Photodiagnosis And Photodynamic Therapy[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Toluidine blue O-mediated antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation reinforced with naringenin against Streptococcus mutans biofilms.
Alkidsawy A, Younespour S, Afrasiabi S
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41936977 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Combining antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with phytochemicals may enhance antibiofilm activity while reducing reliance on higher photosensitizer concentrations. This study evaluated toluidine blue O...
BACKGROUND: Combining antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (aPDT) with phytochemicals may enhance antibiofilm activity while reducing reliance on higher photosensitizer concentrations. This study evaluated toluidine blue O (TBO)-mediated aPDT and the adjunctive effect of naringenin (NAR) against Streptococcus mutans biofilms. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of TBO and NAR against S. mutans were determined. Checkerboard assays assessed drug interaction using the fractional inhibitory concentration index (FICI). Mature S. mutans biofilms were allocated to eight groups: control, TBO (100 µg/mL), NAR (156.25 µg/mL), red LED (630 nm, 60 J/cm), TBO (100 µg/mL) + LED, TBO (6.25 µg/mL) + LED, NAR + TBO (6.25 µg/mL) + LED, and 0.2 % chlorhexidine (CHX). Colony-forming unit (CFU) and crystal violet staining assays were performed. RESULTS: There was a synergistic interaction at NAR 156.25 µg/mL plus TBO 6.25 µg/mL (FICI = 0.375). Compared with the control, viable counts were significantly lower only in photoactivated TBO (all p < 0.0001). NAR plus TBO (6.25 µg/mL)-aPDT resulted in lower viable counts than TBO (6.25 µg/mL)-aPDT (p < 0.0001) and was not significantly different from TBO (100 µg/mL) + LED (p = 0.69). Crystal violet staining showed reduced biofilm compared to control with TBO (100 µg/mL)-aPDT (p < 0.0001), NAR + TBO (6.25 µg/mL)-aPDT (p < 0.0001), TBO (6.25 µg/mL)-aPDT (p = 0.002), and CHX (p = 0.001). Adding NAR was not significant versus TBO (6.25 µg/mL)-aPDT (p = 0.09) and was comparable to TBO (100 µg/mL)-aPDT (p = 0.51). CONCLUSION: NAR enhanced TBO-aPDT killing of S. mutans biofilms, enabling low-concentration TBO-aPDT to match high-concentration efficacy TBO. Further studies are warranted to confirm efficacy and applicability.
Photodynamic therapy-assisted Mohs micrographic surgery for extramammary Paget's disease: A retrospective clinical study.
Xu A, Peng Q, Xiao Q … +3 more , Wang X, Ai Y, Wang M
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41935554 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) recurs frequently after surgery. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is the standard treatment, yet discontinuous tumor growth may lead to residual lesions and recurrence. Adju...
BACKGROUND: Extramammary Paget's disease (EMPD) recurs frequently after surgery. Mohs micrographic surgery (MMS) is the standard treatment, yet discontinuous tumor growth may lead to residual lesions and recurrence. Adjuvant photodynamic therapy (PDT) may eradicate residual microscopic disease. This study evaluated the therapeutic benefit of PDT combined with MMS (PDT+MMS) for EMPD. METHODS: We retrospectively enrolled 62 patients with EMPD to compare the recurrence rate between PDT+MMS and MMS alone. To control for baseline confounding, propensity score matching (PSM) was used to construct a comparable cohort. After achieving a well-balanced cohort of 15 patients in each group, Kaplan-Meier survival analysis and the log-rank test were employed to compare recurrence-free survival between the two groups. RESULTS: In the matched cohort, the PDT+MMS group demonstrated significantly lower recurrence rates (26.7 % vs 60.0 %), significantly longer median time to recurrence (1155 days vs180 days, P = 0.04), and superior recurrence-free survival compared with the MMS-alone group (P = 0.01). Subgroup analysis suggested that PDT-assisted therapy may confer a potential benefit in prolonging time to recurrence among patients with an invasion depth > 1 mm (median time: 730 days vs 165 days, P = 0.06). CONCLUSION: After adjusting for baseline confounding factors using propensity score matching, PDT+MMS combination therapy was associated with a reduced risk of recurrence and prolonged recurrence-free survival in patients with EMPD, with a potential benefit suggested for those with deeply invasive disease (>1 mm). These findings support the potential role of adjuvant PDT in the management of EMPD, although prospective studies are warranted to confirm these observations.
Comprehensive visualization of choroidal microvessels and nerve structure in graves' disease without clinical ophthalmopathy using ultra-widefield OCT angiography.
Liang J, Mao Y, Du T … +1 more , Peng J
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41935553 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Choroidal characteristics and nerve structure were evaluated in Graves' disease patients without ocular signs using Ultra-Widefield OCT angiography and compared with healthy controls, and their correlation with...
