American Journal Of Veterinary Research[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Announcing the 2026 Journal Award winners.
Fortier LA
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42398533 · Publisher ↗
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Plasma formiminoglutamic acid shows potential as a functional marker of folate deficiency in cats and dogs: development and validation of a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry method.
Cohn-Urbach M, Ruaux CG
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42385782 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU) as a potential marker of folate deficiency in cats and dogs by (1) establishing a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method for the quantificat...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate formiminoglutamic acid (FIGLU) as a potential marker of folate deficiency in cats and dogs by (1) establishing a liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS-MS) method for the quantification of FIGLU in feline and canine plasma, and (2) reporting plasma FIGLU concentrations in clinically normal cats and dogs. METHODS: An LC-MS-MS method for FIGLU quantitation was developed and analytically validated. Clinically normal cats and dogs were prospectively included for plasma FIGLU and serum folate measurement (via LC-MS-MS and chemiluminescence immunoassay, respectively). Statistical analysis was performed to assess for correlations between plasma FIGLU and serum folate concentrations. RESULTS: Accuracy, precision, linearity, and recovery experiments met validation requirements. Dilution integrity experiments did not meet the acceptance criteria, potentially due to ion suppression effects. Plasma FIGLU ranged from 4.5 to 21.0 ng/mL in 11 clinically normal dogs and 9.1 to 57.0 ng/mL in 10 clinically normal cats. There was no evidence of a correlation between serum folate and plasma FIGLU concentrations in clinically normal cats and dogs. CONCLUSIONS: The amount of FIGLU present in the plasma of clinically normal cats and dogs is quantifiable via LC-MS-MS, and reference interval determination of plasma FIGLU is therefore feasible. Future studies should include both normofolatemic and hypofolatemic animals to assess the correlation between serum folate and plasma FIGLU and to determine the optimal serum folate cutoff limit. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Plasma FIGLU shows promise as a practical research tool and a potential functional marker of folate availability in cats and dogs.
Spot urinary electrolytes are associated with decongestion and duration of hospitalization in dogs with acute left-sided congestive heart failure secondary to myxomatous mitral valve disease.
Cho J, Kim M, Choi M … +2 more , Lee J, Park C
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jul · PMID 42385769 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether urinary electrolyte indices measured after IV furosemide administration are associated with clinical outcomes in dogs with left-sided acute congestive heart failure (CHF) secondary to myxo...
OBJECTIVE: To determine whether urinary electrolyte indices measured after IV furosemide administration are associated with clinical outcomes in dogs with left-sided acute congestive heart failure (CHF) secondary to myxomatous mitral valve disease (MMVD). METHODS: In this multicenter retrospective study, client-owned dogs with acute left-sided CHF caused by MMVD presenting to 3 referral hospitals between January 2024 and December 2025 were evaluated. All dogs received a single IV bolus of furosemide (2 mg/kg) at presentation. Urine samples were collected from the first spontaneous urination within 2 hours after furosemide administration. Urinary sodium concentration, urinary sodium-to-potassium ratio (uNa:K), and urinary sodium-to-chloride ratio were measured. Associations between urinary electrolyte indices and clinical variables were analyzed. Clinical outcomes included change in radiographic pulmonary congestion score, hospitalization duration, and survival to discharge. RESULTS: 50 dogs met the inclusion criteria. Higher urinary sodium concentration and uNa:K were associated with greater improvement in radiographic pulmonary congestion and shorter hospitalization. Dogs that survived to discharge had a higher uNa:K than those that died during hospitalization. Urinary electrolyte indices were not significantly correlated with echocardiographic or radiographic indices of left atrial size. CONCLUSIONS: Urinary electrolyte indices measured after IV furosemide administration were associated with clinically relevant outcomes in dogs hospitalized with acute left-sided CHF secondary to MMVD. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Spot urinary electrolyte measurements may provide a simple and noninvasive tool for assessing diuretic response and clinical status in dogs with acute left-sided CHF.
Oral administration of a live-attenuated Bordetella bronchiseptica vaccine (Vanguard B Oral) induces protective immunity against challenge 7 days after vaccination in dogs.
