Voprosy Pitaniia[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
[Analysis of vitamin A and thyroid blood levels in the indigenous and local Caucasian population of the Arctic].
Elfimova AE, Tipisova EV, Bichkaeva FA … +3 more , Alikina VA, Vlasova OS, Gretskaya TB
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39563145 · Publisher ↗
Previously, differences in the thyroid profile of Arctic residents were shown depending on the vitamin A blood level. However, dietary habits and metabolism peculiarities in the aboriginal and Caucasian representatives o...
Previously, differences in the thyroid profile of Arctic residents were shown depending on the vitamin A blood level. However, dietary habits and metabolism peculiarities in the aboriginal and Caucasian representatives of the North population may be the cause of different retinol supply and therefore be one of the reasons for changes in their thyroid activity. of the research was to assess vitamin A and thyroid blood levels in the aboriginal and local Caucasian population representatives of the Russian Arctic territories. . In the single-center observational cross-sectional study, apparently healthy residents of villages in the Arkhangelsk region were examined (n=281): 145 representatives of the local Caucasian population and 136 representatives of the aboriginal population, with the proportion of tundra nomadic aborigines at 34%, village aborigines at 66%. Vitamin A blood serum level was determined by the fluorometric method, and the thyroid content [thyroid stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroxine (T4), triiodothyronine (T3), free T4, free T3] was determined by enzyme immunoassay. The integral thyroid index (ITI) as well as the index of peripheral conversion of iodothyronine (IPC) total and free fractions were calculated. . The level of retinol in the indigenous population of the Arctic was lower than that in the local Caucasian population (1.84 [1.26; 2.56] versus 2.10 [1.70; 2.42] μmol/L, p=0.014). However, its deficiency was found only in village aborigines (20.5% of women and 11.8% of men). At the same time, they have the maximum tension of the pituitarythyroid system: lower level of free T3 and free fractions' IPC than in the nomadic and Caucasian population, and TSH levels were higher than in the Caucasian population. Increased vitamin A levels prevailed among the nomadic population: in 60.7% of men and 11% of women retinol level exceeded the norm. At the same time, they have increased metabolic activity of thyroid hormones: higher levels of free T3 and free fractions' IPC compared with sedentary aboriginal population. No pronounced features of the thyroid profile were found in local Caucasians at normal blood concentrations of vitamin A. . The lowest retinol levels are observed in settled aborigines (especially young women) living in villages and experiencing the greatest transformation of traditional lifestyle and nutrition, which is combined with higher TSH blood levels and decreased thyroid hormone metabolism. The highest retinol levels were found in nomadic aborigines (especially young men), which increase the reserves of antioxidant defense and support high metabolism of thyroid hormones. However, the high percentage of people with excessive vitamin A blood level in this group raises concerns due to the possible negative consequences. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor fat soluble vitamin levels among Arctic aboriginal populations. Social support measures should be taken for settled residents of villages, enabling them to consume more traditional foods rich in vitamin A. The causes of excessive blood retinol in nomadic aborigines require further study and control.
[Vitamins K and K in children's nutrition].
Kodentsova VM, Risnik DV
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39563144 · Publisher ↗
Vitamin K comes in several forms in foods. Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) is found in plant foods. Menaquinones (vitamin K2) are a class of vitamin K compounds found in animal products and fermented foods. of the research w...
Vitamin K comes in several forms in foods. Phylloquinone (vitamin K1) is found in plant foods. Menaquinones (vitamin K2) are a class of vitamin K compounds found in animal products and fermented foods. of the research was to characterize the role of vitamins K1 and K2 in the nutrition of children and to assess vitamin K status in children. . The literature review in recent years was carried out using the RSCI, Pubmed databases, as well as Google Scholar system using the keywords: «vitamin K», «vitamin K1», «vitamin K2», «menaquinone» and «phylloquinone» in combination with «children», or «breast milk». . Vitamins K1 and K2 are interchangeable in relation to the formation of blood coagulation factors, but the effectiveness of vitamin K2 is much higher in the posttranslational modification of extrahepatic proteins that provide antioxidant, epigenetic effects. Current vitamin K intake recommendations only apply to phylloquinone. Breastfed children are at risk for vitamin K deficiency, because breast milk content of vitamin K, mainly in the form of phylloquinone, is low. In adapted milk formulas for infant feeding, the content of vitamin K1 is significantly higher than in breast milk. To provide infants with vitamin K2, it is extremely important to promptly introduce complementary foods into the diet that are sources of menaquinones. Specifically formulated for the nutritional needs of young children products that contain naturally formed during milk fermentation vitamin K2, deserve special attention. . Considering the important role of vitamin K in the prevention of the skeletal system and cardiovascular diseases, it is necessary to increase its consumption by including fermented foods naturally containing menaquinones (MK-7) in the diet.
[Determination of carbohydrate content in soft drinks. Methodological aspects and results of research using various methods].
Kobelev KV, Sevostyanova EM, Kharlamova LN … +2 more , Lazareva IV, Khomich LM
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39396222 · Publisher ↗
An important component of the programs to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and other chronic noncommunicable diseases is limiting the intake of added sugars. Information about the composition of the product and...
