The Journal Of Sports Medicine And Physical Fitness[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
A critical commentary on CrossFit Research® with coach insights on training monitoring and physical assessment.
Martinho DV, Costa R, VAN DEN Hoek D … +7 more , Clemente FM, Gonzalo-Skok O, Gouveia ÉR, Campos P, Ribeiro AS, Field A, Sarmento H
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jul · PMID 42384029 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: CrossFit has experienced rapid global growth, yet scientific research often fails to reflect the realities of training and competition in this sport. Studies frequently rely on inconsistent terminology, non-s...
BACKGROUND: CrossFit has experienced rapid global growth, yet scientific research often fails to reflect the realities of training and competition in this sport. Studies frequently rely on inconsistent terminology, non-specific testing protocols, and heterogeneous samples, limiting the ecological validity and practical application of findings. This critical commentary aims to evaluate the methodological challenges in CrossFit research and to highlight the importance of contextualizing scientific inquiry through the perspectives of coaches actively working within the sport. METHODS: A targeted review of the CrossFit literature was conducted, with a focus on sampling descriptions, testing protocols, and training monitoring approaches. In addition, semi-structured interviews were conducted with five national and international-level CrossFit coaches. Analysis of coach responses was used to contextualize gaps in the literature. RESULTS: Coaches reported relying primarily on competition results, training observations, and subjective feedback to guide programming, rather than standardized physical testing or technology-based monitoring. The remote nature of many coach-athlete relationships further complicates data collection and training analysis. CONCLUSIONS: CrossFit research must improve its methodological rigor by adopting sport-specific assessments, clearly defining participant characteristics, and embracing the realities of coaching practice. Integrating qualitative insights and prioritizing ecological validity will help bridge the gap between science and the sport's unique demands.
Age-related differences during stop-ball small-sided games in youth soccer.
Trotta N, Armiento L, D'Onofrio R … +1 more , Sannicandro I
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jun · PMID 42334152 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Stop-ball small-sided games (SSGs-SB) have been proposed as an effective scoring method to influence physical and physiological responses in young soccer player. The aim of present study is to examine the dif...
BACKGROUND: Stop-ball small-sided games (SSGs-SB) have been proposed as an effective scoring method to influence physical and physiological responses in young soccer player. The aim of present study is to examine the differences in external and internal load variables across U-13, U-14 and U-15 players during SSGs-SB. METHODS: Ninety-six male soccer players (32 players in each group) from teams competing in Italian regional championship were involved. The experimental design consisted of a 4 vs. 4 played on a 25×20 m pitch, including 4x3' of work separated by 2 min of passive recovery. During SSG-SB, players were monitored using 18.18 Hz global positioning system devices (GPEXE SYSTEM, EXELIO srl, Udine, Italy). Total distance, peak velocity, distance covered at high-speed running 13-18 km∙h, sprint running >18 km∙h, number of sprint, acceleration >2.5 m∙s, deceleration <-2.5 m∙s, maximal acceleration and deceleration, high metabolic load distance and rating of perceived exertion were measured. RESULTS: U-15 team exhibited greater physical demands compared with U-13 team (P<0.001 for all comparisons), whereas younger counterparts significantly (P<0.001) reported higher RPE scores than U-15 players. CONCLUSIONS: The present study suggests that SSGs-SB designs should be tailored according to chronological age to support an appropriate long-term development process in youth soccer players.
Dynamic multi and single joint strength and vertical jump performance in amateur athletes who have returned to sport following anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction.
Maestroni L, Turner A, Fenu G … +6 more , Algeri C, Palazzini E, Moioli F, Civera F, Midali C, Read P
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jul · PMID 42311057 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to examine relative five-repetition maximum (RM) box squat, rear-foot elevated split squat (RFESS), leg extension strength and vertical jump scores in amateur athletes who have return...
