J Strength Cond Res [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Moderate Intensity Resistance Training With Partial Range-of-Motion at Long Muscle Lengths Elicits Similar Hypertrophy and Architectural Adaptations as High Intensity Resistance Training Using Full Range-of-Motion.
McMahon G, Morse C, Burden A … +2 more , Winwood K, Onambele-Pearson G
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42392615 · Publisher ↗
McMahon, G, Morse, C, Burden, A, Winwood, K, and Onambele-Pearson, G. Moderate intensity resistance training with partial range-of-motion at long muscle lengths elicits similar hypertrophy and architectural adaptations a...
McMahon, G, Morse, C, Burden, A, Winwood, K, and Onambele-Pearson, G. Moderate intensity resistance training with partial range-of-motion at long muscle lengths elicits similar hypertrophy and architectural adaptations as high intensity resistance training using full range-of-motion. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Resistance training (RT) elicits varying magnitudes of active and passive forces in muscle. Evidence is lacking comparing chronic RT outcomes including muscle thickness (MTH) and muscle architecture (fascicle length [Lf], pennation angle [pen]) performing training at shorter, longer, and full ranges-of-motion (ROM). A total of 45 subjects were randomly assigned to 1 of 4 groups-shortened partial ROM (SP, 0-50° knee flexion, 80% 1 repetition maximum [1RM]), lengthened partial ROM (LP, 40-90° knee flexion, 55% 1RM), full ROM (FROM, 0-90° knee flexion, 80% 1RM), or control (CON)-completing 8 weeks of knee extensor exercise. Vastus Lateralis MTH, PEN, and Lf were measured at 25, 50, and 75% femur length pre-post training and analyzed as delta (Δ) change (%); statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. ΔMTH was greater in LP and FROM (p < 0.05) vs. SP at 75%. ΔMTH LP was greater than SP at 25% (p < 0.05) and ΔMTH FROM was greater than SP at 50% (p < 0.05) with no differences between LP and FROM at any location. ΔLf was greater in LP vs. FROM (p < 0.05) at 25 and 75%, and LP vs. SP (p < 0.05) at all sites. ΔLf was greater in FROM vs. SP (p < 0.05) at 50 and 75%. Absolute and normalized baseline Lf was inversely correlated with ΔLf in all groups (p < 0.001). This study provides novel evidence that moderate-intensity RT with partial ROM at long muscle lengths elicits similar hypertrophic and superior Lf adaptations as high-intensity full ROM training. These findings challenge traditional RT prescription, offering new insights for optimizing muscle size and architecture in athletic populations.
Countermovement Jump Responses During an Academy Rugby League In-Season.
Moore DA, Darrall-Jones JD, Weakley JJS … +4 more , Sawczuk TS, Heyward OW, Jones BL, Till K
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42390026 · Publisher ↗
Moore, DA, Darrall-Jones, JD, Weakley, JJS, Sawczuk, TS, Heyward, OW, Jones, BL, and Till, K. Countermovement jump responses during an academy rugby league in-season. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The counterm...
Moore, DA, Darrall-Jones, JD, Weakley, JJS, Sawczuk, TS, Heyward, OW, Jones, BL, and Till, K. Countermovement jump responses during an academy rugby league in-season. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The countermovement jump (CMJ) is widely used to assess lower-body force-time characteristics in rugby league; however, how these characteristics change across the in-season period remains unclear. The purpose of this study was to investigate changes in lower-body force-time characteristics over an 8-week in-season period using CMJ outcome, driver, and strategy metrics derived from force plates. Twenty-five male academy rugby league players (17.0 ± 1.9 years) completed CMJ assessments twice weekly (2 trials per session): 24 hours prematch and 24-72 hours postmatch, while engaging in regular field training, resistance training, and weekly competition. Force plate-derived variables included outcome (i.e., jump height, relative peak power), driver (phase-specific mean force, impulse), and strategy (i.e., countermovement depth, contraction time) metrics. Linear mixed-effects models were used to assess acute (24-72 hours) and preobservation to postobservation window (8 weeks) changes, with "week" included as a fixed effect and "athlete identity" as a random effect. Hedges' g effect sizes with 95% confidence intervals were reported. Results demonstrated trivial reductions in CMJ performance across the observation window. Jump height and concentric impulse remained unchanged, but countermovement depth exhibited a moderate increase (Δ = 3.46 ± 1.60 cm, g = 0.61 (0.33-0.89); p < 0.001). These findings suggest athletes adopt compensatory patterns, characterized by greater ranges of motion and contraction time, to sustain performance under conditions of accumulating load. Incorporating outcome, driver and strategy metrics enhances the utility of CMJ testing for athlete monitoring, informing training adjustments, guiding recovery strategies and supporting long-term athlete development.
The Association Between Athletic Movement Quality and Physical Fitness in Athletic Populations: A Systematic Review With Multilevel Meta-Analysis.
Wijekulasuriya GA, Woods CT, Kittel A … +1 more , Larkin P
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42389991 · Publisher ↗
Wijekulasuriya, GA, Woods, CT, Kittel, A, and Larkin, P. The association between athletic movement quality and physical fitness in athletic populations: A systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis. J Strength Cond...