An important component of the programs to prevent type 2 diabetes mellitus, obesity, and other chronic noncommunicable diseases is limiting the intake of added sugars. Information about the composition of the product and its nutritional value contained in the labeling contributes to the informed choice of consumers when forming a diet. On July 1, 2023, new provisions of the Tax Code of the Russian Federation came into force, providing for the imposition of an excise tax on "sugar-containing drinks" - soft drinks made with added sugar and containing carbohydrates in quantities of more than 5 g/100 ml. The stated goal of the new excise regulation is to reduce sugar consumption by the population. Currently, information on the carbohydrate content in soft drinks is provided by manufacturers based on calculated values according to the recipe, which makes it possible to take into account as much as possible all the carbohydrate components of the product. There is no standardized method for analytically assessing the carbohydrate content of soft drinks (including "sugar-sweetened beverages" for excise tax purposes). of the work was the comparative analysis of existing analytical methods for determining the content of sugars and carbohydrates in general in foods, including beverages; and determination of the most correct analytical approach to assessing the content of carbohydrates in soft drinks. . The existing methods for determining sugars and carbohydrates in foods, including beverages, have been analyzed. The objects of research were samples of model aqueous solutions with different sugar concentrations (30 samples) and 17 samples of industrially produced soft drinks (including tonic and tonic energy drinks) made using sugar or sugars (glucose-fructose syrup), sweeteners, and a mixture of sugar and sweeteners. The total content of sugars/carbohydrates in beverages was determined: in accordance with MU 10-05031531-372-93 as the difference between the total dry matter content and the dry matter from acids; by the Bertrand method; by the Bertrand-Schorl method. The obtained values were compared with the calculated data specified in the labeling of consumer packaging of the products. . The determination of sugars in model solutions showed sufficient accuracy of the Bertrand-Schorl method: deviations of the obtained values from the amount of sugars added to the model solution were observed only at their high concentration (over 10 g/100 ml) and amounted to ±0.1 g/100 ml. The carbohydrate content in industrial soft drinks estimated by various methods differed slightly from that indicated in the labeling (obtained by calculation). The differences were at the level from - 0.2 to +0.4 g/100 ml when using the method from MU 10-05031531-372-93, at the level from -2.6 to +0.8 g/100 ml when using the Bertrand method and at the level from -2.7 to +0.1 g/100 ml when using the Bertrand-Schorl method. The greatest differences were observed for tonic drinks (including energy drinks) - from -2.7 to +0.3 g /100 ml, depending on the method. . The research data showed that the Bertrand-Schorl method can be used as a basis for developing a state standard for determining the total sugar content in soft drinks and for assessing their carbohydrate content in general. At the same time, the method needs to be refined for tonic drinks. At present, the most acceptable method is to assess the carbohydrate content using the analytical method given in MU 10-05031531-372-93, but it should be taken into account that deviations from the carbohydrate content values determined by this method from the values obtained by calculation can be up to +10%. At the same time, the calculation method for determining the carbohydrate content in drinks remains a priority, including for the purposes of excise regulation.
[Assessment of tolerance of a new product (gluten-free grain snack) in children with food allergy to gluten].
Revyakina VA, Serba EM, Mukhortykh VA … +5 more , Larkova IA, Kuvshinova ED, Dolzhenkova VG, Sharikov AY, Amelyakina MV
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39396221 · Publisher ↗
The development of a technological scheme for the production of cereal snacks based on the extrusion process with preliminary enzymatic treatment of wheat flour and the use of hydrolysate as a partial replacement for glu...
The development of a technological scheme for the production of cereal snacks based on the extrusion process with preliminary enzymatic treatment of wheat flour and the use of hydrolysate as a partial replacement for gluten-free raw materials is an urgent task. The use of gluten-free cereal snacks in the diet opens up new possibilities for dietary therapy in patients suffering from various manifestations of food allergy to gluten, making their diet more diverse and meeting their individual needs. of the research was to clinically evaluate the tolerance of gluten-free cereal snacks in children with PA to gluten. . The study included 21 patients (male and female) aged 3 to 17 years with a diagnosed food allergy, including gluten. All children received gluten-free cereal snacks according to their age: children from 3 to 7 years old (n=11) received 50 g (176 kcal) daily, and children aged 8 to 17 years old (n=10) received 100 g (352 kcal) daily for 14 days, in addition to a non-specific hypoallergenic diet excluding highly allergenic foods. On the first day of the study, the patients or one of their parents evaluated the organoleptic properties of the presented product (taste, color, smell) using a 5-point scale (1 - very bad, 5 - excellent), according to a specially designed questionnaire. The assessment of clinical symptoms over time related to skin, gastrointestinal tract, and nervous system was conducted using a second questionnaire, where parents kept a daily «observation log» reflecting the child's well-being and condition, as well as adverse events associated with taking the product. Clinical safety parameters were assessed based on the dynamics of complete blood count and blood immunological parameters (total IgE, specific IgE, and IgG4 antibodies to the studied allergens) at the beginning and end of the consumption period. . Daily examinations and patient questionnaires revealed no adverse reactions to the product. No significant differences in body weight were observed at the end of the study (p>0.05). In the results of clinical and immunological blood analysis before and after consuming gluten-free cereal snacks, no significant deviations were observed in the form of an increase in eosinophil count, total IgE, allergen-specific IgE and IgG4 antibodies in peripheral blood. This suggests a favorable clinical safety profile of the proposed product. . The study found that consumption of the new product (gluten-free cereal snacks) was well-tolerated by children aged 3 to 17 years with various manifestations of food allergy: no adverse effects of the product or exacerbations of the underlying disease were observed during the 14-day period of gluten-free cereal snack consumption. Therefore, the studied gluten-free cereal snacks can be recommended for children aged 3 to 17 years with various manifestations of gluten FA, in combination with a gluten free diet.
[Comparative analysis of dietary patterns in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus].
Sasunova AN, Goncharov AA, Isakov VA
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39396220 · Publisher ↗
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered to be metabolically determined and alimentary condition, one of the components of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, dietary patterns of patients with different clinica...
