Photodiagnosis And Photodynamic Therapy[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Antibacterial efficacy of non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma against streptococcus mutans and lactobacillus acidophilus of carious dentin: A clinical study.
Kermanshah H, Karimi M, Motevasselian F … +3 more , Fathollah S, Bahador A, Kharazifard MJ
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41654064 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Dental caries, a multifactorial disease, is primarily driven by acidogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (L.acidophilous). Conventional antimicrobial treatment...
BACKGROUND: Dental caries, a multifactorial disease, is primarily driven by acidogenic bacteria such as Streptococcus mutans (S.mutans) and Lactobacillus acidophilus (L.acidophilous). Conventional antimicrobial treatments may be insufficient for complete bacterial eradication. Non-thermal atmospheric pressure plasma (NTAPP) has emerged as a novel antimicrobial strategy. This study aimed to evaluate the antibacterial efficacy of NTAPP on S.mutans and L.acidophilous in carious dentin under clinical conditions. METHODS: A plasma jet device utilizing helium gas (purity 99.999%, nozzle diameter 3 mm, voltage 10 kV, frequency 6 kHz, flow rate 2 L/min) was employed to irradiate the Class I, II, and III cavities in 15 teeth with dentin caries extending no deeper than the middle third of the dentin. Carious dentin was excavated using an excavator immediately before and after plasma treatment. Plasma was applied from a 10 mm distance for one min. Colony-forming unit (CFU) counts were determined for S. mutans and L. acidophilus. Statistical analysis was conducted using the Wilcoxon Signed-Rank Test (P value = 0.05). RESULTS: Helium Plasma irradiation resulted in a significant reduction in CFU counts for both S. mutans and L. acidophilus (P < 0.001). The reduction rates were 76.01 ± 25.17% for S. mutans and 76.14 ± 23.88% for L. acidophilus. No significant difference was observed in CFU reduction between the two bacterial species (P > 0.05). CONCLUSION: Helium-based NTAPP demonstrated a significant antibacterial effect against S. mutans and L. acidophilus in this clinical study, suggesting its potential as an antibacterial treatment for dentin caries lesions.
Sonodynamic therapy inhibition of invasive glioma cells from tumor spheroids.
Chandekar A, Laurel SR, Gupta K … +3 more , Lee T, Wakida N, Hirschberg H
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41654063 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is characterized by extensive tumor cell invasion into normal brain tissue leading to tumor recurrence despite present day treatment protocols. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has bee...
BACKGROUND: Glioblastoma multiforme (GBM) is characterized by extensive tumor cell invasion into normal brain tissue leading to tumor recurrence despite present day treatment protocols. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has been shown to inhibit glioma cell invasion, but the poor penetration of light in brain tissue has set limitations. Sonodynamic therapy (SDT), utilizing sensitizer activation by ultrasound (US), has been proposed as an alternative to PDT. The advantage of SDT is that US has much lower tissue attenuation compared to visible light, allowing treatment to tumor margins buried deep within the brain and non-invasively through the intact skull. This study evaluates the ability of SDT to inhibit glioma cell invasiveness in a 3D Matrigel matrix glioma cell assay. METHODS: Glioma cell spheroids were embedded between 2 layers of Matrigel solution. After gelation, the embedded spheroids are incubated in a medium containing sonosensitizer for 18 h and then exposed to varying intensities and durations of US. Measurements of cell invasion distance were taken 4 days after the spheroids were embedded. RESULTS: SDT significantly inhibited cell invasiveness compared to untreated spheroids and spheroids treated with only US. If administered pre-implantation, SDT also inhibited subsequent cell invasion into the deposited Matrigel matrix. The effects of SDT applied repetitively at lower intensities, had a greater inhibitory effect than single shot treatment. CONCLUSION: From this experimental study using GBM tumor spheroids, the results demonstrated that SDT significantly inhibited cell invasiveness and cell adhesion and had greater inhibitive effects when administered in repetitive form.
A bilirubin-gold nanoconjugate photosensitizer for photothermal/photodynamic therapy of HeLa cells through glutathione depletion and ROS generation.
Haghighi H, Heli H, Haghani M … +1 more , Sattarahmady N
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41654062 · Publisher ↗
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) are promising tumor treatment modalities which employ light activation to acquire high temperature and reactive oxygen species (ROS) for the annihilation of cance...