PURPOSE: Choroidal characteristics and nerve structure were evaluated in Graves' disease patients without ocular signs using Ultra-Widefield OCT angiography and compared with healthy controls, and their correlation with TSI was assessed. METHODS: Twenty-four patients with Graves' disease (GD) without ocular signs and twenty-three healthy controls were retrospectively included. Choroidal thickness (CT), radial peripapillary capillaries (RPCs) area, choroidal vascular volume (CVV), choroidal stromal volume (CSV), and choroidal vascular index (CVI) were measured using ultra-widefield OCT angiography. Thyroid hormone levels were collected in GD patients, including free triiodothyronine (FT3), free thyroxine (FT4), thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH), thyroid-stimulating immunoglobulin (TSI), and anti-TSH receptor antibody (A-TSHR). RESULTS: Central foveal and parafoveal-superior choroidal thickness were reduced in Graves' disease group (P < 0.05). For CSV in the GD group, significant differences were observed in the central fovea, parafoveal-temporal, parafoveal-inferior, perifoveal-temporal, perifoveal-inferior regions (all P < 0.05), with the greatest reduction in the fovea (P = 0.004). CVV differed only in the parafoveal-nasal region. Correlation analysis after bonferroni correction showed positive associations between CSV and TSI in the parafoveal-superior, parafoveal-nasal, and perifoveal-superior regions (Adjusted P < 0.05), and a inverse correlation between CVI and TSI in the fovea region (Adjusted P = 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: Patients with Graves' disease without ocular signs show altered choroidal characteristics (CT, CSV, CVV) compared with healthy controls, among which CSV and CVI may be related to thyroid hormone levels, especially TSI.
Correlations of pterygial blood flow with corneal refractive properties and higher-order aberrations: A cross-sectional OCTA study.
Shen J, Chen Y, Chen Y … +3 more , Gou B, Wang J, Cui H
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41935552 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To evaluate the associations between pterygial blood flow density (BFD) and corneal refractive properties, including higher-order aberrations (HOAs). METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 41 patients with...
PURPOSE: To evaluate the associations between pterygial blood flow density (BFD) and corneal refractive properties, including higher-order aberrations (HOAs). METHODS: This cross-sectional study enrolled 41 patients with primary unilateral pterygium. Anterior segment OCTA was utilized to measure blood flow density in the limbal regions of the pterygium, while the Pentacam HR system was used to assess corneal refractive parameters. Associations between regional blood flow density and corneal parameters were subsequently evaluated using correlation analysis. RESULTS: Central BFD (45.66±8.64%) was significantly lower compared to superior (49.88±4.55%, p < 0.001) and inferior regions (48.61±6.94%, p = 0.02). Furthermore, central BFD correlated significantly with mean keratometry (Km) (r=-0.36, p = 0.02) and astigmatism (r = 0.42, p = 0.01). It also showed significant positive correlations with total HOAs and total 4th order aberrations across the anterior, posterior, and total cornea (correlation coefficients 0.33 to 0.59, all p'<0.05). Notably, total HOAs and 4th order aberrations of posterior surface exhibited the strongest correlations (correlation coefficient 0.54 to 0.56, p'<0.001). CONCLUSION: Pterygium exhibit a distinct spatial blood flow perfusion pattern, characterized by significantly lower BFD in the central region compared to the periphery. This localized hypoperfusion correlates closely with altered corneal refractive properties and optical degradation, positioning central BFD as a critical biomarker for the severity of corneal refractive changes. Moreover, central BFD exhibits a robust correlation with HOAs, which is most pronounced on the posterior corneal surface. Consequently, dynamic HOA metrics serve as sensitive potential indicators for monitoring the relationship between pterygium vascularisation and corneal optical status.
AI in ophthalmology: A bibliometric analysis of retinal imaging innovations and global research collaboration.
Zhao R, Gillani S
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41932561 · Publisher ↗
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has profoundly transformed ophthalmic research, particularly in the diagnosis and management of retinal diseases. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric and...
The rapid advancement of artificial intelligence (AI) has profoundly transformed ophthalmic research, particularly in the diagnosis and management of retinal diseases. This study conducts a comprehensive bibliometric and science mapping analysis to elucidate the intellectual landscape, thematic evolution, and collaborative dynamics of AI applications in eye healthcare. Drawing on data spanning over two decades, we analyze publication trends, citation impact, keyword co-occurrence, and author/institutional networks to address three core research questions: (1) the trajectory of research growth and citation influence in AI-driven retinal diagnostics, (2) the collaborative influence of leading authors and institutions shaping the field, and (3) the conceptual structures and thematic clusters guiding intellectual development. Results reveal exponential growth in research output post-2015, with deep learning, optical coherence tomography (OCT), and diabetic retinopathy emerging as dominant themes. Co-authorship and co-citation networks highlight strong regional and institutional clusters, led by prolific entities such as the University of London and the University of California System. Thematic and factorial analyses uncover a gradual shift from foundational algorithmic studies to multimodal and therapy-focused innovations, with emerging themes including explainable AI, telemedicine, and personalized diagnostics. Despite robust growth, notable gaps persist in real-world clinical integration, regulatory frameworks, and representation from low-resource regions. This study not only maps the current intellectual terrain of AI in ophthalmology but also identifies critical avenues for future research to ensure equitable, interpretable, and clinically translatable AI solutions in eye care.
