Photodiagnosis And Photodynamic Therapy[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Pulmonary vascular optical coherence tomography in fibrosing mediastinitis: Imaging manifestations and findings.
Lin J, Long J, Guo W … +4 more , Wu X, Xia X, Chen M, Hong C
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41862066 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Fibrosing mediastinitis (FM) causes extrinsic pulmonary vascular compression that mimics intraluminal lesions. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides high-resolution vessel wall imaging that enables diff...
BACKGROUND: Fibrosing mediastinitis (FM) causes extrinsic pulmonary vascular compression that mimics intraluminal lesions. Optical coherence tomography (OCT) provides high-resolution vessel wall imaging that enables differentiation. METHODS: We analyzed consecutive FM patients with pulmonary vascular involvement who underwent OCT between December 2021 and June 2025. Quantitative OCT measurements (lumen diameter, area, and maximal eccentricity index [E]) were compared between compressed and distal reference segments, and qualitative signs of lumen, intima, and perivascular abnormalities were evaluated. Optical density (OD) on OCT and corresponding perivascular CT density were assessed, and pre- to post-intervention changes were analyzed. RESULTS: 24 patients were included (age: 58.67 ± 8.25 years; 17 males). 16 had pre-stenting OCT images, and 8 had only post-stenting images. In the former, compressed vs. reference segments differed significantly in minimal area (1.55 [1.08, 2.05] vs 4.33 [2.27, 8.72] mm, p < 0.001), mean area (2.43 [1.91, 3.60] vs 4.65 [2.58, 10.60] mm, p = 0.017), and E (0.44 [0.35, 0.51] vs 0.16 [0.13, 0.21], p < 0.001). 95.00% of compressed segments showed a large-small-large pattern. Perivascular signal attenuation, chronic thrombus, and intimal thickening were present in 85.00%, 25.00% and 15.00%, respectively. Both mean OD and OD range correlated negatively with CT density (r = -0.657, p = 0.004; r = -0.484, p = 0.049). Minimal luminal area differed significantly across pre-stenting, follow-up (median 78 days between the first and latest stent OCT), and post-dilation (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Pulmonary vascular OCT reveals FM vascular features, including the large-small-large pattern, distinguishes external compression from intraluminal lesions, and assists in evaluating treatment response.
Concomitant associations of rapid axial growth with retinal curvature and dominant distribution patterns of choroidal thickness in children.
Wang A, Abudukeyimu K, He H … +2 more , Cao W, Qian X
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41839400 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To investigate the spatial distribution of choroidal thickness (CT) and retinal curvature (RC) in children, and their independent/synergistic associations with rapid axial growth. METHODS: This retrospective coh...
PURPOSE: To investigate the spatial distribution of choroidal thickness (CT) and retinal curvature (RC) in children, and their independent/synergistic associations with rapid axial growth. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included 469 children. Swept-source OCTA (SS-OCTA) quantified regional CT/RC; principal component analysis (PCA) extracted CT spatial patterns. Rapid axial growth was defined as a monthly axial length (AL) increase >0.025 mm. Multivariable logistic regression and ROC analysis were performed. RESULTS: Eyes with rapid growth showed thinner CT and steeper RC, predominantly in the nasal mid-periphery (3-9 mm). The temporal-dominant choroidal thickness distribution pattern was independently associated with lower odds of rapid axial elongation, while increased nasal mid-peripheral RC showed a strong discriminative association with rapid axial growth. The combined model exhibited improved discriminative performance (AUC=0.723; 95% CI, 0.676-0.769), consistent across myopic, emmetropic, and hyperopic subgroups. CONCLUSIONS: Increased nasal mid-peripheral RC and reduced temporal-dominant CT distribution are synergistic features of rapid pediatric axial growth. SS-OCTA-derived metrics provide incremental value beyond static measurements, supporting imaging-based risk stratification. Quantitative assessment of retinal and choroidal topography may help identify children with accelerated axial growth patterns, supporting proactive refractive management.
A multimodal neoadjuvant strategy incorporating PDT, RFA, and ICIs results in a notable pathological response and preservation of the sphincter in microsatellite stable low rectal cancer: A highly distinctive case report and literature review.
Li Y, Zou D, Hu J … +11 more , Ma J, Bai Y, Xiang L, Maswikiti EP, Liu B, Liao L, Liu J, Ma J, Qi Y, Han C, Chen H
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41833681 · Publisher ↗
Microsatellite stable (MSS) rectal cancer generally shows limited response to immunotherapy because of its low tumor mutational burden and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, locally advanced low rectal...
Microsatellite stable (MSS) rectal cancer generally shows limited response to immunotherapy because of its low tumor mutational burden and immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. Meanwhile, locally advanced low rectal cancer presents a major clinical challenge, as radical surgery often compromises anal sphincter function and postoperative quality of life. Emerging evidence suggests that photodynamic therapy (PDT) and radiofrequency ablation (RFA) can induce immunogenic cell death, promoting the release of tumor-associated antigens and damage-associated molecular patterns, thereby enhancing antitumor immune responses. Here, we report a case of locally advanced MSS low rectal cancer treated with a multimodal neoadjuvant regimen integrating sequential PDT and RFA with systemic therapy including immune checkpoint inhibitors, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy. This strategy achieved a near-complete pathological response (Tumor Regression Grade 1) and enabled successful sphincter-preserving radical surgery despite the tumor being located <5 cm from the anal verge. The treatment was well tolerated, with no severe treatment-related adverse events observed. This case suggests that combining local tumor ablation with systemic immunomodulatory therapy may represent a promising strategy to enhance immunotherapy responsiveness and facilitate organ-preserving treatment in selected patients with MSS rectal cancer.
