Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019523
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The aim of our study is to review the published literature on establishment and implementation of ISO 9001 QMS in European hospitals, to study the availability of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) qual...The aim of our study is to review the published literature on establishment and implementation of ISO 9001 QMS in European hospitals, to study the availability of International Organization for Standardization (ISO) quality management systems (QMS) in Bulgarian hospitals and to outline the main advantages of ISO implementation in the hospitals in Bulgaria. The information on availability of ISO QMS in the hospitals in Bulgaria was gathered via Bulgarian certification register, the registries of various quality associations, websites of hospitals and certification companies presented in Bulgaria. A total number of 312 hospitals in Bulgaria were screened for the availability of QMS certified against the ISO 9001 requirements. The experience of European hospitals that implemented QMS is positive and the used approaches to improve the processes and the demonstrated effects from ISO implementation are analysed by the researchers. Unlike other European Union member states, the establishment of quality management systems in Bulgaria is not compulsory. However, our study revealed that 14.42% of the hospitals in Bulgaria have implemented and have certified quality systems against the requirements of ISO 9001. Our study confirmed that a quality management system using the ISO 9001 standard is useful for the hospitals as it can help to increase the operational efficiencies, to reduce errors, improve patient safety and produce a more preventive approach instead of a reactive environment.
Dimitrova M, Petrova G, Tachkov K
… +3 more, Bozhkova MK, Kamusheva M, Mitov K
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019522
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The purpose of the present analysis is to calculate and compare the costs and results of the implication of the inactivated vaccine against hepatitis A virus (HAV) in the Bulgarian healthcare setting in the period of 200...The purpose of the present analysis is to calculate and compare the costs and results of the implication of the inactivated vaccine against hepatitis A virus (HAV) in the Bulgarian healthcare setting in the period of 2002-2012. A combined pharmacoeconomic and epidemiological study was performed on the basis of the prevalence of hepatitis A infection in this 10-year period. The investments in the vaccination were considered as costs and the avoided costs in the case of vaccination of all one-year old children in the population - as benefits. The results show that the vaccination of one-year-old children would be cost effective to the healthcare system in the years with an epidemiologic outbreak, as in these years the total cost of treatment of patients with hepatitis A infection exceeds the cost for vaccination of the whole one-year-old cohort. The critical threshold is 4600 infected patients per year that equalize the benefits to costs. The inclusion of HAV vaccine in the National Immunization Calendar would be cost effective for the healthcare system when the vaccination is performed in certain risk groups and could help to decrease the circulation of the virus in the general population.
Petkova V, Valchanova V, Ibrahim A
… +3 more, Nikolova I, Benbasat N, Dimitrov M
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019521
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The marketing management includes analysis of market opportunities, selection of target markets, planning, developing and implementing of marketing strategies, monitoring and result control. The object of the present stu...The marketing management includes analysis of market opportunities, selection of target markets, planning, developing and implementing of marketing strategies, monitoring and result control. The object of the present study was to analyse the marketing approaches applied for non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) in Bulgaria. The performed SWOT(planning method used to evaluate the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats) analysis for one of the leading Bulgarian manufacturers marked the complex corporative strategy for stimulating the sales of NSAIDs. The study results show that the legislation frame in the country gives an opportunity for regulation of the NSAID market in order that incorrect marketing approaches such as disloyal competition are avoided.
Kim TG, Cho YC, Chun BH
… +3 more, Park SH, Lee HS, Chung N
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019520
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The effect of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γPGA), which is produced by Bacillus sp., on the production of recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in suspension culture was evaluated. The growth, v...The effect of poly-γ-glutamic acid (γPGA), which is produced by Bacillus sp., on the production of recombinant erythropoietin (rEPO) by Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells in suspension culture was evaluated. The growth, viability, and productivity of recombinant CHO cells were investigated in a chemically defined medium with 50 and 500 kD γPGAs at 0.075% or with Pluronic F68. Cell growth with the two γPGAs was lower than that with Pluronic F68 but significantly higher than that without any additive (control). The effect of additives on rEPO productivity was 50 kDa γPGA > 500 kDa γPGA > Pluronic F68 > control. Using EPO-dependent F-36E cells, we found that the effect of additives on rEPO quality was 500 kDa γPGA > 50 kDa γPGA > control > Pluronic F68. γPGA has an enhancement effect on the quality of rEPO produced by CHO cells.