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study is to examine relative five-repetition maximum (RM) box squat, rear-foot elevated split squat (RFESS), leg extension strength and vertical jump scores in amateur athletes who have returned to sport following anterior cruciate ligament (ACL) reconstruction. METHODS: Overall, 53 amateur athletes completed a strength and vertical jump assessment including 5RM box squat, RFESS, Leg Extension, countermovement jump (CMJ), single leg (SL) CMJ and SL drop jump (DJ). RESULTS: Relative 5RM values of 1.16, 0.6 and 0.65 were found for box squat, RFESS and leg extension respectively. Significant main effects of limb were observed across most outcomes, with the ACL-reconstructed limb showing lower strength and jump performance. Males outperformed females on all strength and jump metrics. A main effect of graft type was found for leg extension strength, but post-hoc comparisons were not significant. Time from surgery did not moderate the effects of limb, gender, or graft type, except for one interaction with eccentric deceleration impulse. CONCLUSIONS: Single joint strength and vertical jump scores were lower in the ACL reconstructed limb in comparison to the uninvolved limb, whereas no differences were found in RFESS. Females showed lower relative scores in all tests, whereas no difference was found according to graft type. Time from surgery did not moderate the effects of limb, gender and graft type on strength and vertical jump scores, except for SLCMJ eccentric deceleration impulse.
Fluid loss during tennis matches is associated with reduced muscle strength in sport-specific limbs.
Kuroda Y, Murakami S
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jul · PMID 42311056 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Dehydration is common in tennis, yet the relationship between fluid loss and muscle strength during actual match play remains unclear. This study examined the association between body water loss and changes i...
BACKGROUND: Dehydration is common in tennis, yet the relationship between fluid loss and muscle strength during actual match play remains unclear. This study examined the association between body water loss and changes in muscle strength in competitive university tennis players. METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted with 20 male university tennis players (age: 20.6±1.6 years) during the regional qualifying round of the All Japan Student Indoor Tennis Championships. Body mass, grip, back, and toe strength were measured before and immediately after matches. Body water loss was calculated from body mass changes, and associations between fluid loss and changes in muscle strength were examined using Pearson's correlation coefficients. RESULTS: Mean body water loss was 0.7±0.8%. Although overall pre-post differences in muscle strength were not significant, body water loss was negatively correlated with changes in right-hand grip strength (r=-0.54, P<0.05) and toe strength in both feet (right: r=-0.45, P<0.05; left: r=-0.58, P<0.01). After adjusting for total games played, the associations remained significant for right-hand grip strength (partial r=-0.60, P=0.007) and left toe strength (partial r=-0.58, P=0.009). Subjective fatigue increased significantly but was not associated with strength changes. CONCLUSIONS: Mild body water loss during competitive tennis matches was associated with reductions in muscle strength in some frequently used limbs. However, given the modest level of dehydration and the correlational design of the study, these findings should be interpreted cautiously, as match workload may have influenced both fluid loss and neuromuscular responses.
Implementing ECG screening in Florida (USA): a wishful thinking or a valid opportunity?
Pelliccia A, Drezner JA
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jul · PMID 42311055 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
The ACC opposition to legislative ECG screening mandates for competitive athletes.
Pelliccia A
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jul · PMID 42311054 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
The feasibility of radial shockwave therapy in enhancing recovery during an international basketball tournament.
Hobrough P, Hobrough H, Paci E … +3 more , Chui KY, Thomas K, Howatson G
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jun · PMID 42274406 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Radial shockwave therapy (rSWT) is widely used for musculoskeletal conditions, but its use and efficacy in athletic recovery are relatively unexplored. Multi-day basketball tournaments result in repeated phys...
