is a speciose and widespread weevil genus, whose phylogenetic relationships are largely unknown. Here we assess the validity of the subgenus using an integrative approach combining larval morphology and molecular data....is a speciose and widespread weevil genus, whose phylogenetic relationships are largely unknown. Here we assess the validity of the subgenus using an integrative approach combining larval morphology and molecular data. The mature larva and pupa of Tychius (Apeltarius) amplicollis Aubé, 1850 are described and illustrated in detail for the first time. Comparisons with known immature stages of several species of s. str. reveal that the larva and pupa of exhibit all diagnostic features characteristic of the genus , showing closest affinity to T. (Tychius) quinquepunctatus (Linnaeus, 1758). Phylogenetic analysis of a fragment of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I gene confirms their close relationship and supports the inclusion of in the genus . Newly obtained biological data show that the life history and host-plant associations of match those of other species, with Fabeae (Fabaceae) as hosts. Based on this evidence, we propose that be treated as a junior subjective synonym (.) of . Because there are no other subgenera in the genus we propose the following combinations: Aubé, 1850; (Desbrochers des Loges, 1873); Tournier, 1874; (Desbrochers des Loges, 1875).
A formal synthesis of the occurrence of herpetofauna species in Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary remained scant since the documentation of historical records by E.H. Taylor in the early 20 century. Here, an updated checkl...A formal synthesis of the occurrence of herpetofauna species in Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary remained scant since the documentation of historical records by E.H. Taylor in the early 20 century. Here, an updated checklist of the Agusan Marsh herpetofauna is provided. 49 species (16 amphibians and 33 reptiles) are recorded from the Agusan Marsh's peat and freshwater swamp forests, specifically, amphibians in the families Bufonidae, Ceratobatrachidae, Dicroglossidae, Microhylidae, Megophryidae, Ranidae, and Rhacophoridae; lizards in the families Agamidae, Gekkonidae, Dibamidae, Scincidae, and Varanidae; snakes in the families Colubridae, Cyclocoridae, Psammodynastidae, Pareidae, Pythonidae, Typhlopidae, and Viperidae; and a turtle in the family Geoemydidae. Our Shannon Diversity Indices calculations suggest that diversity might be declining, but more surveys are needed to sample the total species richness of the Agusan Marsh Wildlife Sanctuary. Our checklist highlights 14 new records (6 amphibians, 8 reptiles) and the presence of four invasive alien species in Agusan Marsh. Given the tremendous historical significance of the region, Agusan Marsh may represent one of the most significant focal study sites for assessing the impacts of historical land use and climate change in the Philippines. This work also demonstrates the importance of temporally sequential survey-resurveys for updating baseline biodiversity data to inform management decisions and conservation actions for this unique wetland ecosystem in Southeast Asia.
Mosquitoes are major vectors of human and animal diseases, making their accurate identification essential for vector surveillance and control. However, morphological identification has often been challenging, requiring t...Mosquitoes are major vectors of human and animal diseases, making their accurate identification essential for vector surveillance and control. However, morphological identification has often been challenging, requiring taxonomic expertise and well-preserved specimens. Molecular markers, particularly DNA barcoding, offer an effective alternative for identifying both adult and immature stages. Ecuador is one of the most biodiverse countries in the world, a diversity that is also evident in its Culicidae fauna. This study provides a comprehensive revision of Ecuadorian mosquitoes, updating the national checklist and emphasizing species of public health importance. For species identification, an integrative approach was used combining morphology and DNA barcoding (COI and ITS2 regions). We list 266 species in 22 genera, of which 17 species are new national records, and 33 species are validated through molecular analysis. The updated checklist highlights Ecuador's Culicidae diversity across its biogeographic regions, which represent 7% of the world's mosquito diversity. These findings provide a critical foundation for future entomological research and vector control in the country.
Three new species of the genus Singh viz., . (Yunnan: Xishuangbanna), . (Zhejiang: Hangzhou), and . (Yunnan: Xishuangbanna) are described and illustrated. And four species of the genus, viz. (Yunnan: Xishuangbanna),...Three new species of the genus Singh viz., . (Yunnan: Xishuangbanna), . (Zhejiang: Hangzhou), and . (Yunnan: Xishuangbanna) are described and illustrated. And four species of the genus, viz. (Yunnan: Xishuangbanna), (Yunnan: Xishuangbanna), (Yunnan: Xishuangbanna), and (Yunnan: Pu'er) are new records to the known fauna of China. In addition, the seasonal dimorphism changes of are recorded for the first time, and comments on its morphology are provided. This brings the number of Chinese species of to 44. Images of the habitus, line illustrations, and scanning electron microscope photomicrographs are provided.
