The Journal Of The Acoustical Society Of America[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
High-resolution depth estimation for multiple wideband sources in deep sea via sparse Bayesian learninga).
Zhang Y, Yang L, Gao C … +1 more , Sha L
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42390340 · Publisher ↗
Source depth estimation via the reliable acoustic path is critical for deep-sea surveillance. In this region, the time delay between direct and surface-reflected waves (D-SR time delay) from a wideband source causes the...
Source depth estimation via the reliable acoustic path is critical for deep-sea surveillance. In this region, the time delay between direct and surface-reflected waves (D-SR time delay) from a wideband source causes the beamformer power output in its direction to oscillate with frequency, forming an interference structure. The oscillation frequency encodes the D-SR time delay, related to source depth. Conventional methods estimate it using the Fourier transform (FT). However, when multiple sources share similar horizontal ranges, they are angularly unresolvable and fall into the same beam, making the beamformer output a superposition of their interference structures. The FT struggles to resolve closely spaced D-SR time delays from this superposition due to limited resolution, especially under significant power disparities. To address this, this paper estimates the FT coefficients within a sparse Bayesian learning framework. A symmetric generalized-t distribution is developed for the coefficient vector, and variational Bayesian inference is employed for automated estimation. By jointly enforcing structural symmetry and sparsity, the proposed method achieves superior resolution, enabling accurate D-SR time delay separation and subsequent depth estimation. Simulation and experimental results demonstrate a nearly twofold resolution improvement over conventional methods, ensuring robust multi-source depth estimation even under large power disparities.
Depression markers in speech: An approach based on tract variables dynamics.
Altalhi S, Guha T, Vinciarelli A
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42390167 · Publisher ↗
This study identifies new depression biomarkers based on the dynamical properties of tract variables, which represent geometric features describing the configuration of the speech articulators. A key advantage of this ap...
This study identifies new depression biomarkers based on the dynamical properties of tract variables, which represent geometric features describing the configuration of the speech articulators. A key advantage of this approach lies in its ability to quantify aspects of the articulatory process that have not been previously explored in the context of depression, namely, predictability, complexity, and randomness. These properties are respectively characterised using the Largest Lyapunov Exponent, the Correlation Dimension, and the Sample Entropy. Thorough experiments were conducted on the Androids Corpus, a publicly available dataset comprising 64 speakers diagnosed with depression by clinicians and 54 control speakers with no reported history of mental health conditions. The results indicate that the proposed biomarkers effectively discriminate between the depressed and control speakers, as evidenced by the high Cliff's delta values across both read and spontaneous speech.
The oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau) alters active and diurnal calling amid vessel noise in New York City.
Quigley TD, Gdanski SG, Lazrinth X … +2 more , Rodriguez RD, Forlano PM
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42390166 · Publisher ↗
While many studies have demonstrated the negative impacts of anthropogenic noise on aquatic animals, few studies have examined its effect on species that inhabit major ports. New York City provides habitat for the oyster...
While many studies have demonstrated the negative impacts of anthropogenic noise on aquatic animals, few studies have examined its effect on species that inhabit major ports. New York City provides habitat for the oyster toadfish (Opsanus tau), a species in which females must hear the male advertisement call to reproduce. This study had two equally important goals. First, vessel noise in the waters of New York City was characterized: An analysis of 480 vessel noise events revealed that noise incidence varied widely, while amplitude varied less. Second, toadfish calling behavior was quantified under noisy and quiet conditions. Toadfish called over twice as much in quiet samples, which occurred in the early morning, than in samples with noise. This early morning peak in calling behavior differs from those of non-urban populations and is evidence of diurnal call suppression. Furthermore, in samples with noise, toadfish actively called less when noise duration was longer, amplitude was greater, and the dominant frequency of noise overlapped the fundamental frequency of calls. Finally, toadfish did not change call amplitude, frequency or duration during noise. These results provide evidence that fishes living in vessel-heavy urban environments adjust their reproductive-related acoustic communication behavior to cope with noise.
Experimental noise characterisation of phase-locked tandem-rotor in edgewise flight.
Yi Z, Turhan BB, Masoudi E … +1 more , Azarpeyvand M
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42390165 · Publisher ↗
An experimental study is conducted on a tandem-rotor in edgewise flight to study its noise emissions under phase-locked operation. Acoustic results captured at both in-plane and out-of-plane observer locations revealed s...