BACKGROUND: Radial shockwave therapy (rSWT) is widely used for musculoskeletal conditions, but its use and efficacy in athletic recovery are relatively unexplored. Multi-day basketball tournaments result in repeated physical stress on players, leading to muscle soreness that can impair recovery. The aim of this study was to investigate the feasibility and possible efficacy of rSWT in applied sports. Specifically, to examine the feasible effectiveness of post-match rSWT in reducing muscle soreness and improving perceived recovery, fatigue, and sleep quality in master's basketball players during a tournament. METHODS: Using a parallel group design, 61 male and female basketball players allocated to intervention or control, either a rSWT treatment group (N.=30) or a control condition (N.=31) during an international tournament. The participants in the rSWT group received treatment within four hours after each game to quadriceps, hamstrings, and calves of both legs. Participants in the control group received no treatment. Daily self-report questionnaires before the tournament (baseline) and on each day of competition for muscle soreness (Likert Scale), perceived recovery (PRS), fatigue (VAS-F), and quality of sleep (Consensus Sleep Diary) were completed. RESULTS: Fifty-six participants completed the study. The rSWT group showed lower muscle soreness than controls (P<0.001), with a 35% reduction compared to control by Day 4. Perceived recovery was improved in the rSWT group compared to the control (P<0.004). No differences were found between groups for fatigue or sleep quality. CONCLUSIONS: Post-game rSWT is a feasible and effective approach to reduce muscle soreness and improve perceived recovery during fixture congestion experienced during international competition. Although fatigue and sleep were not affected and the underlying mechanisms remain to be elucidated, these observations support the potential for rSWT in a new application as a tool to facilitate exercise recovery.
Effects of local muscle vibration on plantarflexor strength and activation in individuals with chronic ankle instability: a randomized crossover trial.
Alamri R, Mohess J, Blackburn T … +2 more , Ryan E, Wikstrom EA
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 May · PMID 42207145 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is associated with neuromuscular impairments that increase reinjury risk. Although vibration can enhance neuromuscular function, the effects of local muscle vibration (LMV) in...
BACKGROUND: Chronic ankle instability (CAI) is associated with neuromuscular impairments that increase reinjury risk. Although vibration can enhance neuromuscular function, the effects of local muscle vibration (LMV) in individuals with CAI are unknown. This study examined the immediate effects of LMV on plantarflexor strength and activation and whether stance position influences these responses. METHODS: Twenty individuals with CAI (age, 21±2 years; 3±1 lifetime ankle sprains) participated. All participants met the inclusion criteria for CAI established by the International Ankle Consortium. Participants completed two separate sessions, each involving Pre Control, Post Control/Pre LMV, and Post LMV assessments. Maximal voluntary isometric contraction of the plantarflexor muscles during each assessment was used to calculate peak torque (PT), rate of torque development (RTD), and EMG amplitude. LMV was applied to the plantarflexor muscles in 1 of 2 randomized stance positions: 1) a mini-squat, or 2) a mini-squat with heels raised. LMV (2 g acceleration, 30 Hz frequency) was delivered in 6 sets of 60 seconds each, with 2 minutes of rest between sets. Paired t-tests evaluated pre-to-post changes in primary (PT and RTD) and secondary outcomes (EMG amplitude) following the control and LMV conditions. A two-way ANOVA compared changes between stance conditions. RESULTS: LMV improved PT (P=0.035) and RTD (P=0.029) compared to the control condition. No significant changes were found for EMG amplitude or between stance conditions (P>0.05). CONCLUSIONS: LMV acutely improves PT and enhances RTD across both stances, suggesting its potential as a targeted neuromuscular intervention for individuals with CAI.
Where am I struggling? Detailed benchmarks for every workout and category in Hyrox© competition.
Fernández-Navarrete I, Ruiz-Alias SA, García-Pinillos F
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 May · PMID 42189569 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: A new high-intensity functional training and competition modality, known as Hyrox©, has recently gained popularity. To support training design and competition analysis, this study aims to establish normative...
BACKGROUND: A new high-intensity functional training and competition modality, known as Hyrox©, has recently gained popularity. To support training design and competition analysis, this study aims to establish normative performance standards across various categories, including individual, doubles, and relay events. Furthermore, the study seeks to enable detailed analysis of strengths and weaknesses in each segment by utilizing normative data. METHODS: A total of 186,411 race results were extracted from the official ranking database, covering results from its inception up to the 2023/2024 season. RESULTS: Descriptive data of each category are presented in terms of mean and percentiles 10 to 90 to define the shifts in Hyrox performance. CONCLUSIONS: These tables have been developed to analyze the strengths and weaknesses of each section. This could support training design and competition planning for this fitness modality.
The role of artificial intelligence in structuring youth athletic training: implications for personality and motivational development.