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photothermal therapy (PTT) are promising tumor treatment modalities which employ light activation to acquire high temperature and reactive oxygen species (ROS) for the annihilation of cancer cells. In this study, a bilirubin (BR)-gold nanoconjugate (BGNC) was synthesized, characterized, and analyzed as a photosensitizer for synergistic PTT/PDT of HeLa cancer cells. BGNC contained nanoparticles with an average diameter of 33 nm, a zeta potential of -18.6 mV, a band gap energy of 2.7 eV, and a photothermal conversion efficiency of 51.6%, with an intrinsic ROS-generating efficiency. BGNC benefits from the surface plasmon resonance (SPR) and ROS-producing properties of gold nanoparticles, and antioxidant and glutathione (GSH)-reducing properties of BR. Concentration-dependent effects for BGNC in decreasing Hela cell viability were assessed. Hela cell viability further lowered upon 808-nm laser light irradiation of BGNC. The ability of BGNC to generate ROS upon irradiation was confirmed in cell-free as well as cell-containing systems, with a 2.1-fold increment in intracellular ROS in treated cells with BGNC and light irradiation. BGNC also exhibited a concentration-dependent effect to deplete the GSH level. BGNC acted as a two-pronged photosensitizer agent, exhibiting enhanced anticancer efficacy by leveraging both phototherapy and the intrinsic properties of BR.
Er:YAG laser-PDT combined with anti- programmed cell death protein-1 for refractory oral potential malignant disorders following oral squamous cell carcinoma surgery.
Rao Q, Feng C, Wang S … +4 more , Xie H, Yuan L, Zhang G, Qin N
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41654061 · Publisher ↗
Oral potential malignant disorders (OPMDs) have a high risk of malignant transformation and recurrence. This case reports describes a novel therapeutic strategy of Er:YAG laser-assisted photodynamic therapy (Er:YAG-PDT)...
Oral potential malignant disorders (OPMDs) have a high risk of malignant transformation and recurrence. This case reports describes a novel therapeutic strategy of Er:YAG laser-assisted photodynamic therapy (Er:YAG-PDT) combined with anti-programmed death protein-1 (anti-PD-1) immunotherapy for a patient with refractory OPMDs in the right lower gingiva following oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) surgery on the contralateral side. Initial PDT alone showed limited efficacy, but after integrating Er:YAG laser pretreatment, the patient achieved significant lesion regression, with a complete final clearance. The 6-month follow-up showed good local lesion control in the patient peripheral blood analysis revealed elevated natural killer (NK) cell level and reduced regulatory T (Treg) cell percentage, suggesting activated adaptive immunity, while similar CD8⁺ T cell levels indicated maintained immune homeostasis. This case report highlights the potential of combined Er:YAG-PDT and anti-PD-1 therapy for OPMDs, while emphasizing the need for optimized monitoring and multi-modal strategies to prevent recurrence in high-risk patients.
Long-term ALA-PDT for giant extramammary paget's disease in a centenarian: A 5-year case study with 58 sessions.
Song D, Mao W, Wu Y … +4 more , Li Z, Sun X, Wen L, Zhang G
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41654060 · Publisher ↗
Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare cutaneous malignancy that poses significant therapeutic challenges due to its refractory nature and high recurrence rate. Although surgery remains the standard treatment, non...
Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) is a rare cutaneous malignancy that poses significant therapeutic challenges due to its refractory nature and high recurrence rate. Although surgery remains the standard treatment, non-surgical alternatives are crucial for elderly patients with extensive lesions or multiple comorbidities. 5-Aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) selectively targets and destroys tumor cells through the application of a photosensitizer and corresponding light source. Here, we report the case of a centenarian male with extensive primary perineogenital EMPD. He was unsuitable for surgery due to advanced age, poor general health, large lesion size, and sensitive anatomical location. The patient received ALA-PDT as long-term palliative treatment, with a total of 58 sessions over five years. This regimen achieved durable local control, was well-tolerated, and preserved the patient's quality of life. This is the oldest reported EMPD patient treated with ALA-PDT and the case with the highest cumulative number of ALA-PDT sessions. This suggests that ALA-PDT may be a safe and effective long-term palliative treatment option for high-risk elderly patients.
Large-caliber choroidal arteriovenous shunt in macular neovascularization: A brief report of a novel morphological finding.
