The classification of mobile elements was discussed. Special attention was devoted to the retroelement of the LINE group: retrotransposon Bov-B LINE. The history of its origin and distribution in the nature was considere...The classification of mobile elements was discussed. Special attention was devoted to the retroelement of the LINE group: retrotransposon Bov-B LINE. The history of its origin and distribution in the nature was considered. The results of the phenomenon of horizontal transition of the retrotransposon Bov-B LINE between evolutionally distant classes were discussed.
Brucellosis is a dangerous zoonotic disease of animals and humans caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, which are able to survive, multiply, and persist in host cells. The review is devoted to the Brucella species pe...Brucellosis is a dangerous zoonotic disease of animals and humans caused by bacteria of the genus Brucella, which are able to survive, multiply, and persist in host cells. The review is devoted to the Brucella species persistence connected to the molecular mechanisms of escape from innate and adaptive immunity of the host and active interaction of effector proteins of the type IV secretion system with the host's signaling pathways. Understanding of the molecular mechanisms used by Brucella for the intracellular persistence in the host organism can allow us to develop new and effective means for the prevention and treatment of chronic brucellosis infection.
Komissarov AA, Karaseva MA, Safina DR
… +5 more, Roschina MP, Bednova OP, Kazakov AA, Demkin VV, Demidyuk IV
Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol
· 2016 · PMID 30383934
Comparative evaluation of the transgene expression efficiency provided by the model genetic constructs of different structure is an important stage in the development of new expression methods and optimization of the exi...Comparative evaluation of the transgene expression efficiency provided by the model genetic constructs of different structure is an important stage in the development of new expression methods and optimization of the existing expression vectors. However, presently there is no versatile approach to this problem. The goal of this work was to suggest an experimental system for comparative evaluation of the expression efficiency provided by nonviral genetic vectors of various size and topology in human cell cultures. Such system is based on the gene of the green fluorescence protein used as a reporter as well as flow cytofluorometry for evaluation of the expression level and quantitative PCR for adequate selection of the transfection conditions. This system was tested in two model constructs: linear molecule of DNA and plasmid.
Krestyanova IN, Sakhibgaraeva LF, Berezina OV
… +4 more, Rykov SV, Zavyalov AV, Zverlov VV, Yarotsky SV
Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol
· 2016 · PMID 30383933
Fungal strains degrading plant biomass available from the Russian National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (VKPM) have been screened for the xyloglucanase activity. Under conditions of submerged cultivation, the...Fungal strains degrading plant biomass available from the Russian National Collection of Industrial Microorganisms (VKPM) have been screened for the xyloglucanase activity. Under conditions of submerged cultivation, the thermophilic strains Sporotrichum thermophile VKPM F-972, Myceliophthora thermophila VKPM F-244, and Sporotrichum pruinosum VKPM F-235 produced extracellular xyloglucanases with optimal activity at 60°C, pH 5.0. 88-100% of the initial enzyme activity was retained after l-h incubation at 50°C; 79-84% of the activity was retained after l-h incubation at 60°C. S. thermophile VKPM F-972, M. thermophila VKPM F-244, and S. pruinosum VKPM F-235 strains may be used as the gene sources for construction of highly active producers of the thermostable xyloglucanases.
Vyunova TV, Medvedeva EV, Andreeva LA
… +3 more, Dergunova LV, Limborska SA, Myasoedov NF
Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol
· 2016 · PMID 30383932
The peptide preparation Semax has been effectively used for therapy of ischemic stroke. However, the mechanisms of its action are insufficiently understood and actively studied. The full-genome analysis of the transcript...The peptide preparation Semax has been effectively used for therapy of ischemic stroke. However, the mechanisms of its action are insufficiently understood and actively studied. The full-genome analysis of the transcriptome implemented in our recent work dem- onstrated that under conditions of focal ischemia of rat brain the Semax modified the profile of the transcription activity of many genes. In this case, the difference in the transcription levels of the gene encoding the protein transthyretin (Ttr) expression in rats under the pathological conditions of ischemia and in the presence of Semax was very high. High similarity between the effects of Ttr and coupled molecular systems with the Semax effects in ischemic stroke allowed us to suggest that the neuroprotection mechanisms of Semax (and, possibly, of other neuroprotection mechanisms of Semax) could be mediated by Ttr. In this review, we discussed the role of Ttr in CNS and its possible role in the neuroprotection mechanism of Semax.