An experimental study is conducted on a tandem-rotor in edgewise flight to study its noise emissions under phase-locked operation. Acoustic results captured at both in-plane and out-of-plane observer locations revealed substantial noise reduction concentrated at the blade-passing frequency, which is attributed to the destructive interference between acoustic wavefronts generated by each rotor. The relative phase angle that promotes destructive acoustic interference most effectively is different for the in-plane and out-of-plane observers, which appears to be caused by the unsteady loading intrinsic to propeller in edgewise flight. For in-plane observers, the noise reduction is greater in amplitude but covers a smaller range of observers, whereas for out-of-plane observers, the reduction is more modest but its effect is experienced over a broader range of observer locations. Under edgewise inflow, the reduction in blade-passing frequency noise facilitated by phase-locking caused amplification in some higher blade-passing harmonics. These side effects are most prominent in the out-of-plane locations, and unlike the noise reduction at the blade-passing frequency, they have been shown to be localised in the temporal domain.
The tune-text-temporal synergy: Prosodic effects of final segmental weakening in Neapolitan.
Crocco C, Leo G, Magistro G … +2 more , D'Imperio M, Gili Fivela B
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42390164 · Publisher ↗
This paper investigates how tune, text, and duration interact to shape intonational form-meaning relations, focusing on Neapolitan final segmental weakening/deletion as a source of tonal crowding. To capture the dynamic...
This paper investigates how tune, text, and duration interact to shape intonational form-meaning relations, focusing on Neapolitan final segmental weakening/deletion as a source of tonal crowding. To capture the dynamic co-variation of f0 and duration within the pitch-accented vowel, we implement a Generalized Additive Mixed Models-based modeling strategy. Results reveal a clear split between statements and yes-no questions: final segment retention is significantly associated with yes-no questions, whereas statements systematically show partial or total final deletion. Additionally, accented vowel duration increases monotonically with segmental loss. Crucially, duration-induced tonal adjustments vary with retention degree. In statements, deletion of a single segment primarily triggers phonetic readjustments (steeper f0 slope), whereas the deletion of the entire final syllable additionally yields undershooting and alignment shift as a part of a compression strategy; when partial deletion takes place in yes-no questions, either truncation or compression may be realized. Overall, Neapolitan resolves tonal crowding through variable, retention degree-dependent strategies by combining duration changes with tonal reorganization. Finally, we show that textual manipulations can function as non-tonal cues contributing to the robust encoding of tonal categories and help maintain contrasts across categories.
Monitoring vessel movement above critical offshore infrastructure using distributed acoustic sensing.
Buisman M, Thiem L
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42390163 · Publisher ↗
This study presents a methodology for detecting and classifying vessel movements using distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) by analyzing hydrodynamic effects, water displacement induced by bow and stern waves, and comparin...
This study presents a methodology for detecting and classifying vessel movements using distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) by analyzing hydrodynamic effects, water displacement induced by bow and stern waves, and comparing these effects with acoustic emissions. Furthermore, the velocity of passing vessels is estimated using a frequency-wavenumber transformation. These velocities are then used to calculate the length of the vessel by multiplying the velocity by the time difference in arrival time between the bow and the stern wave as a vessel sails near a cable. This is done for multiple cargo vessels. The proposed method is validated through multiple deployments: on alternating current and direct current wind farm export cables going through the Wadden Sea and into the North Sea and in a controlled small-scale environment in the Port of Rotterdam, the Netherlands, and the Trondheimsfjord, Norway. The results demonstrate that DAS can effectively capture and classify the velocity of the ship, with consistent patterns observed in both the field and experimental settings, further highlighting the potential of using water displacement to estimate the speed and length of the vessel. Additionally, this study shows that by focusing on ultralow frequencies <1 Hz DAS data can be reduced in volume size, while still being able to capture vessel movements. This work highlights the potential of DAS systems for maritime monitoring and vessel classification, offering valuable applications in infrastructure protection and marine traffic analysis.
Experimental and theoretical quantification of focused ultrasonic cavitation intensity.
Shen X, Han J, Wu P … +1 more , Lin W
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42390162 · Publisher ↗
Accurate characterization of ultrasonic cavitation is essential for safe and efficient ultrasound therapy. In this study, a synchronous acquisition system using a hydrophone and a high-speed camera was employed to observ...