Wappel S, Velineni S, King V … +7 more , Abma E, Hoevers J, Martorell S, Houser C, Tague A, Wilmes L, Millership J
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42379217 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the onset of immunity 7 days after administration of a live-attenuated Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) vaccine (Vanguard B Oral) in dogs. METHODS: In a randomized, blinded, controlled study conducte...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the onset of immunity 7 days after administration of a live-attenuated Bordetella bronchiseptica (Bb) vaccine (Vanguard B Oral) in dogs. METHODS: In a randomized, blinded, controlled study conducted at an animal research facility in 2022, forty 8-week-old Beagle puppies were randomly assigned to 2 groups (n = 20/group) and administered a single oral dose of either placebo or vaccine on day 0. On day 7 after vaccination, all dogs were challenged with aerosolized virulent Bb. Clinical observations were conducted twice on days 0 and 6 through 20 and once daily on days 1 through 5 and 21. Tympanic temperatures were measured twice on day 0 and once daily from days 1 through 21. Microplate agglutination titers were collected from all animals on days -12, 0, 6, and 21. RESULTS: Coughing on 2 consecutive days occurred in 17 of 20 control dogs (85%) versus 4 of 20 vaccinates (20%). Vaccinated dogs also exhibited fewer coughing observation periods (3.2% vs 15.8%) and a shorter coughing duration of 2.4 days (95% CI, 1.0 to 3.7) than controls (5.5 days; 95% CI, 4.1 to 6.8). Total clinical scores were significantly lower in vaccinated (median, 15.0) dogs than in controls (median, 27.0) and remained significant when ocular and nasal discharge were excluded. CONCLUSIONS: The vaccine was considered safe, with only sporadic mild clinical signs. After challenge, vaccinated dogs demonstrated a significant reduction in coughing and other clinical signs. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Vanguard B Oral elicited a rapid onset of protective immunity against virulent Bb challenge as early as 7 days after vaccination.
Inertial measurement units are comparable to motion capture for measuring intersegmental spinal angular velocities in horses.
Ursini T, Clayton H, Levine D … +1 more , Richards J
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42372788 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To compare inertial measurement unit (IMU)-derived intersegmental spinal motion data with measurements obtained from a marker-based motion-capture system. METHODS: 4 horses were instrumented with custom marker...
OBJECTIVE: To compare inertial measurement unit (IMU)-derived intersegmental spinal motion data with measurements obtained from a marker-based motion-capture system. METHODS: 4 horses were instrumented with custom marker clusters incorporating a 3-D-printed base designed to secure the IMU, ensuring both systems recorded data from the same anatomical location and orientation. A total of 3,737 paired time points across 37 gait cycles were analyzed. Agreement in intersegmental angular velocities across 3 planes of motion was evaluated using Bland-Altman analysis and intraclass correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Bland-Altman analysis demonstrated no significant systematic bias between methods. Intraclass correlation coefficients indicated excellent agreement in 7 of 9 comparisons (r = 0.964 to 0.991) and good agreement in the remaining 2 comparisons (r = 0.854 and 0.875). CONCLUSIONS: IMUs provide a valid alternative to marker-based motion-capture systems for measuring intersegmental angular velocities in horses. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Strong agreement between IMU and motion-capture data supports the use of IMUs for assessing topline function in nonlaboratory, clinically relevant settings.
Intra-articular interleukin-1β induces early synovitis in an ex vivo autologously perfused equine forelimb model.
Jehle MC, Reinthaler B, Patan-Zugaj B … +2 more , Schwendenwein I, Licka TF
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42349499 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate an ex vivo model of synovitis induced by IA lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL-1β in isolated, perfused equine forelimbs. METHODS: Forelimbs and blood were collected from 12 clinically unremarkable ho...