Li D
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jun · PMID 42170724 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: This study examines the impact of AI-based training approaches on young athletes' motivation and personality traits. The analysis focuses specifically on graded training programs developed using artificial in...
BACKGROUND: This study examines the impact of AI-based training approaches on young athletes' motivation and personality traits. The analysis focuses specifically on graded training programs developed using artificial intelligence. METHODS: The study involved 72 athletes from different provinces of China aged 16-18, divided into equal experimental and control groups. For the control group, graded training programs were developed using AI with the participation of a coach and a physician. Motivation and personality structure were studied using two tools - GLOBAL MOTIVATION SCALE (GMS-28) and The Big Five Personality Test (BFPT). A survey was conducted before and after the intervention using AI for 2 months. RESULTS: The results of the study indicate a consistent increase in the experimental group in the level of assessment of all motivation components, except for Amotivation and all five elements of the Big Five. But compared to the control group, only the indicators of Conscientiousness and Openness to Experience of the Big Five elements increased, which indicates the nature of the impact of increased training efficiency and the use of new technologies as a stimulus for openness, involvement and persistence in achieving a more clearly perceived and achievable goal. CONCLUSIONS: A high correlation was noted between the number of grades received during training and one of the types of external motivation, which indicates a significant dependence of young athletes on the impact of the team and the coach. In practice, the obtained results can be implemented for designing a long-term beneficial effect of training programs and sports management using AI on the personality of young athletes.
Physical activity and Brugada ECG pattern during 12-lead Holter monitoring.
Toso E, Tarditi F, Koumantakis E … +7 more , Serughetti G, Angelino C, DE Ferrari GM, Benso AS, Alunni G, Gaita F, Giustetto C
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jun · PMID 42170723 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Brugada Syndrome (BrS) is a hereditary channelopathy with a dynamic ECG pattern, often latent at rest. While several triggers can unmask the type 1 pattern, the influence of physical activity (PA) remains unc...
BACKGROUND: Brugada Syndrome (BrS) is a hereditary channelopathy with a dynamic ECG pattern, often latent at rest. While several triggers can unmask the type 1 pattern, the influence of physical activity (PA) remains uncertain. This study investigated whether PA is associated with spontaneous type 1 ECG, its unmasking in induced cases, and the occurrence of arrhythmic events in Brugada athletes. METHODS: We enrolled 202 BrS patients (18-55 years), collecting demographic data, PA levels, resting ECG, and 12-lead Holter. Subjects exercising ≥4 hours/week were defined as "recreational athletes" per ESC guidelines. Statistical analyses included Mann-Whitney U, Chi-squared Tests, and logistic regression (adjusted for age/sex) to explore the relationship between PA and Brugada ECG patterns. RESULTS: Of 202 patients (155 males, median age 35.5), 48 were athletes. Athletes showed lower median heart rate at first Holter (71 vs. 75 bpm). No significant difference was found in Brugada pattern expression between groups. PA was not significantly associated with the presence of type 1 ECG (OR: 2.51, P=0.140). No arrhythmic events occurred during exercise or follow-up. CONCLUSIONS: PA does not increase Brugada ECG expression in spontaneous or induced cases. No arrhythmic events were reported in athletes during sport or follow-up.
A proposed new direct method to detect match-fixing.
Sallet P, Kihl LA
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jun · PMID 42170722 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: This research aims to demonstrate the validity of using video analysis as a direct method of detecting the manipulation of sports competitions (i.e., match-fixing). METHODS: Using the case of an allegedly man...
BACKGROUND: This research aims to demonstrate the validity of using video analysis as a direct method of detecting the manipulation of sports competitions (i.e., match-fixing). METHODS: Using the case of an allegedly manipulated professional handball competition, the direct detection method was developed and used as evidence during expert testimony for the courts. The analysis divided the video of the alleged fixed handball competition into key points. Biomechanical analysis was conducted on each key point to identify intentional performance deficiencies (i.e. match-fixing) in motor behavior actions with or without a ball, performed in a favorable environment, and contrary to the interest of the team or player. RESULTS: The video analysis method strongly limited the number of hypotheses for the explanation and thus demonstrated when aspects of the contest were fixed. This work demonstrates the high potential for a direct match-fixing detection method from video analysis not only for handball but more generally for team or individual sports. CONCLUSIONS: This research provides important support for the use of video analysis in real time to fight against match-fixing and to protect the integrity of sport more effectively.