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is considered to be metabolically determined and alimentary condition, one of the components of metabolic syndrome. Therefore, dietary patterns of patients with different clinical types of the disease are worth to be studied . of the research was to study the dietary patterns in patients with NAFLD and with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (group T2DM+) compared to the control group without T2DM (T2DM-). . A retrospective analysis of the database (n=316) of patients with NA FLD, formed in the period from 202 1 to 2023, was carried out. A total of 79 sex- and agem atched pairs of T2D+ and T2D- pat ients were selected for the case-control study. Hepatic steatosis and fibrosis stage assessment was performed using vibration-controlled transient elastography (VCTE) with controlled attenuation parameter (CAP). Actual nutrition was evaluated using a semi-quantitative method of assessing consumption frequency during a personal interview. Consumption of 100 grouped food items was assessed. Blood parameters characterizing lipid and carbohydrate metabolism were assessed. . Among patients with T2DM+, patients with NASH (24.1 vs 8.9%, p=0.005) and patients with severe liver fibrosis F3-F4 (32.9 vs 10.1%, p<0.0001) were significantly more common. There were no differences between the T2DM+ and T2DM- groups in energy consumption (1969 [1492; 3098] vs 1870 [1380; 2593] kcal/day; p=0.4), proteins (90.5 [71.5; 130.3] vs 81.0 [59.4; 116.0] g/day; p=0.1), fats (83.0 [66.7; 144.9] vs 78.8 [59.2; 116.4] g/day; p=0.3), carbohydrates (220 [156; 312] vs 209 [155; 282] g/day; p=0.9). The study of dietary patterns revealed greater consumption of meat and meat products (1.23 [0.84; 1.73] vs 0.96 [0.71; 1.37] times a day, p=0.03), fish and seafood (0.37 [0.17; 0.89] vs 0.27 [0.13; 0.51] times a day, p=0.01) in T2DM+ group. It was found that in patients with T2DM the intake of calories and the following nutrients from meat and meat products was more, then without: energy (289.6 [174.9; 420.3] vs 191.9 [148.2; 336.5] kcal/day, p=0.006), proteins (25.8 [17.2; 36.5] vs 18.6 [12.6; 29.6] g/day, p=0.008) and fats (18.9 [10.8; 31.4] g/day vs 13.7 [10.3; 23.6] g/day, p=0.01). Similar data was obtained for fish and seafood, with energy (59.7 [28.3; 117.3] vs 45.2 [20.5; 70.1] kcal/day, p=0.03), proteins (8.1 [6.9; 16.8] vs 6.3 [6.7; 10.2] g/day, p=0.02) and fats (3.0 [1.5; 6.4] vs 1.9 [0.9; 3.8] g/day, p=0.01) consumed more in T2DM+ group. . In the traditional analysis of actual nutrition in NAFLD patients with and without T2DM, no significant differences were found. However, the structure of the patients' diet differs significantly due to meat and meat products, fish and seafood. The identified differences may indicate the need to change dietary recommendations for patients with T2DM, and may also become the basis for the development of innovative food for special dietary uses aimed at improving the quality of nutrition of patients and, as a result, remission of the underlying disease.
[Vitamin D and childhood disability: diseases of the musculoskeletal system and connective tissue in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra].
Krivosheev VV, Kozlovsky IV, Fedorov AV
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39396219 · Publisher ↗
Vitamin D deficiency is more prevalent among children with musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders (MSCTD), which plays a significant role in childhood disability, which ranks sixth in the structure of childhood...
Vitamin D deficiency is more prevalent among children with musculoskeletal and connective tissue disorders (MSCTD), which plays a significant role in childhood disability, which ranks sixth in the structure of childhood disability in the Russian Federation. of the research was to study of the relationship between the incidence of childhood disability associated with MSCTD and the state of vitamin D status of the population living in the territory of the Khanty-Mansiysk Autonomous Okrug - Ugra. . A correlation analysis was carried out between the level of childhood disability (that arose in connection with MSCTD in children aged 0-17 years in the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra in 2021) and the prevalence of severe vitamin D deficit [serum 25(OH)D <10 ng/ml] among the population (12 city and 5 district municipalities), using the INVITRO-Ural LLC database (31 595 anonymized measurements of vitamin D level in Ugra residents). In addition, a correlation analysis was conducted between the total incidence of certain types of MSCTD in the constituent entities of the Russian Federation and the geographical latitude of the administrative center of the subjects of the Federation. . In the Khanty-Mansi Autonomous Okrug - Ugra, the frequency of childhood disability resulting from MSCTD is associated with a statistically stable (p=0.01) directly proportional relationship with the prevalence of severe vitamin D deficit in the residents of the municipality territory. In the Russian Federation, the dependence of the general morbidity of MSCTD in children (arthropathy, juvenile arthritis, and damage to the tendon synovial membranes) is very stable (p<0.0001) directly proportional associated with the geographical latitude of the territory. This indicates the impact of reduced levels of ultraviolet radiation and, accordingly, the average blood level of vitamin D in the population high in latitudes, along with other reasons, on human health. . Low levels of vitamin D have a negative impact on the activity of MSCTD in children and the associated disability. To justify the recommended daily dose and duration of vitamin D intake, which in some cases can reduce the activity of MSCTD, it is necessary to measure its initial level in the blood serum of patients at risk.
[Vitamin D status in connection with and genes polymorphism in coal mining workers].
Soboleva OA, Minina VI, Torgunakova AV … +5 more , Titov RA, Yakovleva AA, Milentyeva IS, Asyakina LK, Prosekov AY
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39396218 · Publisher ↗
Vitamin D is a unique compound that can enter the human body not only with food, but also be synthesized in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet radiation. Individual differences in the need for this vitamin may b...
Vitamin D is a unique compound that can enter the human body not only with food, but also be synthesized in the skin under the influence of ultraviolet radiation. Individual differences in the need for this vitamin may be associated with the carriage of polymorphic variants of genes that implement its biological effects, which include VDR BsmI C>T (rs1544410), VDR TaqI A>G (rs731236) and GC rs2282679 T>G. At risk for vitamin D deficiency are workers in the coal mining industry, whose working conditions combine limited insolation and a pronounced deficiency of vitamins in the diet. of the study was to assess vitamin D plasma level in coal mining workers depending on the carriage of polymorphic variants of the VDR BsmI C>T (rs1544410), VDR TaqI A>G (rs731236) and GC rs2282679 T>G genes and professional working conditions. . The study included 154 coal mining workers. The main group consisted of 100 workers associated with the underground nature of work, the comparison group - 54 ground workers of the enterprise. In all individuals, the level of 25-hydroxyvitamin D in blood plasma was determined by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and genotyping was performed for three polymorphic loci: VDR rs1544410, rs731236, GC rs2282679 by real-time PCR. . A statistically significant decrease in the concentration of plasma vitamin D in the underground workers was revealed, compared with the level of this vitamin in ground workers of the enterprise (p=0.037). Underground workers - carriers of the CT genotype of the VDR rs1544410 gene, AG of the VDR rs731236 gene and TT of the GC rs2282679 gene had a lower 25(OH)D level in blood plasma compared to owners of similar genotype variants in the comparison group (p<0.05). Among ground workers, carriers of the TT genotype of the GC rs2282679 gene had a significantly higher vitamin D plasma level compared to carriers of the TG and GG genotypes (p=0.02). An association of the GC gene with vitamin D level in blood plasma was revealed according to a dominant model of inheritance (OR=0.47, 95% CI 0.23-0.97; p=0.037, for owners of the TT genotype, compared with carriers of the TG+GG genotypes). . The development of personalized diets based on individual genetic status may be of great importance for the prevention of diseases associated with vitamin D deficiency in individuals at risk.