Diagnostic Application of Bedside Reflectance Confocal Microscopy in Viral Skin Diseases: A case series.
Sun H, Lin Z, Miao Y … +1 more , Wang A
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41932560 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) characteristics of various viral infectious skin diseases and enhance their early diagnostic rates. METHODS: A total of 120 patients with different viral...
OBJECTIVE: To summarize the reflectance confocal microscopy (RCM) characteristics of various viral infectious skin diseases and enhance their early diagnostic rates. METHODS: A total of 120 patients with different viral infectious skin diseases (including 30 cases of typical herpes zoster, 25 cases of atypical herpes zoster, 20 cases of herpes simplex, 8 cases of kaposi's varicella-like rash, 20 cases of adult hand, foot, and mouth disease, 10 cases of Orf, and 7 cases of Mpox in the genital area) who visited the dermatology outpatient department from October 2022 to July 2024 and were diagnosed through clinical and laboratory examinations were selected as the study subjects. Their RCM images were retrospectively collected, and their RCM characteristics were analyzed to summarize their common and unique microscopic manifestations. RESULTS: (1) The common RCM feature of the 120 patients included in the study is the presence of medium-sized to large-sized typical or atypical disc-shaped cells in the epidermis. (2) New findings of this study: In the RCM of early atypical herpes zoster, intercellular filiform connections ("tadpole sign") can be observed; in herpes simplex and kaposi's varicella-like rash, RCM is more likely to show aggregation of neutrophils; in adult hand, foot, and mouth disease, RCM reveals multivesicular vesicles ("honeycomb sign"); in Orf,RCM shows small round particles with high refractive index and "starry sky sign"; in genital Mpox, RCM reveals atypical disc-shaped cells presenting a vesicular appearance. CONCLUSION: RCM holds significant diagnostic value in the early screening of viral infectious skin diseases.
Consequences of changing illumination procedures in photodynamic therapy.
Wulf HC, Lerche CM, Philipsen PA … +1 more , Wiegell SR
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41912127 · Publisher ↗
Conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) for actinic keratoses (AK) involves a three-hour accumulation of protoporphyin IX (PpIX) after methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) or 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) application, followed by...
Conventional photodynamic therapy (PDT) for actinic keratoses (AK) involves a three-hour accumulation of protoporphyin IX (PpIX) after methyl aminolevulinate (MAL) or 5-aminolevulinic acid (ALA) application, followed by 7-12 min of illumination which may elicit severe pain. Daylight-mediated PDT greatly reduces pain by activating PpIX while it forms. Various visible light sources can be used to replicate daylight PDT indoors, with either prolonged incubation time before illumination, or a fixed incubation of 30 min. before illumination. Extended incubation before illumination causes more pain, whereas shortening the illumination duration reduces the amount of activated PpIX which may impair treatment efficacy.
Swept-source OCT characterization of dengue retinopathy: Novel grading system and laminar linear retinal hyperreflectivity.
Li X, Mai X, Liu Y … +3 more , Lai J, Chen H, He G
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41905657 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To characterize dengue ocular disease in southern Chinese patients, identify foveolitis predictors, and investigate true acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) versus AMN-like presentations. METHODS: We retrospect...
PURPOSE: To characterize dengue ocular disease in southern Chinese patients, identify foveolitis predictors, and investigate true acute macular neuroretinopathy (AMN) versus AMN-like presentations. METHODS: We retrospectively analyzed 97 patients (190 eyes) with dengue ocular disease. Medical records, fundus photography, and swept-source optical coherence tomography (SS-OCT) were reviewed. Among 145 eyes with high-quality SS-OCT, we applied a novel grading system: Grade 1 (isolated vitritis), Grade 2 (vitritis with macular involvement without foveolitis), and Grade 3 (vitritis with macular involvement and foveolitis). Main outcomes included prevalence of ocular manifestations, OCT characteristics including angular sign of Henle fiber layer hyperreflectivity (ASHH) and laminar linear retinal hyperreflectivity (LLRH), independent foveolitis predictors, and differential characteristics between true AMN and AMN-like lesions. RESULTS: Patients aged 18-87 years (mean 54.8) with 41.2 % male. Posterior segment involvement occurred in 98.4 % (187/190) of eyes. Among 145 eyes, 55 (37.9 %) had Grade 1, 53 (36.6 %) had Grade 2, and 37 (25.5 %) had Grade 3. Grade 3 associated with younger age (OR 0.955 per year, P = 0.030). ASHH and newly identified LLRH showed similar patterns: 18.9 % in Grade 2 and 73.0 % in Grade 3 eyes (P < 0.001). True AMN (5.5 %) presented bilaterally in female emmetropes, while AMN-like lesions (20.0 %) were mostly unilateral, affecting both genders with myopia (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS: Younger age independently predicts foveolitis, with LLRH as novel OCT feature for severe disease. We distinguished true AMN from AMN-like lesions based on laterality, gender distribution, and refractive status. These findings enhance our understanding of dengue retinopathy pathophysiology.
