Nigerian Quarterly Journal Of Hospital Medicine[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
TRANSITION OF AN ACADEMIC ICON: PROF. ADETAYO FOLUSO FAGBENRO-BEYIOKU.
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295816
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Selenium status and infant birth weight among HIV-positive and HIV-negative pregnant women in Lagos, Nigeria.
Makwe CC, Nwabua FI, Anorlu RI
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295815
BACKGROUND: During pregnancy, selenium deficiency and reduced antioxidant activities may result in adverse perinatal outcome such as low birthweight, which is associated with significant perinatal morbidity and mortality...
BACKGROUND: During pregnancy, selenium deficiency and reduced antioxidant activities may result in adverse perinatal outcome such as low birthweight, which is associated with significant perinatal morbidity and mortality. Many studies have reported conflicting findings on the relationship between maternal selenium status and infant birth weight. OBJECTIVE: This study is to determine the relationship between maternal serum selenium concentration and infant birthweight in HIV-positive and HIV-negative pregnant women at term. METHODS: A cross-sectional study carried out among HIV-positive and HIV-negative pregnant women at term. Participants were recruited from the antenatal clinic at the Lagos University Teaching Hospital. After obtaining an informed consent, participants were interviewed using a structured questionnaire. Five milliliters of venous blood sample was collected from each participant for estimation of selenium levels using the Inductively Coupled Plasma Mass Spectrometry (ICP-MS) method. At delivery, the infant birth weights were measured using a standard infant weighing scale. RESULTS: Of the 240 participants, data were complete for analysis in 214 (89.2%) of the participants. HIV-positive women had significantly lower mean serum selenium concentration when compared with HIV-negative women (33.7 +/- 22.2 pg/L versus 83.6 +/- 18.7 pg/L; p<0.01). Compared with HIV-negative women, the mean birth weight of infants of HIV positive women was significantly lower (2952 +/- 572 g versus 3392 +/- 452 g; p<0.01). There was no significant association between maternal serum selenium levels at term and infant birth weight in both groups. CONCLUSION: HIV-positive pregnant women had a lower mean serum selenium level and their infants had a lower mean birth weight, when compared to HIV-negative pregnant women. However, no significant association was found between maternal serum selenium concentration and birth weight in both groups.
Use of HIV Screening Services and Sexual Behavior of In-School Adolescents in Surulere LGA, Lagos State.
Sekoni AO, Somefun EO, Fatoba OO … +1 more , Onajole AT
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295814
BACKGROUND: The health and development.of populations irrespective of where they live is dependent on their behaviour. Adolescents constitute a huge chunk of the global population. A high proportion of the burden of dise...
BACKGROUND: The health and development.of populations irrespective of where they live is dependent on their behaviour. Adolescents constitute a huge chunk of the global population. A high proportion of the burden of diseases therefore occur in this age group as well. The maturation process occurs throughout this period and behaviours adopted often last for life and are determinants of healthy adult life. High prevalence of Sexually Transmitted Infections including Human Immunodeficiency Virus has been documented in adolescents. OBJECTIVE: This study was carried out to assess the use of HIV screening services and sexual behaviour of in-school adolescents in Surulere an urban community in Lagos State, Nigeria. METHODS: Cross sectional descriptive study design was used. Simple random sampling was used to select 9 public senior secondary schools in Surulere Local Government Area. All the enrolled and willing students in SSS3 who were available during the period of data collection were included in the study (1,029). Information was collected with a self-adrministered questionnaire. Data analysis was done with Epi info version 3.5.4. Frequency tables were generated and analysis was explored using chi square at. p<0.05. RESULTS: The mean age was 16 years. Majority of the students were in the 15-19 years age bracket, females, Christians and lived in monogamous homes. All the three arms namely commercial class, arts class and science class were included. Less than one tenth of the students 90 (8.9%) had been screened for HIV infection. Among this group., more than half had tested once and 37.8% tested because they had participated in risky behavior. Fifteen percent were sexually active, among this group 20% engaged in transactional sex. Only 36.8% used condom at first sex which increased to 57.2% at last sex, however consistent condom use was practiced by 22.4%. Students who are sexually experienced (p<0.001) were more likely to have been screened while those in science class (p=0.012) were more willing to screen for HIV. Male students were more likely to have had sex (p<0.001).Compared to Science and Commercial students, those in Arts class were more likely to have had sex (p=0.004), use condoms (p=0.017) and use it consistently (p<0.001). CONCLUSION: Even though the adolescents in this study. engage in risky sexual behaviour, use of HCT services and other STI prevention strategies was poor. It is essential that young people have access to and utilize all HIV prevention tools at their disposal.