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate an ex vivo model of synovitis induced by IA lipopolysaccharide (LPS) and IL-1β in isolated, perfused equine forelimbs. METHODS: Forelimbs and blood were collected from 12 clinically unremarkable horses following slaughter at a licensed abattoir. In 8 limbs, 2 of 3 phalangeal joints were injected with LPS (0.5 to 5 ng, 4 limbs) or IL-1β (100 ng, 4 limbs) diluted in 1 mL of distilled water. All limbs were perfused with autologous perfusate for 8 hours. Synovial fluid cytology and synovium sample histology scores for synovitis (0 = no changes and 3 = marked changes) were assessed. RESULTS: Comparing start and end, LPS dose significantly correlated with decreased percentages of synovial neutrophils (median, -0.759) and lymphocytes (median, -0.718), reduced neutrophil presence (median, -0.726), and increased percentage of monocytes (median, 0.880), without correlation to histology. Joints with IL-1β showed significantly higher leukocyte scores in synovium vessels compared to joints in control limbs (IL-1β: median, 32.67 [range, 0.67 to 42.33]; control: median, 1 [range, 0.67 to 41.5]), whereas integrity scores of synovial membrane (IL-1β: median, 28.33 [range, 1 to 60.33]; control: median, 33.3 [range, 6.33 to 67.33]) and leukocyte migration scores to synovial tissue (IL-1β: median, 25 [range, 1 to 61]; control: median, 35.33 [range, 5 to 66]) were significantly higher in controls. CONCLUSIONS: This synovitis model in autologous perfused limbs suggests IL-1β may be suitable for short-term studies of early joint inflammation. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This model may reduce in vivo experiments when testing IA therapies in early joint inflammation.
Computed tomographic liver volumetry and hepatic attenuation in dogs with histologically confirmed cirrhosis compared with dogs without liver disease.
Nishi R, Kinoshita K, Cridge H … +3 more , Toshima A, Park YT, Murakami M
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42349497 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To compare CT-derived liver volume and noncontrast hepatic attenuation between dogs with histologically confirmed cirrhosis and dogs without liver disease and describe qualitative CT findings in dogs with cirr...
OBJECTIVE: To compare CT-derived liver volume and noncontrast hepatic attenuation between dogs with histologically confirmed cirrhosis and dogs without liver disease and describe qualitative CT findings in dogs with cirrhosis. METHODS: This retrospective, multi-institutional, cross-sectional study included 8 dogs with histologically confirmed cirrhosis and 121 dogs without liver disease from a previously published CT liver volume reference interval cohort. Noncontrast CT images were used for manual hepatic volumetry and standardized hepatic and splenic attenuation measurements. Liver volume was normalized to body weight. Hepatic parenchymal attenuation (HPA) and the HPA-to-splenic parenchymal attenuation (SPA) ratio were compared between groups. Qualitative CT features were recorded descriptively. RESULTS: Dogs with cirrhosis had lower mean liver volume-to-body weight ratios than dogs without liver disease (16.5 ± 4.5 cm3/kg vs 22.8 ± 5.3 cm3/kg; mean difference, -6.3 cm3/kg; 95% CI, -10.1 to -2.5; P = .002). Mean HPA was lower in dogs with cirrhosis (47.3 ± 9.6 HU vs 58.8 ± 6.2 HU; mean difference, -11.5 HU; 95% CI, -16.1 to -6.9; P = .001). The HPA:SPA ratio was also lower in dogs with cirrhosis (0.8 ± 0.1 vs 0.9 ± 0.1; P = .03). Nodular parenchymal change, acquired portosystemic shunts, and peritoneal effusion were present in 4, 2, and 3 cirrhotic dogs, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: Dogs with histologically confirmed cirrhosis had lower weight-normalized liver volume, HPA, and HPA:SPA ratio than dogs without liver disease. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: CT-derived quantitative metrics may support recognition of canine cirrhosis, but reduced liver volume alone should not be considered diagnostic.
Measurements of radial angulation using computer-aided design software provide equal or superior reliability to multiplanar computed tomographic reconstruction in dogs.
Stoneburner RM, Lassinger LB, Hayes G … +4 more , Bleedorn JA, Karlin WM, Marcellin-Little DJ, Tinga S
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42341827 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To compare CT measurements of radial geometry obtained using computer-aided design (CAD) software to those obtained using multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) and to compare their intraobserver reliability. We hyp...