Accurate characterization of ultrasonic cavitation is essential for safe and efficient ultrasound therapy. In this study, a synchronous acquisition system using a hydrophone and a high-speed camera was employed to observe the cavitation field generated by 994 kHz focused ultrasound within a power range of 20 W-400 W. Two quantitative indicators, the Broadband Integrated Pressure (BIP) and the image-gray-scale-based Cavitation State Variable (Q), were utilized to characterize the cavitation intensity. Theoretically, a computational method for cavitation intensity combining bubble cluster dynamics with an acoustic radiation model was proposed, establishing a quantitative analytical relationship between microscopic bubble dynamics and macroscopic cavitation intensity. The results indicate that the evolutionary trends of the experimentally measured BIP and Q with increasing driving power are highly consistent with the theoretical calculations, which demonstrated the effectiveness and complementary nature of the dual acoustic-optical evaluation system in quantifying cavitation intensity. This study clarifies the power-dependent mechanism of focused ultrasonic cavitation intensity, providing both a theoretical foundation and experimental support for precise cavitation control and dose optimization in clinical applications.
On the relation between time-reversed acoustics and Green's function retrieval in space-variant and in time-variant materials.
Wapenaar K, Aichele J, van Manen DJ
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42390161 · Publisher ↗
The methods of time-reversed acoustics and Green's function retrieval are traditionally deployed for classical inhomogeneous, time-invariant materials. The mutual relation between these methods is well established. Recen...
The methods of time-reversed acoustics and Green's function retrieval are traditionally deployed for classical inhomogeneous, time-invariant materials. The mutual relation between these methods is well established. Recently, similar methods have been proposed for homogeneous, time-variant materials. Here, we investigate their mutual relation and their relation with the corresponding methods in classical materials. For this analysis, we make use of the fact that the wave equations for both classes of material are similar, with the roles of time and space interchanged. However, the principle of causality holds for both classes of material; hence, here the roles of time and space are not interchanged. We find that (1) whereas classical time-reversed acoustics involves emission of a time-reversed single-component wave field from a (ideally closed) boundary into the inhomogeneous material, its idealized counterpart involves emission of a sign-reversed two-component wave field, recorded in a time-reversed material, from a single time instant into the actual time-variant material; and (2) whereas classical Green's function retrieval involves temporal cross-correlation of wave fields at two space locations in response to single-component sources on a (ideally closed) boundary, its counterpart involves spatial cross-correlation of wave fields at two time instants in response to two-component sources at a single time instant.
Discovering the acoustic cue for target ranging by bats.
Warnecke M, Moss CF
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42384567 · Publisher ↗
The Reflections series takes a look back on historical articles from The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America that have had a significant impact on the science and practice of acoustics.
The Reflections series takes a look back on historical articles from The Journal of the Acoustical Society of America that have had a significant impact on the science and practice of acoustics.
Analytical and numerical study of Friedrich-Wintgen bound states in the continuum in a compact acoustic cavity.
Khattou S, Rezzouk A, Moussa MS … +9 more , Amrani M, Abdel-Ghaffar EA, Al-Wahsh H, El Boudouti EH, Akjouj A, Dobrzyński L, Bou Matar O, Talbi A, Djafari-Rouhani B
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42384566 · Publisher ↗
Bound states in the continuum (BICs) within open acoustic cavities provide a promising way for achieving high-quality factor resonances which can be exploited in numerous acoustic devices. One particularly intriguing mec...
Bound states in the continuum (BICs) within open acoustic cavities provide a promising way for achieving high-quality factor resonances which can be exploited in numerous acoustic devices. One particularly intriguing mechanism for the formation of BICs is the Friedrich-Wintgen (FW) mechanism, in which a BIC emerges due to destructive interference between two resonant modes that coexist within the same cavity. Here, we investigate FW-BICs in a simple acoustic T-shaped cavity based on slender tubes. The T-shaped cavity consists of two horizontal arms of lengths d2 and d3 coupled to a vertical stub of length d1. The whole cavity is inserted between two semi-infinite waveguides. We show that the FW-BICs can be obtained when the two horizontal guides d2 and d3 are taken commensurate. These BICs are independent of d1 and the two semi-infinite waveguides. We demonstrate that the FW-BIC appears as the result of the interaction of two eigenmodes of the isolated cavity, the width of one mode vanishes giving rise to a FW-BIC, while the width of the other mode becomes maximal. By breaking the BIC condition, the latter turns into quasi-BICs in the shape of acoustic induced transparency or acoustic induced reflection resonances. The quasi-BICs are characterized by narrow width and high-quality factors which makes them suitable for filtering and sensing applications as well as tuning the far-field radiation of a source inside the cavity. The analytical results are obtained by means of the Green's function method and confirmed by finite element simulation in comsol.