Young peoples awareness and support for tobacco control legislation: A study among in-school youth in Lagos, Nigeria.
Odukoya OO, Chife JO, Odeyemi KA … +1 more , Nwangwu GI
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295813
BACKGROUND: The increasing awareness of the health risks associated with tobacco use has led many countries to enact tobacco control legislation to protect citizens from the harmful effects of tobacco use. Young people a...
BACKGROUND: The increasing awareness of the health risks associated with tobacco use has led many countries to enact tobacco control legislation to protect citizens from the harmful effects of tobacco use. Young people are important stakeholders in many aspects of tobacco control legislation. OBJECTIVE: This study.aims to assess the awareness of existing tobacco control laws among young people, their attitudes towards these laws and the factors associated with youth awareness and support for tobacco control legislation in Nigeria. METHODS: A descriptive cross-sectional survey was carried out among 950 students enrolled in six randomly selected public and private schools in the, Mushin local government area of Lagos state using a multi stage sampling method. The respondents completed a pre-tested self-administered questionnaire eliciting information on their awareness and support for tobacco control laws in selected thematicareas Data was analysed using SPSS 17.0 and presented as frequency tables and cross tabulations. RESULTS: Most of the participants were between 14-18 years of age (55.8%) with a mean age of 14.1 +/- 2.2 years. There were slightly more male than female respondents. About two-thirds of the respondents were aware that laws exist to regulate tobacco use in Nigeria. Specifically, more than 60% of the students knew that tobacco smoking was outlawed in schools, medical establishment, public vehicles and offices. Many were aware of the advert bans on tobacco products on television, newspapers, radio, magazines and cinemas. The respondents were however less informed of the penalties for violating tobacco restriction laws. Majority supported the law prohibiting cigarette smoking in health facilities (84.3%), schools (83.7%), public transportation (79.5%) and cinemas (76.3%). Relatively fewer (49.6%) respondents felt that smoking should be prohibited in bars, restaurants and nightclubs. A significant proportion believed that young people in Nigeria should not be allowed to buy (76.4%) or sell (76.1%) cigarettes. Few (13.7%) respondents did not support the law banning cigarette advertisement on mass forms of media. Similarly, 12.2% did not support the law allowing cigarette sponsorship and promotions by cigarette companies. Majority (83.7%) of the respondents agreed with the law banning the sale of cigarettes arouhd school premises while 66.2% supported the ban on sales of cigarettes in single sticks. Majority of the students (78.3%) agreed that health warnings should be placed on all cigarette packages while 62.5% agreed that the prices of cigarettes should be increased to discourage buyers. Up to 69.2% agreed that cigarette scenes should be prohibited in movies for kids. In general, majority (94.3%) of the respondents expressed a high level of support for tobacco related legislation. A bi-variate analysis showed students who received pocket money were found to have significantly higher levels of awareness compared with those who did not receive pocket money. (p=0.003). We also found that females were generally less supportive of tobacco control legislation compared to their male counterparts. CONCLUSION: School based education programs should be carried out to inform and educate students about existing tobacco.laws in Nigeria. Policy makers should leverage on the support of key stakeholders like young-people for-thd passage and effective implementation of tobacco control laws.
A 5-month toxicity study of the ethanol extract of the leaves of Heliotropium indicum in Sprague Dawley rats after oral administration.
Owolabi MA, Oribayo OO, Ukpo GE … +2 more , Mbaka GO, Akindehin OE
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295812
BACKGROUND: Heliotropium indicum Linn. (Boraginaceae) is used in Nigerian traditional medicine to treat tuberculosis with treatment lasting for 3 months; however, information on its toxicity is scarce. OBJECTIVE: This st...
BACKGROUND: Heliotropium indicum Linn. (Boraginaceae) is used in Nigerian traditional medicine to treat tuberculosis with treatment lasting for 3 months; however, information on its toxicity is scarce. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the safety of the leaves of Heliotropium indicum after a 5 month oral administration. METHODS: The leaves of H. indicum were dried; extracted in 70% ethanol and concentrated to dryness. Swiss mice were administered orally with single doses of the extract (0.5 to 12.0 g/kg b.wt /day); mortality was examined for up to 14 days. In another study, the plant material (0.5 to 2.0 g/kg b.wt /day) were administered daily by oral gavage to Sprague Dawley rats. Body weight was monitored weekly, hematological, biochemical and organ parameters were determined at the end of the 1st, 2nd and 5th months of extract administration. RESULTS: The oral administration of the ethanol extract of H. indicum caused dose-dependent mortality. The LD50 was 9.78 g/kg b.wt for the Swiss mice; no harmful effect was observed on the liver and kidney except the testes which exhibited considerable inflammatory changes at the highest dose of 2.0 g/kg b.wt./day after the 5th month treatment. No significant difference (P>0.05) was shown in the enzyme study, marginal increase occurred in some haematological parameters. The increase in body weight of the treated rats after its initial reduction was consistent and significantly different (P<0.05) from their initial body weight. CONCLUSION: Prolonged administration of the crude leaf extract of H. indicum is considered to be safe and nontoxic at the doses studied. However, there is a probability of a negative effect on the testes at a higher dose of the extract.