The validity of has long been debated, owing to close morphological similarity with congeners and the unavailability of the type specimen. We re-evaluated the species validity of through integrative analyses of morphol...The validity of has long been debated, owing to close morphological similarity with congeners and the unavailability of the type specimen. We re-evaluated the species validity of through integrative analyses of morphological traits and mitochondrial cytochrome oxidase subunit I sequences from 108 specimens collected along the coastal waters of China, including the type locality. Specimens were divided into three groups according to vertebral, lateral-line, and pre-dorsal-fin scales: forms matching , previously included as a synonym of ; forms corresponding to ; and forms showing broad ranges across these traits. Morphological analyses revealed extensive overlap in both meristic and morphometric characters, demonstrating that they are insufficient for reliable discrimination. Genetic analyses revealed low intraspecific divergence and no distinct phylogenetic clustering. The results do not support recognition of as a valid species, and it is here confirmed as a junior synonym of . The different distribution patterns of and , combined with divergences in vertebral, lateral-line, and pre-dorsal-fin scales, suggest they may represent distinct populations of the same species. This study demonstrates the importance of combining morphological and molecular evidence to resolve taxonomic challenges in marine fishes.
C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860 has traditionally been treated as a monotypic genus of Giant Skippers (Hesperiidae: Megathymina), represented by (Walker, 1856), which occurs from northern to central Mexico, mostly east of t...C. Felder & R. Felder, 1860 has traditionally been treated as a monotypic genus of Giant Skippers (Hesperiidae: Megathymina), represented by (Walker, 1856), which occurs from northern to central Mexico, mostly east of the Sierra Madre Occidental mountain range. Here, we describe a second species, KC, McGuire & Shirey, ., from Sonora, Mexico, occurring in the Sierra Madre Occidental. Morphological comparisons, including female genitalia, were used to diagnose the new species. . differs from in dorsal forewing coloration, with fully orange apical and discal cell spots, and in female genitalia, including shorter papillae anales and a reduced sterigma. We provide illustrations of the habitus and female genitalia of both species, a key to differentiate them, and a key to distinguish from other Megathymina genera. The discovery of . expands the known diversity of the genus and highlights underexplored montane regions in northwestern Mexico, with implications for the biogeography of agave-feeding Megathymina.
The cryptic diversity within the earwig genus Verhoeff, 1902 remains underestimated despite growing evidence from molecular phylogenetic studies. During recent collecting efforts in the Adamello-Presanella Alps, a popul...The cryptic diversity within the earwig genus Verhoeff, 1902 remains underestimated despite growing evidence from molecular phylogenetic studies. During recent collecting efforts in the Adamello-Presanella Alps, a population of specimens that morphologically resemble (Krauss, 1886) but exhibit distinct molecular divergence was discovered. Based on integrative taxonomic analysis combining molecular evidence with detailed morphological examination, Kočárek & Fontana, . is described. Despite sharing the diagnostic shortened pygidium with , phylogenetic analysis reveals that Kočárek & Fontana, . is more closely related to the / species complex, indicating convergent evolution of this character rather than shared ancestry. An updated identification key to males is provided and the biogeographic implications for understanding Quaternary diversification patterns in flightless Alpine arthropods discussed.
The study on Cyclophoroidea from Padang Bindu Karst, South Sumatra, was conducted to document the species diversity of the superfamily in the area. The samples, including leaf litter and soil samples, were collected in M...The study on Cyclophoroidea from Padang Bindu Karst, South Sumatra, was conducted to document the species diversity of the superfamily in the area. The samples, including leaf litter and soil samples, were collected in May-June 2021 and followed by the determination and examination on 2023 to 2024 in the Museum Zoologicum Bogoriense. In total 3,780 specimens from the superfamily Cyclophoroidea were examined. Measurements of the shell and operculum were performed using L.A.S V4. 13.0 and IMAGE J. The research revealed 11 species from three families (Cyclophoridae, Diplomatinidae, Pupinidae) and four subfamilies. is the most abundant species followed by (19.84%) and (6.67%). A new species, Aulia & Nurinsiyah, . is described. The study also discovered four species endemics to Sumatra with one species among them so far only recorded from Padang Bindu karst area. These findings emphasize the region's unique biodiversity.