OBJECTIVE: To compare CT measurements of radial geometry obtained using computer-aided design (CAD) software to those obtained using multiplanar reconstruction (MPR) and to compare their intraobserver reliability. We hypothesized that CAD and MPR measurements would be different and that the CAD method would have higher reliability. METHODS: CT images from normal thoracic limbs of dogs scanned from January 1, 2018, through March 1, 2023, were retrospectively collected and analyzed. The CAD and MPR-based measurements in frontal (proximal/distal), sagittal, and torsional planes were made by 1 observer, in triplicate, and compared. Biases and reliability were calculated. RESULTS: 10 right-sided thoracic limbs were included. Median proximal frontal angulation was 3.6° (IQR, -0.7° to 6.2°; valgus) using CAD and -6.8° (IQR, -8.9° to -5.3°; varus) using MPR. The reliability of CAD measurements of sagittal and distal frontal angulation was excellent, whereas the reliability of MPR measurements was moderate for sagittal angulation and poor for distal frontal angulation. There was no difference in reliability between CAD and MPR for proximal frontal or torsional measurements. Agreement between CAD and MPR was poor in all planes. CONCLUSIONS: Measurements of proximal frontal angulation differed between CAD and MPR groups, most likely due to differences in the anatomic features used. The reliability of CAD measurements was equal to or superior to the reliability of MPR measurements. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Understanding the relationship between CAD and MPR measurements is important as CAD-derived measurements are likely not equivalent to MPR-derived measurements.
Hind limb extensor muscle activation timing during trotting in Beagles shows limb-specific variability and can be referenced to kinematic events swing vertical moment and stance vertical moment.
Kong L, Harada Y, Hara Y
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42341817 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To characterize hind limb extensor muscle activation timing during trotting in clinically normal Beagles using surface electromyography (EMG) within the context of canine gait analysis and to evaluate whether...
OBJECTIVE: To characterize hind limb extensor muscle activation timing during trotting in clinically normal Beagles using surface electromyography (EMG) within the context of canine gait analysis and to evaluate whether event-based kinematic reference points provide a physiologically meaningful framework for interpreting activation timing. METHODS: An observational exploratory study was conducted in 4 clinically normal Beagles. Synchronized surface EMG (1,000 Hz) and 3-D motion capture (240 Hz) were recorded from 8 hind limbs during unrestrained overground trotting. Threshold-based muscle onset and offset timing were determined for the middle gluteal, vastus lateralis, biceps femoris, and gastrocnemius muscles. Two kinematic events, the swing vertical moment (SwV) and the stance vertical moment (StV), were defined to anchor activation timing relative to gait mechanics. RESULTS: Substantial inter- and intraindividual variability in muscle activation patterns was observed, including differences between contralateral hind limbs. Despite this variability, consistent intermuscle features emerged: the vastus lateralis most frequently exhibited delayed activation, whereas the middle gluteal muscle tended to terminate activity earlier during stance. Across most hind limbs, muscle onset clustered within the SwV-touchdown interval, and activity termination occurred after the StV. CONCLUSIONS: Hind limb muscle activation timing during trotting is characterized by pronounced limb-specific variability. Event-based kinematic references, such as the SwV and StV, provide a refined temporal reference for EMG interpretation without assuming fixed gait-cycle proportions. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: These findings support limb-specific neuromuscular assessment and event-based temporal analysis in canine gait evaluation, with potential relevance for veterinary biomechanics research and rehabilitation planning.
Incline and decline treadmill trotting produce electromyographic changes in specific canine shoulder muscle activity: implications for therapeutic exercise.
Stanford K, Cain RM, Millis D … +4 more , Drum M, Richards J, Levine D, Ursini T
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42335959 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To identify the effects of incline and decline treadmill trotting on forelimb muscle activity in dogs using electromyography (EMG). METHODS: Data were collected for a prospective within-subject, repeated-measu...