Bivolarski V, Vasileva T, Bozov P
… +1 more, Iliev I
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019519
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A study of the influence of different plant terpenoids and amino sugar derivate acarbose on the activity of glycosyltransferase complex and purified dextransucrase from URE 13 strain was carried out. All the tested terp...A study of the influence of different plant terpenoids and amino sugar derivate acarbose on the activity of glycosyltransferase complex and purified dextransucrase from URE 13 strain was carried out. All the tested terpenoids showed an inhibitory effect on glycosyltransferases from strain URE 13 at concentration 0.34 mmol. Out of all studied diterpenoids splendidin showed the strongest inhibitory effect decreasing the activity of both glycosyltransferase complex and dextransucrase with 70% and 90%, respectively. The triterpenoid ursolic showed the second strongest inhibitory effect as the enzyme complex and dextransucrase from strain URE 13 retain 27% and 13% of their initial enzyme activity. Despite the higher degree of inhibition of purified dextransucrase, compared to the enzyme complex, a complete inhibition of the enzyme was not observed at the highest used terpenoid concentration (3.42 mmol). When acarbose was used as an inhibitor, a complete inhibition of dextransucrase was observed at concentration of 6.9 mmol, while the enzyme complex retained 8% of its enzyme activity. Ki values of 0.28 mmol for splendidin, 0.37 mmol for ursolic acid and 0.29 mmol for acarbose were determined from the kinetic studies of purified dextransucrase.
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019518
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The binding mechanisms of the interaction of three dihydromyricetin (DMY)-metal complexes (DMY-Cu (II) complex, DMY-Mn (II) complex, DMY-Zn (II) complex) and DMY with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were investigated using fl...The binding mechanisms of the interaction of three dihydromyricetin (DMY)-metal complexes (DMY-Cu (II) complex, DMY-Mn (II) complex, DMY-Zn (II) complex) and DMY with bovine serum albumin (BSA) were investigated using fluorescence and ultraviolet spectroscopy at different temperatures. The results indicated some differences in the binding process between different DMY-metal complexes and BSA compared with that of free DMY. All of the complexes and DMY quenched the fluorescence of BSA based on static mode combined with radiationless energy transfer, yet having different binding distance based on the Förster theory. Different DMY-metal complexes can change the binding constants. The binding constants increase for DMY-Cu (II) and DMY-Mn (II) complexes, whereas the opposite is true for the DMY-Zn (II) complex compared to the one with free DMY. The DMY-metal complexes can also affect the types of the interaction. The van der Waals forces and hydrogen bonding may play a major role in the interaction of free DMY with BSA, while for the three complexes, the nature of the binding forces lies in hydrophobic forces and hydrogen bonding based on the thermodynamic parameters.
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019517
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Endophytic fungus BS002 was isolated and characterized from by plate method, which has broad antimicrobial activity. Isolation and trace of a new bioactive compound from the fungus' culture extracts with the method of c...Endophytic fungus BS002 was isolated and characterized from by plate method, which has broad antimicrobial activity. Isolation and trace of a new bioactive compound from the fungus' culture extracts with the method of column chromatography and TLC biological autoradiography was conducted. Finally, it was identified as 6,7-(2'E) dibutenyl-5,8-dihydroxy-(Z)-cyclooct-2-ene-1,4-dione by nuclear magnetic resonance, infrared and liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry. The compound presented strong antifungal activities for example: f.sp. The inhibition to was the strongest with an antibacterial diameter of 45 mm. This paper is the first report of the antimicrobial activity of endophytic fungi BS002 that was the secondary metabolites extracted from the seeds of . The results provide a broad foreground for biopharmaceuticals and biopesticide.