Effects of Combined Aerobic and Stretching Exercises on the Cardiopulmonary Parameters of Premenopausal and Postmenopausal Breast Cancer Survivors.
Anulika Aweto H, Akinbo SR, Olawale OA
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295811
BACKGROUND: Therapeutic approaches that will improve the reduced cardiopulmonary functions of breast cancer (BC) survivors are of optimal importance. The effects of aerobic exercise on health-related outcomes of BC survi...
BACKGROUND: Therapeutic approaches that will improve the reduced cardiopulmonary functions of breast cancer (BC) survivors are of optimal importance. The effects of aerobic exercise on health-related outcomes of BC survivors have been reported while there is a dearth of information on the effects of combined aerobic and stretching exercises on cardiopulmonary parameters of female BC survivors. OBJECTIVE: This study investigated the effects of combined aerobic and stretching exercises on cardiopulmonary functions of premenopausal and postmenopausal Breast cancer (BC) survivors. METHODS: Fifty-four eligible BC survivors participated in the study but four-eight completed it. They were randomly' assigned to groups A and B and each group had two subgroups; subgroup 1 (premenopausal) and subgroup 2 (postmenopausal). Group A underwent combined aerobic exercise using treadmill and stretching exercises for 12 weeks while Group B was the control group. RESULTS: Significant changes were observed in the cardiovascular parameters of participants in Groups A,,,,, (Resting systolic blood pressure (A1:p = 0.01*; A2: p = 0.01*), Resting diastolic blood pressure (A1: p = 0.01*; A2: p = 0.004*), Resting rate pressure product (A1: p 0.001*; A2: p = 0.02*). Significant changes were also observed in the pulmonary parameters of participants of Groups A(1&2) (Arterioxyhaemoglobin saturation (A,:p = 0.001*; A2:p = 0.02*), Forced vital capacity (A1:p = 0.13; A2: p = 0.05*), maximal oxygen uptake (A1:p = 0.03*; A2: p = 0.15). CONCLUSION: Combined aerobic and stretching exercises brought about significant therapeutic effects on selected cardiopulmonary parameters in female BC survivors.
Incidence of Hydronephrosis in Cervical Cancer Patients in A Tertiary Hospital Lagog, Nigeria.
Sowunmi AC, Ajekigbe AT, Alabi AO … +3 more , Popoola AO, Fatiregun OA, Akinyanju AM
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295810
BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is still a global health challenge that affects women of reproductive age group and consequently causes a drawback on the social and economic stability of nations. Developing countries suffer...
BACKGROUND: Cervical cancer is still a global health challenge that affects women of reproductive age group and consequently causes a drawback on the social and economic stability of nations. Developing countries suffer a greater burden of the disease because of several factors such as poverty, multiple sexual partners, unbalanced diet, poor knowledge and attitude to prevention of diseases and late-presentation. OBJECTIVE: The aim of this study is to evaluate the incidence of hydronephrosis in cervical cancer patients in Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), Lagos, Nigeria for the period of 3 years (2010-2012). METHOD: This study is a cross sectional study carried out among cervical cancer patients seeking treatment in the Radiotherapy department of the Lagos University Teaching Hospital (LUTH), between the year 2010 and 2012, to find out the incidence of hydronephrosis using abdominopelvic ultrasonography. RESULTS: The incidence of hydronephrosis during the 3years period studied was 43.7%. A rise in the incidence of hydronephrosis of 5.4% in 2011 and 13.3% in 2012 was noted. The mean age of the patients was 55.5 years. 122 (56.7%) were grand multiparous and 123 (57.2%) had multiple sexual partners. An increase of 8.3% in 2011 and 9.3% in 2012 was noted in the incidence of cervical cancer cases studied. 107 (49.8%) presented at stages III and IV. CONCLUSION: Late presentation of patients is still a major challenge affecting treatment outcomes. The presence of hydronephrosis was noticed at staging, during or after treatment, resulting in the need to separate this population from current Stage IIIB classification. The presence of hydronephrosis may or may not be related to the disease and so adequate staging is important.