Characterisation of scattered transient infrasonic wavefields combining array and single-sensor measures.
Smith JA, Green DN, Nippress SEJ
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42384565 · Publisher ↗
Infrasonic scattering by fine-scale atmospheric sound-speed structure causes variability in signals generated by repeated explosions in Hukkakero, Finland, recorded by the IS37 microbarometer array at 321 km distance. Th...
Infrasonic scattering by fine-scale atmospheric sound-speed structure causes variability in signals generated by repeated explosions in Hukkakero, Finland, recorded by the IS37 microbarometer array at 321 km distance. The sample covariance matrix and beam pattern of the second eigenmode (array measures) are sensitive to changes in wavefield structure below array resolution. The directional energy distribution is approximated by a skewed Gaussian distribution, where the inter-sensor coherence decay is inverted for the beamwidth and the skew is indicated by the second-eigenmode beam pattern. With increasing lapse time in the scattered wave train, the beamwidth increases over both apparent velocity and backazimuth, and the energy distribution is skewed with fluctuating directionality over backazimuth. Progressive over-prediction of the second-eigenmode magnitude by the best-fit Gaussian distribution throughout the wave train implies an increase in the mutual directional coherence of the wavefield-i.e., phase correlation in different look directions-relative to the beamwidth. Multi-scale entropy and spectral-amplitude correlation (single-sensor measures) indicate a time-variant mixture of ballistic and diffusive arrivals, often with similar amplitudes. These array and single-sensor measures should be considered when inverting for fine-scale sound speed structure in the middle atmosphere, extending beyond the standard analysis of infrasonic temporal and spectral content.
Impedance tube sound absorption measurements of additively manufactured metamaterials: A systematic study of design parameter influences.
Dogu M, Yang T, Chzhao I … +1 more , Marburg S
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42384564 · Publisher ↗
Acoustic metamaterials offer enhanced control over sound waves, enabling the design of innovative structures for diverse applications. In this work, we investigate the impact of measurement uncertainties on the sound abs...
Acoustic metamaterials offer enhanced control over sound waves, enabling the design of innovative structures for diverse applications. In this work, we investigate the impact of measurement uncertainties on the sound absorption performance of three-dimensionally printed acoustic metamaterials in an impedance tube. Two representative types, the Helmholtz resonator and coiled-up space structure, are fabricated in multiple variations and characterized experimentally and numerically. The influence of factors such as printing-induced surface texture/roughness, infill density, assembly errors, and air gaps between the tube inner wall and the sample is systematically analyzed. Rather than providing a quantitative evaluation, the work characterizes observed sources and effects of uncertainty and examines how design parameters influence measurement outcomes. The results reveal that surface roughness, assembly, and tube-sample air gap can significantly distort the measured response. Notably, layer height and assembly-induced gaps can be treated as design parameters to optimize absorption, while infill density can optimize manufacturing efficiency. While uncertainties in impedance tube measurements of porous materials have been extensively evaluated, metamaterial structures have received limited investigation. The findings of this work not only clarify the effects and sources of uncertainty in impedance tube measurements of metamaterials but also expand previous research analysis and provide a guideline to address ambiguities.
Sibilant differentiation before and after tongue cancer surgery: Acoustics, kinematics and the role of sensorimotor controla).
Tienkamp TB, Rebernik T, Buurke R … +10 more , Ceylan C, Hoekzema N, Mu D, Polsterer K, Sekeres H, van Son RJJH, Wieling M, Witjes MJH, de Visscher SAHJ, Abur D
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42384043 · Publisher ↗
This study characterises articulatory-kinematic strategies to differentiate the sibilants /s/ and /ʃ/ in individuals before and after tongue cancer surgery. We further evaluate whether successful differentiation can be p...