Liu X, Wang N, Wang M … +3 more , Gao Q, Yao L, Ye J
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41654059 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Macular neovascularization (MNV) etiology is multifactorial, but direct evidence linking it to abnormalities of large choroidal vessels is lacking. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of abnorm...
BACKGROUND: Macular neovascularization (MNV) etiology is multifactorial, but direct evidence linking it to abnormalities of large choroidal vessels is lacking. This study aimed to investigate the potential role of abnormal spatial relationships between large choroidal arteries and veins in the pathogenesis of MNV, particularly in eyes with large veins traversing the macular area. METHODS: This retrospective study analyzed 45 eyes from 45 patients (26 with chronic central serous chorioretinopathy [CSC] and 19 with pathologic myopia [PM]) exhibiting large macular veins without a normal venous watershed. All patients underwent simultaneous fundus fluorescein angiography and indocyanine green angiography (ICGA). Arterial and venous phase ICGA images were selected, nonlinearly registered, and superimposed using Fiji/ImageJ software to visualize spatial arteriovenous relationships. RESULTS: Spatial relationships between large choroidal arteries and veins were clearly discernible in significantly more PM eyes (18/19, 94.7 %) than CSC eyes (6/26, 23.1 %) (P < 0.0001). Among eyes with clear visualization, various spatial configurations were observed, including crossing, twisting, and independence. Crucially, in two distinct MNV cases-one secondary to chronic CSC (thick choroid) and one secondary to PM (thin choroid)-direct, large-caliber arteriovenous shunts were identified precisely at the MNV site using this imaging approach. CONCLUSION: This study provides direct ICGA evidence that abnormal shunts between large choroidal arteries and veins represent a novel, underrecognized etiology for MNV formation. This anatomical anomaly may act as an upstream hemodynamic driver across different choroidal backgrounds (thick or thin), potentially altering local hemodynamics and promoting neovascularization. Investigating these underlying arteriovenous relationships could improve CNV risk stratification and inform future treatment strategies.
Methylene blue-enhanced photodynamic and sonodynamic therapy againstStaphylococcus aureus: From laboratory research to clinical evaluation.
Kolarova H, Valkova L, Kolarikova M … +9 more , Urban J, Vecerova R, Bajgar R, Langova K, Hosek J, Tomankova KB, Dilenko H, Kolar M, Jirova D
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41651201 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance among multidrug-resistant pathogens necessitates alternative antimicrobial strategies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT), particularly with methylene blue (MB), sh...
BACKGROUND: Antibiotic resistance among multidrug-resistant pathogens necessitates alternative antimicrobial strategies. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and sonodynamic therapy (SDT), particularly with methylene blue (MB), show promise but remain underexplored in clinical contexts. METHODS: We conducted an in vitro evaluation of MB-PDT and SDT against Staphylococcus aureus, a major cause of skin and soft tissue infections. Assays included growth curve analysis, scanning electron microscopy (SEM) to assess bacterial ultrastructure. A pilot clinical study in 20 healthy volunteers assessed in vivo antimicrobial efficacy and tolerability under standardized conditions. RESULTS: In vitro, MB demonstrated antimicrobial activity under PDT, with further potentiation by SDT and repeated irradiation. SEM confirmed structural disruption and lysis of S. aureus following combination therapy. In vivo, both MB-PDT and PDT+SDT achieved significant bacterial log reductions compared with baseline (p < 0.0001), with the highest efficacy observed under repeated irradiation plus SDT. The most significant effect was observed with repeated irradiation (2 × 30 J.cm⁻²) in combination with ultrasound (1 MHz, 1 W/cm²), with an average reduction of 2.424 log₁₀ (SD = 0.652). CONCLUSIONS: MB-mediated PDT and PDT+SDT are safe, well tolerated, and effective against S. aureus on skin. These approaches provide localized antimicrobial activity independent of antibiotic resistance and warrant further optimization for clinical application.
Erratum to "Agent-Specific Differences in Sustained Intraoperative Hypotension during oral 5-Aminolevulinic Acid-Guided Transurethral Resection of Bladder Tumor: A Retrospective Observational Study" [Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 57C (2026) 105319].
Katsumata Y, Yamamoto S, Iwata H … +5 more , Kuroiwa H, Fukuhara H, Fukata S, Inoue K, Kawano T
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41644339 · Publisher ↗
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Phase I/II clinical study of next-generation photodynamic therapy (L-PDT) using talaporfin sodium (Laserphyrin®) for cervical intraepithelial neoplasia: Efficacy, safety, and fertility preservation.