Improved efficacy of 0.01% atropine combined with diffusion optics technology lenses for myopia control in a real-world setting in Northern China.
Li X, Ji Y, Fu Y … +5 more , Liu S, Yin M, Wang J, Zhang J, Leng L
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41831633 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To compare myopia progression among children wearing Diffusion Optics Technology (DOT) lenses, DOT lenses combined with 0.01% atropine (DOTA), and single-vision spectacle (SVS) lenses in a real-world clinical se...
PURPOSE: To compare myopia progression among children wearing Diffusion Optics Technology (DOT) lenses, DOT lenses combined with 0.01% atropine (DOTA), and single-vision spectacle (SVS) lenses in a real-world clinical setting in northern China. METHODS: In this non-randomized controlled clinical study, 510 myopic children were enrolled. Participants were assigned to the DOTA, DOT, or SVS groups based on patient and guardian preference. Parameters from the right eye were analyzed for all groups. Axial length (AL) and spherical equivalent refraction (SER) were measured at baseline and at the 12-month follow-up. RESULTS: Data from 457 subjects were analyzed. After 12 months, the mean AL change was 0.08 ± 0.20 mm in the DOTA group, 0.12 ± 0.19 mm in the DOT group, and 0.41 ± 0.24 mm in the SVS group (P < 0.05). The median SER change (interquartile range) was 0.00 D (-0.37 to 0.00) for DOTA, 0.00 D (-0.38 to -0.12) for DOT, and -0.76 D (-1.19 to -0.41) for SVS (P < 0.05). Compared with the SVS group, both the DOTA and DOT groups exhibited significantly less AL elongation and less myopic shift in SER (both P < 0.05). No significant difference was observed between the two intervention groups (P > 0.05). However, in the low myopia subgroup (SER: -2.00 to -0.50 D), DOTA resulted in less AL elongation than DOT (P < 0.05). Notably, 60.14% of subjects in the DOTA group and 53.70% in the DOT group showed a reduction in AL after 12 months of lens wear, rather than an increase. CONCLUSIONS: Both DOTA and DOT lenses effectively control myopia progression. The DOTA group demonstrated superior efficacy in the low myopia subgroup and was associated with a higher proportion of eyes exhibiting axial shortening.
Comparison of predictive efficacy of Sirius and Pentacam in predicting postoperative vault height after ICL implantation: a propensity score matched study.
Cao W, Zheng C
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41831632 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: In implantable collamer lens (ICL) implantation surgery for myopia, achieving a proper vault is a critical hallmark for successful clinical treatment. This study aims to evaluate the performance of two tools...
BACKGROUND: In implantable collamer lens (ICL) implantation surgery for myopia, achieving a proper vault is a critical hallmark for successful clinical treatment. This study aims to evaluate the performance of two tools in measuring corneal diameter and anterior chamber depth (ACD) for predicting post-ICL implantation vault. METHODS: The medical records of 213 individuals who underwent ICL implantation were retrospectively reviewed. To minimize selection bias inherent in the two-cohort design, propensity score matching (PSM) was performed, creating a balanced analytical cohort. After matching on key preoperative parameters, 79 matched pairs (Pentacam group: n=79; Sirius group: n=79) were included for all primary analyses. Within this matched cohort, Spearman correlation and ROC curve analyses were used to assess the relationship and diagnostic value of preoperative corneal diameter and ACD with postoperative vault categories (normal, low, high). RESULTS: Based on the propensity score-matched cohorts (n=79 per group), ACD showed a significant positive correlation with postoperative vault in both the Pentacam and Sirius groups, while corneal diameter demonstrated limited and inconsistent correlation. Subgroup analysis revealed that a shallower ACD was associated with low vault in the Pentacam group, while a deeper ACD was related to high vault in both groups. However, the diagnostic value of ACD for predicting abnormal vault was modest and device-dependent, with only the right-eye ACD in the Sirius group presenting a statistically significant area under the curve (AUC). CONCLUSIONS: Preoperative ACD is a significant and consistent factor correlated to postoperative ICL vault. Although its absolute predictive performance varied between devices, ACD remained robust biometric parameter available from both the Pentacam and Sirius systems for vault risk assessment. These findings support the clinical utility of ACD in preoperative assessment but highlight the need for device-specific interpretation and further refinement of vault prediction models.
Photobiomodulation pre-treatment enhances ALA-induced PpIX accumulation and photodynamic therapy response in oral squamous cell carcinoma cells in cell culture.
Ferro AP, Mensah SK, Liu YR … +2 more , Guirro ECO, Celli JP
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41831631 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photobiomodulation (PBM) are light-based modalities with differing applications but which share overlapping spectral and irradiance requirements. PDT, which uses an exogenous...