The assembly of insect mitochondrial genomes remains challenging in certain taxa due to extreme AT biases and long repetitive regions. The family Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) exemplifies this difficulty; despite...The assembly of insect mitochondrial genomes remains challenging in certain taxa due to extreme AT biases and long repetitive regions. The family Diaspididae (Hemiptera: Coccomorpha) exemplifies this difficulty; despite more than 2,700 described species worldwide, no complete mitogenome has been reported prior to this study. Here, the complete mitogenome is presented of , assembled using a hybrid approach combining second- and third-generation sequencing platforms. The mitogenome is the longest identified to date among scale insects, spanning 21,273 bp. It exhibits several extraordinary features, most notably the highest AT content (92%) yet recorded in Insecta, extensive gene rearrangements, the absence of half of the tRNA genes, and the first identified ultra-long repeat region (> 5,000 bp) in Coccomorpha. The leg degeneration and loss observed in Diaspididae evolution may have contributed to the emergence of such an extreme mitogenome structure. Comparative analysis of sequencing strategies revealed substantial coverage bias in Illumina data, which was effectively mitigated by Oxford Nanopore long reads. We propose a standardized pipeline tailored for efficient and accurate assembly of highly AT-rich and structurally complex mitogenomes. This study provides both methodological insights and a valuable genomic resource for future evolutionary and comparative studies on Diaspididae and other taxa with challenging mitogenomes.
The Ephemeropteran genus Eaton, 1881 (Heptageniidae: Ecdyonurinae) is an Oriental-endemic genus hitherto comprising ten species, distributed from Sundaland to the Western Ghats of India and northeastern Indochina. Here,...The Ephemeropteran genus Eaton, 1881 (Heptageniidae: Ecdyonurinae) is an Oriental-endemic genus hitherto comprising ten species, distributed from Sundaland to the Western Ghats of India and northeastern Indochina. Here, ., belonging to the group, is described from Yunnan Province (China), marking the northernmost record of the genus and extending its distribution into the Oriental-Palaearctic transitional zone. We also examined existing molecular data for , which revealed multiple deeply divergent lineages across India and Thailand, with the new species genetically closest to one of the Thai lineages. These findings highlight unrecognised cryptic diversity within the genus and underscore the need for taxonomic revision. An updated species key to is provided. We discuss how larval preference for moderately cool, fast-flowing streams may explain the discovery of this tropically adapted Oriental-endemic genus in such high latitudes, and we explore the importance of transitional zones for aquatic insect diversity.
A comprehensive list of the currently (as of 17 November 2025) valid taxa of bark and ambrosia beetles of the world (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is presented, including all tribes, genera, species (6516), and subspecies....A comprehensive list of the currently (as of 17 November 2025) valid taxa of bark and ambrosia beetles of the world (Curculionidae: Scolytinae) is presented, including all tribes, genera, species (6516), and subspecies. The high diversity of scolytine species, their biosecurity significance, and the rapidly advancing understanding of their phylogenetic relationships has resulted in decentralized and often incorrect usage of names. The list represents species names accepted and used in compliance with the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature and a consensus of name usage by the community of active systematists. Species names listed here are bona fide hypotheses of biological species, but not always of confirmed biological entities; instead, the list aims to provide a foundation for the subsequent taxonomic, biological, and phylogenetic work on species resolution, and for biodiversity data management. The list is presented as a formatted checklist, as well as a Darwin-core format enabling interpolation into biodiversity information systems. Two replacement names were needed to resolve homonyms, Johnson, nom. nov. (= Wood, 1974) and Johnson, nom. nov. (= Krivolutskaya, 1968).
. is described as an abdominal bopyrid of the hermit crab collected from the Noto Peninsula, Japan. . is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters. Female: head deeply sunk in thorax,.... is described as an abdominal bopyrid of the hermit crab collected from the Noto Peninsula, Japan. . is distinguished from its congeners by the following combination of characters. Female: head deeply sunk in thorax, anterolateral margin of head with pair of notches; anterior margin of frontal lamina concave; merus of pereopod 1 with broad and long projection ventrally; pereopods 5 and 6 with large gap between them; pleomeres 1-4 each with subovate biramous pleopods; each pleopod with peduncle, becoming smaller posteriorly; pleotelson with mushroom-shaped end. Male: pleon subovate with anal cone distally. The present species is the 14 member of the genus , and the second species from Asia. This is the second species of infesting . We also provide a partial sequence of the mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (COI) gene (658 bp), mitochondrial 16S rRNA gene (482 bp), and nuclear 18S rRNA (724 bp) as a DNA barcode for the species. We show by molecular phylogenetic analysis that the present species is distinct from .