[Analysis of the properties of Komagataella phaffii CF-st401, a genetically modified producer of the sweet protein brazzein by using in silico methods].
Gureu ZG, Bagryantseva OV, Novikova DS … +1 more , Khotimchenko SA
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39396217 · Publisher ↗
Currently, in order to reduce the consumption of mono- and disaccharides in diets, sweeteners are widely used. At the same time, none of the sweeteners approved for food industry usage matches the organoleptic properties...
Currently, in order to reduce the consumption of mono- and disaccharides in diets, sweeteners are widely used. At the same time, none of the sweeteners approved for food industry usage matches the organoleptic properties of natural sugars. This circumstance was the basis for the development of technology for producing a new type of food ingredient with a sweet taste - brazzein using the producer strain Komagataella phaffii CF-st401. of the study was the application of in silico methods to assess the safety of K. phaffii CF-st401 genetically modified (GM) microorganism, which is the producer of the "Sweet protein Brazzein". . The research object was the map of K. phaffii CF-st401 plasmid obtained by Biryuch LLC as a result of sequencing the plasmid of GM strain K. phaffii CF-st401, including: a synthetic nucleotide sequence similar to the sequence encoding the brazzein protein in the plant (Pentadiplandra brazzeana) and optimized for expression in the DNA of the recipient strain; the nucleotide sequence of plasmid M4794 from Saccharomyces cerevisiae and a linear fragment of the flanking DNA regions from K. phaffii used for integration into the genome of the recipient strain K. phaffii YIB Δleu2 VKPM Y-476, as well as amino acid sequence data of recombinant brazzein. By using bioinformatics methods (in silico), we investigated the DNA structure of the vector sequence of K. phaffii CF-st401, including the presence of operons responsible for toxin production, antibiotic resistance, and allergenicity. . As a result of the studies of K. phaffii CF-st401 vector plasmid, introduced into K. phaffii YIB Δleu2 VKPM Y-4761, it was shown that its regions responsible for the structure of the "Sweet protein Brazzein" coincide by more than 70% with elements of the brazzein P56552 reference protein from the plant P. brazzeana. The absence of selective markers and allergenicity in the vector plasmid was confirmed. . The analysis of the structure of the DNA vector sequence of the K. phaffii CF-st401 GM strain confirmed the feasibility of using bioinformatics methods to predict the properties of technological microorganisms when assessing their safety for consumers.
[Assessment of the radiation risk to health caused by the intake of Cs-137 and Sr-90 radionuclides from food in the able-bodied population of the Samara region].
Gorbachev DO
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39396216 · Publisher ↗
Monitoring of the content of technogenic radionuclides (Cs-137 and Sr-90) in foods is one of the key areas in ensuring radiation safety of the population, taking into account the current radiation situation. The greatest...
Monitoring of the content of technogenic radionuclides (Cs-137 and Sr-90) in foods is one of the key areas in ensuring radiation safety of the population, taking into account the current radiation situation. The greatest risk to health is food produced or imported from the territories that have been subjected to man-made radiation accidents. of the research was to assess the radiation risk caused by oral intake of radionuclides based on the study of the actual nutrition of the adult population and contamination of food with Cs-137 and Sr-90 radionuclides. . The specific activity of Cs-137 and Sr-90 radionuclides (median and 90 percentile) was assessed by gamma spectrometric method in 1235 samples of food produced in the Samara region and imported from outside. Data on the actual nutrition of 894 respondents aged 18 to 68 years (in the autumn-winter period) were obtained by the 24-hour dietary recall using the automated software package Nutri-prof (version 2.9). Based on the data obtained, effective annual doses of internal radiation were calculated, information was obtained on the risks of malignant neoplasms, including in the long-term period under various scenarios of internal radiation. . Radiometric studies of food samples did not reveal deviations from hygienic standards. The highest median values of Cs-137 specific activity were observed in samples of forest mushrooms (1.23 Bq/kg), wild berries (0.97 Bq/kg), fish and fish products (0.96 Bq/kg). The highest median values of Sr-90 specific activity were also observed in samples of forest mushrooms (3.86 Bq/kg), fish and fish products (2.71 Bq/kg). The radiation risk under various scenarios of Cs-137 intake was regarded as «negligible», while the risk was regarded as «small» when consuming food contaminated with Sr-90. The number of additional cases of malignant neoplasms at the admission of Cs-137 in the median values of specific activity is 0.38 per year, at maximum values - 0.57 per year, at the admission of Sr-90 - 2.04 per year and 3.30 cases per year, respectively. . The implementation of radiation monitoring of food, especially those imported from areas of high radiation risk, is a necessary condition for ensuring radiation safety of the population. It is also necessary to take into account the stochastic effect of the influence of small doses of internal exposure on the organism when consuming food, which make a significant contribution to the formation of the dose of internal radiation.
[Effect of low doses of active chlorine on commensal populations of intestinal bacteria in rats by oral ingestion].
Smotrina YV
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39396215 · Publisher ↗
Chlorine-containing substances are widely used as disinfectants for treating equipment surfaces and technological aids for antimicrobial treatment of a number of foodstuff in the food industry. The toxic and bactericidal...