Surgical outcomes of a novel non-diffractive, extended depth-of-focus intraocular lens - preliminary results from a phase 4 study.
Karasu B, Kesim E, Çelebi ARC
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41905656 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: Enova ADVANCED™ (VSY BIOTECHNOLOGY) is a new generation extended depth of focus (EDOF) intraocular lens (IOL) that provides continuous vision at various distances. The aim of this study was to present the first...
PURPOSE: Enova ADVANCED™ (VSY BIOTECHNOLOGY) is a new generation extended depth of focus (EDOF) intraocular lens (IOL) that provides continuous vision at various distances. The aim of this study was to present the first results of the EDOF IOL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a phase-4 retrospective cohort study. A total of 118 eyes of 59 patients data were reviewed. Mean aged of patients 66.62 ± 9.57 years (ranging, 32 - 84 years) with cataracts underwent bilateral implantation of Enova ADVANCED ™ (VSY BIOTECHNOLOGY) (EDOF IOLs). The follow-up occurred on days 7 to 14, as well as at 2 months and 6 months post-treatment. The main goals included investigating monocular and binocular depth of focus at 6 months after surgery, uncorrected and best corrected distance, intermediate and near visual acuity (VA) up to 6 months following surgery, photopic and mesopic contrast sensitivity. RESULTS: A total of 59 patients with 118 eyes were included in the final analysis. Depth of focus with a monocular vision was observed across various threshold values, including 0.1 log MAR (+0.43 to -0.47 D), 0.2 log MAR (+0.73 to -0.9 D), and 0.3 log MAR (+1.05 to -1.72 D). Enova ADVANCED ™ (VSY BIOTECHNOLOGY) had values of 0.1 log MAR (+0.52 to -0.58 D), 0.2 log MAR (+1.07 to -1.54 D), and 0.3 log MAR (+1.50 to -2.07 D) in terms of binocular depth of focus. Throughout all follow-up periods, there was a statistically significant improvement in distance, intermediate, and near VA when compared to the preoperative period (p < 0.0001). All patients showed an improvement in refraction compared to the baseline measurement. Enova ADVANCED ™ (VSY BIOTECHNOLOGY) patients exhibited high contrast sensitivity and the EDOF lens demonstrated good results without use of glasses. Mesopic values were relatively lower than photopic values (p < 0.05). At 6 months, all IOLs were properly aligned without any instances of tilting. No general safety concerns were expressed in any patient. CONCLUSION: The Enova ADVANCED ™ (VSY BIOTECHNOLOGY) EDOF IOLs demonstrated favorable vision outcomes, showing similar VA across various distances. Enova ADVANCED ™ (VSY BIOTECHNOLOGY) provides a wide monocular depth of focus at 0.1 and 0.2 log MAR. The levels of spectacle independence and patient satisfaction were noticeably higher.
Quantitative relative reflectivity features based on OCT for predicting the efficacy of anti-VEGF therapy in diabetic macular edema at 3 months.
Zhou G, Lin X, Yan X … +4 more , Deng J, Wu Q, Qiu L, Yu H
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41895562 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate machine learning (ML) models using optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived quantitative relative reflectivity (QRR) features to predict short-term response to anti-vascular endotheli...
OBJECTIVE: To develop and validate machine learning (ML) models using optical coherence tomography (OCT)-derived quantitative relative reflectivity (QRR) features to predict short-term response to anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy in diabetic macular edema (DME), and to identify non-invasive imaging biomarkers for treatment stratification. METHODS: This retrospective study included 345 eyes from 345 patients with DME who received three consecutive monthly intravitreal anti-VEGF injections. Based on 3-month anatomical and functional outcomes, eyes were classified as Non-Persistent DME (NPDME, n = 184) or Persistent DME (PDME, n = 161). A total of 30 baseline features were extracted, comprising clinical data, OCT morphological characteristics, and fundamental reflectivity measurements. We derived additional QRR features via predefined mathematical transformations. After feature engineering and ensemble feature selection, 25 predictors were retained for model development. Six ML models including logistic regression (LR), random forest (RF), gradient boosting (GB), multilayer perceptron (MLP), stacking ensemble, and voting ensemble, were evaluated on an independent test set (n = 69) using area under the curve (AUC), sensitivity, and specificity. RESULTS: Key QRR features, particularly those describing the largest intraretinal cystoid spaces (LICS), showed significant differences between groups (p < 0.001). The stacking ensemble model achieved the highest discriminative ability, with an AUC of 0.934 (95 % CI: 0.867-0.987), a sensitivity of 81.08 % and a specificity of 90.62 %. After threshold optimization, the GB model demonstrated the highest sensitivity (97.30 %) with an AUC of 0.931 (95 % CI: 0.865-0.984), while the LR model exhibited the most favorable generalization (lowest overfitting risk). CONCLUSIONS: OCT-derived QRR features, especially those reflecting intraretinal cyst characteristics, are strongly associated with short-term anti-VEGF response in DME. ML models incorporating these features can support individualized treatment assessment, with simpler models offering advantages in robustness and interpretability.