Sakamoto M, Takeda S, Fujiwara A … +7 more , Hirata M, Hirose S, Matsuoka K, Umayahara K, Iwaya K, Tanaka T, Okamoto A
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41638379 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: PDT using Photofrin® (P-PDT) has been applied to over 900 gynecologic tumor cases since 1989, demonstrating excellent efficacy and fertility preservation; however, post-treatment photosensitivity has limited...
BACKGROUND: PDT using Photofrin® (P-PDT) has been applied to over 900 gynecologic tumor cases since 1989, demonstrating excellent efficacy and fertility preservation; however, post-treatment photosensitivity has limited its clinical application for CIN and cervical cancer. This study aimed to establish a safe, effective, and fertility-preserving alternative to cervical conization. METHODS: To overcome photosensitivity, we conducted a prospective Phase I/II clinical study to evaluate the safety, efficacy, oncological control, and fertility outcomes of L-PDT using talaporfin sodium (Laserphyrin®) and a diode laser for CIN grades 2-3. Forty-three women with biopsy-confirmed CIN2-3 were enrolled. Phase I determined the optimal light dose (50, 75, or 100 J/cm²), and Phase II assessed efficacy and safety at 100 J/cm². Talaporfin sodium (40 mg/m²) was administered intravenously 4 hours before laser irradiation under colposcopic guidance. RESULTS: Complete response (CR) was achieved in 95% (95% CI: 89.1-100%) at 3 months and 98% (95% CI: 93.2-100%) at 6 months after treatment. Original high-risk human papillomavirus clearance was 92.5% at 3 months and 95% at 12 months. Adverse events were mild and transient, including abdominal pain and low-grade fever. No recurrences occurred during a median follow-up of 66.4 months among patients achieving CR. Among women desiring pregnancy, the conception rate was 74% (23/31) and the live birth rate was 79% (27/34), with a low preterm birth rate of 3.7% (1/27). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that L-PDT is a safe and highly effective non-excisional treatment for CIN that may contribute to fertility preservation; however, potential advantages over conventional conization and laser vaporization need to be confirmed in comparative studies.
Impact of intermittent exotropia and surgical realignment on myopia progression in myopic children.
Li C, Lou Z, Gong W … +3 more , Lin S, Zhang W, Yang F
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41628790 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To determine whether untreated intermittent exotropia (IXT) accelerates pediatric myopia and whether strabismus surgery modifies this risk. METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled 259 children aged 6-14 years...
PURPOSE: To determine whether untreated intermittent exotropia (IXT) accelerates pediatric myopia and whether strabismus surgery modifies this risk. METHODS: This retrospective study enrolled 259 children aged 6-14 years with spherical equivalent refraction (SER) ≤ -0.75 D; 90 orthotropic controls, 86 untreated IXT, and 83 post-surgery IXT (PS-IXT) with successful alignment. Exclusion criteria included prior ocular surgery, trauma, or myopia-control interventions. After standardized cycloplegia, certified optometrists measured SER and axial length (AL) at baseline, 6 and 12 months. RESULTS: Baseline SER, AL, age and gender distribution did not differ among the three cohorts (all P > 0.05). At the 12-month endpoint, the IXT group exhibited a significantly greater myopic shift (-0.91 ± 0.36 D vs -0.50(-0.75,-0.37) D; P < 0.001) and axial elongation (0.41 ± 0.17 mm vs 0.30(0.20,0.36) mm; P < 0.001) relative to orthotropic controls. Similarly, when compared with the surgically aligned (PS-IXT) group, the IXT cohort displayed excess myopic progression (-0.91 ± 0.36 D vs -0.38(-0.63,-0.13) D; P < 0.001) and axial elongation (0.41 ± 0.17 mm vs 0.25(0.13,0.37) mm; P < 0.001). In contrast, the PS-IXT and control groups were comparable for both refractive change (-0.50(-0.75,-0.37) D vs -0.38(-0.63,-0.13) D; P = 0.204) and axial elongation (0.30(0.20,0.36) mm vs 0.25(0.13,0.37) mm; P = 0.998). CONCLUSION: Untreated IXT constitutes an independent, modifiable driver of accelerated myopia in children; timely surgical realignment normalizes the subsequent refractive and axial trajectory and should be incorporated into comprehensive myopia-prevention strategies.