The Amazon basin harbors exceptional fish diversity, with more than 3,500 species reported. However, this biodiversity is increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activities and climate change. The Peruvian Amazon alone...The Amazon basin harbors exceptional fish diversity, with more than 3,500 species reported. However, this biodiversity is increasingly threatened by anthropogenic activities and climate change. The Peruvian Amazon alone is home to nearly 1,000 freshwater fish species - approximately one-third of the entire Amazon - yet significant gaps remain in our understanding of their distribution, ecology, and conservation status. Molecular approaches, particularly environmental DNA (eDNA) metabarcoding, have emerged as promising alternatives for rapid and accurate biodiversity assessment. In this study, a metabarcoding workflow targeting a fragment of the 12S gene to eDNA samples collected from small streams and ponds near Iquitos, Peru, was applied to evaluate the applicability of this approach for local fish community inventories. Water from 12 sites was filtered, and DNA was extracted, amplified, and sequenced using high-throughput Illumina technology. Bioinformatic analyses included MOTU clustering, haplotype identification, and taxonomic assignment using the Lowest Common Ancestor (LCA) algorithm. A total of 226 amplicon sequence variants (ASVs) were identified, 95 of which were assigned to fish taxa and clustered into 44 MOTUs across four orders: Characiformes, Gymnotiformes, Siluriformes, and Cichliformes. The study highlights the effectiveness of eDNA metabarcoding in detecting both common and elusive species, while also highlighting current limitations due to incomplete DNA barcode reference libraries. These findings underscore the need to expand barcode databases to fully harness the potential of eDNA for monitoring Amazonian fish biodiversity and support its use as a valuable tool for inventorying fish communities in sensitive and understudied environments.
A new anchovy species, ., is described based on three museum specimens collected from northern Sumatra, Indonesia. Although the new species resembles Delsman, 1931, Wongratana, 1983, Hata, Lavoué & Motomura, 2022, an...A new anchovy species, ., is described based on three museum specimens collected from northern Sumatra, Indonesia. Although the new species resembles Delsman, 1931, Wongratana, 1983, Hata, Lavoué & Motomura, 2022, and (Bleeker, 1852) in having a predorsal scute and a spine on the pelvic scute, it differs from all four of these taxa in having a distinctively deeper body, fewer scales on the longitudinal series, and additional differences in a number of other characters.
Hadrotarsinae Thorell, 1881 is a subfamily of cobweb spiders (Theridiidae) distributed worldwide and generally regarded as specialized ant predators. The taxonomy of Hadrotarsinae is problematic due to unclear delimitati...Hadrotarsinae Thorell, 1881 is a subfamily of cobweb spiders (Theridiidae) distributed worldwide and generally regarded as specialized ant predators. The taxonomy of Hadrotarsinae is problematic due to unclear delimitation of genera, leading to likely misplacement of many species. In the current paper, we provide taxonomic amendments for Bryant, 1945, Menge, 1868, and O. Pickard-Cambridge, 1880 based on Chinese materials. Examination of Schenkel, 1936 and (Keyserling, 1886) supports Yoshida's concept of and provides additional morphological evidence for refining the generic diagnosis. Accordingly, is formally transferred, with 30 additional species, from to , and is redescribed. Furthermore, (Yin, 2012), . ex. and (Yin, 2012), . ex. are transferred, and one new synonym is proposed, (Yoshida, 1985), . = (Yoshida, 1985). Finally, the first descriptions of the males of (Schenkel, 1936), . and (Zhu, 1998) are provided.
Four new species and 11 new faunistic records of Chironomidae are described and reported from the Guanacaste National Park, a small patch of tropical forest in the Belize Lowlands, adjacent to the Belize River and in pro...Four new species and 11 new faunistic records of Chironomidae are described and reported from the Guanacaste National Park, a small patch of tropical forest in the Belize Lowlands, adjacent to the Belize River and in proximity to an urban area. . has a unique pattern and coloration on its abdominal tergites and possesses a transverse sternapodeme without an anterior process, distinguishing it from other related species. ., and . are unusual in their characteristics of antenna, thorax, and hypopygium in comparison to the related species in their respective genus. The Polypedilum (Tripodura) francisae. can be distinguished from its congeners by a broad and conoid anal point and a bulbous superior volsella that has a basolateral brush of long spine-like setae. Additionally, in this study, we report on new faunistic records of Chironomidae with both the Nearctic and the Neotropical influence. Given the short period of sampling (i.e., a few days) in which this study was conducted and the number of discoveries, the importance of the Neotropical study of Chironomidae biodiversity can be recognized.