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019516
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Fufang Xueshuantong (FXST) capsule, a Chinese medicinal formula composed of four herbals - , , and , has been used to treat cardiovascular diseases for many years, but the pharmacological mechanisms underlying its effec...Fufang Xueshuantong (FXST) capsule, a Chinese medicinal formula composed of four herbals - , , and , has been used to treat cardiovascular diseases for many years, but the pharmacological mechanisms underlying its effects has not been clarified. This study investigates if a connection between FXST and angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) might be an explanation for its pharmacological effects. ACE inhibition assay was performed on FXST capsule, 50% ethanol extracts from the four herbals and three selected saponins most abundant in (Ginsenoside Rg1, Ginsenoside Rb1 and Notoginsenoside R1) using a biochemical test. Reversed-phase high-performance liquid chromatography of liberated hippuric acid from the ACE assay was conducted to determine the inhibitory effect. As a result, FXST and extracts from showed a significant and dose-dependent inhibition on ACE activity with the IC values of 115 μg/ml and 179 μg/ml, respectively. But extracts from the other three herbals and the three selected saponins had no significant effect on ACE inhibition. Compared to other reported plant extracts, FXST could be considered as an effective ACE inhibitor. The inhibition of ACE activity supports the traditional use of FXST on blood circulation and the inhibitory property of FXST is mainly caused by .
Marinova P, Marinov M, Kazakova M
… +4 more, Feodorova Y, Penchev P, Sarafian V, Stoyanov N
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019515
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This paper presents a method for synthesis and cytotoxicity of new platinum(II) complexes of (9'-fluorene)-spiro-5-hydantoin (L1) and (9'-fluorene)-spiro-5-(2-thiohydantoin) (L2). The new obtained complexes were studied...This paper presents a method for synthesis and cytotoxicity of new platinum(II) complexes of (9'-fluorene)-spiro-5-hydantoin (L1) and (9'-fluorene)-spiro-5-(2-thiohydantoin) (L2). The new obtained complexes were studied by elemental analysis: ultraviolet-visible, attenuated total reflection Fourier transform infrared (ATR-FTIR), and H- and C-NMR for Pt(II) compounds and additionally Raman spectroscopy for free ligands. Based on the experimental data, the most probable structure of the complexes is suggested. In the present study, we have examined cytotoxic activity of (9'-fluorene)-spiro-5-hydantoin (L1) and (9'-fluorene)-spiro-5-(2-thiohydantoin) (L2) and their Pt(II) complexes on the retinoblastoma cell line WERI-Rb-1.
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019514
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During the investigation of sexual abuse, it is not rare that mixed genetic material from two or more persons is detected. In such cases, successful profiling can be achieved using DNA fragment analysis, resulting in ind...During the investigation of sexual abuse, it is not rare that mixed genetic material from two or more persons is detected. In such cases, successful profiling can be achieved using DNA fragment analysis, resulting in individual genetic profiles of offenders and their victims. This has led to an increase in the percentage of identified perpetrators of sexual offenses. The classic and modified genetic models used, allowed us to refine and implement appropriate extraction, polymerase chain reaction and electrophoretic procedures with individual assessment and approach to conducting research. Testing mixed biological traces using DNA fragment analysis appears to be the only opportunity for identifying perpetrators in gang rapes.
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019513
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The aim of this study was to analyze the functional sites of the nasopharyngeal candidate tumour suppressor gene . Recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1/myc-His B- was constructed. Site-directed mutagenesis of pcDNA3.1/myc-His B-...The aim of this study was to analyze the functional sites of the nasopharyngeal candidate tumour suppressor gene . Recombinant plasmid pcDNA3.1/myc-His B- was constructed. Site-directed mutagenesis of pcDNA3.1/myc-His B- plasmid at sites of C656G, C725T and T913G was induced by the Stratagene mutagenesis method. Recombinant plasmids with point mutations at C656G, C725T and T913G of gene were named as -C656G, -C725T and -T913G, respectively. CNE2 cell lines stably expressing wild and mutant genes were established. STGC3 expression was detected by Western Blotting and immunocytochemistry. Cell proliferation was analyzed by 3-(4, 5-Dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay and trypan blue staining. Flow cytometry analysis was used to assess apoptosis of CNE2 cells. Bax protein expression was detected by Western Blotting. Proteins of wild-type and mutant genes were expressed in the cytoplasm and nucleus of CNE2 cells. Compared with the control groups, in cells stably expressing wild-type and -T913G genes, cell proliferation was significantly inhibited, whereas levels of apoptosis and Bax protein expression were significantly increased. However, the cell proliferation, apoptosis and Bax protein expression in cells stably expressing -C656G and -C725T genes were not significantly different from those in the control groups. Our results suggest that mutations at 656C and 725C, but not 913T, abolished the effects of the wild-type gene on CNE2 cells and that the 656C and 725C were important sites in gene for its negative regulation on cell growth.