Clinical efficacy of curettage combined with 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy in treating recalcitrant acral warts.
Zhang L, He Y, Yuan J … +4 more , Ding W, Lei X, Cheng Q, Chen N
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41628789 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Viral warts are benign proliferative skin lesions caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and are contagious among humans. Currently, there are no effective treatments to address the high recu...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Viral warts are benign proliferative skin lesions caused by the human papillomavirus (HPV) and are contagious among humans. Currently, there are no effective treatments to address the high recurrence rate of viral warts, presenting challenges in achieving their complete eradication. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of curettage combined with 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) for the treatment of recalcitrant acral warts. METHODS: Our study was carried out between July 2023 to June 2025, and the clinical data of 50 patients diagnosed with acral warts were retrospectively collected. Patients were assigned to the curettage group (n = 24) or the combination group (n = 26) based on whether they received photodynamic therapy after curettage. The clinical response effects, recurrence rate and adverse reactions of the two groups were observed and compared. RESULTS: The cure rate in the combination group was 80.8% (21/26), which was significantly higher than 45.8% (11/24) in curettage group. The recurrence rate in the combination group was 19.2% (5/26), which was lower than 54.2% (13/24) in curettage group (P < 0.05). After three months of follow-up, moderate pain was the main adverse reaction in both groups, and no systemic adverse reactions were observed. CONCLUSION: Our results suggest that curettage combined with ALA-PDT is promising as a safe and effective therapy for patients with recalcitrant acral warts.
Geographic, polygonal, light-brown scales and fluorescent bright-blue margins: Characteristic dermoscopic clues for granular parakeratosis.
Zhang Q, Sun J, Wang X
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41628788 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Granular parakeratosis (GP) is an uncommon dermatosis characterized by scaly, erythematous to brownish eruptions in intertriginous areas. Diagnosis is challenging and traditionally requires histological confi...
BACKGROUND: Granular parakeratosis (GP) is an uncommon dermatosis characterized by scaly, erythematous to brownish eruptions in intertriginous areas. Diagnosis is challenging and traditionally requires histological confirmation. While dermoscopy and ultraviolet-induced fluorescence dermoscopy (UVFD) offer non-invasive diagnostic approaches, their characteristic findings in GP remain inadequately defined. OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to systematically characterize the dermoscopic and UVFD features of GP, with a secondary aim of evaluating their diagnostic utility in differentiating GP from other intertriginous dermatoses. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 21 patients with clinicopathologically confirmed GP. Dermoscopic and UVFD data from patients with inverse psoriasis (n = 10), tinea cruris (n = 23), and erythrasma (n = 12) were collected for comparison. Parameters included background color, vascular morphology and distribution, scale color and distribution, and UVFD fluorescence. RESULTS: Among 21 GP patients (male: female 13:8; mean age 38.4 ± 15.2 years), 71.4% reported prior exposure to disinfectants containing benzalkonium chloride. Symmetrical, erythematous to brown patches/plaques with variable scaling were observed, predominantly in axillae (61.9%), with pruritus /burning in 71.4%. Dermoscopy revealed large, geographic, polygonal, light-brown scales. Under UVFD, 81% of GP exhibited bright-blue margins. Comparative analysis distinguished GP from inverse psoriasis (uniform red background with regular vessels), tinea cruris (peripheral scaling and distinct vascular patterns), and erythrasma (coral-red fluorescence under UVFD, also seen in 60.0% of inverse psoriasis cases). CONCLUSION: Dermoscopy and UVFD provide reliable, non-invasive diagnostic clues for the GP. The presence of light-brown geographic scales and fluorescent bright-blue margins offers a practical, non-invasive tool for accurate GP diagnosis.
Clinical outcomes following transurethral laser ablation with topical versus general or spinal anesthesia for non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer: A Japanese single-center pilot study.
Yamamoto S, Fukata S, Shimasaki S … +11 more , Kurano Y, Yamashita E, Atagi K, Shigehisa R, Osakabe H, Nao T, Shimamoto T, Fukuhara H, Shimizu N, Ashida S, Inoue K
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41628787 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: To compare transurethral laser ablation (TULA) outcomes for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) performed under topical anesthesia versus general or spinal anesthesia in a Japanese cohort. METHODS: We...
