in pharmaceutical science between Japan and Korea after the Modern period: focus on Korean students sent to Japan with expenses funded by the Japanese government].
Shim CK, Son IS, Choi EC … +3 more , Nam YH, Sung YK, Tsutani K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2009 · PMID 20527292
According to an old historical text, Nihonshoki [Chinese and Korean characters: see text]), there are records of medical doctors ([Chinese and Korean characters: see text]) and herbal pharmacists ([Chinese and Korean cha...
According to an old historical text, Nihonshoki [Chinese and Korean characters: see text]), there are records of medical doctors ([Chinese and Korean characters: see text]) and herbal pharmacists ([Chinese and Korean characters: see text]) being dispatched to Japan as early as 554 A.D. ([Chinese and Korean characters: see text]). More recently, a clinic ([Chinese and Korean characters: see text]) for Japanese residents in Pusan was established in 1877. Advanced modern pharmacy from Japan began to be introduced to Korea after 1909. Based on an agreement between the Korean and Japanese governments, Korean students sent to Japan with expenses funded by the Japanese government became a systematic program after 1965. As a result, Koreans who earned Ph.D.s from Japanese universities became a majority in the faculties of Korean schools of pharmacy. However, this trend drastically shifted in the years after 1990, at which time the primary nation for earning Ph.D.s became the United States; the number of students studying in Japan has become very low recently. In this study, six ex-students who studied in Japan were interviewed and the results were analyzed. Furthermore, the past, present and future perspectives of Korean students in Japan were discussed while focusing on the system of Korean students being sent to Japan with expenses funded by the Japanese government.
Infections with gastrointestinal parasitic helminths indigenous to Japan and their treatment historically studied in an attempt to control the diseases in countries where they are still rampant: (1) the Jomon to Edo periods.
Maki J, Sakagami H, Kuwada M … +3 more , Caceres A, Sekiya H, Tamai E
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2009 · PMID 20527291
Infections with gastrointestinal parasitic helminthes were historically surveyed from the Jomon period to the end of the Edo period in Japan. The parasitic helminthes whose eggs or symptoms were shown in the remains and...
Infections with gastrointestinal parasitic helminthes were historically surveyed from the Jomon period to the end of the Edo period in Japan. The parasitic helminthes whose eggs or symptoms were shown in the remains and bibliographies are the roundworm, whipworm, liver fluke, Yokogawa's fluke and the cestode, Diphyllobothrium sp. The first two are soil-transmitted nematodes and the other three parasitic helminths are those with which people are infected following eating raw fish. The infection routes provide valuable information on the environments, life-style and customs in those days. The eggs of the soil-transmitted parasites have the thick shells resistant to the environments. Humans are infected with the parasites after the eggs are orally ingested with soil, dust, vegetables grown with night soil or manure. When the custom of the night soil was started in the history of Japan was discussed with this infection route. In ancient times, feces are thought to have been discarded. In the Medieval Period, they were started to be used as a fertilizer. No mature types of manure were used until the modern times (already in the Edo period). To our idea, no recoveries of eggs of hookworms causing severe anemia do not necessarily mean that people were not infected with the parasites in those days because the eggs are covered with thin shells liable to rupture. The latter fact of the eggs of the platihelminths, C. sinensis, M. yokogawai and D. latum has something to do with Japanese traditional eating customs, unequivocally demonstrating that they ate raw fish from the Nara Period, at latest, until today. Whether eggs of the cestode (D. latum) are found in Jomon remains, Momijiyama Iseki, Hokkaido should be investigated. If no eggs of the cestode are found in their toilet site or elsewhere, it could be concluded that they did not have the custom of eating raw salmon. Such a conclusion would be itself a new fact. One of the effective treatments for the cestode (D. latum) sometimes still carried out in the 21st century in Japan, is binding worms from the anus using chopsticks. This method can be traced back to the Edo period as far as this investigation is concerned. Though the historical studies on anthelmintics are in progress, there seem to be no effective anthelmintics leaving nothing to be desired to the present authors' knowledge.
[History and the present of cultivation and production of Angelica root, Yamato-Toki, in Japan].
Fukuda K, Murata K, Matsuda H … +1 more , Tani T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2009 · PMID 20527290
Japanese Angelica root, Toki in Japanese, is prepared from the roots of cultivated Angelica acutiloba or A. acutiloba var. sugiyamae. Since Toki has been frequently used as a crude drug in traditional Chinese formulation...