Sex- and Age-related differences and determinants of ganglion cell complex and retinal nerve fiber layer thickness: A SS-OCT based study.
Song M, Guo R, Gao F … +3 more , Liu J, Li X, Liu W
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41895561 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of sex and age on macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and to identify associated determinants. METHODS: In the population-based Beichen...
PURPOSE: To investigate the impact of sex and age on macular ganglion cell complex (mGCC) and retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, and to identify associated determinants. METHODS: In the population-based Beichen Eye Study involving 5,840 participants aged 50 years and older, mGCC, macular RNFL (mRNFL), and peripapillary RNFL (pRNFL) thickness were measured using swept-source optical coherence tomography. Sex- and age-related variations in these thickness parameters were analyzed. Generalized estimating equation (GEE) models were applied to assess the influence of demographic, ocular, and systemic factors on the thickness parameters (mGCC, mRNFL, and pRNFL). RESULTS: This study included 4,703 eyes from 2,670 participants (mean age 61.9 ± 6.4 years). No significant sex differences were found in average mGCC or mRNFL thickness, but regional variations were present. Males exhibited greater thickness in inner subfields, while females showed thicker outer subfields. In terms of pRNFL, females had a significantly thicker average thickness, as well as in the temporal, superior, and inferior quadrants compared to males. All layers experienced significant age-related thinning. GEE analysis indicated that average mGCC thickness was associated with age (β = -0.30) and pseudophakia (β = 2.55). The mRNFL thickness was associated with age (β = -0.08), pseudophakia (β = 2.20), and axial length (AL) (β = 1.07). The pRNFL thickness was associated with age (β = -0.20), cardiovascular disease (CVD) (β = -1.39), intraocular pressure (IOP) (β = -0.22), and AL (β = -1.92). All associations were statistically significant (p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Regional sex-related differences were observed in mGCC and mRNFL thickness, while pRNFL thickness showed significant sex differences globally and across most quadrants. Increasing age was consistently associated with thinning of all three retinal parameters. Additionally, these thickness parameters were also associated with other ocular and systemic factors, including AL, lens status, IOP, and CVD.
Evaluation of the efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy after laser pretreatment for treating cervical high-grade intraepithlial lesions in patients of childbearing age: a non-randomized controlled prospective study.
Chen M, Li H, Wang L … +6 more , Li L, Zhu X, Xia Z, Wu Y, Xu L, Yang B
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41895560 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and fertility-related outcomes of laser pretreatment followed by photodynamic therapy versus LEEP in reproductive-aged women with cervical HSIL. MATERIALS AND...
OBJECTIVE: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy, safety, and fertility-related outcomes of laser pretreatment followed by photodynamic therapy versus LEEP in reproductive-aged women with cervical HSIL. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This non-randomized controlled prospective study enrolled 79 eligible patients (January 2022 - June 2025) from Minhang Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, assigned to PDT after laser pretreatment group (Group 1, n = 38) or LEEP (Group 2, n = 41). One-to-one propensity score matching (PSM) was performed to balance baseline characteristics. The primary efficacy endpoint was histological regression (cure) at 6 and 12 months; HR-HPV clearance was a secondary endpoint. Post-PSM paired analyses used McNemar's test for categorical variables and paired t-test for continuous variables. Safety and fertility-related anxiety were assessed at 1 month. RESULTS: After PSM (32 matched pairs), the 6‑month histological cure rate was 90.63% in Group 1 and 93.75% in Group 2 (P = 0.617). At 12 months, all patients achieved histological cure in both groups (100% vs. 100%, P = 1.000). The 12‑month HR‑HPV clearance rate was 96.88% versus 87.50% (P = 0.134). The incidence of adverse reactions was significantly lower in Group 1 (3.13% vs. 25.00%, P = 0.034), with no cervical adhesions or bleeding observed. Fertility‑related anxiety scores were also lower in Group 1 (1.6 ± 1.1 vs. 4.2 ± 1.2, P < 0.001); these results were obtained using an unvalidated study‑specific scale and should be regarded as preliminary. CONCLUSION: Laser pretreatment combined with PDT is non-inferior to LEEP in eradicating cervical HSIL and clearing HR-HPV, while offering superior safety profiles. This organ-preserving strategy represents a reliable option for childbearing-aged women with Type I/II transformation zone HSIL.