This study characterises articulatory-kinematic strategies to differentiate the sibilants /s/ and /ʃ/ in individuals before and after tongue cancer surgery. We further evaluate whether successful differentiation can be predicted by auditory and somatosensory motor learning abilities. Acoustic and electromagnetic articulography data were collected longitudinally (pre-surgery, and 6, 12, and 18 months post-surgery) from Dutch individuals treated for T1-T3 tongue tumours (n = 12). Sex- and age-matched typical speakers (n = 11) were tested once. We analysed the Euclidean distance (ED) between the tongue's position for /s/ and /ʃ/, alongside the centre of gravity. Altered formant feedback and bite-block experiments assessed motor learning from auditory and somatosensory input. Speakers showed a reduced ED between sibilants at the tongue tip (TT) six months post-surgery compared to pre-surgery. While performance improved over time, pre-surgery levels were not regained. ED reductions were associated with changes in lip aperture and jaw positioning. No differences were found between patients and typical speakers in acoustic or kinematic measures at any time point. No robust association was found between auditory/somatosensory motor learning ability and sibilant differentiation. Together, while TT control was reduced following tongue cancer surgery, speakers compensated using the lips and jaw to preserve the sibilant contrast.
BioNet-A: Ultrasonic echo representation network for target discrimination using active SONAR.
Park S, Elhilali M
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42384042 · Publisher ↗
Ultrasonic echoes provide critical cues for object perception, yet their millisecond duration and frequency-specific structure violate assumptions of conventional spectrogram-based convolutional models. Existing biomimet...
Ultrasonic echoes provide critical cues for object perception, yet their millisecond duration and frequency-specific structure violate assumptions of conventional spectrogram-based convolutional models. Existing biomimetic front-end systems, including auditory spectrograms, cortical wavelets, and the biomimetic BioNet, either under-utilize model capacity on brief echoes or impose frequency shift-invariance suited to vocalizations but detrimental for echo discrimination. This study introduces BioNet5-A, a biomimetic encoder optimized for ultrasonic echoes. BioNet5-A is derived from an autoencoder pretrained on bat vocalizations and incorporates three architectural innovations: (1) spectrotemporal attention to concentrate capacity on the ∼2 ms echo segment and relax frequency-axis invariance; (2) multi-sized convolution/transposed-convolution modules that capture echo structure across multiple scales; and (3) a symmetric, weight-tied encoder-decoder to stabilize training and regularize the biomimetic code. Using a controlled ultrasonic dataset spanning multiple objects and noise conditions, BioNet5-A consistently outperforms auditory spectrogram, cortical wavelet, and the conventional BioNet, and shows improved clustering, discrimination, and robustness. Additionally, representations by the model remain compact and interpretable, aligning with bat midbrain physiology. These results position BioNet5-A as a practical front end for biosonar-inspired sensing and ultrasonic applications.
Empty soft-drink cans and mass-loaded rods: Analogous homework problems from acoustic and mechanical domains.
Russell DA
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42384041 · Publisher ↗
While analogs between electrical, mechanical, and acoustical systems are well known, especially for the analysis of transducers, students encountering analogous acoustical and mechanical systems in different settings oft...
While analogs between electrical, mechanical, and acoustical systems are well known, especially for the analysis of transducers, students encountering analogous acoustical and mechanical systems in different settings often do not recognize the similarities between the systems and their solutions. This paper explores two homework problems that are direct analogs of each other. One problem involves a cylindrical Helmholtz resonator, and the other involves a longitudinal oscillation of a fixed, mass-loaded rod. A detailed analysis of both problems, including lumped-element approximate solutions and more accurate solutions utilizing impedance and boundary conditions, illustrates that these two systems represent essentially the same problem.
Erratum: Statistical wave field theory: Anisotropic wave fields under Neumann's boundary condition [J. Acoust. Soc. Am. 159(3), 2265-2280 (2026)].
Badeau R
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42383676 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
On the modification of tip leakage noise sources by porous treatment.
Saraceno I, Palleja-Cabre S, Chaitanya P … +1 more , Ganapathisubramani B
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42383675 · Publisher ↗
Improving the understanding and control of tip leakage noise is increasingly important for meeting future aviation noise-reductions targets. This study experimentally investigates porous tip treatments on a single statio...