Chlorine-containing substances are widely used as disinfectants for treating equipment surfaces and technological aids for antimicrobial treatment of a number of foodstuff in the food industry. The toxic and bactericidal effects of the active (free) chlorine they contain are well understood for the concentrations used in practice, whereas little is known about the effect of its residual (subinhibitory) amounts on the organism and on the microbiota, including the ability to induce antimicrobial resistance. of the study was to investigate the effect of different doses of active chlorine at oral administration on the commensal bacteria of intestinal microbiota, body weight gain and micromorphological features of the liver in rats. . The study was carried out on male Wistar rats, with an initial body weight of 90-100 g, which for 4 weeks received doses of active chlorine together with drinking water ad libitum, with the given concentration: subinhibitory (10 mg/L), threshold (50 mg/L) and aggravated (100 mg/L). Chloramine was used as a chlorinecontaining agent stable in aqueous solution. Body weight gain was monitored daily. After decapitation, the caecum was taken for microbiota examination as well as the liver. The phenotypic antimicrobial resistance characteristics of Enterobacteriaceae and Enterococci were studied by the disk diffusion method. Additionally, a micromorphologic study of liver slices was performed. . Insignificant negative deviations in the body weight gain of rats in the experimental groups receiving subinhibitory doses of active chlorine, combined with a reduced level of Enterococci and Enterobacteriaceae representatives, were revealed. No significant effect of chlorine on the levels of resistant Escherichia coli populations was found, but a tendency to exhibit antimicrobial resistance of Enterococci isolated from rats receiving low doses of active chlorine (10 and 50 mg/l) was detected. No signs of toxic effect on the liver tissue most sensitive to chlorine were detected, but some accumulations of inflammatory cells in the liver slice were revealed. . Low doses of chlorine-containing substances at their oral consumption are not indifferent for rats' organism, causing negative phenomena in intestinal bacteria and in liver tissues at the level of tendency. It is expedient to continue studies in this direction.
[Contractive function of mesenteric lymph nodes in obese rats].
Lobov GI
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39396214 · Publisher ↗
Over the past 50 years, the prevalence of obesity around the world has increased several times and has become a pandemic. The effect of obesity on the lymphatic system, which plays a key role in the regulation of fluid h...
Over the past 50 years, the prevalence of obesity around the world has increased several times and has become a pandemic. The effect of obesity on the lymphatic system, which plays a key role in the regulation of fluid homeostasis, immune cell migration, antigen presentation, and resolution of inflammatory responses, is poorly understood, and there is no data on the contractile activity of the lymph nodes in obesity. of the research was to investigate the parameters and mechanisms of dysfunction of the contractile function of the mesenteric lymph nodes of rats in obesity caused by the feeding with the high-fat diet (HFD). . The study was conducted on 50 male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats aged 6 weeks were randomly divided into groups: a control group (n=10) fed a standard diet and a group of rats (n=40) kept on HFD (60% fat content by calorie value). Rats received food and water ad libitum for 16 weeks. Before the end of the experiment, four groups of HFD rats were formed: obesity resistant animals (HFD-OR, n=11), without additional interventions (HFD, n=10), rats which were administered dexamethasone three days before the study (HFD+Dexa, n=9), HFD followed by 8-week diet restriction (HFD+DR, n=9). At the end of the experiment, mesenteric lymph nodes (LNs) were taken from rats under anesthesia and their contractile function was studied in a myograph using 1400W, dynastat and Tempol. . LNs of control rats had a high level of tone and generated spontaneous high-amplitude phasic contractions. The LNs of HFD rats had a low initial tone, and rare low-amplitude phasic contractions were recorded in them. The parameters of contractile activity of the LNs of rats in HFD-OR and HFD+Dexa groups differed slightly from the corresponding parameters of the LNs of rats in the control group. Calorie restriction for 8 weeks in obese rats (HFD+DR) resulted in an increase in tone, frequency and amplitude of phasic contractions of the LNs compared to those in HFD rats. iNOS inhibition caused a significant increase in the tone, amplitude and frequency of phasic contractions of the LNs in the HFD group. An increase in the frequency of phasic contractions was observed only in the LNs of HFD+Dex and HFD+DR rats. Inhibition of cyclooxygenase 2 did not affect the contractile function of the LNs of rats of all groups, with the exception of animals from the HFD group (increase in the amplitude and frequency of phasic contractions). Tempol significantly increased the tone, frequency and amplitude of phasic contractions of the LNs in rats of the HFD group and increased the frequency of phasic contractions of the LNs of the HFD+DR rats. . A high-fat diet leads to impaired contractile function of rat LNs and can create additional obstacles to the movement of lymph, promoting its leakage into surrounding tissues. Obesity is accompanied by the development of inflammation in the LNs and perinodal adipose tissue, which induces the expression of inducible NO synthase, cyclooxygenase-2 and the accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). NO, prostaglandins and ROS have an inhibitory effect on the SMC capsules of the LNs, leading to a decrease in tonic tension and a weakening of spontaneous phasic contractions. The reason for inhibition of LN contractile function is obesity, but not consumption of food high in fat. Transferring obese rats to a calorie-restricted diet results in a decrease in body weight and visceral fat mass and an improvement in LN contractile function.
[The effect of ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids on carbohydrate metabolism in northern men].
Averyanova IV, Alyoshina OO
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39396213 · Publisher ↗
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are known for being one of the most important classes of bioactive lipids; of them, the long-chain ones, namely eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, have many...
Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) are known for being one of the most important classes of bioactive lipids; of them, the long-chain ones, namely eicosapentaenoic (EPA) and docosahexaenoic (DHA) acids, have many positive effects on the human body. of this study was to assess the carbohydrate metabolism in northern men living in the Magadan Region before and after the administration of a dietary supplement with PUFA. . The study included 45 men (mean age 40.0±0.8 years), of whom 2 groups comparable in age and analyzed parameters were formed by random sampling. The participants of the main group (n=30) consumed PUFA (2 capsules containing 1200 mg, including 660 mg EPA and 440 mg DHA), and the control group (n=15) had no impact on the diet. Fasting venous blood was collected using a vacuum system to determine glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c) using the turbidimetric immunoinhibition, glucose by the hexokinase method, insulin by the immune chemiluminescence using paramagnetic particles at the beginning (late October, 2023) and the end (mid-December, 2023) of the study, and HOMA-IR index was calculated. The daily diet was assessed using the ASPON-nutrition program (St. Petersburg) based on the results of the food diary keeping for 3 days (weekdays). . In men of the main group, positive changes in the carbohydrate profile were noted, associated with the intake of ω-3 PUFAs, manifested in HbA1c decrease (from 5.5±0.1 to 5.2±0.1%, p<0.05) while maintaining blood concentration of glucose and insulin and HOMA-IR at the same level. Unlike the main group, the control group experienced disadaptation in their carbohydrate metabolism as they exhibited the signs of hyperinsulinemia (increased basal fasting insulin level from 8.8±1.2 to 11.4±1.1 mIU/l, p<0.05) and insulin resistance (the increase in the HOMA-IR from 2.0±0.2 to 2.6±0.3, p<0.05), which was apparently due to the autumn-winter period of the study. . Resulting from the data obtained, this study showed the presence of a leveling function and even an optimizing role of additional ω-3 PUFAs intake with respect to seasonal changes in the biochemical parameters of the northern residents during the crucial period of the year with its temperature curve transition through 0 °C.
[Biochemical disorders in mild protein-energy deficiency in children: gender peculiarities].
Gorbacheva IV, Kuznetsova OY, Gilmiyarova FN … +2 more , Gusyakova AO, Pechkurov DV
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39396212 · Publisher ↗
The growth of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in children with prevalence of endogenous factors of the causes of development has not been decreasing in the Russian Federation and all over the world for the last decades...
The growth of protein-energy malnutrition (PEM) in children with prevalence of endogenous factors of the causes of development has not been decreasing in the Russian Federation and all over the world for the last decades. This determines the relevance of multifaceted study of this pathology. Consequences of PEM suffered in early childhood can have a remote character of realization and influence on human health during the whole life. A separate problem of PEM is the identification of mild forms of pathology, which are often missed. The pathogenesis of PEM is insufficiently studied, in particular, the variability of pathology development depending on gender. of the research was to characterize the peculiarities of the blood metabolic profile of infants at the initial stage of PEM with regard to gender. . 38 children (20 boys, 18 girls) aged from 1 to 12 months with the degree I of PEM were examined; the comparison group consisted of 30 children (18 boys, 12 girls) aged from 2 to 12 months. Laboratory monitoring included general and biochemical blood tests with evaluation of such parameters as the content of total protein, albumin, hemoglobin, transferrin, urea, creatinine, glucose, lactate, pyruvate, triglycerides, the activity of lactate dehydrogenase, alanine aminotransferase, aspartate aminotransferase, creatine phosphokinase, using hematological analyzer (MEDONIC, Boule Diagnostics AB, Japan) and biochemical analyzer (Cobas Integra 400plus, Roche Diagnostics, Switzerland). . In children with a mild degree of PEM the blood levels of total protein, albumin, hemoglobin, transferrin didn't differ from that in the comparison group. Against this background, there is an increase in blood serum urea level in all children and a significant increase in creatinine level, which is most pronounced in girls, in whom this indicator is 2.5 fold higher than in the comparison group and by 79% higher than in boys (p≤0.05). In combination with body weight deficiency, this characterizes the development of catabolic stress. A decrease in blood glucose level was detected in all children of the main group; a decrease in triglycerides was revealed in boys (-33%; p≤0.05) with stability of the index in girls. The increase in pyruvate blood serum level in boys (+21%; p≤0.05) with a tendency to decrease in girls is accompanied by a significant elevation in the lactate/pyruvate ratio (by 75% in boys and 3 fold in girls, p≤0.05). . There are gender peculiarities of metabolic in children of the first year of life with a mild degree of PEM. In male children there is a decrease in the levels of glucose and triglycerides as energy substrates with the orientation to the ketosis formation. In girls, a more intense character of catabolic stress is observed with stable blood levels of triglycerides with a tendency to develop lactacidosis.
[The importance of amaranth products in the diet of children with gluten intolerance].
Popov VI, Bavykina IA, Zvyagin AA … +2 more , Miroshnichenko LA, Bavykin DV
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39396211 · Publisher ↗
The study of gluten intolerance is a modern area of medical science. With the advent of new diagnostic capabilities and data on the forms of the disease, wide opportunities have opened up in optimizing the timing and inv...
The study of gluten intolerance is a modern area of medical science. With the advent of new diagnostic capabilities and data on the forms of the disease, wide opportunities have opened up in optimizing the timing and invasiveness reducing of intervention during diagnosis and further monitoring of the child's health. However, despite all efforts, the basic method of treating all forms of gluten intolerance remains strict adherence to a gluten-free diet (GFD). It is known that GFD itself, as well as low adherence to its observance can lead to nutritional disorders. Therefore, the expansion of the diet at the expense of foods with high nutritional value will greatly contribute to the optimization of diet therapy and compensation for food restrictions. of the review was to evaluate the possibility of using amaranth products in a GFD to fill the need for nutrients in children with gluten intolerance. . The search for literature data was carried out using PubMed, eLIBRARY, scholar.google platforms mainly over the last 5 years, using the keywords: gluten intolerance, children, amaranth, gluten-free diet. . An analysis of modern literary sources has shown that amaranth is a product of choice in diet therapy when following a GFD, since it is a pseudo-grain crop. The article presents data confirming the high nutritional value of amaranth due to the protein component and the features of the lipid fraction. The features of the amino acid composition and squalene content in comparison with other plant crops are discussed. The article contains information on the preservation of the beneficial properties of amaranth in finished foods, in particular, the addition of amaranth flour instead of corn starch increases the protein content by 32% and fiber by 152% in gluten-free bread without affecting the taste. The advantages of the chemical composition of amaranth are shown in comparison with other pseudo-cereals. The research results prove the effectiveness of using amaranth products in GFD to eliminate deficiency states in patients, normalize physical development in children with gluten intolerance, and increase patient adherence to the diet. . The composition of amaranth and the available studies on the effectiveness of amaranth products consumption convincingly prove the advisability of using it in nutrition, especially under dietary restrictions or increased need for nutrients in childhood.