Systemic metabolic signatures of apical periodontitis detected by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy in a rat model.
Marinho PCM, Rezende MP, Toledo GDS … +4 more , Gouvêa JNB, Carvalho LFDCES, Valera MC, Khoury RD
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41895559 · Publisher ↗
AIM: To investigate whether apical periodontitis induces detectable systemic biochemical alterations in a rat model using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy applied to dried urine and serum samples. METHODOLO...
AIM: To investigate whether apical periodontitis induces detectable systemic biochemical alterations in a rat model using Fourier-transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy applied to dried urine and serum samples. METHODOLOGY: Twelve male Wistar rats were randomly allocated into two experimental groups: control (C) and apical periodontitis (AP) (n = 6 per group). Apical periodontitis was induced by pulp exposure and extirpation of the first molars, with the cavities left open for 21 days to allow periapical lesion development. Blood and urine samples were collected and analysed by attenuated total reflectance FTIR spectroscopy after controlled drying on the ATR crystal surface. Mean absorbance spectra were obtained and compared between groups, focusing on spectral regions associated with lipids (2800-3000 cm⁻¹), proteins (1500-1700 cm⁻¹), phosphates (900-1200 cm⁻¹), and carbohydrates (1000-1500 cm⁻¹). Univariate analysis and principal component analysis (PCA) were performed to explore biochemical differences, and supervised classification using PCA-linear discriminant analysis (PCA-LDA) was applied to evaluate discriminant performance. RESULTS: Urinary FTIR spectra revealed statistically significant differences between control and AP groups within the fingerprint region (1200-900 cm⁻¹; p = 0.0068), indicating alterations in carbohydrate- and phosphate-related vibrational bands. No significant differences were observed in serum samples across lipid-, protein-, or fingerprint-associated regions (p > 0.05). Serum dataset exhibited better classification performance (accuracy 76.92%, sensitivity 85.71%, specificity 66.67%) compared with urine samples (accuracy 36.84%, sensitivity 44.44%, specificity 30.00%). CONCLUSIONS: Serum spectra demonstrated better discriminant performance than urine spectra in the PCA-LDA model. These findings support the systemic impact of endodontic infection and highlight the potential of FTIR as a non-invasive tool for investigating the biochemical interface between apical periodontitis and systemic health.
Multi-task transformer framework and radiomic signatures for multi-lesion segmentation, detection, and grading in diabetic retinopathy.
Fang C, Ma N, Qian L
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41895558 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate a transformer-enabled multi-task framework for automated diabetic retinopathy (DR) analysis, including lesion-level segmentation and detection, and to compare end-to-end vision transfor...
OBJECTIVE: To develop and evaluate a transformer-enabled multi-task framework for automated diabetic retinopathy (DR) analysis, including lesion-level segmentation and detection, and to compare end-to-end vision transformers with radiomics-based classification for DR severity grading across multi-center datasets. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 987 fundus images from two clinical centers were used for lesion segmentation and detection, and 6852 images were used for four-class DR severity classification, with rigorous inclusion criteria and expert-verified annotations. Preprocessing included CLAHE normalization, artifact filtering, and standardized retinal masking. Four segmentation models (UNet++, CE-Net, Swin-UNet, SegFormer) and four detection models (RetinaNet, YOLOv11, DETR, Deformable DETR) were trained under harmonized settings. Classification was performed using two strategies: (1) an end-to-end Vision Transformer (ViT), and (2) a radiomics-based pipeline incorporating 971 IBSI-compliant radiomic features, ComBat harmonization, and three feature-selection methods (SGR, TES, mRMR) paired with six classifiers (CatBoost, LightGBM, TabPFN, SVM, RF, LR). All models underwent internal cross-validation and external multi-center testing. RESULTS: SegFormer achieved the highest segmentation performance, with Dice scores of 0.871-0.963 across lesions and strong external generalization. Deformable DETR achieved the best detection performance, reaching external mAP values up to 0.895. For severity classification, the radiomics-based TES + TabPFN pipeline achieved the best results, reaching an external accuracy of 0.883 and an AUC of 0.947, outperforming the ViT classifier (accuracy 0.838, AUC 0.902). Radiomics models demonstrated superior robustness under domain shift and reduced sensitivity to training-set size compared with end-to-end transformers. CONCLUSIONS: Transformer-based lesion analysis combined with radiomics-driven classification provides a robust, generalizable, and clinically meaningful solution for automated DR screening and severity assessment.
Longitudinal changes in retinal structure and visual function after mild methanol inhalation poisoning.