Prevalence of Skin Diseases in Children with Human Immunodeficiency Syndrome Infection in Paediatric HIV Clinic of A Tertiary Hospital in Nigeria.
Osinaike BO, Temiye EO, Odusote O … +2 more , Akinsulie AO, Iroha E
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295809
BACKGROUND: HIV infection/AIDS being a multi-systemic disease affects the skin at various stages in course of the illness. A knowledge of the common skin diseases associated with HIV infection can lead to early detection...
BACKGROUND: HIV infection/AIDS being a multi-systemic disease affects the skin at various stages in course of the illness. A knowledge of the common skin diseases associated with HIV infection can lead to early detection, appropriate staging and commencement of appropriate care in the infected patients. OBJECTIVE: The study was to document the prevalence and pattern of skin diseases in children with HIV infection seen at the Paediatric department of a tertiary centre in Nigeria. METHODS: HIV positive children attending the PEPFAR HIV clinic of Lagos University Teaching Hospital, Nigeria were examined for the presence of skin lesions. Anthropometric measurements were also obtained. Blood samples Were taken for CD4+ cell count, viral load and full blood count. RESULTS: Two hundred and fourteen (214) patients were studied, consisting of 107 HIV infected children and 107 uninfected children as controls. Skin lesions were observed in 89 (83%) of the HIV infected patients, while only 72 uninfected controls had skin lesions. (p = 0.035). The predominant skin disease in the HIV infected children was Pruritic papular eruption (PPE) with a frequency of 25.9%, followed by fungal infections (24.6%). Herpes zoster was found only in HIV infected children (p = 0.041). There was a strong correlation between the degree of immunosuppression (as reflected by the value of age dependent CD4+ cell count/CD4+ percentage). and the prevalence of skin disease in the HIV infected patients. The presence of pruritic papular eruptions and Herpes zoster was associated with advanced immunosuppression. CONCLUSION: Skin diseases are common in HIV infection in our environment. Early detection of HIV infection can be made in the presence of skin diseases like Pruritic papular eruption and Herpes zoster.
Defatted Soy Flour Supplementation of Wheat Bread ameliorates Blood Chemistry and Oxidative Stress in Wistar rats.
Ebuehi OA, Okafor HK
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295808
BACKGROUND: Bread is a convenience food made from wheat flour, which is derived from wheat and whose technology of which dates back to the ancient Egyptians. It is therefore of economic advantage if wheat importation to...
BACKGROUND: Bread is a convenience food made from wheat flour, which is derived from wheat and whose technology of which dates back to the ancient Egyptians. It is therefore of economic advantage if wheat importation to Nigeria can be reduced by substitution with other suitable materials. This led to the whole idea of composite flour, which is a mixture of wheat with other materials to form suitable flour for baking'purposes. OBJECTIVES: The study is to ascertain the effect of supplementation of bread with defatted soy flour on blood chemistry and oxidative stress in Wistar rats. METHODS: Wheat flour mixed with high quality defatted Soy flour at several ratios: 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40. The 90:10, 80:20, 70:30, and 60:40 flour mixtures were used to prepare 10%, 20%, 30%, and 40% Soya bread, respectively. The control bread (100%) was prepared with 100% wheat flour. Bread produced with these blends compared with regular 100% wheat bread and was tested for chemical and. organoleptic characteristics. Sixteen rats were randomly given codes and allocated to 2 different groups via tables with random numbers to feed on the 100% wheat blend and soy supplemented bread (90% wheat flour/10% soy flour) for 28 days. The weights and feedintake of the rats were computed on dailybasis. Blood was taken for biochemical assays and liver was used for antioxidant assay, that is activities of catalase, super oxider dismutase (SOD) and reduced glutathine level. RESULTS: The activities of serum SOD and catalase were significantly increase (p<0.05) in rats fed the composite bread as compared to the control, (wheat bread) and a significant decrease (p<0.05) in lipid peroxidation marker (malondialdehyde level) relative to control group. The activities of the liver enzymes (alanine amino transferase, aspartase amino transferase and alkaline phosphatase) and markers (low density lipoprotein, cholesterol and triacyl glycerol levels) showed significant decrease (p<0.05) in rats fed supplemented soy flour bread as compared to the control. There was a significant decrease (p<0.05) in the total bilirubin, creatinine and urea levels as Well as total protein and albumin levels of rats as compared to control. CONCLUSION: These findings establish the nutritional and health pronioting benefits of soy supplemented bread.
Tetanus remains a formidable health challenge in Nigeria: The experience from a single Teaching Hospital in Osun State, Nigeria.