INTRODUCTION: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) and photobiomodulation (PBM) are light-based modalities with differing applications but which share overlapping spectral and irradiance requirements. PDT, which uses an exogenous photosensitizer, can be used to impart a selective cytotoxic response in target malignant tissues, while PBM is typically used to stimulate biological responses that are beneficial in healthy tissues. The inherent compatibility in light delivery requirements suggests the potential for exploring interactions between these modalities which could enhance tumor response to PDT. OBJECTIVE: We sought to evaluate the capability of photobiomodulation (PBM) pretreatment to enhance aminolaevulinic acid (ALA)-induced protoporhyrin IX (PpIX) photosensitization, and subsequent PDT response in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. MATERIAL AND METHODS: OSCC cell cultures were initially treated with 635 or 830 nm irradiation at various fluences to examine fluence and wavelength dependence of PBM effects. Fluence-dependent changes in mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity as an indicator of mitochondrial metabolic function were assessed by the MTS assay. PBM treated cultures were also lysed to assess PpIX accumulation via fluorescence analysis. Cytotoxic response in cultures treated with PDT with or without PBM priming/pre-treatment at varying fluences were assessed by image analysis following staining with calcein acetoxymethyl ester and ethidium bromide. RESULTS: Photobiomodulation (PBM) using red (635 nm) or infrared (830 nm) light sources produced dose-dependent increases in mitochondrial dehydrogenase activity (as measured by the MTS assay) with minimal evidence of phototoxicity in oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) cells. The accumulation of PpIX resulting from ALA incubation increased significantly in OSCC cells that were pre-treated with PBM relative to controls. The combination of PBM and PDT showed significantly increased cytotoxic response compared to PDT alone. CONCLUSIONS: PBM enhances ALA-induced PpIX accumulation, and subsequent PDT response in OSCC cells. This enhancement effect can be achieved using the same light source as for PpIX photoactivation suggesting potential as a clinically practical pre-treatment to enhance efficacy of ALA-PDT.
Diagnostic and therapeutic challenges in mammary and extra-mammary Paget disease: a retrospective case series.
Słowińska M, Zalaudek I, Czarnecka I … +10 more , Meo ND, Ortiz DC, Kłoniecka J, Grala B, Sokołowska-Wojdyło M, Żółkiewicz J, Czajkowska K, Czarny-Kamm J, Ługowska I, Owczarek W
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41831630 · Publisher ↗
Mammary and extramammary Paget disease (PD; MPD, EMPD) is a rare neoplastic disorder characterised by intraepithelial infiltration of malignant cells with glandular differentiation. Diagnosis of PD remains challenging, a...
Mammary and extramammary Paget disease (PD; MPD, EMPD) is a rare neoplastic disorder characterised by intraepithelial infiltration of malignant cells with glandular differentiation. Diagnosis of PD remains challenging, as its clinical presentation frequently mimics inflammatory diseases or other cutaneous neoplasms. It is estimated that approximately 10-15 % of EMPD cases and up to 50 % of MPD cases are invasive at the time of definitive diagnosis, largely due to diagnostic delays that may last several years. In this retrospective case series, we analysed non-pigmented EMPD (n = 8) and MPD (n = 5) to evaluate the diagnostic performance of selected non-invasive imaging techniques, including dermoscopy, photodynamic diagnosis, and reflectance confocal microscopy, highlighting their limitations and advantages during the primary investigation and disease surveillance over several years. Furthermore, we analysed diagnostic challenges in advanced, metastatic, and overlapping cases. The study also summarises the outcomes of multiple-line therapeutic approaches applied in high-risk EMPD patients and compares these results with data available in the current literature.
Automated measurement of horizontal strabismus in children's primary gaze photographs using deep learning and computer vision.
Luo L, Yao Q, Guo J … +3 more , Cen J, Cai K, Zheng C
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41825684 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To develop and validate algorithms that automatically measure horizontal ocular alignment in children's primary gaze photographs using deep learning and computer vision. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We proposed a two-...
PURPOSE: To develop and validate algorithms that automatically measure horizontal ocular alignment in children's primary gaze photographs using deep learning and computer vision. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We proposed a two-stage artificial intelligence (AI) system, including deep learning (DL) algorithms for automatic segmentation of eye structure and computer vision (CV) algorithms to measure horizontal ocular alignment. DL algorithms were trained using a public ocular images dataset. The measurements of CV algorithms were tested in primary gaze photographs recruited from a tertiary hospital. RESULTS: The DL training dataset involved 11,018 ocular and corresponding ground truth images. We then used 147 primary gaze photographs to validate the CV algorithms. The strabismus angles measured by the AI system closely followed the Hirschberg test (HT) using linear regression analysis (slope = 0.919, p < 0.001). There was excellent agreement between the two methods, as measured by the intra-class correlation coefficient (ICC = 0.98). Compared to the angle measured by HT, the proposed algorithms achieved a limits of agreement (LoA) of -7.1 to 6.3 prism diopters (PD) and coefficients of variation (CoV) of 13.5 %. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, we proposed an automated DL and CV system to measure horizontal ocular alignment using gaze photographs. Our system produced predictions similar to the measurement by Hirschberg test. In addition, the two-stage AI system provided an explanation of the rationale for clinical decisions.
ALA-PDT activates macrophage autophagy via the ROS-EP300 pathway to kill intracellular Mycobacteroides abscessus.