Wijekulasuriya, GA, Woods, CT, Kittel, A, and Larkin, P. The association between athletic movement quality and physical fitness in athletic populations: A systematic review with multilevel meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Proficient athletic movement skill is purported to be foundational for the development of physical fitness qualities. Conducting a meta-analysis to determine the association between athletic movement quality and physical fitness in athletic populations would thus provide empirical evidence to substantiate or challenge this purportion. The aim of this study was to undertake a systematic review and meta-analysis to determine the association between athletic movement quality and physical fitness measures in athletic populations. Following our literature search, 62 studies were identified for inclusion. Multilevel meta-analyses were then conducted to determine the association between assessments of athletic movement quality and physical fitness measures, which included GRADE assessments for certainty of evidence. Subgroup analysis determined whether associations differed between movement quality assessments. There was high certainty of evidence for the association between athletic movement quality and balance, lower-body bilateral power, and speed. There were also associations between athletic movement quality and cardiorespiratory endurance, flexibility, and muscular strength. However, associations were negligible to low in magnitude and were assessment-dependent for some physical fitness measures. Bias due to nonreporting and limited control for confounding factors was identified, and moderate model and between-study heterogeneity was evident for most meta-analyses. Thus, the association between athletic movement quality and physical fitness seems small and assessment specific. These results may influence the selection of athletic movement quality assessments for athletes in addition to long-term athletic development strategies in youth populations.
Sex Differences in Maximal and Endurance Adductor Strength: Implications for Athlete Screening and Return to Play.
Quintana-Cepedal M, Bailen-Garcia T, Riestra-Cendan S … +2 more , Crespo I, Olmedillas H
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42384830 · Publisher ↗
Quintana-Cepedal, M, Bailen-Garcia, T, Riestra-Cendan, S, Crespo, I, and Olmedillas, H. Sex differences in maximal and endurance adductor strength: implications for athlete screening and return to play. J Strength Cond R...
Quintana-Cepedal, M, Bailen-Garcia, T, Riestra-Cendan, S, Crespo, I, and Olmedillas, H. Sex differences in maximal and endurance adductor strength: implications for athlete screening and return to play. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Lower maximal and endurance adductor strength have been identified as modifiable risk factors contributing to groin injury. However, there are currently no data examining the relationship between these 2 variables. This study aimed to determine if maximal hip adduction strength can be predicted by performance on the Brazilian Adductor Performance Test (BAPT) in competitive female and male athletes from different sports. Secondary aims were to compare strength output between female and male athletes in all tests. Baseline demographic characteristics were collected alongside the Hip and Groin Outcome Score and adductor strength. Maximal isometric hip adductor strength was assessed during the 5-second squeeze test, whereas the BAPT evaluated adductor endurance. Linear mixed-effects models were developed with maximal isometric adductor strength as the dependent variable. Strength was quantified as absolute strength (N), normalized strength (N·kg-1), and normalized torque (N·m·kg-1). A total of 131 healthy athletes (n = 253 limbs, 54% female; ≥ Tier 2) were included in the study. This final count excludes 9 limbs that failed to meet the eligibility criteria. The BAPT could not predict maximal strength (R2 = 0.049 to 0.11); however, model fit improved when sex was included as a covariate (R2 = 0.23 to 0.50). Male subjects performed significantly more repetitions in the endurance test (28 vs. 21, d = 0.84) and exhibited higher maximal strength (N·m·kg-1 = 3.08) compared with female subjects (N·m·kg-1 = 2.34; d = 1.23). Because hip adductor maximal and endurance strength correlate poorly, each test evaluates a particular physical capacity and, as such, should not be used interchangeably. Our findings suggest that clinicians should use both tests to screen for potential deficits in either endurance or maximal adduction strength.
The Role of Y Balance Test Execution Time in Detecting Chronic Ankle Instability.
De Maio M, Festino E, Di Rocco F … +4 more , Cortis C, Fuchs PX, Fusco A, Papale O
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42383862 · Publisher ↗
De Maio, M, Festino, E, Di Rocco, F, Cortis, C, Fuchs, PX, Fusco, A, and Papale, O. The role of Y Balance Test execution time in detecting chronic ankle instability. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Chronic ankle...
De Maio, M, Festino, E, Di Rocco, F, Cortis, C, Fuchs, PX, Fusco, A, and Papale, O. The role of Y Balance Test execution time in detecting chronic ankle instability. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Chronic ankle instability (CAI) affects postural balance, and identifying clinical parameters to assess CAI-related impairments remains challenging. This study assessed whether normalized anterior reach distance and normalized execution time during the Y Balance Test can discriminate between the CAI and healthy leg. Fifteen individuals with CAI performed three anterior Y Balance Test trials on CAI and healthy leg. Normalized anterior reach distance (%) and normalized execution time (s·%-1) were recorded. Repeated measures analysis of variance, logistic regression, and receiver operating characteristic curve analyses were conducted. Significance was set at p < 0.05. The CAI leg showed a lower (p < 0.001) normalized anterior reach distance (83.00 ± 7.85%) than the healthy leg (88.40 ± 7.06%) and a higher (p = 0.039) normalized execution time (CAI = 0.140 ± 0.03 s·%-1) than the healthy leg (0.128 ± 0.02 s·%-1). Logistic regression identified normalized anterior reach distance as a predictor of CAI (odds ratio = 1.13; p = 0.048), whereas normalized execution time did not reach statistical significance. Receiver operating characteristic analysis indicated a fair discriminatory capacity of normalized anterior reach distance (area under the curve = 0.716; cutoff = 84.11%) and normalized execution time (area under the curve = 0.676; cutoff = 0.132 s·%-1). Although normalized execution time was not a significant predictor of CAI, a high execution time in the CAI leg may reflect altered neuromuscular control and movement strategies. Therefore, combining reach distance with execution time may provide complementary information for assessing dynamic balance in individuals with CAI.