Mustapha AF, Eegunranti BA, Fawale MB
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295807
BACKGROUND: Tetanus, though an eminently preventable disease still ranks as a leading cause of death in Nigeria as well as in other developing countries. Reported mortality for severe tetanus varies from 20-60% and depen...
BACKGROUND: Tetanus, though an eminently preventable disease still ranks as a leading cause of death in Nigeria as well as in other developing countries. Reported mortality for severe tetanus varies from 20-60% and depends on the availability and quality of intensive care. Farmers and artisans are mostly affected. OBJECTIVES: This retrospective study was carried out to determine the pattern of clinical presentation of tetanus, the immunization status, case fatality rate and factors influencing mortality. METHODS: Case notes of patients (age > 10 and above) managed for tetanus from 2004-2008 at LAUTECH Teaching Hospital Osogbo were retrieved. Demographic, clinical data, laboratory investigation results and response to treatment were collated. The data obtained were analysed using the SPSS version 15 Statistical package. RESULTS: Over the 5-year period,80 cases of tetanus were managed in the medical wards of LAUTECH Hospital Teaching Osogbo. However, the medical records of 12 of them could not be retrieved, leaving 68(85%) for analysis. This comprised of 45 males and 23 females. Tetanus was highest in the third decade of life. The commonest portal of entry was the lower limb (n = 43). Only one subject was fully vaccinated and received booster dose of vaccine. Thirty-one (31)out of the 68 patients died giving a case fatality rate of 51.5%. CONCLUSION: The mortality of tetanus is still very high from this retrospective study. The rate of immunization against tetanus was dismally low. Active immunization should be given to all Nigerians particularly those in the vulnerable group.
Dyslipidemia: Prevalence and associated risk factors among patients with Lichen Planus in Kano, North-West Nigeria.
Yusuf SM, Tiijani UA, Maiyaki M B … +3 more , Nashabaru I, Uloko AE, Gezaqa ID
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295806
BACKGROUND: Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder. Recently, there are suggestions that LP is associated with dyslipidemia in a large series of patients independent of other causes. OBJECTIVE: The objecti...
BACKGROUND: Lichen planus (LP) is a chronic inflammatory disorder. Recently, there are suggestions that LP is associated with dyslipidemia in a large series of patients independent of other causes. OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to investigate the prevalence and associated risk factors for dyslipidaemia among patients with LP. METHODS: This case-control study included 180.subjects, 90 with lichen planus (39 men and 51 Women) and 90 (44 men and 46 women) controls consecutively recruited from the outpatient Dermatology clinic of Amnihu Kano Teaching Hospital Kano-Nigeria. RESULTS: The prevalence of dyslipidemia was found to be higher among LP patients (32%) than the corol group (24%), p=0.208. Our study showed that male patients with LP have higher tendencies to develop dyslipidemia (OR 5.66, CI 1.73-19.59). Equally the duration of illness t 2 months was found to be a strong predictor of developing dyslipidemia (OR 5.65, CI 1.12-38.3). No significant differences were observed in glucose levels, body mass index, or blood pressure between the two study groups. CONCLUSION: The prevalence of dyslipidaemia among patients with LP in this study was high with male gender and increased-duration of illness being strong predictors. There is need for further studies on a larger scale to establish the prevalence and independent predictors of dyslipidaemia in patients with LP in our setting.
Phyto suppression of Plasmodium berghei Multiplication by Nauclea latifolia improves the Indices of Pancreatic Beta Cell Function and Anaemia in Experimental Mice.
Onyesom I, Uzuegbu UE, Adu FO … +1 more , Ayeta GE
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295805
BACKGROUND: Malaria remains one of the major causes of childhood mortality in many parts of the world, especially in the sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. Increasing chemotherapeutic failure and side effects of avai...
BACKGROUND: Malaria remains one of the major causes of childhood mortality in many parts of the world, especially in the sub-Saharan Africa, including Nigeria. Increasing chemotherapeutic failure and side effects of available antimalarial drugs have promoted the use of natural herbs for the treatment of malaria in Nigerian communities. OBJECTIVE: To study the phytosuppression of P berghei by Nauclea latifolia and its effects on the indices of anaemia and pancreatic beta cell function in experimental mice. METHODS: Fifty mice were divided into 10 groups (n=5) and used for the study. Group 1 (control) were uninfected but given placebo. Group 2 were infected with P berghei and treated with placebo. Groups 3, 4, 5, 8, 9 and 10 received N. latifolia treatment, while Groups 6 and 7 received standard chloroquine treatment. Groups 3, 4, 5 and 6 were however infected with the malarial parasite. Blood samples were collected by heart puncture and prepared for the estimation of haemoglobin, insulin and glucose. The pancreatic beta cell function (HOMA-beta) was determined using the fasting serum insulin and glucose levels as documented. RESULTS: P. berghei malaria infection caused a significant reduction in haemoglobin that led to anaemia in the mice, There were elevated HOMA-beta) in the parasitized and chloroquine treated groups, suggesting possible pancreatic beta cell dysfunction. Treatment with N. latifolia showed parasitaemia suppression and' improved pancreatic beta cell function and haemoglobin concentrations. CONCLUSION: N. latifolia contains bioactive phytochemicals that suppresses malaria parasite multiplication and improves pancreatic beta cell function.