OBJECTIVES: To compare transurethral laser ablation (TULA) outcomes for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) performed under topical anesthesia versus general or spinal anesthesia in a Japanese cohort. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed 28 patients who underwent 32 TULA sessions with a 980-nm diode laser from February 2024 to June 2025. Patients treated between February and October 2024 received TULA under general or spinal anesthesia (general or spinal anesthesia group, n = 14). Those treated between October 2024 and June 2025 underwent TULA with topical lidocaine lubrication (topical anesthesia group, n = 18). We compared demographic, perioperative, and short-term oncologic outcomes. Complications were graded according to Clavien-Dindo classification. RESULTS: Baseline characteristics were similar between groups. Operation time, treatment energy, and treatment duration were comparable. The topical anesthesia group experienced a significantly shorter median post-treatment hospital stay (1 [1-1] vs. 2 [2-2.75] days; p < 0.001) and catheterization duration (0 [0-0] vs. 1 [1-1] days; p < 0.001). Complications were mild (grade 1-2), affecting one general or spinal anesthesia group patient (7.1%) and three topical anesthesia group patients (16.7%). Under strict follow-up criteria (≥90 and ≥180 days), 3-month recurrence-free survival (RFS) was 100% (14/14) in both groups, and 6-month RFS was 92.3% (12/13) in the anesthesia group vs. 58.3% (7/12) in the topical anesthesia group. Kaplan-Meier analysis showed no statistically significant difference (p = 0.19). CONCLUSIONS: TULA under topical anesthesia for selected NMIBC patients was associated with shorter post-treatment hospital stays and a catheter-free recovery. Early oncologic outcomes, including short-term RFS, seem promising; however, these preliminary, pilot-scale findings warrant further validation in larger studies. TULA with topical anesthesia may provide perioperative advantages compared with procedures performed under general or spinal anesthesia, particularly in older patients or those with significant comorbidities.
Milk-derived exosomes (MDE) for photosensitizer delivery in photodynamic therapy: A review.
Moloudi K, Nkune NW, Abrahamse H … +1 more , George BP
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41620162 · Publisher ↗
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel light-based modality that relies on photoactivatable photosensitizers (PSs) to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), but its clinical prospects are impeded by issues rela...
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is a novel light-based modality that relies on photoactivatable photosensitizers (PSs) to generate cytotoxic reactive oxygen species (ROS), but its clinical prospects are impeded by issues related to poor tumour specificity, penetration and off-target phototoxicity. Milk-derived exosomes (MDE), naturally occurring extracellular vesicles (30-150 nm in diameter) with excellent biocompatibility and low immunogenicity, have recently emerged as promising vehicles in drug delivery. MDE enhance intercellular communication by transporting proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids between cells. They have gained significant attention in recent years for their potential use in drug delivery, particularly for hydrophobic PSs, gene and protein delivery. MDE are of particular interest due to their abundance, ease of isolation, and biocompatibility. Herein we reviewed recent developments in MDE-mediated PDT, with a focus on three key areas: isolation and loading techniques, stimuli-responsive release and targeting such as pH-sensitive linkers or surface-anchored ligands (e.g., folic acid), therapeutic applications and in vivo efficacy. Several lines of evidence showed that MDE loaded with PSs significantly enhance tumour uptake and cause severe regression in vivo tumour models of glioblastoma and oral cancer, following systemic or oral administration. Overall findings from this review suggest that clinical translation depends on addressing key challenges related to scalable purification, reproducible drug loading and thorough safety profile screening. Therefore, it is essential for researchers to actively standardize manufacturing processes, conduct thorough in vivo validation, and investigate combination therapies with modalities for enhanced therapeutic efficacy.
Hexylaminolevulinic acid in precision medicine: A review of advances in drug delivery and combination therapeutics.
Gu L, Zhang P, Mei Y … +2 more , Wang Z, He D
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41620161 · Publisher ↗
Hexylaminoacetylpropionic acid (HAL), a third-generation photosensitizer prodrug, exhibits targeted accumulation within tumor tissues and microbial biofilms. This review outlines advances in HAL-based drug delivery syste...