Japanese Angelica root, Toki in Japanese, is prepared from the roots of cultivated Angelica acutiloba or A. acutiloba var. sugiyamae. Since Toki has been frequently used as a crude drug in traditional Chinese formulations, the stable supply and quality of Toki are essential issues in Japanese clinical practice. To clarify the historical and present conditions of Toki, a historical survey on herbal books and a field investigation on the cultivation condition of A. acutiloba in the Fuki area (Wakayama Prefecture) were carried out. From the present historical survey, it was proven that Yamato-Toki produced in the Yamato area, an old local area including the current Nara and Wakayama prefectures in Japan, had been considered to be superior merchandise. It was also proven that a special processing method to prevent flower stalk growth ("Mekuri" in Japanese) is an original method different from Chinese methods. From the present field investigation, it was also proven that the traditional transplant operation of the second year has been handed down since the 1930s and that washing roots in hot water ("Yumomi" in Japanese) is an original method of preparing Yamato-Toki. Toki is one of the precious crude drugs cultivated and prepared in Japan. The present study may help to pass on traditional cultivation culture and contribute to an expansion in the volume of Yamato-Toki produced in Japan.
[Medicinal roles tea--a non-essential beverage--played in forming the Japanese culture during the Japanese middle ages (12th-16th AD)].
Sugiyama S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2009 · PMID 20527289
The term "culture" generally refers to practices and customs including clothes, food and housing as well as various arts, ethics, religions, politics and economies that support them, with the more refined formats such as...
The term "culture" generally refers to practices and customs including clothes, food and housing as well as various arts, ethics, religions, politics and economies that support them, with the more refined formats such as tea ceremony or flower arrangement being more dependent on the maturity of the society at the time. Among these, tea may be especially noteworthy as it has been widely used as a favored beverage in various scenes in daily life, playing an important role in the development of Japanese society. As a medicinal agent, tea has psychotropic functions that activate senses, thoughts or association of ideas, and remove or alleviate drowsiness and fatigue. While alcohol, coffee or narcotics also have mind-altering effects, tea has been more widely accepted, possibly because of its milder effect and its adaptability to cultivation in different climate zones, leaving broad and deep impressions in the forming of the culture. In the fifth century, the rulers in Japan started opening state-run ranches throughout the country to raise horses and cattle, which drove population growth, spurred a commodity economy and gave rise to an associated birth of logistics providers. The ranch administrators, however, gradually built up political and economic power over the years to become samurai, who would eventually come to rule the country. In the Japanese Middle Ages, many merchants who had accumulated wealth in trades, finance, sake breweries or leather industries enjoyed gatherings with tea, which became the very popular tea ceremony. From these occasions, many of the now so-called classic arts with top-class artists were born. The popularity of the tea ceremony eventually produced SADO, the way of tea. Tea thus provided a cradle for many cultural elements as social barriers were often disregarded at such gatherings so that many artists and men of stature were able to emerge regardless of their backgrounds.
[Pursuing the writings of Hajime Hoshi].
Misawa M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2007 · PMID 18548888
Hajime Hoshi, the founder of Hoshi Pharmaceutical Company and Hoshi University, wrote many books during his busy life. We are surprised by his contemplating ability and vitality. His respective writings had inevitability...
Hajime Hoshi, the founder of Hoshi Pharmaceutical Company and Hoshi University, wrote many books during his busy life. We are surprised by his contemplating ability and vitality. His respective writings had inevitability and purpose when they were published. Most of them were evoked public responses. By pursuing his writings, we can recognize the social background in which they were born, and the thoughts, doctrines, philosophy and life of Hajime Hoshi, a bold opportunist in times of Meiji, Taisyo and Showa. The flow of those times can also be seized through his books. In this paper, the main parts of his writings are introduced and analyzed.
[Profile of Shohei Ninomiya (pharmacist), the first Japanese medical representative to practice modern European-style propaganda in the late Meiji era].
Nishikawa T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2007 · PMID 18548887
A Swiss pharmaceutical company (F-Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.), first introduced the profession of "propagandist" in Japan in 1912. At the time, Shohei Ninomiya was a chief hospital pharmacist, but he changed his vocation to...
A Swiss pharmaceutical company (F-Hoffmann-La Roche Ltd.), first introduced the profession of "propagandist" in Japan in 1912. At the time, Shohei Ninomiya was a chief hospital pharmacist, but he changed his vocation to become the first "propah" (Japanese abbreviation for propagandist). The German physician Dr. Rudolf Ebering initiated Dr. Ninomiya in the methods and principles of "propah," and he faithfully practiced them. The defining principle of a modern European propagandist is one who is far from sales-centered. From the late 1970s through 1980s, however, Japanese pharmaceutical companies indulged in pursuing sales and neglected this principle, resulting in numerous abuses and adverse effects. Today, use of the description "medical representative" (MR) is more common than "propah." Even with this different description, pharmaceutical companies and MRs should never neglect the founding principle to avoid repeating such abuses.