National Strength and Conditioning Association Position Statement on Strength and Conditioning of Female Athletes. Part I: Lifespan, Injury, and Health Considerations.
Dabbs NC, Binkley H, Bott C … +6 more , Fragala MS, Herda A, Moeskops S, Moore EWG, Smith-Ryan A, Triplett NT
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42383448 · Publisher ↗
Dabbs, NC, Binkley, H, Bott, C, Fragala, MS, Herda, A, Moeskops, S, Moore, EWG, Smith-Ryan, A, and Triplett, NT. National Strength and Conditioning Association position statement on strength and conditioning of female at...
Dabbs, NC, Binkley, H, Bott, C, Fragala, MS, Herda, A, Moeskops, S, Moore, EWG, Smith-Ryan, A, and Triplett, NT. National Strength and Conditioning Association position statement on strength and conditioning of female athletes. Part I: lifespan, injury, and health considerations. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Throughout an athlete's lifespan, there are several contributing factors that can affect performance. Sex-specific physiological differences occur between male and female athletes that may result in different needs throughout the stages of an athlete's development and through maturation, where special consideration may be needed for specific health aspects and common injuries in female athletes. A greater understanding of the developmental stages of female athletes, including their unique biological differences in health and risk of injury, is warranted among strength and conditioning professionals to provide comprehensive training programs for female athletes. The purpose of this position statement is to help strength and conditioning practitioners understand current evidence and recommendations for female athletes throughout their lifespan, the female-specific injuries that may occur, and the health considerations that may enhance overall female athlete health and well-being. Therefore, Position Statement Part I is separated into 3 sections: (a) lifespan development, (b) injury considerations, and (c) health considerations.
Smartphone IMU-Based Prediction of Vertical Ground Reaction Force During Countermovement Jumps: A Deep Learning Approach.
Kim H, Kong T, Han H … +2 more , Ha D, Kipp K
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42370715 · Publisher ↗
Kim, H, Kong, T, Han, H, Ha, D, and Kipp, K. Smartphone IMU-based prediction of vertical ground reaction force during countermovement jumps: a deep learning approach. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The counterm...
Kim, H, Kong, T, Han, H, Ha, D, and Kipp, K. Smartphone IMU-based prediction of vertical ground reaction force during countermovement jumps: a deep learning approach. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The countermovement jump (CMJ) is widely used to assess neuromuscular performance, particularly in athletic and rehabilitation contexts. Measuring vertical ground reaction forces (vGRF) during the CMJ is important because it facilitates the calculation of many important variables (e.g., jump height, power). Unfortunately, measuring vGRF requires expensive laboratory equipment, such as force plates. This study explored whether smartphone inertial measurement unit (IMU) data could be used to estimate vGRF and performance metrics using deep learning. Nineteen healthy adults performed 10 CMJs while holding a smartphone at the chest level. Ground truth vGRF data were recorded with 2 force plates. The 3-axis acceleration and orientation signals from the IMU were filtered, gravity-compensated, and time-normalized. Data augmentation using white Gaussian noise expanded the data set tenfold. A bidirectional long short-term memory (BiLSTM)-based neural network was trained to predict the vGRF waveform from the processed IMU data. Model performance was evaluated using waveform root mean squared error (RMSE) and discrete biomechanical metrics such as jump height, power, and phase durations. The predicted vGRF waveforms closely matched the measured signals (RMSE = 0.0319 ± 0.0066 body weight [BW]). The normalized RMSE for most discrete metrics was below 5%. Five-fold cross-validation confirmed stable generalization (RMSE = 0.0353 ± 0.0017 BW). The results demonstrate that a BiLSTM model can accurately estimate vGRF from smartphone IMU data alone. This approach may offer a practical and scalable alternative to force plate-based assessments, enabling biomechanical evaluation in field and clinical settings using widely available mobile devices.
Effects of Prolonged Combined Aerobic and Strength Training on Movement Velocities During a Strength Loading Bout: Targeting Same Versus Separate Muscle Groups.
Feuerbacher JF, Jacobs MW, Dragutinovic B … +2 more , Rehbein P, Schumann M
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42370705 · Publisher ↗
Feuerbacher, JF, Jacobs, MW, Dragutinovic, B, Rehbein, P, and Schumann, M. Effects of prolonged combined aerobic and strength training on movement velocities during a strength loading bout: targeting same versus separate...
Feuerbacher, JF, Jacobs, MW, Dragutinovic, B, Rehbein, P, and Schumann, M. Effects of prolonged combined aerobic and strength training on movement velocities during a strength loading bout: targeting same versus separate muscle groups. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Combined aerobic and strength training may impair explosive strength performance, especially when targeting the same muscle groups. This study aimed to assess the effects of prolonged combined aerobic and strength training on movement velocities and velocity loss during a strength loading bout when the aerobic and strength training target the same vs. separate muscle groups. Thirty-two men participated in a 12-week intervention, divided into 3 groups: (a) LHLS (lower-body high-intensity interval training (HIIT) and strength training), (b) LHUS (lower-body HIIT and upper-body strength training), and (c) LSUS (lower- and upper-body strength training). Changes in the area under the mean propulsive velocity (MPV) and velocity-loss curves during strength loadings were analyzed pre- and postintervention. Squat performance was compared between LHLS and LSUS, while bench press performance was compared between LHUS and LSUS. The level of significance was set at ρ ≤ 0.05. During bench press loading, no statistically significant main effects for group (p = 0.225), for timepoint (p = 0.170), nor group × timepoint (p = 0.943) were observed for MPV. In squat loading, a statistically significant main effect for timepoint was found (p = 0.020), with a decrease in MPV for LHLS postintervention (p = 0.006). The interaction between group and timepoint was not statistically significant (p = 0.083). No statistically significant main effects for group (p = 0.110, p = 0.076), for timepoint (p = 0.590, p = 0.244), nor group × timepoint (p = 0.626, p = 0.239) were observed for velocity loss in either bench press or squat loading. These findings suggest that explosive strength performance may be more susceptible to interference when aerobic and strength training target the same, rather than different, muscle groups.