Wang X, Dai Y, Feng Y … +4 more , Kou Z, Chang J, Zhong JL, Lei X
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41825683 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Mycobacteroides abscessus is a common rapidly growing non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) that exhibits resistance to most antibiotics and is associated with low cure rates, highlighting an urgent need for ne...
BACKGROUND: Mycobacteroides abscessus is a common rapidly growing non-tuberculosis mycobacteria (NTM) that exhibits resistance to most antibiotics and is associated with low cure rates, highlighting an urgent need for new therapeutic strategies. Our previous clinical study has found that ALA-PDT may represent a novel and promising approach for treating M.abscessus infection, although its precise mechanism of action remains to be elucidated. METHODS: To investigate the mechanism by which ALA-PDT kills intracellular M. abscessus, we established an intracellular infection model using THP-1 to evaluate its bactericidal effect. Subsequently, RNA-sequencing analysis and targeted in vitro experiments were performed to explore the underlying mechanisms. RESULTS: ALA-PDT significantly reduced the intracellular survival of M. abscessus in THP-1. RNA-sequencing revealed that ALA-PDT modulates multiple cellular pathways, notably inducing the upregulation of autophagy-related genes. Consistently, ALA-PDT increased autophagosome formation and LC3 expression in both infected and uninfected macrophages. The bactericidal effect of ALA-PDT against intracellular M.abscessus was markedly attenuated by an autophagy inhibitor, confirming the functional role of autophagy. In addition, ALA-PDT promoted the generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS), while a ROS inhibitor suppressed the ALA-PDT induced increase in LC3 expression and the decrease in intracellular bacterial survival. Transcriptomic analysis suggested that EP300 may play a key regulatory role in this process. In vitro experiments confirmed that ALA-PDT downregulated EP300 expression, and an EP300 activator significantly reversed the ALA-PDT-mediated increase in LC3 expression and reduction in intracellular bacteria. Finally, it was found that ALA-PDT can alter the overall acetylation levels in macrophages, pointing to a potential epigenetic mechanism. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that ALA-PDT activates antibacterial autophagy via the ROS-EP300 pathway to eliminate intracellular M. abscessus, uncovering a potential epigenetic immune mechanism. This work provides a theoretical foundation for the clinical application of ALA-PDT in treating M. abscessus infections.
Comparison of basal diameters in choroidal melanoma using ultra-widefield color fundus photography and ultrasonography.
Kreminger JE, Reumueller A, Dunavoelgyi R … +1 more , Told R
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41825682 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: For diagnosis and monitoring of ocular neoplastic lesions, ultrasonography (US) measurements are pivotal. Using color fundus photographs rather than US may allow follow-up with an ophthalmologist close to pati...
OBJECTIVE: For diagnosis and monitoring of ocular neoplastic lesions, ultrasonography (US) measurements are pivotal. Using color fundus photographs rather than US may allow follow-up with an ophthalmologist close to patients' home and may reduce the need of patients to travel to specialized ocular-oncological centers. This study aims to compare measurements of choroidal melanoma (CM) diameters in ultra-widefield color fundus images (UWF-CF) to measurements based on US. PATIENTS AND METHODS: In this comparative retrospective study patients with CM and available US and UWF-CF were included. Standardized US measurements and UWF-CF were compared using Bland-Altman plots and paired t-tests to evaluate agreement of methods. RESULTS: 53 eyes of 53 patients with CM (31 male (58.5 %), mean age 63 ± 13 years) were included in this study. Mean transversal diameter (TD) was not statistically significantly different between US (9.06 ± 2.65 mm) and UWF-CF (9.04 ± 3.07 mm; p = 0.920). Mean longitudinal diameter (LD) was statistically significantly greater in UWF-CF (10.01 ± 2.86 mm) as compared to US (9.31 ± 2.55 mm; p = 0.009). CONCLUSIONS: Tumor diameters can be assessed accurately in UWF-CF. TD on UWF-CF is comparable to US measurements via a standardized procedure. Differences may be explained by the presence of e.g. fibrosis or hard exudates obscuring basal tumor diameters.
Protoporphyrin IX fluorescence for real-time visualization of bacterial persistence during root canal treatment.
Saigusa K, Hasegawa T, Koyanagi K … +4 more , Saigusa N, Sato N, Yagishita H, Kitamura K
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41825681 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Apical periodontitis (AP) results from microbial infection within the root canal system. Although mechanical and chemical debridement techniques have advanced, real-time intraoperative visualization of bact...
INTRODUCTION: Apical periodontitis (AP) results from microbial infection within the root canal system. Although mechanical and chemical debridement techniques have advanced, real-time intraoperative visualization of bacterial persistence remains limited. This study evaluated whether fluorescence-aided root canal treatment (FARCT) using protoporphyrin IX fluorescence (PpIX-FL) could assist clinicians in visualizing bacterial persistence in real time during routine endodontic procedures. METHODS: Fifty patients (23 initial treatments, 27 retreatments) underwent root canal treatment. PpIX-FL was visualized in real time under 405-nm excitation using a dental operating microscope. Fluorescent areas were documented, and multivariate logistic regression analysis was performed to assess associations with clinical factors. Histological examination and confocal microscopy were conducted to verify bacterial presence corresponding to PpIX-FL. RESULTS: PpIX-FL was detected in 56.0% of cases, particularly in isthmuses, fins, and contaminated gutta-percha. Fluorescence was significantly more prevalent in retreatment cases (OR=8.32; p = 0.05) and teeth with periapical lesions ≥2 mm (OR=61.06; p = 0.005). Confocal imaging and Gram staining confirmed that red autofluorescence areas corresponded with Gram-positive bacterial infiltration into dentinal tubules. CONCLUSIONS: PpIX-FL enables reagent-free, real-time visualization of bacterial contamination within the root canal system. FARCT should be regarded as an adjunctive visualization approach rather than a stand-alone diagnostic or therapeutic modality. The present findings demonstrate the clinical feasibility of PpIX-based autofluorescence for fluorescence-guided visualization in endodontic retreatment and anatomically complex cases.