OBJECTIVE: To identify the effects of incline and decline treadmill trotting on forelimb muscle activity in dogs using electromyography (EMG). METHODS: Data were collected for a prospective within-subject, repeated-measures study in January and February of 2025 where subjects were trotted on a level treadmill, 5% incline, 10% incline, 5% decline, and 10% decline. Surface EMG data were collected bilaterally from the scapular portion of the deltoideus, lateral head of the triceps brachii, and biceps brachii, and fine-wire EMG data were collected from the supraspinatus muscle. Repeated-measures ANOVA tests were conducted followed by post hoc pairwise comparisons when significant main effects were seen (P < .05). RESULTS: Data were collected from 12 adult large-breed dogs. Peak supraspinatus activity increased by 6.5% (95% CI, 0.1% to 11.8%) from 0% to 5% incline and by 5.7% (95% CI, 1.6% to 15.5%) from 5% to 10% incline. Average triceps muscle activity increased by 17.9% (95% CI, 0.6% to 3.7%) from 0% to 10% incline, by 12.5% (95% CI, 1.2% to 5.9%) from 5% to 10% incline, and by 9.3% (95% CI, 1.1% to 1.7%) from 5% to 10% decline. Peak triceps and average deltoideus activity followed similar trends. Biceps brachii activity showed no significant changes. CONCLUSIONS: Muscle activities of the supraspinatus, triceps, and deltoideus all exhibited significant changes during incline and/or decline treadmill trotting. The biceps brachii was not significantly affected by any condition tested. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The findings support the use of incrementally increasing or decreasing levels of treadmill trotting to progressively load specific forelimb musculature in canine rehabilitation.
Client-perpetrated aggression in veterinary practice: prevalence, psychological impact, and institutional response.
Kogan LR, Rishniw M
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42335953 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the nature, frequency, and psychological and behavioral consequences of client-perpetrated aggression among veterinarians and to examine associated workplace policies and training. METHODS: A c...
OBJECTIVE: To characterize the nature, frequency, and psychological and behavioral consequences of client-perpetrated aggression among veterinarians and to examine associated workplace policies and training. METHODS: A cross-sectional, anonymous online survey was distributed through the Veterinary Information Network. Respondents reported lifetime exposure to client verbal abuse, physical threats, physical harm, and stalking behaviors as well as associated psychological symptoms, professional impacts, behavioral adaptations, and workplace factors. Ordinal and binary logistic regression examined predictors of aggression. χ2 tests compared private and corporate practices on policy, training, and leadership response variables. RESULTS: Nearly all respondents (98.9%) reported lifetime exposure to client verbal abuse. More than one-third (38.2%) had been physically threatened, 4.1% had been physically harmed, and 11.8% reported client stalking. The most prevalent symptoms across aggression types were intrusive thoughts, sleep disturbances, hypervigilance, and anxiety. Over one-third of respondents (34.5%) had considered leaving veterinary medicine as a result of verbal abuse. Female veterinarians reported a higher frequency of verbal abuse and greater likelihood of physical threat. Private practice veterinarians were more likely than those in corporate settings to report formal aggression policies, reporting systems, client dismissal practices, and leadership support. CONCLUSIONS: Client-perpetrated aggression is a near-universal occupational experience among veterinarians, with substantial and often persistent psychological consequences. Significant gaps exist in workplace infrastructure, training, and mental health support. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The findings support the need for profession-wide policy development, de-escalation training beginning in veterinary school, and attention to governance structures in corporate practice that may limit local leadership's ability to protect staff.
Changes in erythrocyte morphology and biochemical analytes in caprine blood products during 42 days of storage.
Phillips L, Gruber EJ, Chandler W … +5 more , Dion H, Qu Y, Flynn A, Jenkins H, Gamsjäger L
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42335948 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of storage time on erythrocyte fragility and morphology, packed cell volume (PCV), hemolysis, biochemical composition, and bacterial growth in caprine whole blood (WB) and packed RBCs (pR...
OBJECTIVE: To assess the effects of storage time on erythrocyte fragility and morphology, packed cell volume (PCV), hemolysis, biochemical composition, and bacterial growth in caprine whole blood (WB) and packed RBCs (pRBCs). METHODS: This was a longitudinal experimental study. Blood was collected from 6 healthy goats and stored as WB in citrate phosphate dextrose adenine and as pRBCs in citrate phosphate dextrose with Optisol at 4 to 7 °C for 42 days. Packed cell volume, osmotic fragility, glucose, and lactate concentrations were measured weekly, and CBC, biochemistry, and aerobic culture analyses were performed every 14 days. Repeated-measures ANOVA or the Friedman test was performed as appropriate. RESULTS: Changes in erythrocyte morphology were observed by day 14 in both WB and pRBCs. Increased hemolysis and leukocyte morphologic changes were observed by day 28, whereas osmotic fragility and PCV did not significantly change over time in either product. Potassium concentrations increased to 15 and 27 mmol/L by day 14 in WB and pRBCs, respectively, with a maximum concentration of 43.8 mmol/L on day 42. Lactate concentrations exceeded 2 mmol/L by day 14 in both products. CONCLUSIONS: Storage of caprine WB and pRBCs results in progressive changes consistent with erythrocyte storage lesions that may impact product quality over time. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Caprine blood products stored for up to 14 days may present a viable alternative when fresh blood is unavailable. However, the clinical effects of transfusing stored caprine blood products to recipients require further in vivo investigations.