[Aromatic trees and herbs that connect Heaven and earth].
Sugiyama S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2007 · PMID 18548886
It has been known for a long time that aromatic substances (essential oils) contained in plants often exert psychological effects ranging from sedative to excitatory actions. Medicinal effects have also been confirmed th...
It has been known for a long time that aromatic substances (essential oils) contained in plants often exert psychological effects ranging from sedative to excitatory actions. Medicinal effects have also been confirmed through numerous experiences. In ancient times, aromatic trees and herbs were offered to deities, mostly as incenses that were believed to carry people's wishes, such as requests to cure sick people, to Heaven. In the medieval periods, their deep and subtle aromas elevated aromatics to so-called "treasures of the world," while their various medicinal activities including the psychological effects made them useful as treatment measures. Demands for aromatics in our time as raw materials for cosmetics far outweigh those as medicines. The market for aromatics, however, has become virtually non-existent, as the popularity of synthetic aromatics for cosmetics grew. In West Asia, olibanum and myrrh were highly regarded both as incense and analgesics for tooth pain. In India, sandalwood was prized as incense, and sometimes as an antidote for poisonous snakebites. In China and Japan, agalloch (Kyara is agalloch of the highest quality) was considered the most significant of the aromatics. Agalloch and many other aromatics were in possession of the Emperor's family in 8th century Japan; some of which are kept in Nara to this day. Olfactory sense is ultimately identified in the olfactory area of the frontal lobe of the human brain. When stimuli reach the olfactory area, they also affect other cells such as those around the hypothalamus when they go through it. The hypothalamus is the center of instinctive behaviors with the centers for appetite, sexuality, blood pressure and thirst, and greatly affects the psychological side of the human behavior with its delicate connection to the autonomic nerve system. It therefore may not be surprising that aromatics were often used in medicine, which once had close ties with shamanism, animism and other religious activities. Aromatics smokes that connected people on the earth with deities in Heaven healed people's mind, sometimes curing illness through what is now called aromatherapy. In fact, such use of aromatics is still practiced in China, where aromatics are highly regarded as treatment agents. There have also been reports of aromatics being used for psychological and mental disorders.
A chronological research on parasitic endemic disease, "Katayama-disease" (Schistosomiasis japonica) in Hiroshima Prefecture in the 20th century (the 3rd communication on the historical research on Schistosomiasis japonica in Hiroshima Prefecture).
Maki J, Mikami M, Sakagami H … +1 more , Kuwada M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2007 · PMID 18548885
A chronological research on the parasitic endemic disease, "Katayama Disease" in Hiroshima Prefecture was carried out. The present study was concerned mainly with the documents in the 20th century. It was confirmed that...
A chronological research on the parasitic endemic disease, "Katayama Disease" in Hiroshima Prefecture was carried out. The present study was concerned mainly with the documents in the 20th century. It was confirmed that the development of excellent chemotherapeutic agents were not pivotal as a result. The eradication of the vector snails was clearly shown to be responsible for that of the infectious disease.
[A historical review of the therapeutic use of wood creosote based on its botanical origin].
Moriguchi N, Sato A, Kimura M … +2 more , Shibata T, Yoneda Y
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2007 · PMID 18548884
After thoroughly studying the chronology of the therapeutic use of wood creosote, we obtained novel findings on its botanical origin. Furthermore, we could demonstrate the importance of differentiating between wood creos...
After thoroughly studying the chronology of the therapeutic use of wood creosote, we obtained novel findings on its botanical origin. Furthermore, we could demonstrate the importance of differentiating between wood creosote and coal tar creosote, which is clearly stipulated by Japanese Pharmacopoeia.
[Actual image of "Heji Jufang" as quoted by "Youyouxinshu," "San'infang," "Jian'yifang" and others].
Suzuki T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2007 · PMID 18548883
The first edition of "Heji Jufang" was published during the Northern Song Period and revised numerous times. This paper presents the results of the author's comparative study of "Heji Jufang" and contemporary medical boo...
The first edition of "Heji Jufang" was published during the Northern Song Period and revised numerous times. This paper presents the results of the author's comparative study of "Heji Jufang" and contemporary medical books: 1. Prescriptions that were selected from many similar prescriptions were adopted for the pharmacopoeia. 2. Examples of a prescription for children that was revised into a general prescription for adults were found. 3. Examples of a prescription for which additional texts of indications were upgraded to formal texts of indications were found. Examples of the reverse were also found. This was thought to be an indication of the process used to produce the text of the indications. 4. Examples in which texts of different indications were put together using the word "Mataryo" were found. 5. After Xuhong had been published, Xutian pharmacopoeia was expanded mainly from "San'infang" and "Yijianfang". 6. Texts at the end of Chunyou pharmacopoeia were quoted from "Yijianfang". 7. Revision of "Heji Jufang" was thought to have been completed at the end of the Chunyou Era, or soon thereafter.