Naydenova V, Badova M, Vassilev S
… +3 more, Iliev V, Kaneva M, Kostov G
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019512
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Two mathematical models were developed for studying the effect of main fermentation temperature (), immobilized cell mass () and original wort extract (OE) on beer fermentation with alginate-chitosan microcapsules with a...Two mathematical models were developed for studying the effect of main fermentation temperature (), immobilized cell mass () and original wort extract (OE) on beer fermentation with alginate-chitosan microcapsules with a liquid core. During the experiments, the investigated parameters were varied in order to find the optimal conditions for beer fermentation with immobilized cells. The basic beer characteristics, i.e. extract, ethanol, biomass concentration, pH and colour, as well as the concentration of aldehydes and vicinal diketones, were measured. The results suggested that the process parameters represented a powerful tool in controlling the fermentation time. Subsequently, the optimized process parameters were used to produce beer in laboratory batch fermentation. The system productivity was also investigated and the data were used for the development of another mathematical model.
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019511
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The potential to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions through biosorption using dried Kuntze was investigated with respect to initial pH, amount of biosorbent, initial Cr(VI) concentrations and temperature. Cr(VI) remov...The potential to remove Cr(VI) from aqueous solutions through biosorption using dried Kuntze was investigated with respect to initial pH, amount of biosorbent, initial Cr(VI) concentrations and temperature. Cr(VI) removal efficiency was influenced significantly by the variation of pH, and the optimum pH was about 2.0. Moreover, the biosorption kinetics followed the pseudo-second-order model. The adsorption equilibrium was well described by the Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. The maximum adsorption capacity was 1.855 mmol/g at 318 K and pH 2.0. The adsorption processes were endothermic and the biosorption heat was 15.8 kJ/mol. Furthermore, the Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy suggested that amido-, hydroxyl-, C = O and C-O groups were involved in the biosorption of Cr(VI) onto .
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019510
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The gene (CcLcc2) encoding laccase from the basidiomycete Okayama-7 #130 was synthesized by polymerase chain reaction-based two-step DNA synthesis, and heterologously expressed in . The recombinant protein was purified...The gene (CcLcc2) encoding laccase from the basidiomycete Okayama-7 #130 was synthesized by polymerase chain reaction-based two-step DNA synthesis, and heterologously expressed in . The recombinant protein was purified by ammonium sulphate precipitation and nickel nitrilotriacetic acid chromatography. The molecular mass of CcLcc2 was estimated to be 54 kDa by denaturing polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. The optimum pH and temperature for laccase catalysis for the oxidation of 2,2'-azino-bis(3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonate) (ABTS) were 2.6 and 45 °C, respectively. The values of the enzyme towards the substrates ABTS, 2,6-dimethoxyphenol (2,6-DMP) and guaiacol were 0.93, 1.02 and 28.07 mmol·L, respectively. The decolourization of methyl orange, crystal violet and malachite green, commonly used in the textile industry, was assessed. The decolourization percentage of crystal violet and malachite green was 80% after 4 h of reaction, and that of methyl orange was 50% at 4 h. These results show that the CcLcc2 has enormous potential for the decolourization of highly stable triphenylmethane dyes.