Neonatal Diabetic Ketoacidosis in a Nigerian Infant: A Case Report.
Akinola IJ, Odusote OA, Oduwole AO
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295835
Neonatal diabetic ketoacidosis is a rare condition that may occur in the first few weeks of life as a complication of neonatal diabetes mellitus. The prominent clinical features are hyperglycaemia and dehydration. It cou...
Neonatal diabetic ketoacidosis is a rare condition that may occur in the first few weeks of life as a complication of neonatal diabetes mellitus. The prominent clinical features are hyperglycaemia and dehydration. It could also mimick an infection. The danger of inappropriate diagnosis is increased morbidity and mortality. To prevent this, we advocate routine testing of blood glucose levels in neonates and infants who present at the emergency rooms. We report a case of neonatal diabetic ketoacidosis in a female who presented at our facility.
Intraocular Pressure Changes Post Selective Laser Trabeculoplasty in the Contralateral Untreated Eyes of Nigerian Patients With Primary Open Angle Glaucoma.
Onakoya AO, Olowoyeye AO, Onyekwelu OM … +1 more , Abikoye TM
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295834
BACKGROUND: Glaucoma is the commonest cause of irreversible blindness in Nigeria and raised intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor. Selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT), one of the treatment modal...
BACKGROUND: Glaucoma is the commonest cause of irreversible blindness in Nigeria and raised intraocular pressure (IOP) is the only modifiable risk factor. Selective laser trabeculoplasty (SLT), one of the treatment modalities, has been reported to have a cross-over effect on the fellow untreated eyes. OBJECTIVES: To determine the lOP lowering effect of SLT on the contralateral untreated eyes in patients with primary open angle glaucoma. METHODS: This was a retrospective chart review of patients who underwent SLT at Guinness Eye Centre, Lagos from June 2011-June 2012. Information on bio-data, diagnosis and modality of treatment were retrieved. Excluded were patients who had glaucoma surgery or needed additional medications. Each patient had SLT in one eye either as primary or adjunctive treatment. IOPs were measured post-operatively in both treated and untreated eyes at various time points using the Goldmann applanation tonometer. Data was analysed using paired and unpaired two-tailed t-test for comparison of means with level of significance set at p<0.05. RESULTS: Forty eyes of twenty subjects were included. 60% (12) were males and 40% (8) were females. The mean age was 48.9 +/- 17.0 years (range, 23-74 years). Reduction in IOP from baseline was found in both the treated and the fellow untreated eyes at the various time points. Mean IOP reduction was maximal at 3 months; 8 mmHg or 26% (p=0.024) in the treated eyes and 7 mmHg or 25.9% (p=0.097) in the untreated eyes. Mean IOP reduction from baseline-were 1.3 +/- 5.9mmHg or 6.3% (P=.624) in the treated eyes and 2.9 +/- 7.5 mmHg or 9.7% (P=.418) in the untreated eyes at 6 months. CONCLUSION: This study shows that there is a sustained IOP reduction in the fellow untreated eyes following SLT in patients with POAG. In view of the retrospective nature of the study, small sample size, non-randomization and lack of control definite conclusions cannot be drawn from the findings.
Medically compromised conditions among Dental patients: A prospective study of the attitude of patients toward medication and medical recall visits.
James O, Ligali TO, Abba MH … +1 more , Olasoji HO
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295833
BACKGROUND: A significant proportion of patients seeking dental care may present with one or more medical conditions. Information on medical history, drug used and attitude to medical recall visit is vital for planning d...