Absolute and Relative Sprint Acceleration in Female Rugby Union Players Across Age Categories and Playing Positions.
Fink B, Ordóñez-Vega J, Uthoff A … +4 more , Floría P, Jiménez-Lozano M, Rodriguez-Rosell D, Gálvez-González J
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42367066 · Publisher ↗
Fink, B, Ordóñez-Vega, J, Uthoff, A, Floría, P, Jiménez-Lozano, M, Rodriguez-Rosell, D, and Gálvez-González, J. Absolute and relative sprint acceleration in female rugby union players across age categories and playing po...
Fink, B, Ordóñez-Vega, J, Uthoff, A, Floría, P, Jiménez-Lozano, M, Rodriguez-Rosell, D, and Gálvez-González, J. Absolute and relative sprint acceleration in female rugby union players across age categories and playing positions. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-This study aimed to (a) describe the absolute and relative acceleration capacity of female rugby union players by analyzing differences across age categories (i.e., under-14 [U14], under-16 [U16], under-18 [U18], and Senior) and playing positions (i.e., backs and forwards) and (b) examine the partial relationships between sprint acceleration variables and maximum velocity (Vmax), using age as a covariate. One hundred fifty-one female rugby union players (U14: n = 35; 13 ± 0.89 years, U16: n = 33; 16 ± 0.50 years, U18: n = 33; 17 ± 0.73 years, and Seniors: n = 50; 25.36 ± 3.51 years) performed two 50-m linear sprints on a single day. Radar-derived velocity-time data were fitted to a mono-exponential model to derive Vmax and τ. The results showed that U14 backs and U14-U16 forwards displayed lower τ and higher percentage of maximum velocity at 5 m (%Vmax 5-m), 10 m (%Vmax 10-m), and 15 m (%Vmax 15-m) compared with their U18 and Senior counterparts. However, no significant differences in τ were found between playing positions in any of the age categories. Younger forwards (i.e., U14 and U16) showed higher %Vmax 5-m and 10-m, whereas backs excelled in velocity at 5 m (V5), 10 m (V10), and 15 m (V15) across all age categories (p < 0.050). Moreover, after adjusting for age, first-order partial correlations (rp) showed that τ was significantly associated with %Vmax 5-m, 10-m, and 15-m (rp = -0.61 to -0.62) and with V5, V10, and V15 (rp = 0.49 to 0.55). In conclusion, relative acceleration-related variables (i.e., τ and %Vmax 5-m, 10-m, and 15-m) provide specific and complementary information on acceleration capacity, supporting their application for performance monitoring and programming in female rugby union players.
Isometric Floor Press: A Valid, Reliable, and Practical Field-Based Assessment of Upper-Body Strength.
Kirk BJC, Wills JA, Glen B … +1 more , Doyle TLA
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42367017 · Publisher ↗
Kirk, BJC, Wills, JA, Glen, B, and Doyle, TLA. Isometric floor press: A valid, reliable, and practical field-based assessment of upper-body strength. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-There is currently no standar...
Kirk, BJC, Wills, JA, Glen, B, and Doyle, TLA. Isometric floor press: A valid, reliable, and practical field-based assessment of upper-body strength. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-There is currently no standardized method for assessing upper-body isometric strength using portable field-based equipment, limiting practitioners' ability to monitor upper-body strength in applied environments. This study evaluated the validity and reliability of 4 novel tests performed using only a force plate system and isometric midthigh pull rack: the isometric push-up (IPU) on knees and feet, and the isometric floor press at 90° (IFP90) and 135° (IFP135) elbow angles. Twenty recreationally trained adults (16 men, 4 women) completed a 1 repetition maximum bench press and familiarization session, followed by 2 isometric testing sessions, each separated by 7 days. Validity was assessed using Pearson correlation with 1 repetition maximum bench press. Within-day and between-day reliability were evaluated using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) and coefficient of variation (CV%). IFP90 showed the strongest validity (r = 0.887), followed by IFP135 (r = 0.724), IPU on knees (r = 0.711), and IPU on feet (r = 0.692). All tests demonstrated excellent within-day reliability (ICC = 0.923-0.983; CV% = 5.3-7.7%) and between-day reliability (ICC = 0.912-0.955; CV% = 6.4-12.3%). Supine configurations (IFP) generally showed greater measurement stability than prone push-up variations (IPU), with lower variability and higher ICCs. Results were consistent across a broad strength range (bench press = 65-140 kg), supporting their applicability to both athletic and general populations. These findings suggest that IFP90 offers a valid, reliable, and practical field-based alternative to traditional upper-body strength testing. These tests may be especially useful in settings where safety, measurement sensitivity, and fatigue minimization are priorities.
Unlocking Greater Load Potential: How Cluster Sets Enable Higher External Loads.