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019509
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A set of specific primer pairs was utilized to detect Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) from seven different apple cultivars in Jiaodong Peninsula via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and t...A set of specific primer pairs was utilized to detect Apple chlorotic leaf spot virus (ACLSV) from seven different apple cultivars in Jiaodong Peninsula via reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR), and the sequence of ACLSV genome was analysed. The results indicate that: (1) High-purity total RNA could be successfully isolated using plant RNA rapid extraction kit. The ratios of A/A varied between 1.8 and 2.1. The fragmentation in agarose gel was good and the 28S and 16S bands were clear, which suggested that the extracted RNA had better quality and could be used for RT-PCR. (2) The amplified products by RT-PCR were approximately 220 bp, which showed the tested samples were infected by ACLSV in this study. (3) Sequencing analysis showed that the lengths of the target fragments were 217 bp, and the sequence identity rate ranged from 85.7% to 99.1% at the nucleotide level aligned with the corresponding sequences of other ACLSV strains in National Center for Biotechnology Information.
Wang J, Jiang T, Zou D
… +4 more, Zhao H, Li Q, Liu H, Zhou C
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019508
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Genetic diversity and the relationship among nine rice groups consisting of 288 landraces and varieties in different geographical origins of Northeast Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea) an...Genetic diversity and the relationship among nine rice groups consisting of 288 landraces and varieties in different geographical origins of Northeast Asia (China, Japan, Korea, Democratic People's Republic of Korea) and the Russian Far East district of the Russian Federation were evaluated with 154 simple sequence repeat (SSR) markers. A total of 823 alleles were detected. The observed allele numbers (Na) per locus, Nei's gene diversity (He) and the polymorphism information content (PIC) ranged from 2 to 9, 0.061 to 0.869 and 0.060 to 0.856, with an average of 5.344, 0.624 and 0.586, respectively. Five SSR loci, RM1350, RM1369, RM257, RM336 and RM1374, provided the highest PIC values and are potential for exploring the genetic diversity of rice cultivars in Northeast Asia. Molecular variance analysis showed that a significant difference existed both among groups (91.6%) and within each group (8.4%). The low genetic variation within each group indicated that the gene pool is narrow and alien genetic variation should be introduced into the rice breeding program in Northeast Asia. Based on the He and PIC values, the nine groups were ranked in a descending order: Heilongjiang landraces, Jilin landraces, Japanese improved varieties, Heilongjiang improved varieties, Russian Far East district of the Russian Federation improved varieties, Liaoning improved varieties, Jilin improved varieties, Korean improved varieties and Democratic People's Republic of Korea improved varieties. The nine groups were further divided into three subgroups and the 288 varieties into five clusters. This study provided information for parent selection in order to broaden the gene pool of the rice germplasm in Northeast Asia.
Guo Y, Lin H, Liu Z
… +3 more, Zhao Y, Guo X, Li K
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019507
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An F1 population was created by the cross '87-1' × '9-22'. The female parent '87-1' was an extremely early maturing cultivar with strong flavour. The male parent was an excellent breeding line producing large berries mat...An F1 population was created by the cross '87-1' × '9-22'. The female parent '87-1' was an extremely early maturing cultivar with strong flavour. The male parent was an excellent breeding line producing large berries maturing late. The mapping population included 149 randomly chosen individuals. Molecular genetic map for each parent and the consensus map were constructed using simple sequence repeat and sequence-related amplified polymorphism markers by software JoinMap 3.0. The '87-1' map covers a total length of 1272.9 cM distributed in 21 linkage groups and consists of 163 molecular markers with an average distance between adjacent markers of 8.9 cM. The '9-22' map covers a total length of 1267.4 cM distributed in 20 linkage groups and consists of 158 molecular markers with an average distance between adjacent markers of 9.1 cM. The consensus map covers a total length of 1537.1 cM distributed in 21 linkage groups and one doublet and consists of 217 molecular markers with an average distance of 7.8 cM between adjacent markers. The length of the linkage groups is 69.8 cM on average. The map covers the 19 chromosomes of the genome and can lay a solid foundation for further studies such as quantative trait loci (QTL) mapping of correlated traits and marker-assisted selection.