BACKGROUND: A significant proportion of patients seeking dental care may present with one or more medical conditions. Information on medical history, drug used and attitude to medical recall visit is vital for planning dental treatment in this group of patients. OBJECTIVES: To study the attitude of dental patients with medical condition toward their medication and medical recall visits. METHODS: This prospective study was conducted among consecutive new patients presenting to the Dental centre, UMTH, Maiduguri, between January and December 2012. The data were collected through a structured questionnaire. RESULTS: Of 566 new patients seen during the study period, 92 patients (16.3%) had medically compromised conditions. Male Female ratio was 1:1.4 and a mean age 43.3 +/- 16.1 years. Hypertension 91(5.7%) was the most prevalent medical problem. Forty-four (47.8%) kept regular medical recall appointments while 15 (16.3%) only visited their physician when they have perceived symptoms of their ailment. Fifty-three (57.6%) take their medications regularly as prescribed by their physician while 14.1% of the patients had on their own stopped their medication. CONCLUSION: Appreciable number of the patients showed good drug compliance and regular recall visit to their physician, however there is still some level of poor drug compliance and irregular observance of medical recall appointments among the subjects. Oral health awareness instructions should include counselling and motivation on drug compliance and adherence to medical visit.
Prevalence of Wasting, Stunting, and Underweight Among HIV Infected Underfives', in Lagos Using W.H.O z Score.
Akintan PE, Akinsulie A, Temiye E … +1 more , Esezobor C
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295832
BACKGROUND: HIV affects more than 2.3 million children worldwide and 90% live in Africa. Malnutrition is also a major problem in Africa with 25% of children under the age of five being malnourished. OBJECTIVE: The study...
BACKGROUND: HIV affects more than 2.3 million children worldwide and 90% live in Africa. Malnutrition is also a major problem in Africa with 25% of children under the age of five being malnourished. OBJECTIVE: The study is to determine the nutritional status of HIV infected children using weight-for-age, height-for-age and weight-for-height. METHODS: This was a cross sectional descriptive study where the severity of malnutrition based on weight for age, height for age and weight for weight for height of HIV infected children were compared with controls. RESULTS: The study showed that both HIV infected children and controls were both wasted stunted and underweight, however the severity was more marked in the HIV infected children. The prevalence of wasting was 17.5% in the HIV group compared to 6.6% of the controls, while 17.1% and 7.5% in the HIV infected and controls respectively were stunted. The HIV infected children were more underweight 18.5% compared to the non-infected 8%. CONCLUSION: HIV infected children were three times more wasted, stunted and under-weight than the controls and was statistically significant.
Analgesic and anti-inflammatory actions of Alafia barteri: Involvement of monoaminergic, nitrergic and opioidergic pathway.
Ishola IO, Oreagba IA, OkekeOgochukwu N … +1 more , Olayemi SO
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295831
BACKGROUND: We have earlier reported the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Alafia barteri Oliver (Apocynaceae) in rodents but its mechanism of actionsare yet to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE: This study sought...
BACKGROUND: We have earlier reported the antinociceptive and anti-inflammatory effects of Alafia barteri Oliver (Apocynaceae) in rodents but its mechanism of actionsare yet to be elucidated. OBJECTIVE: This study sought toinvestigate the involvement of monoaminergic, nitric oxide-cyclic GMP-K+ channel and opioidergic pathways in its mechanism of actions. METHODS: methanol root extract of Alafia barteri (ALA) (100-400 mg/kg, p.o.) was given 1 h before administration of chemical or thermal-induced nociception andhistamine/serotonin-induced inflammation. The mechanism of the antinociceptive effect was investigated through intraperitoneal injection of prazosin (62.5 pg/kg; alpha1-adrenoceptor antagonist), yohimbine (1 mg/kg; alpha2 adrenoceptor antagonist) N(G)-nitro-L-arginine (L-NNA) (20 mg/kg; nitric-oxide-synthase inhibitor), c y p r o h e p t a d i n e (10 mg/kg; 5-HT2R antagonist), glibenclamide (10 mg/kg; ATP-sensitive K+ -channel inhibitor), or naloxone (5 mg/kg; opioid-receptor antagonist) before the nociceptive models. RESULTS: ALA(100-400 mg/kg)treatment produced dose and time dependent (P<0.001; 87.11%)increase in pain threshold in acetic acid-induced-writhing, inhibition of neurogenic (50.96%), and inflammatory (70.02%) phases of formalin test, and 41.75% maximum possible effect (MPE) in tail immersion testat 400 mg/kg in comparison with vehicle-treated control. The antinociceptive-effect was blocked by pretreatmentof mice withprazosin, yohimbine or L-NNA, (P<0.001) in writhing-assay. Similarly, naloxone pretreatment blocked the inhibition of neurogenic- and inflammatory-pain induced by ALA in formalin test. Interestingly, ALA produced dose related time course inhibition (P<0.05) of histamine and serotonin-induced paw inflammation with peak effects (57.89, and 81.82%), respectively, at 400 mg/kg. CONCLUSION: Findings from these studies suggest central and peripheral arralgesic effect of A. barteri through interaction with L-arginine-nitric-oxide pathway, alpha(1/2)-adrenoceptors, and/or, opioidergic pathway, while, the anti-inflammatory effect involves marked inhibition of histamine and serotonin release.