Survey reveals psychological distress among veterinarians involved in large-scale animal depopulation events.
Kogan LR, Niemiec R
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42331006 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To assess experiences and psychological responses to large-scale production-animal depopulation events among a sample of veterinarians working predominantly in government and regulatory roles. METHODS: A cross...
OBJECTIVE: To assess experiences and psychological responses to large-scale production-animal depopulation events among a sample of veterinarians working predominantly in government and regulatory roles. METHODS: A cross-sectional, anonymous online survey was distributed from February 3 through April 11, 2026, via veterinary organizations, listservs, and social media. The instrument assessed depopulation experience, exposure to methods, psychological responses, perceptions of ventilation shutdown, and availability and use of mental health support. Descriptive statistics were calculated. RESULTS: The sample consisted of 220 licensed veterinarians. 144 of 220 [65.5%] reported involvement in ≥ 1 depopulation event. Distress varied by method; VSD was most distressing, with 11 of 18 (61.1%) rating it very or extremely distressing, followed by VSD with supplemental heat and humidity (20 of 53 [37.7%]). Other methods, including CO2-based systems and water-based foam, were associated with lower distress (< 12 of 84 [< 15%]). Common psychological responses included emotional numbness (45 of 144 [31.2%]), anger/frustration (38 of 144 [26.4%]), anxiety (36 of 144 [25.0%]), guilt/shame (36 of 144 [25.0%]), and sleep disturbance (35 of 144 [24.3%]). Most respondents (85 of 134 [63.4%]) reported no access to mental health support; 58 of 132 (44%) felt minimally supported. Respondents supported improved preparedness and policies addressing animal welfare and responder well-being. CONCLUSIONS: Depopulation events carry substantial psychological burden for veterinarians, with distress varying by method and shaped by organizational context, reflecting a broader One Welfare challenge. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: The findings support integrating psychological support into depopulation response planning, expanding access to higher-welfare methods, and strengthening preparedness structures.
Cancer therapy successfully used with dogs meets safety checkpoints in human trial.
Yager R, Regan D, Outcalt C
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42330999 · Publisher ↗
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Tip of the iceberg.
Gieseke D
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42314748 · Publisher ↗
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A survey of perianesthetic management of brachycephalic dogs identifies wide variation across United States veterinary practices despite well-documented risks.
Crosby H, Seger C, Ballash G … +6 more , Simons P, Lerche P, Carson B, Ricco Pereira CH, Midon M, Muñoz KA
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42314736 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of contemporary perianesthetic management practices for brachycephalic dogs and to identify areas in which research may improve patient safety and outcomes. METHODS: We developed an onli...
OBJECTIVE: To provide an overview of contemporary perianesthetic management practices for brachycephalic dogs and to identify areas in which research may improve patient safety and outcomes. METHODS: We developed an online survey that was made available from December 8, 2025, through January 4, 2026, that included questions regarding respondent and patient demographics, perianesthetic management practices, and perianesthetic complications in brachycephalic dogs. The survey was distributed to licensed veterinarians and veterinary technicians across the US. Response frequencies were summarized for each survey item, and generalized structural equation models were used to evaluate associations between responses and prespecified predictor variables. Response variables were grouped into domains, including previsit management, premedication practices, induction and intraoperative management, recovery and discharge practices, and medications administered during recovery. RESULTS: The survey was distributed to 32,626 veterinary professionals, yielding 1,386 responses (4.3%). Most respondents (937 of 1,386 [67.6%]) practiced within general small-animal practice, with elective neuter procedures being the most common reason for anesthesia in these dogs. A high degree of variability was observed in perianesthetic monitoring and pharmacologic protocols utilized. Responses varied based on years of practice experience and whether the respondent was a general practitioner or specialist. CONCLUSIONS: Perianesthetic management of brachycephalic dogs differs substantially between general practitioners and specialists and across experience levels, with the widest gaps in previsit medications, monitoring, and recovery practices. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Substantial variability in previsit medications, antiemetic and prokinetic use, monitoring, preoxygenation, and recovery practices, influenced by practice type and clinical experience, underscores the need for standardized perianesthetic protocols for brachycephalic dogs.