Nagatani T, Kendall KL, Vial S … +4 more , Comfort P, Searle P, Klaver M, Haff GG
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42351393 · Publisher ↗
Nagatani, T, Kendall, KL, Vial, S, Comfort, P, Searle, P, Klaver, M, and Haff, GG. Unlocking greater load potential: How cluster sets enable higher external loads. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The aim of this...
Nagatani, T, Kendall, KL, Vial, S, Comfort, P, Searle, P, Klaver, M, and Haff, GG. Unlocking greater load potential: How cluster sets enable higher external loads. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The aim of this study was to examine how altering external loads within cluster sets acutely affects barbell kinematics, compared with traditional sets performed at lighter loads. Twenty strength-trained individuals performed 3 sets of 9 power cleans (relative 1 repetition maximum [1RM]: 1.21 ± 0.16 kg·kg-1) using 3 experimental protocols performed in a randomized repeated-measures design: traditional sets with 70% 1RM (TRAD), cluster sets of 3 with 30-second intraset rest between every 3 repetitions and 85% 1RM (CLU-3), and cluster sets of 1 with 30-second inter-repetition rest and 90% 1RM (CLU-1). A linear mixed-effects model was used to examine the effects of session and repetition on barbell peak velocity (PV). In addition, statistical parametric mapping was used to conduct waveform analysis of the vertical displacement-time and horizontal displacement-time curve data, respectively. TRAD resulted in the highest PV, but subjects experienced clear signs of fatigue over the course of a high-volume power clean bout, as indicated by declines in PV (velocity loss = -0.17 ± 0.02 m·s-1) and significant changes in vertical and horizontal barbell displacements (p ≤ 0.05) across the set. Conversely, both CLU-3 and CLU-1 allowed subjects to better maintain PV (velocity loss = -0.11 ± 0.03 and -0.03 ± 0.03 m·s-1, respectively) and relatively consistent barbell trajectories across the set, despite showing lower PV overall due to the use of greater external loads when compared with TRAD. Based on the results of this study, cluster sets can be designed to not only modulate exercise-induced fatigue and maintain lifting technique but also increase external loads during high-volume power clean sessions.
Musculoskeletal and Biomechanical Differences Between Proficient Male and Female Golfers.
McHugh MP, Maisel MB, Orishimo KF … +2 more , Kremenic IJ, O'Mahoney CA
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42351390 · Publisher ↗
McHugh, MP, Maisel, MB, Orishimo, KF, Kremenic, IJ, and O'Mahoney, CA. Musculoskeletal and biomechanical differences between proficient male and female golfers. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The purpose of thi...
McHugh, MP, Maisel, MB, Orishimo, KF, Kremenic, IJ, and O'Mahoney, CA. Musculoskeletal and biomechanical differences between proficient male and female golfers. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The purpose of this study was to compare musculoskeletal and biomechanical metrics between proficient male and female golfers. Strength, flexibility, and biomechanics were compared between 13 male and 16 female low handicap golfers. Shoulder and hip strength were measured with a hand-held dynamometer. Flexibility of the shoulders, trunk, and hips was measured with 13 tests (4 sagittal plane, 4 frontal plane, 5 transverse plane). Pelvis and trunk angles, velocities and accelerations, and ground reaction forces were measured as subjects hit balls with a driver. In addition, performance metrics (clubhead speed, ball speed, and total distance) were compared between groups with a standard golf radar launch monitor. Independent t-tests and mixed model analysis of variance were used to compare flexibility, strength, biomechanics, and performance between male and female golfers with significance set at p < 0.05. Male golfers were taller (p < 0.001), had a higher body mass (p = 0.002), but the groups were not different in age (p = 0.073) or United States Golf Association handicap (p = 0.375). Female golfers were more flexible than men in 2 of 4 frontal plane tests and 1 of 4 sagittal plane tests, with no differences between sexes for any of the 5 transverse plane tests. Male golfers were stronger than women for all 6 shoulder tests but only for 2 of 5 hip strength tests. Male golfers had higher pelvis and trunk acceleration, and a higher lead foot loading rate. Male golfers had higher clubhead speed ball speed, and total distance (p < 0.001). The ability to more rapidly generate forces from the ground, and accelerate the pelvis and trunk during the downswing, best differentiated male from female golfers.
The Effects of Match-Play on Markers of Recovery in Professional Female and Male Soccer Players.
Abbott W, Rowland SN, McKnight CE … +2 more , Hansell EJ, Clifford T
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42351387 · Publisher ↗
Abbott, W, Rowland, SN, McKnight, CE, Hansell, EJ, and Clifford, T. The effects of match-play on markers of recovery in professional female and male soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-We examined th...
Abbott, W, Rowland, SN, McKnight, CE, Hansell, EJ, and Clifford, T. The effects of match-play on markers of recovery in professional female and male soccer players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-We examined the effects of match-play on muscle soreness and neuromuscular performance metrics in female and male soccer players. Nine professional female players (age, 24 ± 3 years; height, 1.76 ± 0.06 m; mass, 72.1 ± 6.7 kg) from the Women's Super League 2, and 13 professional male players (age, 19 ± 1 year; height, 1.81 ± 0.06 m; mass, 79.6 ± 7.2 kg) from the same club in the U21 Professional Development League 2 in England participated. To assess neuromuscular performance, players completed countermovement jumps (CMJ), the isometric hamstring 90/90 strength test, and isometric hip adduction tests on both legs, before match day (MD; Pre) and 2 (MD+2) and 3 days (MD+3) postmatch. Surveys to measure muscle soreness, and menstrual cycle-related symptoms for female players, were completed on MD and on MD+1, MD+2, and MD+3. In female players, muscle soreness was elevated, and all neuromuscular performance indices were significantly reduced at MD+3 (p < 0.05). Conversely, in male players, muscle soreness was greater at MD+1 (p = 0.027) but none of the neuromuscular markers were lower than prematch levels by MD+3 (p > 0.05). Muscle soreness and all neuromuscular indices were significantly more affected in female vs. male players (all p < 0.05). At MD+3, in female players, CMJ height was ∼7% below Pre, whereas it was ∼1% higher in male players. Menstrual cycle symptoms were modest but when added as covariates to mixed models, were negatively associated with right adductor strength (p = 0.001) but no other metrics. Female players may recover slower than male players after soccer matches as muscle soreness and markers of neuromuscular performance were significantly more impaired in the female players 3 days postmatch.