[Medicine of the future: the role of artificial intelligence in optimizing nutrition for the health of the Russian population].
Tutelyan VA, Tarmaeva IY, Kade MA … +1 more , Nikityuk DB
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39396210 · Publisher ↗
One of the most pressing medical, social and government tasks is to ensure health saving, improve the quality of life and increase the life expectancy of the Russian population. The most important lever to ensure the sol...
One of the most pressing medical, social and government tasks is to ensure health saving, improve the quality of life and increase the life expectancy of the Russian population. The most important lever to ensure the solution of these issues is the optimization of nutrition and the use of methods of artificial intelligence (AI) and new information technologies to support decision-making in this area. of the study was to familiarize specialists with the Scientific Instrument for Nutrition Analysis (SINA), created on the basis of AI technologies to optimize nutrition and prevent alimentary diseases in order to preserve the health of the population of the Russian Federation. . A patent was created and received for a scientific web tool (SINA) based on AI technologies for actual nutrition analyzing with subs equent assessment of health status and generation of recommendations, including a personalized diet, which is formed based on individual human needs for energy, nutrients and bioactive compounds, taking into account genome, gender characteristics, age, food preferences, profession, diseases, medication treatment, clinical blood parameters, individual morphological and constitutional characteristics, his physical activity, etc. . The results of using SINA can reduce the labor costs of doctors; personalize diets as much as possible taking into account many factors; increase patient adherence to the prescribed diet and recommendations; increase public awareness of nutrition issues, reduce morbidity rates and improve public health. The high-tech approach using AI is advanced and is capable of solving many key challenges in the field of health care, prevention and medicine in general, and improve the quality of life of the population.
[Nutritional status and nutritional support of patients with chronic disorders of consciousness at the stage of medical rehabilitation].
Nikiforov MV, Aleksanin SS, Korolev AA
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39024171 · Publisher ↗
Chronic disturbances of consciousness (CDC) are a consequence of severe brain damage and are conditions that arise after emerging from a coma with the preservation of the sleep-wake cycle in the absence of signs of consc...
Chronic disturbances of consciousness (CDC) are a consequence of severe brain damage and are conditions that arise after emerging from a coma with the preservation of the sleep-wake cycle in the absence of signs of conscious behavior. When conducting inpatient medical rehabilitation of this group of patients, the state of nutritional status is not always taken into account and, as a rule, there is no nutritional support with an assessment of metabolic needs, including the introduction of various modes of physical activity during physical therapy and an increase in physical load on the patient's body. of the study was to assess the nutritional status and optimize the nutritional support system in patients with CDC at the inpatient stage of medical rehabilitation (MR). . The study analyzed the results of examination and treatment of 152 patients with CDC of traumatic origin who received medical rehabilitation from 2016 to 2022 in the Department of Physical and Rehabilitation Medicine of the Nikiforov Russian Center of Emergency and Radiation Medicine, Ministry of Russian Federation for Civil Defense, Emergencies and Elimination of Consequences of Natural Disasters. . In patients with CDC of traumatic genesis, signs of malnutrition (objective, anthropometric, laboratory) were diagnosed at the inpatient stage of MR, and there were also risks of malnutrition progression with the introduction of additional physical activity. . To create an effective and adequate nutritional support system during inpatient MR, metabolic monitoring (indirect calorimetry) is of fundamental importance, taking into account the influence of additional physical activity. The use of a calculation method for estimating energy requirements can lead to hyperalimentation.
[Microbiological and parasitological risk analysis of novel food sources obtained with the use of insects].
Tyshko NV, Timoshenko KA
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39024170 · Publisher ↗
The problem of food safety being an important component of the country's food security, provides not only for continuous improvement of the methodology of hygienic standardization, but also for the formation of requireme...
The problem of food safety being an important component of the country's food security, provides not only for continuous improvement of the methodology of hygienic standardization, but also for the formation of requirements for novel food, in particular, those obtained from non-traditional sources. The accumulated practical and theoretical competence in the food hygiene area, as well as knowledge of current trends of the food base broadening, allow us to analyze the risks associated with novel food obtained of insects. of the research was to analyze the microbiological and parasitological risk of novel food sources obtained with the use of insects, suggest the effective risk management measures. . The analytical part of the work included literature search, collection of information and statistical materials published in domestic and foreign scientific editions. The search was carried out using the Google Academy retrieval system and electronic databases (PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, Scopus, Web of Science, eLIBRARY), mainly in the last 25 years, using the keywords: Hermetia illucens, Tenebrio molitor, Acheta domesticus, insects, parasite, nematode, pathogen, cysts. . Based on the published materials' analysis, a systematization of microbiological and parasitological factors potentially capable of colonizing edible insects has been carried out. There were identified representatives of 24 groups of pathogenic and 18 opportunistic microorganisms and helminths related to microbial and parasitic pathogens, the spread of which is significantly influenced by inappropriate conditions of feeding and keeping insects. As there are currently no veterinary requirements for insect breeding and farming conditions, contamination of end products with infectious and parasitic pathogens can vary over a very wide range. . The use of native insect biomass carries certain risks associated with its microbial and parasitic contamination, and the development of measures to prevent them requires significant resources. The possibility of deep processing of such raw materials can be considered as one of the solutions to mitigate these risks. For use in the food industry, insects should be subjected to processing similar to that currently used for soybean seeds, which includes separation of protein (entomoprotein), fat and chitin fractions, each of which would have an independent use. Thus, at present, insects should be considered as a source of novel food ingredients, first of all, complete protein of animal origin.
[Eating patterns and risk of eating disorders in adolescents].
Pogodina AV, Astakhova TA, Lebedeva LN … +1 more , Rychkova LV
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39024169 · Publisher ↗
Adolescence is a critical period for the onset of eating disorders, which affect an adolescent's diet and can have adverse and long-term health consequences. The relationship between the risk of eating disorders and the...