Hexylaminoacetylpropionic acid (HAL), a third-generation photosensitizer prodrug, exhibits targeted accumulation within tumor tissues and microbial biofilms. This review outlines advances in HAL-based drug delivery systems and their expanding use in various diseases, including oncology, antimicrobial therapy, and dermatologic diseases. Clinically, HAL has proven instrumental in enhancing diagnostic accuracy for bladder cancer by facilitating more complete surgical resections, while also demonstrating therapeutic efficacy against actinic keratosis and cervical intraepithelial neoplasia. These clinical advantages are complemented by novel nanocarrier systems that optimize drug delivery that improve patient tolerability. Recent findings point to an underappreciated the interplay between HAL-induced metabolic changes in tumours and anti-tumour immune responses, in which HAL-induced metabolic changes in tumours and anti-tumour immune responses, in which HAL-induced induces cell apoptosis through mitochondrial membrane permeabilization and the nuclear translocation of AIF, and enhances the efficacy of immune checkpoint blockade of key regulatory proteins reshape the tumour microenvironment and enhance immunogenicity. Thus, HAL is a candidate for combination with immune checkpoint inhibitors. However, challenges such as shallow light penetration (<2 mm) and the need for long-term safety validation limit its broader clinical utility. We propose three convergent strategies to address these limitations: (i) reactive oxygen species-responsive nanocarriers for targeted delivery in hypoxic environments, (ii) biomarker-guided combinatorial regimens, and (iii) data-driven treatment personalisation using patient-specific biomarkers. Together, these advances establish a translational framework for HAL as a platform in next-generation metabolism-targeted photomedicine.
Efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy for vaginal intraepithelial neoplasia: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
Wang X, Li J, Li X … +1 more , Huang C
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41611005 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VaIN) is a precancerous condition that can progress to vaginal cancer if untreated. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), recognized for its minimally invasive nature and favorable sid...
OBJECTIVE: Vaginal Intraepithelial Neoplasia (VaIN) is a precancerous condition that can progress to vaginal cancer if untreated. Photodynamic Therapy (PDT), recognized for its minimally invasive nature and favorable side effect profile, is increasingly employed for VaIN treatment; however, comprehensive evidence synthesis on its efficacy and safety remains limited. This study aims to comprehensively evaluate the efficacy and safety of 5-aminolevulinic acid-mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) in treating VaIN. METHODS: We systematically searched PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, and Cochrane Library databases for studies evaluating PDT efficacy in VaIN. Primary outcomes were complete response (CR) rate and HPV clearance rate; secondary outcomes included recurrence rate and adverse events (AE). Meta-analysis was performed using Stata 18.0. RESULTS: Nine trials (421 patients) were included. Pooled outcomes: 6-month CR:87% (95% CI: 78%-94%), 12-month CR:84% (95% CI:76%-91%); 6-month HPV clearance:61% (95% CI:55%-66%), 12-month:73% (95% CI:67%-78%); 6-month HPV16/18 clearance:71% (95% CI:61%-80%), 12-month:76% (95% CI:63%-88%); 6-month recurrence:4% (95% CI:2%-8%), 12-month:7% (95% CI:0%-24%); AEs: Increased vaginal discharge (20%, 95% CI: 8%-36%), itching (25%, 95% CI: 1%-62%), burning sensation (23%, 95% CI: 1%-57%), abdominal pain (7%, 95% CI: 0%-21%), and mild vaginal bleeding (0%, 95% CI: 0%-3%). No serious AEs. CONCLUSION: ALA-PDT demonstrates high efficacy and favorable safety in treating VaIN. However, as current evidence primarily stems from single-arm studies, future high-quality multicenter randomized controlled trials are essential to confirm these findings and directly compare ALA-PDT with standard therapies.
Real-world outcomes of photoimmunotherapy for oral sites in head and neck cancer: A multicentre subgroup analysis.