Characterization of Workloads Across Three Seasons in Elite Division I Collegiate Women's Basketball Players.
Hudy A, Shah J, Kraemer WJ … +6 more , Burland JP, Glaviano NR, Morgan K, Wilson J, Casa DJ, Huggins RA
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42351378 · Publisher ↗
Hudy, A, Shah, J, Kraemer, WJ, Burland, JP, Glaviano, NR, Morgan, K, Wilson, J, Casa, DJ, and Huggins, RA. Characterization of workloads across three seasons in elite Division I collegiate women's basketball players. J S...
Hudy, A, Shah, J, Kraemer, WJ, Burland, JP, Glaviano, NR, Morgan, K, Wilson, J, Casa, DJ, and Huggins, RA. Characterization of workloads across three seasons in elite Division I collegiate women's basketball players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026 -This paper aims to characterize and compare external workloads of elite collegiate NCAA Division I women's basketball players across multiple seasons and within the 5 phases of each season. Monitoring workloads can facilitate periodization for optimal performance, reduce injury risk, and guide return-to-play protocols. Three seasons were analyzed. Each season included the following phases: 8-hour preseason (P08), 20-hour preseason (P20), nonconference play (NON), conference play (CON), and championship play. The variables monitored were PlayerLoad (PL), PlayerLoad·min-1 (PL/min), Explosive Efforts, Total Jumps, Hi Inertial Movement Analysis (IMA) Accelerations, and Hi IMA Decelerations (HD). Fourteen women (ages 21 ± 2 years), categorized as high-impact players (average ≥ 15 min/game), wore triaxial accelerometers during each individual, practice, and gameday activity for 3 consecutive seasons. A 3 × 5 repeated measures analysis of variance was conducted for each season's team of 7 high-impact players (n = 7). Post hoc analysis was performed to identify the significant (p < 0.05) interactions between the seasons and phases. The results show that across 3 NCAA Division I women's basketball seasons, the 20-hour preseason (P20) consistently exhibited the highest external loads, averaging peak PL values and significantly elevated high-intensity movements such as accelerations and decelerations, underscoring the preparatory demands of this mesocycle. Although external loads varied significantly between phases, unexpected between-year differences emerged within the same phases, particularly in PL·min-1, highlighting the influence of contextual variables like athlete availability, training structure, and informal preseason play. Future research can explore the variations of workload demands within each phase to better understand metrics and models that can be used to optimize player performance.
Aerobic Fitness Is the Main Determinant of Match-Related Physical Performance Decline in Professional Football Players (Part 2).
Antenucci L, Schmidt C, Malatesta D
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42351367 · Publisher ↗
Antenucci, L, Schmidt, C, and Malatesta, D. Aerobic fitness is the main determinant of match-related physical performance decline in professional football players (part 2). J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-High-i...
Antenucci, L, Schmidt, C, and Malatesta, D. Aerobic fitness is the main determinant of match-related physical performance decline in professional football players (part 2). J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-High-intensity efforts are critical in football performance and declines in running distance and acceleration (ACC) and deceleration (DEC) capacity are often observed after the 60th or 75th minute, partly indicating player fatigue. This study investigated the decline in physical performance during a professional football match and its relationship with physical fitness parameters. Global navigation satellite system data from an entire Swiss first-division season (30 matches) were analyzed for 19 professional football players. The players' speed at the first and second lactate thresholds (sLT1/sLT2) and peak incremental speed (PIS) were assessed using a maximal incremental treadmill test. The maximal sprint speed (MSS) was determined from match data to calculate the anaerobic speed reserve (ASR = MSS - PIS). The distance covered in low-/high-/very high-speed running (LSR/HSR/VHSR) and sprinting using individual thresholds (<sLT2, sLT2-PIS, PIS-30% ASR, >30% ASR), and the number of ACCs/DECs performed in 4 intensity zones (ACC1/2/3/4/DEC1/2/3/4: ±0.5-1.0, 1.0-2.0, 2.0-3.0, >3 m·s-2) were measured across 6 periods (P1-P6) of 15 minutes of matches. The vertical peak power was measured using squat and countermovement jumps. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) declines (4-27%) were observed after the 60th minute across all running, ACC/DEC intensity zones, and in total distance (TD) and total number of ACCs/DECs (ACCTOT/DECTOT) counts, except for sprint distance and ACC1/DEC1. Moderate-to-large correlations were found between aerobic fitness (sLTs and PIS) and decreases in TD, ACCTOT/DECTOT, and high-intensity running, ACCs/DECs between P1 (0-15 minutes) and P5 (60-75 minutes) (r = 0.46-0.67; p ≤ 0.049). Coaches should focus on enhancing players' aerobic fitness to improve their ability to maintain physical performance throughout match-play.