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019506
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An -mediated corn transformation method based on multiple shoot tissue cultures was developed, which is effective with a variety of corn inbred lines and standard binary vectors. Six factors that affected the success of...An -mediated corn transformation method based on multiple shoot tissue cultures was developed, which is effective with a variety of corn inbred lines and standard binary vectors. Six factors that affected the success of corn transformation were tested, including strain, corn genotype, tissue culture growth stage, medium composition, co-culture temperature and surfactant treatment. Agropine-type bacteria (EHA 101 and AGL 1) were eightfold more effective than octopine-type strain for corn multi-shoot tissues transformation. The average frequency of Glucuronidase (GUS)-positive explants obtained from 14 corn genotypes ranged from 36% to 76%. L-proline (0.7 g L) in the co-culture medium apparently improved the frequency of transformation. The newly initiated multi-shoot tissues were most responsive to infection. A positive correlation was found between multi-shoot tissue susceptibility to and the proportion of cells in G1 phase. Transformants were identified by reverse transcription Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) and by southern blot hybridization assays. The frequency of transformants was approximately 2% based on the number of multi-shoot explants co-cultivated with .
Fu XZ, Xing F, Wang NQ
… +5 more, Peng LZ, Chun CP, Cao L, Ling LL, Jiang CL
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019505
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Spermine (Spm) is thought to play an important role in drought or high-temperature (HT) tolerance. However, it is not clear whether Spm confers similar resistance in the presence of both drought and HT, which often occur...Spermine (Spm) is thought to play an important role in drought or high-temperature (HT) tolerance. However, it is not clear whether Spm confers similar resistance in the presence of both drought and HT, which often occur simultaneously. In the present study, the trifoliate orange ( (L.) Raf.) seedlings were pretreated with 1 mmol L Spm to evaluate their tolerance to combined drought and HT (45 ºC) stress. Spm-pretreated seedlings showed less leaf wilting, less water loss and less electrolyte leakage than control leaves not treated with Spm within 180 min of treatment. Histochemical staining with diaminobenzidine and nitro blue tetrazolium showed that Spm-pretreated seedlings accumulated less hydrogen peroxide and superoxide than those of control plants 60, 120 and 180 min after treatment when exposed to both drought and HT (45 ºC). However, superoxide dismutase, peroxidase and catalase were significantly more active in Spm-pretreated seedlings than in control seedlings. In addition, Spm-pretreated seedlings showed significantly higher expression of heat shock proteins, abscisic acid (ABA)-responsive element binding factor and 9-cis-epoxycarotenoid dioxygenase 3 than controls either before (0 min) or after (60, 120 and 180 min) combined drought and HT treatment. All of these data suggest that exogenous Spm pretreatment confers tolerance to simultaneously occurring drought and HT stresses. Spm may influence this by activating antioxidant enzymes, increasing the effectiveness of scavenging of reactive oxygen species. It may also increase the expression levels of stress-related genes that protect trifoliate orange seedlings from stress damage.
Petkova R, Arabadjiev B, Chakarov S
… +1 more, Pankov R
Biotechnol Biotechnol Equip
· 2014 Mar · PMID 26019504
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The concept of pluripotency as a prerogative of cells of early mammal embryos and cultured embryonic stem cells (ESC) has been invalidated with the advent of induced pluripotent stem cells. Later, it became clear that th...The concept of pluripotency as a prerogative of cells of early mammal embryos and cultured embryonic stem cells (ESC) has been invalidated with the advent of induced pluripotent stem cells. Later, it became clear that the ability to generate all cell types of the adult organism is also a questionable aspect of pluripotency, as there are cell types, such as germ cells, which are difficult to produce from pluripotent stem cells. Recently it has been proposed that there are at least two different states of pluripotency; namely, the naïve, or ground state, and the primed state, which may differ radically in terms of timeline of existence, signalling mechanisms, cell properties, capacity for differentiation into different cell types, etc. Germ-like male and female rodent cells have been successfully produced from ESC and induced pluripotent stem cells. The attempts to derive primate primordial germ cells (PGC) and germ cells from pluripotent stem cells, however, still have a low success rate, especially with the female germline. The paper reviews the properties of rodent and primate ESC with regard to their capacity for differentiation to germ-like cells, outlining the possible caveats to derivation of PGC and germ cells from primate and human pluripotent cells.