Improving the understanding and control of tip leakage noise is increasingly important for meeting future aviation noise-reductions targets. This study experimentally investigates porous tip treatments on a single stationary aerofoil, focusing on their effect on the two tip leakage noise sources, vortex-shedding and shear layer roll-up, both arising from the tip flow separation at the pressure side tip. Porous tip effectively reduces the roll-up noise source, with even a thin treatment of 1.6 mm providing reductions of almost 10 dB, whereas vortex-shedding noise radiation shifts toward lower frequencies and achieves almost full suppression for the thickness treatment of 10 mm. Localising the porous section to the mid-chord yields comparable noise reductions to full-chord treatments. Aerodynamic measurements indicate a modest lift reduction with the porous treatment compared to the hard-wall case, whereas drag remains largely unaffected for larger gaps.
An educational opportunity: Acoustics in an empty room.
Russell DA
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42383674 · Publisher ↗
Several simple experiments involving room acoustics of an empty rectangular room are described, including observation of flutter echoes, identification of standing wave room modes, measurements of reverberation time, and...
Several simple experiments involving room acoustics of an empty rectangular room are described, including observation of flutter echoes, identification of standing wave room modes, measurements of reverberation time, and measurements of sound pressure level as a function of distance from a source to observe the transition from free-field to reverberant field and the critical distance.
Wavefield features of fin whale vocalization observed by distributed acoustic sensing.
Wang Q, Zhang T, Lin J
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42383673 · Publisher ↗
Monitoring whale vocalization is of scientific importance and has practical value for marine ecology, hydroacoustics, and geophysics. Conventional monitoring approaches, including hydrophone arrays, ocean-bottom seismome...
Monitoring whale vocalization is of scientific importance and has practical value for marine ecology, hydroacoustics, and geophysics. Conventional monitoring approaches, including hydrophone arrays, ocean-bottom seismometers, and satellite tagging, are limited by sparse spatial coverage, potential biological disturbance, and high cost. Distributed acoustic sensing (DAS) is an emerging method that uses submarine optical cables as dense acoustic arrays, potentially enabling large-scale, high-resolution monitoring of whale vocalization. We investigated the features of the wavefields of fin whale vocalization by integrating DAS observations with numerical modeling. Three distinct features-insensitive response segments (IRSs), high-frequency component loss, and acoustic notches-were identified in the observed wavefields. DAS response modeling based on ray theory indicates that the length of the IRS is correlated positively with the vertical distance between the source and cable, and the gauge length is responsible for the high-frequency loss in whale calls. Furthermore, wavefield modeling using the spectral-element method demonstrates that the notches represent transitions between transmission zones of waterborne multipath waves entering the seafloor and are sensitive to the seafloor P-wave velocity, water depth, and bathymetry. These findings not only improve our understanding of DAS-observed wavefields but also highlight the potential of DAS for ocean environmental parameter estimation and three-dimensional whale localization.
Quantifying time-varying wind-driven effects on matched-field localization: Mechanisms and a physics-coupled Bayesian approacha).
Cui X, Hu Q, Yang H
J Acoust Soc Am · 2026 Jul · PMID 42383672 · Publisher ↗
Matched-field processing is highly sensitive to environmental mismatch, yet most robust formulations emphasize static uncertainties more than time-evolving environmental forcing. This study examines a representative low-...
Matched-field processing is highly sensitive to environmental mismatch, yet most robust formulations emphasize static uncertainties more than time-evolving environmental forcing. This study examines a representative low-frequency shallow-water scenario in which wind-driven mixed-layer deepening reshapes the upper-ocean sound-speed profile and perturbs modal horizontal wavenumbers, producing accumulated phase errors, ambiguity-surface distortion, and systematic range bias. To organize these effects beyond a single operating point, a conditional modal phase-spread analysis is introduced to show how wind-driven degradation depends jointly on wind state, propagation range, frequency, and source depth relative to the mixed layer. A physics-coupled particle filter (PC-PF) is then proposed, in which wind speed is treated as a dynamic hidden state and estimated jointly with source range through an embedded reduced-order environmental model. Broadband numerical experiments are used to assess mechanism and tracking performances. For the representative storm-evolution scenario considered here, a conventional static-model broadband Bartlett processor develops kilometer-scale range errors, whereas the proposed PC-PF substantially reduces the root mean square error and preserves track continuity. The formulation is intended as a reduced-order, acoustically informed framework for dynamic environmental adaptation in time-varying conditions.
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