Seventeen species of slugs and semi-slugs from northern Algeria are described and discussed. The species are provided with synonyms, brief descriptions of external characters and genitalia, distribution, and ecology. Som...Seventeen species of slugs and semi-slugs from northern Algeria are described and discussed. The species are provided with synonyms, brief descriptions of external characters and genitalia, distribution, and ecology. Some taxonomic and biogeographical issues are discussed, and a key to the species is given. The paper is based on the analysis of material collected in North Algeria between 2018 and 2022 and on a critical review of the available literature data. is recorded for the first time from Algeria. Bourguignat, 1861 is regarded as a valid species of as D. cf. brondelianum. Two new synonyms are proposed: Amalia cabiliana Pollonera, 1891, . is proposed as a junior synonym of (Draparnaud, 1801); Collinge, 1904, . is proposed as a junior synonym of Bourguignat, 1861.
Two new species of the genus living on Lamiaceae are described from specimens preserved in the collection of the Institute of Zoology of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Almaty). Cryptomyzus (Cryptomyzus) saryarkensis. livin...Two new species of the genus living on Lamiaceae are described from specimens preserved in the collection of the Institute of Zoology of the Republic of Kazakhstan (Almaty). Cryptomyzus (Cryptomyzus) saryarkensis. living on the ground parts of in Saryarka region of the Kazakh Uplands in North Kazakhstan and C. (C.) nepetaphilus. living on the ground parts of in Zhongar Alatau mountain system in south-eastern Kazakhstan. All measurements were taken on a Bel Photonics BIO 3T light microscope. () saryarkensis. is closest to C. (C.) maudamanti Guldemond, 1990 and C. (C.) galeopsidis (Kaltenbach, 1843). () nepetaphilus. is related to C. (C.) ribis (Linnaeus, 1758). Identification keys to related species of are provided. Two centres of species diversity of the genus are clearly visible in Europe (6 species) and Central Asia (9). () ribis (Linnaeus, 1758), C. (C.) korschelti Bӧrner, 1938, C. (C.) alboapicalis (Theobald, 1916), and C. (C.) galeopsidis (Kaltenbach, 1843) are distributed much more widely. () taoi Hille Ris Lambers, 1963 is known from Pakistan, India, Russian Far East, and Japan, and C. (C.) behboudii Remaudière & Davatchi, 1961 is known from Turkey and Iran.
Millipedes (class Diplopoda) are vital soil invertebrates that play key roles in litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. However, their phylogenetic relationships remain poorly resolved due to limited genomic resource...Millipedes (class Diplopoda) are vital soil invertebrates that play key roles in litter decomposition and nutrient cycling. However, their phylogenetic relationships remain poorly resolved due to limited genomic resources. In this study, we sequenced and characterized the complete mitochondrial genomes (mitogenomes) of two paradoxosomatid millipedes, (15,034 bp) and (15,277 bp). Both mitogenomes contain the typical set of 37 genes, all located on the minor strand (N-strand), and display high AT content. The conserved gene arrangement observed here may represent a molecular synapomorphy for this taxonomic group. Analysis of codon usage revealed that start codons includ ATN (ATA/ATG/ATT), TTG, and GTG, while stop codons consisted of TAN (TAA/TAG/TAT) and an incomplete single T. Relative synonymous codon usage (RSCU) analysis indicated that Leu2, Val, and Gly were the most frequently used codon families, whereas Gln, Cys, and Lys were the least utilized. The tRNA genes formed two distinct clusters, and the rRNAs were flanked by tRNA-Val. The D-loop region was located in a similar position in both species. Phylogenetic reconstruction based on 13 protein-coding genes from 34 diplopod species, using both Bayesian inference and maximum likelihood methods, strongly supported the interordinal relationships among Julida, Spirostreptida, and Spirobolida, and placed and in distinct clades. Our findings provide valuable mitogenomic data and new phylogenetic insights into Diplopoda, underscoring the importance of expanded taxonomic sampling to further elucidate evolutionary relationships within this ecologically significant group.
Thirteen new species belonging to the species group of the genus Meyrick are described. They are ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., and . Images of both adults and genitalia of the new species are provide...Thirteen new species belonging to the species group of the genus Meyrick are described. They are ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., ., and . Images of both adults and genitalia of the new species are provided.