Machine learning discriminates bacterial, fungal, and viral infections using temporal blood analyte dynamics in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus).
Barratclough A, McClain AM
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42314734 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To determine underlying infectious disease as bacterial, fungal, or viral in origin from longitudinal assessment of biochemistry and hematology in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). METHODS: Blood sampl...
OBJECTIVE: To determine underlying infectious disease as bacterial, fungal, or viral in origin from longitudinal assessment of biochemistry and hematology in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus). METHODS: Blood samples, including up to 63 blood analytes, obtained from 1995 through 2025 from professional-care dolphins with 33 confirmed disease episodes (11 bacterial, 10 fungal, and 12 viral) were included in this retrospective, longitudinal, observational study. Random forest models were trained on 5 defined temporal phases of infection, selecting 34 blood analytes as key features in predicting the most underlying pathogen from routine blood results. Model parameters included the analyte's absolute value in addition to temporal slope (change in analyte over time), clinical ratios, and statistical aggregates to create a classification model to predict the most likely underlying pathogen from routine blood results. RESULTS: 860 blood samples were included from 31 dolphins. The model achieved 75.8% accuracy in pathogen classification (25 of 33 episodes), with disease-specific performance of 80% for fungal, 75% for viral, and 72.7% for bacterial. Temporal slope features, particularly eosinophil and total WBC count rate of change, were selected in 96.8% of validation folds. CONCLUSIONS: Temporal shifts in disease-specific biomarkers can provide superior diagnostic information compared to single-time-point measures or static threshold ranges. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Personalized medicine involving longitudinal blood sample monitoring in marine mammals provides the opportunity to detect subtle shifts in blood analyte levels over time specific to that individual. This can be used to discriminate between underlying pathogens, identifying the likelihood of bacterial, fungal, and viral infections.
Studies of C-reactive protein stability with freezing and its usefulness in selected diseases in dogs.
Garrick A, Moore AR, Chornarm N … +3 more , Hawley J, Dixon N, Lappin MR
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42302839 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Experiment 1 assessed the stability of C-reactive protein (CRP) when stored at -80 °C and compared the results of 3 commercially available CRP assays. For experiment 2, 2 assays were used to assess CRP during...
OBJECTIVE: Experiment 1 assessed the stability of C-reactive protein (CRP) when stored at -80 °C and compared the results of 3 commercially available CRP assays. For experiment 2, 2 assays were used to assess CRP during infection and treatment of experimental hemoparasite and H3N2 influenza infections. We predicted CRP would degrade with prolonged storage and that it would trend with clinical markers of disease and inflammation in the experimentally infected dogs. METHODS: Archived serum from dogs with inflammation caused by experimentally induced hypovolemia was assayed using the Abcam canine CRP ELISA, stored for 14 weeks at -80 °C, and reanalyzed via ELISA and 2 other CRP assays (Randox and Gentian). Archived sera from dogs experimentally infected with Babesia gibsoni and Candidatus Mycoplasma hematoparvum or H3N2 were evaluated using the ELISA and Gentian assays to assess changes in CRP concentration during clinical progression and resolution of these diseases. RESULTS: C-reactive protein values increased by an average of 3.58 mg/L after storage for 14 weeks. Results from the 3 assays were not analytically equivalent. C-reactive protein values trended inversely with platelet count and Hct in 4 dogs with hemoparasites and were significantly lower in 4 dogs vaccinated with H3N2 compared to 4 nonvaccinated dogs. CONCLUSIONS: When monitoring clinical cases, the CRP assay used should be consistent, as a decreased result following freeze-thaw does not occur when stored at -80 °C, and dogs with clinical signs of H3N2 infection have increases in CRP concentrations. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study provides evidence that CRP can be used to monitor some infectious diseases that induce inflammation.
Intra-articular 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel alters synovial immune pathways in equine experimental osteoarthritis.