The embryonic development and carcinogenesis are controlled by many transcription factors. The regulatory systems involved in embryogenesis of an organ are also involved in the tumor development in the same organ. FOX fa...The embryonic development and carcinogenesis are controlled by many transcription factors. The regulatory systems involved in embryogenesis of an organ are also involved in the tumor development in the same organ. FOX family proteins are transcription factors, which play a key role in these processes. The pioneering factors of the FOXA subfamily act at the very early stages of the embryonic development by interacting with condensed chromatin and thereby enabling the expression of the formerly silent important transcription factors. The role of these factors in tumor development is currently not fully elucidated, although recent studies indicate the important contribution of the FOXA subfamily proteins at the early stages of carcinogenesis. This review is restricted to the role of the FOXA factors in embryogenesis of the pancreas and their significance in the development of the pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma.
Pleshkan VV, Alekseenko IV, Tyulkina DV
… +3 more, Kyzmich AI, Zinovyeva MV, Sverdlov ED
Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol
· 2016 · PMID 30383930
This review was devoted to the use of the versatile component oftumoral stroma (fibroblast activation protein, FAP) as a target of the versatile tumor therapy. The tumor is a coevolution system, which includes the microe...This review was devoted to the use of the versatile component oftumoral stroma (fibroblast activation protein, FAP) as a target of the versatile tumor therapy. The tumor is a coevolution system, which includes the microenvironment or reactive stroma differing from the normal tissue by the phenotypic and genotypic features. Important elements of the tumor microenvironment are cancer-associated fibroblasts (CAFs), which contain typical marker FAP (serine proteinase with the enzymatic activity of dipeptidyl peptidase and endopeptidase). According to the literature, more than 90% of tumors contain FAP-positive activated fibroblasts. FAP is virtually absent in normal tissues, but it is present in the embryonic and tumor tissues, which makes it a selective and versatile model. In this work, basic approaches to affecting the CAF using FAP as a target were discussed. The use of FAP as a target provides an important advantage: its proteolytic activity can be used along with the protein-targeted agents. The main directions in the therapeutic use of FAP were discussed in this work.
The changes in the nomenclature of species in the genus Staphylococcus, including the most pathogenic cluster of the coagulase-positive staphylococci, are represented. Presently, besides S. aureus, this cluster consists...The changes in the nomenclature of species in the genus Staphylococcus, including the most pathogenic cluster of the coagulase-positive staphylococci, are represented. Presently, besides S. aureus, this cluster consists of 6 species: S. intermedius, S. schleiferi ssp. coagulans, S. lutrae, S. hyicus, S. pseudintermedius, and S. delphini. A particular attention was paid to the Staphylococcus intermedius group (SIG), which includes three closely related coagulase-positive bacterial species: S. intermedius, S. pseudintermedius, and S. delphini. The hosts of SIG species are various mammals and birds, which live in a close contact with humans. The current knowledge about the virulence factors and pathogenicity for animals and humans are analyzed. The diffic6lties of the species identification, the features of ecology and epidemiology, antimicrobial resistance were reviewed. The biological features of S. pseudintermedius, which has the greatest similarity with S. aureus, are considered in the context of the properties of newly emerging pathogens.
Mokrievich AN, Vakhrameeva GM, Titareva GM
… +6 more, Bakhteeva IV, Mironova RI, Kombarova TI, Kravchenko TB, Dyatlov IA, Pavlov VM
Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol
· 2015 · PMID 26665740
The live vaccine based on the Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica vaccine strain 15 NIIEG line is used in Russia against tularemia. This vaccine is highly effective, but fairly unstable. Therefore, development of st...The live vaccine based on the Francisella tularensis subsp. holarctica vaccine strain 15 NIIEG line is used in Russia against tularemia. This vaccine is highly effective, but fairly unstable. Therefore, development of stable live tularemia vaccine with minimal side effect is rather urgent. The method of allel removal in the F. tularensis vaccine strain was used to remove one copy of the iglC gene, which is required to provide intracellular production of the vaccine strain, as well as removal of the recA gene. The latter is crucial for homological recombination. pGM5 suicide vector based on pHV33 bireplicon plasmid was constructed to provide replacement of intact F. tularensis chromosome segments by modified segments. Modified chromosome segments contain F. Tularensis DNA fragment without iglC structural gene segment 545 p. b. (in pGMΔiglC plasmid), as well as DNA fragment containing no recA structural gene segment 1060 p.b. (pGMΔrecA plasmid). The constructed 15/23-1ΔrecA mutant, in contrast to the vaccine strain 15, was capable of reproducing in the macrophage-like cells J774A.1 line, whereas the efficiency of the reproduction was 8-10 times less. BALB/c mouse responded to immunization by the 15/23-1ΔrecA strain by smaller weight decrease (-2%) as compared to the strain 15 (-14%). Bacteria of the 15/23-1ΔrecA strain were virtually incapable of germinating from the BALB/c murine spleen 14 days after invasion, whereas bacteria of the strain 15 were found in the murine organs even after 21 days. The F. tularensis 15/23-1ΔrecA strain having smaller reaction ability can be used as a basis for construction of stable live safe tularemia vaccine.