Hasegawa O, Okamoto I, Kushihashi Y … +3 more , Masubuchi T, Tokashiki K, Tsukahara K
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41587717 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical outcomes and supportive-care needs in photoimmunotherapy (PIT) restricted to oral sites in a multicentre real-world cohort. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 40 consecutive patients wit...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate clinical outcomes and supportive-care needs in photoimmunotherapy (PIT) restricted to oral sites in a multicentre real-world cohort. METHODS: We retrospectively analysed 40 consecutive patients with unresectable, locally recurrent head and neck cancer undergoing PIT between 1 January 2021 and 31 August 2024. The oral-site subgroup comprised 12 patients receiving ≥1 illumination to the oral cavity (tongue, gingiva, buccal mucosa, floor of mouth, hard palate, or flap). The primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). Secondary endpoints included time-to-treatment failure (TTF), overall survival (OS), progression-free survival (PFS), and adverse events (AEs). Kaplan-Meier analyses assessed time-to-event outcomes. RESULTS: Best overall responses comprised complete response, partial response, stable disease, and progressive disease in six, four, one, and one patients, respectively, yielding an ORR of 83.3 % (95 % confidence interval [CI], 51.6-97.9) and a disease control rate of 91.7 % (95 % CI, 61.5-99.8). The median TTF, OS, and PFS were 6.0 months (95 % CI, 1.4-18.3), 22.0 months (95 % CI, 6.0-unreached), and 6.0 months (95 % CI, 1.4-10.4), respectively. AEs included pain (100 %; grade≥3, 25 %), mucositis (92 %; grade≥3, 17 %), facial oedema (75 %), laryngeal oedema (67 %; grade≥3, 8 %), dysphagia (50 %), bleeding (50 %), and fistula (33 %). Commonly required supportive interventions included anticipatory analgesia, airway protection (e.g., preventive tracheostomy), and temporary enteral nutrition. CONCLUSIONS: Oral-site PIT demonstrated high antitumour activity with frequent but manageable local toxicities, necessitating proactive, multidisciplinary supportive care. This first dedicated multicentre analysis focused on oral illumination corroborates site-specific PIT evaluation and its integration within multimodal treatment strategies.
Photodynamic therapy for glans penis verrucous xanthoma: A novel, scar-free approach.
Lu XH, Ke GL, Zhang WY … +6 more , Hani T, Cleopatra VC, Wang J, Yuan T, Chang XL, He CF
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41587716 · Publisher ↗
Verrucous xanthoma is an uncommon skin condition, most frequently occur in the oral cavity and other sites [1], and its occurrence on the glans penis is especially rare. Conventional treatment methods such as surgical ex...
Verrucous xanthoma is an uncommon skin condition, most frequently occur in the oral cavity and other sites [1], and its occurrence on the glans penis is especially rare. Conventional treatment methods such as surgical excision or laser therapy often carry a risk of scarring, which may reduce glans sensitivity and negatively impact sexual function. This case report describes a successful outcome using 5-ALA PDT as a non-invasive treatment.
Photodynamic therapy for colorectal cancer: A bibliometric and visualization analysis (1986-2025).
Wen X, Liu J, Zhao W … +4 more , Liu X, Liu L, Zeng Z, Wei D
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41587715 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising minimally invasive modality for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), offering localized cytotoxicity and potential immune activation. However, a comp...
BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising minimally invasive modality for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC), offering localized cytotoxicity and potential immune activation. However, a comprehensive overview of the global research landscape in this field is lacking. This study aims to systematically assess the global trends, collaborative networks, influential contributors, and current research status in the use of PDT for CRC via bibliometric analysis. METHODS: Publications from 1986 to April 2025 were retrieved from the Web of Science Core Collection via a defined search strategy. VOSviewer and CiteSpace were employed to analyze publication trends, country and institutional networks, journal impact, citation and co-citation patterns, and keyword evolution. RESULTS: A total of 828 publications were included. Global research on PDT for CRC has increased steadily since 2015, with China and the United States being the most prolific contributors. The Chinese University of Hong Kong and the University of Chicago was prominent in terms of productivity and citation impact, respectively. Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy was the leading journal. Keyword and citation burst analyses revealed major research themes and mapped the overall research landscape of PDT in CRC. Enhanced endoscopic visualization has facilitated the application of PDT in CRC, improving the precision of both lesion localization and therapeutic light delivery. CONCLUSION: PDT research for CRC is undergoing rapid expansion and increasing interdisciplinary integration. Although substantial progress has been made, its clinical translation remains at a relatively early stage. This bibliometric analysis presents the research landscape of PDT for CRC and highlights key contributors and major themes. While it offers a comprehensive overview for researchers and clinicians, it does not evaluate the validity or clinical relevance of individual studies.
Spherical equivalent and visual acuity outcomes in the randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of bendazol eye drop atomization for slowing myopia progression in children.
Chan YHY, Au SCL
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41587714 · Publisher ↗
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