Zhang S, Zhang W, Zeng Y … +9 more , Li C, Liu J, Qi X, Zhu J, Liu W, Xu W, Yang H, Zhou W, Zhuang W
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41887311 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To characterizes the retinal structural and functional changes in patients with mild methanol poisoning. METHODS: This study enrolled 17 patients (34 eyes) with methanol poisoning. All patients received comprehe...
PURPOSE: To characterizes the retinal structural and functional changes in patients with mild methanol poisoning. METHODS: This study enrolled 17 patients (34 eyes) with methanol poisoning. All patients received comprehensive treatment based on disease severity. Participants were classified as Group 1 if either eye exhibited a best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) worse than 0.1 logMAR at initial presentation. Group 2 contained those with BCVA of 20/25 or better. Ophthalmic evaluations were conducted at initial presentation and at 2 weeks, 1, 2, 3, and 4 months after exposure. The longitudinal changes in macular ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer (GCIPL) thickness, peripapillary retinal nerve fiber layer (RNFL) thickness, cup-to-disc ratio (C/D), visual field index (VFI) and mean deviation (MD) were analyzed. RESULTS: Group 1 experienced significant BCVA recovery (p < 0.001) while Group 2 maintained consistently normal vision throughout the study (p = 0.234). Group 1 showed marked improvement in VFI and MD (both p < 0.001). Group 2 maintained high baseline VFI with slight but significant improvement (p < 0.001) and modest MD gains (p = 0.001). The VFI in Group 1 remained lower than Group 2 at all visits (all p < 0.01). Structurally, both groups exhibited progressive RNFL and GCIPL thinning (p < 0.001), though more severe in Group 1. Group 1 also showed sharper GCIPL reduction, particularly within the first two weeks. CONCLUSIONS: Mild methanol poisoning can cause progressive structural and functional damage even in patients with normal vision. This dissociation between functional improvement and structural deterioration underscores the necessity for long-term monitoring and the development of neuroprotective strategies.
Corrigendum to "Using a new type of visible light-based emission fluorescence microscope to identify the benign and malignant nature of thyroid tissue during the surgical process: Analysis of diagnostic results" [Photodiagnosis and Photodynamic Therapy 57 (2026) 105324].
Miao Y, Xiaowei L, Muyang L … +2 more , Jian G, Lu C
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41881692 · Publisher ↗
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Clinical utility of biofluorescence imaging for detecting secondary caries beneath esthetic restorations.
Kang GW, Kim SK, Lee ES … +1 more , Kim BI
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41881142 · Publisher ↗
Secondary caries represents a major cause of failure in esthetic restorations; however, early lesions beneath restorations are difficult to detect using conventional visual and radiographic examinations. This case report...
Secondary caries represents a major cause of failure in esthetic restorations; however, early lesions beneath restorations are difficult to detect using conventional visual and radiographic examinations. This case report presents two clinical cases in which Quantitative light-induced fluorescence (QLF) imaging with Qraypen C (AIOBIO, Seoul, Republic of Korea) was used to overcome the limitations of traditional diagnostic methods and to effectively diagnose and manage secondary caries beneath esthetic restorations. In the first case involving tooth #27 of a 34-year-old female patient, distinct red fluorescence in the QLF image corroborated the presence of deep secondary caries suspected on radiographs and facilitated the treatment planning for root canal therapy. In the second case involving tooth #16 of a 31-year-old female patient, localized red fluorescence detected exclusively on the QLF image guided early preventive intervention, confirming a previously undetectable subclinical lesion and preserving pulp vitality. QLF technology enables the early visualization of secondary caries that are difficult to detect clinically or radiographically, thereby improving diagnostic accuracy. By providing information on lesion activity, QLF supports clinical decision-making across a range of treatment strategies, from early intervention to endodontic therapy, and serves as a valuable tool for enhancing communication with patients.
Retrospective study of photodynamic therapy for the GNA-Related Capillary Malformation spectrum of pediatric patients.
He R, Wang X, Ma L … +2 more , Xu Z, Zhang B
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41864397 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Vascular malformations caused by GNAQ/GNA11 somatic mutations are related to capillary malformations (CM), which include port-wine stains (PWS), and also include capillary malformation-related syndromes, such...