The macro-restriction analysis of the microorganism DNA with the use of gel electrophoresis in pulsed field (PFGE typing, pulse electrophoresis) is applied in molecular biology to study the clonal structure and typing of...The macro-restriction analysis of the microorganism DNA with the use of gel electrophoresis in pulsed field (PFGE typing, pulse electrophoresis) is applied in molecular biology to study the clonal structure and typing of causative agents of infectious diseases. Determining the degree of the relationship and definition of epidemiological interrelations of studied isolates, as well as studying the evolutionary history of pathogens, is performed by comparing DNA restriction patterns. This review presents an analysis of the use of the pulse electrophoresis in molecular-epidemiological research and the study of phylogeny of especially dangerous infections, cholera, and plague. The possibility of genetic heterogeneity of the Vibrio cholerae and Yersinia pestis populations is demonstrated; territorial and epidemiological characteristics of the spread of different isolate pulso-types, problems and prospects of the PFGE typing method in the system of epidemiological surveillance of cholera and plague in Russia are discussed.
Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) is a strict human pathogen, which causes gonorrhea--an infectious disease, whose origin dates back to more than two thousand years. Due to the unique plasticity of the genetic material,...Neisseria gonorrhoeae (gonococcus) is a strict human pathogen, which causes gonorrhea--an infectious disease, whose origin dates back to more than two thousand years. Due to the unique plasticity of the genetic material, these bacteria have acquired the capacity to adapt to the host immune system, cause repeated infections, as well as withstand antimicrobials. Since the introduction of antibiotics in 1930s, gonococcus has displayed its propensity to develop resistance to all clinically useful antibiotics. It is important to note that the known resistance determinants of N. gonorrhoeae were acquired through horizontal gene transfer, recombination and spontaneous mutagenesis, and may be located both in the chromosome and on the plasmid. After introduction of a new antimicrobial drug, gonococcus becomes resistant within two decades and replaces sensitive bacterial population. Currently Ceftriaxone is the last remaining antibiotic for first-line treatment of gonorrhea. However, the first gonococcus displaying high-level resistance to Ceftriaxone was isolated in Japan a few years ago. Therefore, in the near future, gonorrhea may become untreatable. In the present review, we discuss the chronology of the anti-gonorrhea drugs (antibiotics) replacement, the evolution of resistance mechanisms emergence and future perspectives of N. gonorrhoeae treatment.
Mayanskiy AN, Chebotar IV, Lazareva AV
… +1 more, Mayanskiy NA
Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol
· 2015 · PMID 26665737
The biofilm process in Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is described. Virtually all wild-type pneumococci are capable of the biofilm formation. The pneumococcal capsule may reduce the biofilm production, and the p...The biofilm process in Streptococcus pneumoniae (pneumococcus) is described. Virtually all wild-type pneumococci are capable of the biofilm formation. The pneumococcal capsule may reduce the biofilm production, and the propensity to form biofilms has a reverse correlation with the amount of the capsule material. Invasive pneumococcal isolates and noninvasive strains that persist in the nasopharynx have different biofilm potential. A number of issues related to effector and regulatory factors in the pneumococcal biofilms are discussed in this review. In the summary, a biofilm may be essential only for the persistent pneumococcal infection.
Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) are an extensive group of mobile genetic elements found in the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These genetic elements are replicated being incorporated into host chromoso...Integrative conjugative elements (ICEs) are an extensive group of mobile genetic elements found in the Gram-positive and Gram-negative bacteria. These genetic elements are replicated being incorporated into host chromosome, but retain the ability for excision and conjugative transfer. Given a set of the genes of the conjugative transfer, control of removal and integration, ICEs are directly involved in the processes of horizontal transfer of genetic determinants, which increase the adaptive potential of the bacterial species, as well as act as a mobilizing factor for other genetic elements.
Sverdlov ED, Pleshkan VV, Alekseenko IV
… +3 more, Vinogradova TV, Kopantzev EP, Didich DA
Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol
· 2015 · PMID 26665735
Recent data on adult stem cells are reviewed. According to the present dominant paradigm, it is most probable that cancer predisposition arises or cancer is initiated in these cells.Recent data on adult stem cells are reviewed. According to the present dominant paradigm, it is most probable that cancer predisposition arises or cancer is initiated in these cells.
Sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SMS 1) catalyzes sphingomyelin biosynthesis in eukaryotic cells. We previously studied the structure of the human SGMS1 gene, which encodes the enzyme and its numerous transcripts. The tissue-sp...Sphingomyelin synthase 1 (SMS 1) catalyzes sphingomyelin biosynthesis in eukaryotic cells. We previously studied the structure of the human SGMS1 gene, which encodes the enzyme and its numerous transcripts. The tissue-specific expression of the transcripts was also described. Analysis of the SMS1 protein expression in human tissues using immunoblotting of tissue extracts prepared in the RIPA (Radio Immuno-Precipitation Assay) buffer revealed a weak signal in renal cortex, testis, lung, and no signal in placenta and lymphatic node. In this work, a new method of preparation of the tissue protein extracts enriched with SMS1 was suggested. The method based on the consecutive extraction with a buffer containing 0.05 and 1 mg/ml of the Quillaja saponaria saponin allowed SMS1 to be detected in all tissues tested. The SMS1 content in the saponin extract of kidney cortex is about 12-fold higher compared to the RIPA extraction procedure.
Byvalov AA, Dudina LG, Chernyad'ev AV
… +3 more, Konyshev IV, Litvinets SG, Ovodov YS
Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol
· 2015 · PMID 26182665
A hybridoma panel producing monoclonal antibodies to immunochemically non-identical antigenic epitopes of the protein nature located in outer membrane of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was obtained. It was revealed that the...A hybridoma panel producing monoclonal antibodies to immunochemically non-identical antigenic epitopes of the protein nature located in outer membrane of Yersinia pseudotuberculosis was obtained. It was revealed that the previously identified B-antigen protecting laboratory animals from experimental plague was detected using both monoclonal antibodies against mentioned protein determinants and the determinants of lipopolysaccharide O-side chains. The B-antigen is a component of the Y. pseudotuberculosis outer membrane, egested in the form of the vesicles (OMVs) by bacteria cultivated in fluid nutrient medium.
The allele polymorphism of the housekeeping genes (dnaE, lap, recA, pgm, gyrB, cat, chi, gmd) from the Vibrio cholerae strains with different epidemic importance (n = 41) isolated in Siberia and at the Far East during th...The allele polymorphism of the housekeeping genes (dnaE, lap, recA, pgm, gyrB, cat, chi, gmd) from the Vibrio cholerae strains with different epidemic importance (n = 41) isolated in Siberia and at the Far East during the cholera pandemic VII was tested. All toxigenic strains isolated at the period of epidemic complications irrespective of time and source of isolation were characterized by the identical allele profile and belonged to the same sequence-type. Nine sequence types were detected in non-epidemic isolates. The dendrogram clustering was associated with the serogroup and in some cases with the territory and time of isolation. The structure heterogeneity of the non-toxigenic V. cholerae housekeeping genes was in most cases caused by the synonymous nucleotide replacements (Dn/Ds < 1) indicating the prevalence of the negative V. cholerae at the analyzed genome sites. The revealed distinctions in the structure of housekeeping genes of the V. cholerae with different epidemic importance can be regarded as evidence of various evolutional directions in these strain groups.
Romanova YM, Mulabaev NS, Tolordava ER
… +10 more, Seregin AV, Seregin IV, Alexeeva NV, Stepanova TV, Levina GA, Barhatova OI, Gamova NA, Goncharova SA, Didenko LV, Rakovskaya IV
Mol Gen Mikrobiol Virusol
· 2015 · PMID 26182663
The clinical material obtained surgically in patients with kidney stone disease (KSD) was tested for content of the stone microflora using PCR and standard microbiological methods. It was demonstrated that about 50% of s...The clinical material obtained surgically in patients with kidney stone disease (KSD) was tested for content of the stone microflora using PCR and standard microbiological methods. It was demonstrated that about 50% of stones in patients with KSD were infected with various infection agents as observed using standard microbiological and molecular genetic methods. The percentage of detection of the Mycoplasma hominis using cultural method is lower than the percentage detected using PCR, which is due to difficult isolation and cultivation, as well as DNA fragments of mycoplasma observed after antibiotic therapy. Studies based on modern microscopy methods showed that microorganisms on the surface of the kidney stone formed multispecies biofilms.
Most human tumors, including cervical cancer, are characterized by telomerase activation (cell proliferation activation enzyme). Such activation is implemented in the elongation of the terminal segments (telomeres) of th...Most human tumors, including cervical cancer, are characterized by telomerase activation (cell proliferation activation enzyme). Such activation is implemented in the elongation of the terminal segments (telomeres) of the telomerase chromosome. The gene of the enzyme is RNA-encoded, the RNA in tumors being observed in a few isoforms. The hTERT RNA role in cell activation and control was simulated using cervical cancer, as well as its pretumoral states (CIN), as a model object. The goal of this work was to clone of the human hTERT isoforms (normal, α-, β-, and α+β-splice-variants). The genetic constructions containing normal hTERT sequence, α- and β-deletion variants based on the lentivirus vector pR780 were obtained. The α- and β-deletion variants were not obtained in this variant because of methodological problems. In further research, we plan to implement splice-variants of hTERT in eukaryotic human cells.