Does Hormonal Phase Affect Acute High-Intensity Interval Training Exercise? An Evaluation of Performance and Fatigue.
Moore SR, Joniak KE, Ladan AN … +5 more , Britton ME, Cantu EI, Hirsch KR, Hackney AC, Smith-Ryan AE
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 May · PMID 42351366 · Publisher ↗
Moore, SR, Joniak, KE, Ladan, AN, Britton, ME, Cantu, EI, Hirsch, KR, Hackney, AC, and Smith-Ryan, AE. Does hormonal phase affect acute high-intensity interval training exercise? An evaluation of performance and fatigue....
Moore, SR, Joniak, KE, Ladan, AN, Britton, ME, Cantu, EI, Hirsch, KR, Hackney, AC, and Smith-Ryan, AE. Does hormonal phase affect acute high-intensity interval training exercise? An evaluation of performance and fatigue. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Fatigue is a critical factor in high-intensity interval training (HIIT) performance, which may vary across female hormonal phases and with changes in work-rest ratio. This study evaluated exercise performance (average power [AP], peak power [PP]) and fatigue (power drop [PD; peak power-minimum power/time]) between 2 work-matched HIIT protocols during the low- (LHP) and high-hormone phases (HHP). In total, 35 women (age: 24.3 ± 6.1 years) completed 4 HIIT trials in randomized orders of hormonal phase and HIIT protocol: HIIT1:1: 10 rounds of 1 minute on/1 minute off; HIIT2:1: 20 rounds of 20 s on/10 s off. High-intensity interval training2:1 resulted in significantly higher AP (HIIT1:1-HIIT2:1 Δ-36.6 ± 2.3 W; p < 0.001) and PP (Δ-34.1 ± 4.0 W; p < 0.001) than HIIT1:1, with no significant difference between phase differences. When analyzed by protocol, HIIT2:1 demonstrated greater PD in the LHP than in the HHP (Δ11.4 ± 4.7 W; p = 0.020), with no significant difference between phases for HIIT1:1. When collapsed across protocols, PD was significantly greater in the LHP than in the HHP (LHP-HHP Δ11.2 ± 4.9 W·s-1; p = 0.031). High-intensity interval training power performance (AP, PP) was influenced by the work-rest ratio, but not hormonal phase, with significantly higher power output in HIIT2:1. Greater PD during the LHP suggests physical fatigue may vary across hormonal phases, but the lack of HIIT1:1 PD differences between phases may indicate augmented recovery with the equal work-rest ratio, particularly during the LHP. Although power performance was minimally different between phases, altering work-rest ratio may be a consideration for maintaining power outcomes and managing fatigue across female hormonal cycles, particularly in the LHP.
Motivation Unraveled: Paradoxical Effects of Positive Feedback in Basketball Players.
Benjaminse A, Nijmeijer EM, Gokeler A
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42351363 · Publisher ↗
Benjaminse A, Nijmeijer EM, and Gokeler A. Motivation unraveled: paradoxical effects of positive feedback in basketball players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention often...
Benjaminse A, Nijmeijer EM, and Gokeler A. Motivation unraveled: paradoxical effects of positive feedback in basketball players. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention often involves corrective feedback, which can negatively affect player motivation and motor learning. A practice situation with enhanced expectancies (EE) may increase intrinsic motivation and confidence and herewith, self-efficacy. This study investigated the impact of social-comparative feedback during a basketball cutting maneuver. A randomized controlled trial with 2 groups of male basketball players (EE, n = 14, age = 22.4 ± 5.5 years, height = 188.9 ± 9.2 cm, mass = 83.3 ± 11.3 kg and control (CTRL), n = 14, age = 22.3 ± 5.2 years, height = 189.2 ± 8.6 cm, mass = 82.6 ± 11.0 kg) was conducted. All players received veridical feedback during training. In addition, the EE group received false positive comparative feedback. ANOVAs were used to calculate differences between groups with the alpha set at ɑ 0.05 a priori. EE group players had lower expectations (53.0 ± 10.3 vs. 59.5 ± 10.6, p = 0.006), enjoyed the task less (2.9 ± 1.4 vs. 3.8 ± 1.2, p = 0.004), but had greater satisfaction (4.2 ± 1.4 vs. 2.9 ± 1.4, p = 0.017) about their score. This suggests that while EE may increase satisfaction, it can also increase performance pressure, which may hinder enjoyment and ultimately impair optimal skill development. The study highlights the complex interplay between feedback, motivation, and motor learning in anterior cruciate ligament injury prevention.
The Influence of Somatic Maturation on Stretch-Shortening Cycle Function in Youth Athletes.
Keleher K, Samways B, Kite RJ
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42351360 · Publisher ↗
Keleher, K, Samways, B, and Kite, RJ. The influence of somatic maturation on stretch-shortening cycle function in youth athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) is a predomina...