[Research on the original plants of Gou-wen and Ye-Ge--and the herbological thoughts of Jin].
Kotaka S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2007 · PMID 18548882
Ye-Ge exists in the SHOOSOUIN, and the herbal origin was decided as Gelsemium elegans Bentham. On the other hand, Gou-Wen may be a general term that means poison plants as well as Jin. At least four kinds of Gou-Wen were...
Ye-Ge exists in the SHOOSOUIN, and the herbal origin was decided as Gelsemium elegans Bentham. On the other hand, Gou-Wen may be a general term that means poison plants as well as Jin. At least four kinds of Gou-Wen were known in ancient times: three herbs and one wood-like plant. The shi-leaf Gou-Wen may be Gelsemium elegans Bentham, in short, the same as Ye-Ge. The huang jing-leaf Gou-Wen may be Croomia heterosepala. The qin-leaf Gou-Wen may be Cicuta virosa L. The wood-like Gou-Wen may be Coriaria nepalensis Wall.
[Studies of various editions of "Heji Jufang" and objective of compilations of "Heji Jufang" during the Kyoho era of the Edo period].
Suzuki T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2007 · PMID 18548881
The author conducted a comparative study of the various editions of "Taiping Huimin Heji Jufang" (Pharmacopoeia of the Taiping Welfare Dispensary Bureau; in Chinese) to "Zeng-guang Taiping Huimin Heji Jufang" (Kyoho edit...
The author conducted a comparative study of the various editions of "Taiping Huimin Heji Jufang" (Pharmacopoeia of the Taiping Welfare Dispensary Bureau; in Chinese) to "Zeng-guang Taiping Huimin Heji Jufang" (Kyoho edition), which was compiled in the year Kyoho 17 (1732), by order of the Bakufu (shogunate) government for the purpose of elucidating its characteristics, and obtained the following results. 1. Heji Jufang is available in three different versions :(i) the Zokohon version, (ii) the Teitentaku version, and (iii) the Zochuhon version. The Genjo Noro edition to represent the original form of the Kyoho edition belongs in the Zokohon version. Furthermore, it closely resembles the book published by "Luling-Gulin-Shutang" (Library of the Imperial Household Agency, No. 558-28). 2. The reason for selecting the Zokohon version among the three versions is thought to be that it is divided into separate pharmacopoeias, including Daguan, Shaoxing and Baoqing, and that the inclusion of Tujing bencao yaoxing zonglun with illustrations of medical materials, Zhinan zonglum, Paozhi zonglum and other relevant information, gave the volume a great importance as a practical medical resource. 3. The purpose of the Kyoho compilation was thought to be the invigoration of the pharmaceutical industry under Shogun Tokugawa Yoshimune, while at the same time enabling regulation and control of drug manufacturing.
[Chronological table-II of public medical care, medicine and pharmacy in Korea].
Kim QJ, Kim JH, Okuda J
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2007 · PMID 18175445
The first report from the origin of Korea up until 1659 A.D. appeared previously in this journal. The chronological table of Q.J. Kim from 1660 A.D. to 1994 A.D. was partly revised by adding medical and pharmaceutical ev...
The first report from the origin of Korea up until 1659 A.D. appeared previously in this journal. The chronological table of Q.J. Kim from 1660 A.D. to 1994 A.D. was partly revised by adding medical and pharmaceutical events, including the recent Korean history of pharmaceutical education and that of Korean pharmacists, for Japanese pharmacists. In this paper, Table-II, a concise history of public medical care, medicine and pharmacy from 1600 A.D. to present is reported.
[Chronological table-I of public medical care, medicine and pharmacy in Korea].
Kim QJ, Kim JH, Okuda J
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2007 · PMID 18175444
S. Miki wrote a valuable chronological table of Korean medical events from the origin of the country up until 1945 in Japanese, and then published the book in 1985. In 1996, Q.J. Kim made a new chronological table of pub...
S. Miki wrote a valuable chronological table of Korean medical events from the origin of the country up until 1945 in Japanese, and then published the book in 1985. In 1996, Q.J. Kim made a new chronological table of public medical care in Korea from the origin of the country up until 1994 in Hangul. So, J.H. Kim translated the new table into Japanese, and J. Okuda added some important medical and pharmaceutical events to the table. The revised chronological table has been divided into two parts. This first report covers the history from the origin of the country up until 1659 A.D.
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