Clarithromycin-based therapy with adjunctive photobiomodulation and microwave treatment for cutaneous Mycobacterium marinum infection.
Su Y, Zhao W, Yang Y … +2 more , Hong M, Zhu Y
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41812906 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Cutaneous Mycobacterium marinum (M. marinum) infection poses substantial diagnostic and therapeutic challenges and often necessitates prolonged multidrug antibiotic regimens, which are frequently associated w...
BACKGROUND: Cutaneous Mycobacterium marinum (M. marinum) infection poses substantial diagnostic and therapeutic challenges and often necessitates prolonged multidrug antibiotic regimens, which are frequently associated with poor adherence and potential toxicity. This study aimed to evaluate the feasibility, efficacy, and safety of a treatment strategy combining oral clarithromycin with red-light photobiomodulation (PBM) and microwave therapy. METHODS: A single-center retrospective study was conducted on patients with M. marinum infection confirmed by culture and/or nested polymerase chain reaction (nested PCR) between 2021 and 2024. Clinical data were collected, and treatment outcomes were analyzed for patients who received combination therapy with oral clarithromycin, PBM and microwave treatment. RESULTS: All 14 patients were microbiologically confirmed to have M. marinum infection by culture and/or nested polymerase chain reaction (PCR)-based species identification. The median treatment duration was 4.5 weeks. Clinical cure was achieved in 10 patients, while 2 patients showed marked improvement and 2 exhibited partial improvement. No clinical recurrence was observed during a follow-up period of up to 36 months. CONCLUSIONS: A clarithromycin-based regimen supplemented with PBM and microwave therapy appears to be safe and potentially effective for cutaneous M. marinum infection and may facilitate early clinical improvement with favorable tolerability. During follow-up, no clinical relapse was documented.
Berberine-loaded human dental pulp stem cells exosomes potentiate antimicrobial photodynamic therapy against Porphyromonas gingivalis biofilms.
Pourhajibagher M, Bahador A
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41802454 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Periodontitis, a prevalent infectious disease driven by polymicrobial dental plaque biofilms, is associated with systemic health risks. Porphyromonas gingivalis acts as a keystone pathogen within these biofil...
BACKGROUND: Periodontitis, a prevalent infectious disease driven by polymicrobial dental plaque biofilms, is associated with systemic health risks. Porphyromonas gingivalis acts as a keystone pathogen within these biofilms, with the fimA gene encoding the major fimbrial subunit FimA serving as a key virulence factor facilitating bacterial adhesion and biofilm formation, critical for persistence and periodontal destruction. Berberine, a benzylisoquinoline alkaloid with antimicrobial properties, is limited by poor solubility and bioavailability. This study explores antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) using berberine-loaded human dental pulp stem cell-derived exosomes (Ber@hDPSCs-Exos) to enhance anti-biofilm efficacy against P. gingivalis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Exosomes were isolated from hDPSCs and characterized by transmission electron microscopy, flow cytometry (CD81 expression), and Bradford assay. Berberine was loaded into exosomes via ultrasonication, with encapsulation efficiency assessed by UV spectrophotometry. The minimum biofilm inhibitory concentration (MBIC) of Ber@hDPSCs-Exos, minimum biofilm inhibitory dose (MBID) of a 405 nm diode laser, and MBIC of aPDT were determined against P. gingivalis biofilms using colorimetric assays. The expression of the fimA virulence gene was evaluated via quantitative real-time PCR. Statistical analysis was performed using one-way ANOVA (P < 0.05). RESULTS: hDPSCs-Exos exhibited spherical morphology, high CD81 expression (80.3%), and a protein concentration of 460.75 µg/mL. Berberine encapsulation efficiency was 74.9%. Ber@hDPSCs-Exos inhibited P. gingivalis biofilm formation with an MBIC of 125 µg/mL, while the diode laser MBID was 240 s (103.9 J/cm²). aPDT with 31.2 µg/mL Ber@hDPSCs-Exos and 60 s irradiation significantly reduced biofilm biomass (OD570 nm ∼2.44). Sub-MBIC aPDT (15.6 µg/mL, 120 s) downregulated fimA expression by 3.1-fold (P < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Ber@hDPSCs-Exos-based aPDT effectively inhibits P. gingivalis biofilm formation and reduces fimA expression, offering a promising adjunctive treatment for periodontitis management. Further in vivo studies are required to confirm the clinical potential of this approach.
Cytology-stratified evaluation of carcinoma in situ detection using 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic diagnosis.