BACKGROUND: Vascular malformations caused by GNAQ/GNA11 somatic mutations are related to capillary malformations (CM), which include port-wine stains (PWS), and also include capillary malformation-related syndromes, such as Sturge-Weber syndrome (SWS), capillary malformation with overgrowth (CMO), diffuse capillary malformation with overgrowth (DCMO), and phakomatosis pigmentovascularis (PPV). These disorders are known as the GNA-Related Capillary malformation spectrum (GNARCMs). This spectrum presents a therapeutic challenge. OBJECTION: This study aimed to evaluate the efficacy and safety of photodynamic therapy (PDT) for treating the GNARCMs of pediatric patients. METHODS: The clinical manifestations of the pediatric GNARCMs patients were retrospectively analyzed, and the treatment data were assessed after undergoing PDT mediated with a combination of Hemoporfin and 532-nm light. For evaluation of improvement, photographs taken before and after photodynamic therapy were evaluated by three independent assessors blindly. Patient satisfaction was also used as a factor in the efficacy evaluation. Adverse events were recorded after treatment. RESULTS: We identified 25 pediatric patients in the study, including 11 patients of SWS, 8 patients of PPV, 5 patients of CMO, and 1 patient of DCMO. After an average of 1.64 sessions of PDT, based on the overall visual assessment, 72% of patients responded to treatment (with >25% color blanching), 48% of patients showed excellent or good levels of improvement (with >50% color blanching). Most adverse events were transient and self-limiting, except one patient of SWS, on the third day after PDT, the visual acuity of the eye on the non-treated side suddenly decreased, and the patient was diagnosed with retinal detachment, which was considered to be related to primary glaucoma rather than PDT. CONCLUSIONS: Focusing on the various clinical manifestations of the GNARCMs, except for patients with contraindications, PDT can be considered for treatment of pediatric patients, and its effectiveness and safety are worthy of affirmation.
Repeated sublethal photodynamic inactivation does not increase biofilm formation or induce resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii.
Qi Q, Yin XJ, Xuan WJ … +6 more , Wang HM, Hamblin MR, He LX, Zhen XM, Pang Y, Huang LY
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 41864396 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) could be an effective and novel approach to address the increasingly severe issue of antibiotic resistance. However, no standardized dosing protocol exists for a...
BACKGROUND: Antimicrobial photodynamic inactivation (aPDI) could be an effective and novel approach to address the increasingly severe issue of antibiotic resistance. However, no standardized dosing protocol exists for aPDI administration, and clinical applications have frequently used sublethal doses. This study evaluated whether repeated sublethal antimicrobial photodynamic therapy (sPDT) could not only trigger resistance in Acinetobacter baumannii, but also increase biofilm biomass accumulation and upregulate key biofilm-related genes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, we evaluated the response of five clinical antimicrobial-resistant A. baumannii strains to sPDT. A "cycle" was defined as one round of sPDT followed by an overnight regrowth and subsequent resuspension in fresh medium (3-3.5 h) to reach the logarithmic phase. To compare the effects of biofilm properties and antimicrobial responses, bacteria were exposed to 15 cycles of sPDT under three conditions: (1) no treatment (control group); (2) methylene blue (MB) mediated sPDT alone (MB-sPDT group); (3) a combination of MB and potassium iodide (KI) to mediate sPDT (MB/KI-sPDT group). RESULTS: Our findings showed that the biofilms formed by A. baumannii after consecutive sPDT exhibited no resistance to subsequent aPDT, and that MB/KI-aPDT demonstrated superior efficacy in biofilm eradication. Moreover, some strains exhibited reduced biofilm-forming capacity after 15 cycles of sPDT. Compared to untreated controls (0th cycle), the expression levels of biofilm-associated genes (bap, csuE, ompA, and abaI genes) in most strains decreased after the 5th, 10th, and 15th cycles of MB-sPDT and MB/KI-sPDT, except for the upregulation of ompA observed in one multidrug-resistant strain after 5th cycles of MB-sPDT. CONCLUSION: These results indicate that after 15 cycles of sPDT there was no increase in biofilm-forming capacity or upregulation of biofilm-related gene expression, and the biofilms formed showed no decreased susceptibility to the same aPDT regimens.
A case of skin chromoblastomycosis caused by fonsecaea monophora treated with itraconazole and photodynamic therapy.
Chen J, Yanyang, Zhu H … +1 more , Gao A
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Apr · PMID 41862067 · Publisher ↗
SIGNIFICANCE: Chromoblastomycosis(CBM), particularly caused by Fonsecaea monophora, presents significant clinical challenges due to its difficulty in treatment and high recurrence rates, with no established gold standard...
SIGNIFICANCE: Chromoblastomycosis(CBM), particularly caused by Fonsecaea monophora, presents significant clinical challenges due to its difficulty in treatment and high recurrence rates, with no established gold standard for therapy. This case report highlights a successful treatment approach that addresses this challenging disease. APPROACH: We report a 65-year-old female patient with a one-year history of a skin lesion on the dorsum of her right hand, diagnosed with CBM through histopathological and mycological examinations. The patient was treated with oral itraconazole at a dosage of 200 mg daily, in conjunction with photodynamic therapy using 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT), administered biweekly. RESULTS: After one month of ALA-PDT treatment, the patient showed marked improvement. Continued oral itraconazole for three months resulted in complete clinical resolution, with no recurrence observed during a one-year follow-up. CONCLUSION: The combination of ALA-PDT and antifungal treatment demonstrates an effective strategy for managing skin CBM caused by Fonsecaea monophora.
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