Keleher, K, Samways, B, and Kite, RJ. The influence of somatic maturation on stretch-shortening cycle function in youth athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-The stretch-shortening cycle (SSC) is a predominant quality underpinning athletic ability. Yet, how the SSC is influenced by the process of growth and maturation in youth athletes is less understood. Therefore, the aim of this study is to further investigate the influence of maturation on SSC performance in both girls and boys. Sixty-five youth athletes (boys = 20, girls = 45) participated in this cross-sectional study. Subjects were assessed for maturational age using the percentage of predicted adult height and then undertook jumping assessment using dual force plates, executing countermovement and squat jump tasks. Applying a Pearson's correlation, moderate to very large associations were determined between jump height (r = 0.32-0.57) and concentric impulse (r = 0.54-0.80) with maturational age in both jumping tasks. Boys also demonstrated large associations with RSImod (r = 0.61) and girls with eccentric braking impulse (r = 0.53). When exploring differences by maturational grouping (Pre-, Circa-, and Post-PHV) in the girls, the Kruskal-Wallis test identified significant differences (p < 0.05) in eccentric duration between Pre-PHV and Circa-PHV. In addition, eccentric braking impulse and concentric impulse were greater in Post-PHV than in both Pre- and Circa-PHV. The lack of temporal changes in eccentric duration, yet increases in eccentric impulse, indicated a probable enhanced efficiency of the stretch-shortening cycle post-PHV. Such findings may be attributed to the development of muscle cross-sectional area and architectural changes after maturation. These findings underscore the importance of maturation status when interpreting SSC-related performance tests and developing training programs for youth athletes.
Observation of Altered Iron Status Development During Noncompetitive Season Training in NCAA Division I Female Acrobatics and Tumbling Athletes.
Pickler MC, Funderburk LK, Lee KM … +4 more , Bolden LK, Chapman-Lopez TJ, Heileson JL, Gallucci AR
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42348903 · Publisher ↗
Pickler, MC, Funderburk, LK, Lee, KM, Bolden, LK, Chapman-Lopez, TJ, Heileson, JL, and Gallucci, AR. Observation of altered iron status development during noncompetitive season training in NCAA Division I female acrobati...
Pickler, MC, Funderburk, LK, Lee, KM, Bolden, LK, Chapman-Lopez, TJ, Heileson, JL, and Gallucci, AR. Observation of altered iron status development during noncompetitive season training in NCAA Division I female acrobatics & tumbling athletes. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Female athletes are one of the highest at-risk groups for altered iron status development and iron deficiency due to the combination of increased nutrient needs from intense training regimens and inadequate dietary intake. This study examined key iron-related biomarkers [i.e., serum ferritin (SF), hemoglobin, red blood cell distribution] in National Collegiate Athletic Association Division I (D1) female acrobatics and tumbling athletes (n = 29) over a 2 and a half-month training period (October 1-December 15). Enrolled athletes provided blood samples and underwent dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans before and after the noncompetitive season training period. Wilcoxon signed-rank tests showed significant differences in body mass (p < 0.001), body fat percentage (p = 0.017), fat-free mass (p < 0.001), SF (p < 0.001), and total protein (p = 0.004). Body mass and fat-free mass significantly increased, while body fat percentage, SF levels, and total protein significantly decreased over the course of noncompetitive season training. Red blood cell, hemoglobin, and RBC-distribution width did not change significantly over the noncompetitive season training period. Most athletes presented with altered and/or deficient iron status before (65%) and after (96%) noncompetitive season training. Future investigators and current practitioners should consider regular iron assessments, especially in at-risk elite athletes and during times of increased training loads.
Validation of a Combined Heart Rate and Accelerometry Method for Measuring Total Energy Expenditure in Soccer Players During Precompetition Training.
Kim N, Lee S, Taguchi M … +4 more , Oh T, Han S, Ishikawa-Takata K, Park J
J Strength Cond Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42348850 · Publisher ↗
Kim, N, Lee, S, Taguchi, M, Oh, T, Han, S, Ishikawa-Takata, K, and Park, J. Validation of a combined heart rate and accelerometry method for measuring total energy expenditure in soccer players during precompetition trai...
Kim, N, Lee, S, Taguchi, M, Oh, T, Han, S, Ishikawa-Takata, K, and Park, J. Validation of a combined heart rate and accelerometry method for measuring total energy expenditure in soccer players during precompetition training. J Strength Cond Res XX(X): 000-000, 2026-Understanding energy expenditure in athletes during intensive training periods is essential for optimizing performance and recovery. Accurate assessment of total energy expenditure (TEE) and activity energy expenditure (AEE) during precompetition training is important. Accordingly, TEE and AEE were assessed using the doubly labeled water (DLW) method. We also validated a combined method using exercise energy expenditure (EEE) through heart rate (HR) and nonexercise activity thermogenesis (NEAT) through accelerometry (ACC) in collegiate soccer players, examining EEE and NEAT variability in relation to TEE. Korean male collegiate soccer players participated in the study. TEEDLW and AEEDLW were measured over 8 days using DLW (n = 14). Resting metabolic rate (RMR) was assessed with the Douglas bag method. TEECOM was calculated as the sum of RMR, HR-derived EEE, and ACC-derived NEAT (n = 10). TEEDLW and AEEDLW were 4,119 and 2,066 kcal·d-1, respectively. TEECOM and AEECOM (4,090 and 2,028 kcal·d-1, respectively) closely matched TEEDLW and AEEDLW (4,062 and 2,002 kcal·d-1, respectively), showing high validity (r2 = 0.81 and 0.73, respectively). Bland-Altman analysis revealed small mean differences: 21.17 kcal·d-1 for TEE and 25.75 kcal·d-1 for AEE. Heart rate-derived EEE correlated strongly with AEEDLW (r = 0.77, p = 0.009), while ACC-derived NEAT and HR-derived EEE were negatively correlated (r = -0.74, p = 0.014). Higher TEE and AEE values corresponded with increased training volume. The combined HR and ACC method proved highly valid for group-level TEE assessment. Owing to individual variability in EEE and NEAT, precise measurement of these components remains crucial for accurate TEE predictions in athletes.
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