Shigehisa R, Fukata S, Pustimbara A … +12 more , Yoshimura R, Mizutani K, Takemori D, Shiba Y, Yamamoto S, Osakabe H, Nao T, Shimamoto T, Fukuhara H, Shimizu N, Ashida S, Inoue K
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41802453 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Urinary cytology and white-light (WL) cystoscopy are standard tools for diagnosing bladder cancer; however, their sensitivity is limited for flat, visually inconspicuous lesions such as carcinoma in situ (CIS...
BACKGROUND: Urinary cytology and white-light (WL) cystoscopy are standard tools for diagnosing bladder cancer; however, their sensitivity is limited for flat, visually inconspicuous lesions such as carcinoma in situ (CIS). Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) enhances tumor visualization; however, few studies have specifically evaluated CIS detection sensitivity stratified by cytology grade. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the diagnostic accuracy of ALA-based PDD during transurethral resection of bladder tumors (TURBT) for detecting CIS, with cytology-stratified analyses and by anatomical site. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 89 patients with histologically confirmed CIS who underwent PDD-assisted TURBT at Kochi Medical School between 2018 and 2025. Detection rates at both lesion and patient levels using WL and PDD were compared using McNemar's test. Preoperative urinary cytology was classified according to the Papanicolaou system (classes I-V). RESULTS: In total, 217 CIS lesions were analyzed. Detection rates increased from 53.5% with WL to 87.1% with PDD (p < 0.001), with no WL-positive/PDD-negative lesions observed. PDD markedly improved detection across all subsites, particularly at the bladder neck (+56%) and dome (+37%). Overall, 31.5% of patients had at least one WL-negative/PDD-positive lesion and no WL-negative/PDD-negative lesions (true PDD-benefit), with corresponding proportions of 31.3%, 42.9%, and 24.4% for cytology classes I-II, III, and IV-V, respectively. The incremental benefit of PDD was evident across cytology strata, including cytology-negative (classes I-II) and equivocal (class III) patients. CONCLUSIONS: ALA-based PDD-assisted TURBT significantly improves CIS detection compared with WL cystoscopy, providing consistent benefits across anatomical sites and cytologic strata.
Choroid blood flow analysis in the contralateral eye of neovascular age-related macular degeneration patients with subretinal fibrosis using OCTA.
Peng J, Liu J, Cao Y … +3 more , Ju Y, Li D, Li J
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Mar · PMID 41796922 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate choroidal vascular alterations in the contralateral eyes of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (N-AMD) and subretinal fibrosis (SRFi) using optical coherence tomography angiog...
PURPOSE: To evaluate choroidal vascular alterations in the contralateral eyes of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (N-AMD) and subretinal fibrosis (SRFi) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA). METHODS: This retrospective study included 57 patients (57 eyes) with unilateral N-AMD and a normal fellow eye. Patients were classified by multimodal imaging into SRFi (24 eyes) and non-SRFi (32 eyes) groups. Best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA, logMAR), subfoveal choroidal thickness (SFCT), and OCTA-derived choriocapillaris and choroidal vessel density (VD, %) were measured. Group differences were assessed using binarized OCTA scans, and correlation and logistic regression analyses were performed. RESULTS: SFCT was significantly reduced in the SRFi group compared with controls (P < 0.05) and was positively correlated with choroidal VD (r = 0.414, P = 0.045). Multivariate logistic regression identified SFCT (OR=0.98, 95% CI: 0.96-0.99, P = 0.006) and choroidal VD (OR=0.85, 95% CI: 0.72-1.00, P = 0.047) as independent risk factors for SRFi. CONCLUSION: Decreased SFCT and choroidal VD in the contralateral eyes of N-AMD patients with SRFi suggest a potential role in disease pathogenesis and progression. These parameters may serve as early biomarkers for the onset of SRFi in N-AMD.
Effects of bright light and near-infrared light on insomnia symptoms in community-dwelling older adults: a randomized clinical trial.
Chen PY, Chen ST, Chen YL … +2 more , Yang YC, Cheng WJ
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41794313 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent among older adults and associated with substantial morbidity. Although bright light therapy has shown efficacy for insomnia, the evidence supporting near-infrared (NIR)...
BACKGROUND: Sleep disturbances are highly prevalent among older adults and associated with substantial morbidity. Although bright light therapy has shown efficacy for insomnia, the evidence supporting near-infrared (NIR) light is comparatively limited. AIMS: To examine the effects of NIR (850 nm photobiomodulation to the neck), white light (WL, to the eyes), and their combination on sleep and melatonin secretion in older adults with insomnia symptoms, and explore whether chronotype moderated treatment outcomes. METHODS: A randomized clinical trial was conducted among 59 community-dwelling adults aged ≥ 60 years with early wakening and sleep-maintenance insomnia symptoms. Participants were randomized to NIR, WL, or NIR+WL for 60 min nightly over two weeks. Data gathered included actigraphy-derived sleep parameters, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI), salivary melatonin concentration, and dim-light melatonin onset (DLMO). Chronotype was assessed with the Munich Chronotype Questionnaire, and its moderating effect was examined. RESULTS: PSQI scores improved significantly across all intervention groups, with increases in subjective sleep duration of 0.43 h (WL), 0.81 h (NIR), and 1.08 h (NIR+WL). No significant changes were observed in actigraphy-derived sleep indicators or melatonin measures. Chronotype significantly moderated treatment effects, with late chronotypes demonstrating greater improvement in sleep duration and efficiency with WL, whereas early chronotypes showed greater improvement with NIR+WL. CONCLUSIONS: Both NIR and WL were associated with improvements in subjective sleep quality and duration. Chronotype-specific patterns of response suggest distinct underlying mechanisms and support the potential for personalized light-based interventions for insomnia in older adults. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: This study was registered on ClinicalTrials.gov (https://clinicaltrials.gov/study/NCT06292819).