Adolescence is a critical period for the onset of eating disorders, which affect an adolescent's diet and can have adverse and long-term health consequences. The relationship between the risk of eating disorders and the diet of Russian adolescents has been little studied. of the research was to characterize the relationship between the risk of eating disorders and dietary patterns in a sample of Russian schoolchildren. . The continuous cross-sectional study included tenth-graders of secondary schools (n=379, 63.1% girls) aged 16.0±0.5 years. The Russian version of the Eating Disorder Inventory was used to assess the risk of eating disorders. Dietary information was obtained from questionnaires completed by adolescents, characterizing the frequency of meals (at home and at school) during the week, the variety of dishes, and the frequency of consumption of foods and dishes. Anthropometric measurements were carried out to calculate body mass index (BMI), waist circumference (WC)/height index. . The eating patterns of schoolchildren were significantly disrupted, more so in girls. They were statistically significantly less likely than boys to consume meat, milk, nuts, and butter, and were more likely to skip breakfast. Significant correlations were shown between BMI Z-score and WC/height index in girls with body dissatisfaction (R=0.19 and 0.18, respectively, p<0.01), desire to lose weight (R=0.26 and 0.25, respectively, p<0.01) and bulimic tendencies (R=0.13, p<0.05 for WC/height). In boys, the drive for thinness was significantly associated only with abdominal fat deposition (R=0.26, p<0.01). Body dissatisfaction and desire for thinness in boys were associated with statistically significantly lower consumption of candies, chocolate, ice cream, cookies and potatoes; in girls - with rare consumption of candies, ice cream, sweet carbonated drinks, juices, fast food, as well as bread, meat and sausages, butter, skipping breakfast and dinner. . The tendency to develop eating disorder in adolescence is more common in girls and is associated with dietary restrictions affecting important components of the diet necessary for normal growth and development.
[Bioimpedance analysis of body composition and rest energy expenditure in highly trained cross-country skiers].
Bushmanova EA, Lyudinina AY
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39024168 · Publisher ↗
The body composition monitoring using bioimpedance analysis (BIA) is important in assessing the functional state of athletes in sports. Based on changes of body composition, it is possible to optimize the actual dietary...
The body composition monitoring using bioimpedance analysis (BIA) is important in assessing the functional state of athletes in sports. Based on changes of body composition, it is possible to optimize the actual dietary intake, as well as successfully organize the training process. of this research was to conduct a comparative assessment of BIA parameters and rest energy expenditure (REE) in highly trained cross-country skiers and young non-athletes. . The members of the national cross-country skiing team from the Komi Republic and Russian Federation (n=30; age - 22.3±2.7 years) were examined. Practically healthy medical students served as a control group for the present study (n=40; age - 20.2±2.4 years). The participants successively passed the following study steps: assessment of the body composition by BIA (ACCUNIQ BC380), REE determination by indirect non-fasting calorimetry and calculation technique. . The parameters of total body water, fat-free mass, lean tissue and body cell mass were higher in contrast to the fat mass percentage in the athletes (р<0.001). The calculated REE was lower than measured REE among all the participants. At the same time, the REE calculated by the Ketch-McArdle formula significantly differed between the groups, while no differences were found between the REE calculated by the Harris-Benedict prediction equation. The measured REE were significantly higher by 16% (p<0.001) i n athletes compared to those in the control group. . The body composition of athletes was distinguished by a significantly higher amounts of total body water, fat-free mass, skeletal muscle, active cell mass, and lower percentage of fat mass compared to healthy untrained individuals. The results obtained among athletes coincided with the idea that the magnitude of REE is determined by the mass of metabolically active tissues and to a lesser extent depends on the fat mass. BIA results can be used to monitor athletes' body composition during the training process.
[Assessment of species diversity of anaerobic intestinal microbiota in children and adolescents with exogenous constitutional obesity].
Migacheva NB, Skvortsova OV, Lyamin AV … +3 more , Alekseev DV, Kayumov KA, Antipov VA
Vopr Pitan · 2024 · PMID 39024167 · Publisher ↗
The problem of the increasing obesity among children and adolescents is urgent. One of the most interesting and promising directions in this area is to study the correlation of individual microorganisms with the presence...
The problem of the increasing obesity among children and adolescents is urgent. One of the most interesting and promising directions in this area is to study the correlation of individual microorganisms with the presence and absence of obesity. of the study was to assess the correlation between the isolation frequency of individual microorganisms and the presence of obesity in children and adolescents and to identify possible associations between different groups of microorganisms in obese patients. . 156 male and female patients aged from 7 to 17 years were included in the study. The patients were divided into a control group (n=23) (healthy patients), a group of children with exogenous constitutional obesity without complications (n=25), a group of children who had one or more complications of obesity (n=108). For all patients body mass index (BMI) was calculated. Additional examination included a cultural study of the intestinal microbiota. Fecal samples of patients were used as the material. Preparation of the material for inoculation, inoculation and subsequent incubation of the Petri plates were carried out under anaerobic conditions. The isolated microorganisms were identified using the MALDI-ToF mass spectrometry method. . When analyzing the correlation between obesity and individual taxa, statistically significant differences were obtained only for Bifidobacterium spp. (p=0.045). The analysis of the correlation between obesity and the isolation of individual microorganisms has shown that Bifidobacterium pseudocatenulatum (p=0.012), Candida albicans (p=0.012), Streptococcus salivarius (p=0.016), Bifidobacterium breve (p=0.003), Veillonella parvula (p=0.013), Haemophilus parainfluenzae (p=0.003), Streptococcus oralis (p=0.001), Weissella confusa (p=0.036), Enterococcus mundtii (p=0.036) were isolated less often in patients with obesity than in control group. . The results of the study has demonstrated that only one taxon, Bifidobacterium spp., had a significant correlation with the absence of obesity. At the same time, a reliable correlation with the absence of obesity was also established for individual microorganisms, including several microorganisms from Bifidobacterium spp. and Streptococcus spp., which may enable to establish certain microbiological predictors of obesity and its complications.
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