Poor Health Literacy in Nigeria: Causes, Consequences and Measures to improve it.
Adekoya-Cole TO, Akinmokun OI, Enweluzo GO … +2 more , Badmus OO, Alabi EO
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295830
Health literacy is the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make an appropriate decisions concerning their health. It is one of t...
Health literacy is the degree to which individuals have the capacity to obtain, process and understand basic health information and services needed to make an appropriate decisions concerning their health. It is one of the link by which the health status of individual and the health indices and statistics of our country can be improved upon. Factors influencing health literacy in Nigeria include the culture and belief system, poor and ineffective communication, lack of education and low educational level, and low socioeconomic status Low health literacy predisposes to poorer health status, poorer disease outcome, lack of understanding in the use of preventive services, frequent hospital visitations amongst others. Factors influencing health literacy must be identified and modified to help improve the health literacy level of the populace. This will invariably improve the health status of the populace with a resultant improvement in the health indices of our country. This is a call for the Government and Health Care Professionals to acknowledge low health literacy as a problem and, therefore, be willing to play their roles in tackling this problem to achieve a healthy Nation
Utilization of Oral Health Care Services by University Undergraduates in Lagos, Nigeria.
Makanjuola JO, Uti OG, Sofola OO
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295829
BACKGROUND: Data on the utilization of the available oral health facilities by university undergraduates is scarce in Nigeria. OBJECTIVES: To determine the level of utilization of oral health care services and to identif...
BACKGROUND: Data on the utilization of the available oral health facilities by university undergraduates is scarce in Nigeria. OBJECTIVES: To determine the level of utilization of oral health care services and to identify the barriers to seeking treatment among University of Lagos students. METHODS: A cross-sectional survey was carried out among University of Lagos undergraduates. Systematic sampling was used to select participants after randomly selecting a male and female hostel. Self-administered questionnaires were distributed to participants and collected immediately. The data was analyzed using Epi info version 6.04 software. Statistical significance was evaluated with chi square test and p-value <0.05 was regarded as significant. RESULTS: About half (50.9%) of the respondents had visited the dentist previously while only 42.7% respondents had utilized dental services in the past 12 months. There was no significant association between the age, gender, year of undergraduate education, and the faculty of these students and their level of utilization of oral health care services. A high proportion of respondents that had attended the dental clinic went for dental checkup (33.6%) and extractions (30.9%).The major barriers to receiving dental treatment was a lack of perceived need for dental treatment (53.1%) followed by lack of time (27.1%), fear/anxiety (18.2%) and cost of treatment (18.2%). CONCLUSION: The low level of utilization among the undergraduates in Lagos, Nigeria shows that there is need for greater oral health awareness among the students, thereby increasing the use of oral health care facilities.
Comparative Analysis of the Phytochemical Composition of Common Commercial Polyherbal Medicine in Lagos, Nigeria.
Oluwole-Banjo AK, Faleye EA
Nig Q J Hosp Med · 2015 · PMID 27295828
BACKGROUND: There is a widespread increasing use of herbal medicine among the populace in the society. The poor regulation of herbal medicine production and use raises issues of public health concerns. OBJECTIVES: To det...
BACKGROUND: There is a widespread increasing use of herbal medicine among the populace in the society. The poor regulation of herbal medicine production and use raises issues of public health concerns. OBJECTIVES: To determine and compare the phytochemicals present in different classes of herbal medicines sold in Lagos, Nigeria METHODS: Commonly sold brands of three classes of herbal medicine - herbal bitters, herbal energy drinks and 'Agbo' were purchased from major markets in Lagos, Nigeria. Qualitative and quantitative phytochemical analyses were carried out on the 30 samples identified RESULTS: The study revealed the presence of wide array of phytochemicals in all the brands and classes of herbal medicines identified. The mean concentrations of alkaloids and glycosides at 25pg/ml and 20 pg/ml were comparatively highest in 'Agbo' and herbal bitters, tannin and total phenolics of 10 pg/ml and 25pg/ml respectively were comparatively highest in herbal energy drinks. CONCLUSION: The qualitative and quantitative compositions of the phytochemicals present in the samples were identified. However, because the Recommended Daily Allowance (RDA) for phytochemicals has not been determined, people should exercise caution in the consumption of these herbal medicines because of the inherent health risk from the toxic effects of these phytochemicals.
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