Novel abrasive and oscillating skin preparation device as pre-treatment of actinic keratosis in photodynamic therapy: A Single-center, prospective, open-label, randomized, split-site trial.
Hagman JH, Czuryszkiewicz T
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41794312 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is recommended as a first-line treatment for multiple actinic keratoses (AK) and field cancerized skin. When using PDT, skin preparation is recommended before application of photose...
BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is recommended as a first-line treatment for multiple actinic keratoses (AK) and field cancerized skin. When using PDT, skin preparation is recommended before application of photosensitizer cream to enhance absorption. Different physical methods exist to remove crusts and scales from the AK lesions. However, currently widely used methods can be time-consuming, unpleasant to the patient, or require expensive equipment. OBJECTIVES: To investigate the performance, safety, and comfort of a novel skin preparation device consisting of a soft biocompatible abrasive pad attached to an oscillating device, compared to widely used methods such as curettage and manual microdermabrasion. METHODS: Before artificial daylight PDT (ADL-PDT) all patients (n = 22) underwent skin preparation with the oscillating abrasive device and either curettage (n = 11) or manual microdermabrasion with sandpaper (n = 11). Removal of hyperkeratotic skin and operation times were evaluated. Safety was defined through skin warming (SW), skin irritation (SI), and skin damage (SD). Device comfort was monitored by user and patient questionnaires. Skin preparation was repeated if needed on Day 14 before second ADL-PDT session. Patients determined pain using numerical rate scale (NRS) during skin preparation and ADL-PDT. AK clearance was measured with number and Olsen grade of AKs assessed on Day 0, Day 14, and at 4 months. RESULTS: Primary outcomes: Skin preparation times of AK lesions using the oscillating abrasive device was 15.2 s/10 cm compared to manual sandpaper 26.6 s/10 cm (P = 0.0136) and curettage 22.3 s/10 cm (P = 0.1573). Hyperkeratotic lesions were easily removed with oscillating device for 95.5% (n = 21/22) of the patients. Corresponding values for curettage were 81.8% (n = 9/11, P = 0.10) and for sandpaper 54.5% (n = 6/11, P = 0.0096). More thorough work was required to remove hyperkeratotic lesions for 18.2% of patients (n = 2/11) in the curettage group and for 27.3% of patients (n = 3/11) in the sandpaper group. Some lesions remained on the skin area prepared with the oscillating device in one patient (4.5%, n = 1/22) and in two patients with sandpaper (18.2% n = 2/11). SECONDARY OUTCOMES: Skin warming was reported more often with oscillating device (SW: n = 10/22), but caused less irritation (SI: n = 2/22) and skin damage (SD: n = 1/22), compared to curettage (SW: n = 1/11, SI: n = 5/11, SD: n = 8/11) and manual sandpaper (SW: n = 4/11, SI: n = 2/11, SD: n = 2/11). All reported cases of SW, SI and SD were mild. Device comfort was in general assessed by patients as neutral: oscillating device (n = 17/22), curettage (n = 8/11) and sandpaper (n = 9/11). Vibration of the oscillating device was assessed as neutral by many patients (n = 16), pleasant by four patients (n = 4) and unpleasant by two patients (n = 2). None of the patients found the vibration very unpleasant. The mean pain scores (NRS) were low during skin preparation (oscillating device 1.1, curettage 1.8, sandpaper 1.7) and even lower during ADL-PDT (oscillating device 0.6, curettage 0.4, sandpaper 1.0). Total number of AK lesions were 260 on Day 0, with a reduction to 56 AK lesions on Day 14 (Olsen grade 1: n = 46/108, Olsen grade 2: n = 10/116, Olsen grade 3: n = 0/35). All lesions were cleared at 4-month follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: The novel oscillating abrasive skin preparation device was as safe and as effective as curettage and manual microdermabrasion in preparation of AKs before ADL-PDT.
Hybrid hydrogel-nanocarrier antimicrobial photodynamic therapy with Allura red against clostridium perfringens under oxygen-limited (hypoxic) conditions: An in vitro proof-of-concept.
Majeed HA
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41794311 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising approach against bacterial biofilms. However, its efficiency is usually limited under oxygen-deficient conditions such as in Clostridium perfringens infec...
BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has emerged as a promising approach against bacterial biofilms. However, its efficiency is usually limited under oxygen-deficient conditions such as in Clostridium perfringens infections. OBJECTIVE: To design and evaluate an in vitro hybrid hydrogel-nanocarrier antimicrobial photodynamic platform and to determine whether measurable antibacterial, antibiofilm, and anti-α-toxin effects can be maintained against Clostridium perfringens under verified oxygen-limited conditions. METHODS: The hybrid formulation was prepared by combining a sodium alginate-alum hydrogel with Allura Red AC-chitosan nanocarriers. C. perfringens biofilms were treated with a 630 nm diode laser at fluences of 5, 10, 15, and 20 J/cm² under strictly oxygen-limited (hypoxic) conditions verified using a resazurin indicator. Reactive oxygen species (ROS), including singlet oxygen (¹O₂), were quantified using SOSG and HPF probes, while biofilm biomass and viability were assessed via crystal violet, Congo red, and CFU assays. Photoluminescence quantum yield (the ratio of emitted to absorbed photons) was determined using standard spectrofluorometric procedures. RESULTS: The hybrid system produced measurable ROS even in low-oxygen environments, indicating a shift toward Type I photochemical pathways. Significant biofilm disruption and bacterial inactivation (p < 0.05) were achieved, particularly at 15 J/cm². The hydrogel provided prolonged retention and more uniform illumination, whereas chitosan nanocarriers enhanced dye-bacteria contact and localized ROS delivery. Allura Red served only as a model chromophore to test platform performance under stringent oxygen-limited conditions and is not intended for clinical antimicrobial PDT. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates an in vitro, platform-level proof-of-concept for an oxygen-tolerant antimicrobial photodynamic therapy system under oxygen-limited conditions. Allura Red was used exclusively as a conservative stress-test chromophore and is not proposed as a clinical photosensitizer. The findings indicate that platform design-hydrogel retention and nanocarrier-mediated bacterial contact/targeting-rather than chromophore efficiency alone, plays a central role in sustaining measurable photodynamic activity under oxygen-limited conditions.
Macular microvascular remodeling in non-pathological high myopia revealed by optical coherence tomography angiography.
Zhu H, Qian H, Zhang W … +5 more , Wu X, Lei J, Chen Z, Liu Q, Yao J
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41794310 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To characterize subclinical macular microvascular alterations in eyes with high myopia (HM) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and to investigate the relationship between retinal microvasculat...
PURPOSE: To characterize subclinical macular microvascular alterations in eyes with high myopia (HM) using optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) and to investigate the relationship between retinal microvasculature, retinal thickness (RT), and axial length (AL). METHODS: In this prospective, cross-sectional study, 108 eyes with HM (spherical equivalent ≤ -6.00 D, axial length ≥ 26 mm) and 96 age- and sex-matched healthy control eyes were examined. Macular vascular density (VD) in the superficial and deep capillary plexuses (SCP and DCP), foveal avascular zone (FAZ) metrics, and RT were quantified after ocular magnification correction. Correlations between OCTA parameters, RT, and AL were evaluated using Pearson's correlation analysis. RESULTS: In both SCP and DCP, foveal VD was significantly higher in HM eyes compared with controls (P < 0.001), whereas parafoveal VD was markedly reduced (P < 0.001). FAZ area and perimeter were significantly enlarged in HM eyes (P = 0.01 and P = 0.02, respectively). The foveal RT was significantly higher in the HM group compared with controls (P < 0.001). In contrast, the parafoveal RT was significantly lower in the HM group compared with controls (P < 0.001). Correlation analysis revealed that VD was positively associated with regional RT in the HM group (all P < 0.01). Notably, while AL showed a negative association with parafoveal VD and a positive correlation with FAZ metrics, no significant correlation was observed between AL and foveal VD in the HM group. CONCLUSIONS: Eyes with HM without pathological changes exhibit a distinct pattern of macular microvascular remodeling, characterized by reduced parafoveal VD alongside increased foveal VD. These findings suggest that microvascular attenuation is more pronounced in the parafoveal region than in the foveal center and highlight OCTA-derived vascular metrics as candidate imaging features for characterizing non-pathological HM, which warrant validation in longitudinal studies.
Advances in the application of photodynamic diagnosis in Skin Tumors.
Zhang D, Nie L, Nong X
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41794309 · Publisher ↗
Photodynamic Diagnosis (PDD) is a non-invasive imaging technique. It relies on a photosensitizer that, when activated by a specific light source, causes metabolically active tissues like tumors to emit visible red fluore...
Photodynamic Diagnosis (PDD) is a non-invasive imaging technique. It relies on a photosensitizer that, when activated by a specific light source, causes metabolically active tissues like tumors to emit visible red fluorescence. PDD offers high sensitivity, high specificity, and real-time visualization. This article reviews advances in the use of PDD for common cutaneous tumors, including Keratinocyte Carcinoma and extramammary Paget disease (EMPD). In managing skin tumors, PDD can be used during preoperative, intraoperative, and postoperative stages. This helps optimize diagnosis and treatment. Preoperatively, PDD clearly delineates tumor margins and identifies subclinical lesions. It aids in planning surgical or photodynamic therapy-especially for multifocal or ill-defined lesions, such as Bowen's disease and actinic keratosis. Intraoperatively, PDD guides surgeons in determining excision boundaries in real-time. This increases the rate of negative margins (for example, up to 98.6% in cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma surgery) while reducing the number of surgical stages and tissue damage. Postoperatively, PDD can evaluate treatment response, monitor for residual disease, or detect early recurrence. This enables non-invasive, repeatable follow-up. Limitations of PDD include false positives due to inflammation, interference from nonspecific fluorescence, limited depth of fluorescence penetration, and variability in tumor tissue. Looking forward, new technologies such as nanotechnology, artificial intelligence, and multimodal imaging may broaden the use of fluorescence detection in dermatology.
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