Chow L, Contino E, Seabaugh K … +7 more , Goodrich L, McIlwraith CW, Impastato R, Singer J, Das S, Dow S, Pezzanite LM
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42302831 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To determine differential gene expression in synovial tissues following injection of IA 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel (2.5% iPAAG), a biocompatible nondegradable synthetic polymer, to treat osteoarthritis (OA)....
OBJECTIVE: To determine differential gene expression in synovial tissues following injection of IA 2.5% polyacrylamide hydrogel (2.5% iPAAG), a biocompatible nondegradable synthetic polymer, to treat osteoarthritis (OA). METHODS: Osteoarthritis was induced in 1 middle carpal joint of 16, 2- to 5-year-old horses (7 mares and 9 geldings) via surgical osteochondral fragment creation in combination with exercise on a high-speed treadmill; the contralateral limb underwent a sham operation. Horses were exercised 5 days per week, beginning on day 16 postoperatively. The osteochondral fragment joint was injected with 2 mL 2.5% iPAAG or saline at day 14 (n = 8 horses/group). Synovial biopsies (days 0 and 70) and synovial fluid (SF) were obtained (days 0, 14, 28, 42, 56, and 70). The RNA was extracted from synovium and SF cells and subjected to transcriptomic sequencing to determine differentially expressed genes and enriched pathways. The in vivo portion of the study was performed from July to October 2024. RESULTS: Transcriptomic analysis of 2.5% iPAAG-treated versus saline-treated synovium (day 70) revealed upregulation of innate immune activation pathways and reduced metabolic, cell cycle, and growth factor signaling pathways. The 2.5% iPAAG treatment had the most pronounced effect on the transcriptome of SF cells longitudinally at day 28 (14 days posttreatment), with downregulation of inflammatory tumor necrosis factor-α pathways and T-cell/lymphocyte signaling pathways. CONCLUSIONS: 2.5% iPAAG may lead to upregulation of immune and cell cycle regulatory pathways in synovium, with suppression of some inflammatory pathways in SF cells. Limitations include assessment in an acute, experimentally induced model. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: Transcriptomic analyses indicate one mechanism of 2.5% iPAAG is through alteration of immune and signaling pathways following synovial integration.
Synovial transcriptomic biomarkers predict structural severity in equine osteochondral fragment-induced experimental osteoarthritis.
Chernavsky H, Pezzanite LM, Dow S … +3 more , Simske S, Chow L, Kawcak CE
Am J Vet Res · 2026 Jun · PMID 42297033 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Develop a global joint score (GJS) reflecting equine osteoarthritis (OA) structural severity and identify clinical or molecular parameters predicting disease severity. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was per...
OBJECTIVE: Develop a global joint score (GJS) reflecting equine osteoarthritis (OA) structural severity and identify clinical or molecular parameters predicting disease severity. METHODS: A retrospective analysis was performed using data from horses (n = 104; 58 females and 46 geldings; 2 to 5 years old) undergoing experimental OA induction via surgical osteochondral fragment creation in the middle carpal joint and high-speed treadmill exercise over 70 days. Longitudinal measures included subjective lameness examinations (lameness, effusion, and flexion), synovial fluid (SF) and serum glycosaminoglycan (GAG), SF prostaglandin E2, and SF cell and synovium gene expression (mRNA sequencing, n = 8). All samples were collected every 14 days except synovium, which was collected on days 0 and 70. Macroscopic and histopathologic data (day 70) were combined creating a GJS characterizing structural severity. Clinical parameters, biochemical markers, and transcriptomic alterations were modeled against the GJS to identify diagnostic methods predicting severity of OA progression. RESULTS: Subjective lameness examinations and GAG and PGE2 concentrations did not predict OA severity. In contrast, subsets of genes (46 in SF cells and 8 in synovium) demonstrated high predictive value with GJS, coupled with significant endpoint expression changes. CONCLUSIONS: Single clinical markers are not strong predictors of disease severity due to the heterogeneity of OA. Gene expression and transcriptomic biomarkers may be more sensitive predictors of disease severity. CLINICAL RELEVANCE: This study provides preliminary evidence toward the identification of target genes and pathways to further elucidate the pathophysiology of early OA and potential therapeutic targets, advancing our understanding of the molecular underpinnings of joint disease.
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