Neuromuscular training for ACL injury prevention in collegiate athletes: a four-week program improves biomechanical risk factors and functional performance.
Rathore N, Esht V, Alshehri MM … +9 more , Iqbal A, Chahal A, Reza MK, Hasan S, Kashoo FZ, Khan AR, Khan M, Shaphe MA, Alghadir AH
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 May · PMID 42166175 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Collegiate athletes face a high risk of non-contact ACL injuries during pivoting and landing maneuvers. Current evidence supports neuromuscular training for injury prevention, but optimal program duration and...
BACKGROUND: Collegiate athletes face a high risk of non-contact ACL injuries during pivoting and landing maneuvers. Current evidence supports neuromuscular training for injury prevention, but optimal program duration and specific adaptations remain unclear. This study investigated whether a four-week neuromuscular training program could enhance functional performance and modifiable biomechanical risk factors in high-risk athletes. METHODS: This single-group pre-/post-test design recruited 30 competitive collegiate athletes (median age: 18.5 years; interquartile range [IQR]: 17-25) who completed a 12-session, four-week neuromuscular training program incorporating dynamic stabilization, plyometrics, proprioceptive exercises, and agility drills. Functional outcomes were assessed pre- and postintervention using the Y-Balance Test (YBT), Single Leg Squat Test (SLST), and Illinois Agility Test (IAT). RESULTS: Following the four-week intervention, participants demonstrated significant improvements across all outcome measures. The Y-Balance Test (YBT) showed an 11.8% improvement in composite scores (P<0.001, d=1.2), indicating enhanced dynamic balance. Movement quality assessed through the Single Leg Squat Test (SLST) revealed a 27% reduction in errors (P<0.001, d=1.5), reflecting improved lower limb control. For sport-specific performance, athletes completed the Illinois Agility Test (IAT) 8.9% faster (P<0.001, d=0.9), demonstrating gains in change-of-direction speed. CONCLUSIONS: This four-week intervention was associated with improvements in dynamic balance, movement quality, and agility. While these findings suggest that short-duration neuromuscular training may support favorable functional adaptations, the absence of a control group limits causal interpretation. Therefore, results should be considered preliminary and hypothesis-generating. Further controlled trials are required to confirm the effectiveness of this multimodal approach.
Sex influence on the resting physiological responses to different levels of normobaric hypoxia in young, trained population.
Escudero M, Feriche B, Pérez-Regalado S … +4 more , Almeida F, Bonitch-Gongora J, Padial P, Benavente C
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 May · PMID 42099225 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: This study investigated the influence of sex on the peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO<inf>2</inf>) and heart rate (HR) after being exposed to different levels of normobaric hypoxia (NH) at rest. METHODS: Sixt...
BACKGROUND: This study investigated the influence of sex on the peripheral oxygen saturation (SpO<inf>2</inf>) and heart rate (HR) after being exposed to different levels of normobaric hypoxia (NH) at rest. METHODS: Sixty-five trained volunteers (44 males and 21 females) were randomly exposed twice to a low (FiO<inf>2</inf>=17.4%; 1500 m asl.), moderate (FiO<inf>2</inf>=15.4%; 2500 m a.s.l.), and severe (FiO<inf>2</inf>=13.4%; 3500 m a.s.l.) NH with at least 48 hours between them. SpO<inf>2</inf> and HR were monitored at baseline and during 25 min of hypoxic exposure at rest. RESULTS: Findings revealed that the female group presented higher SpO<inf>2</inf> values at normoxia (ES 0.146; P<0.01) and at low (ES 0.153; P<0.001), moderate (ES 0.067; P<0.05) and severe NH (ES 0.133; P<0.01). Additionally, the female group was able to stabilize their response after 5 min at every altitude, while the male group required 10 min to acclimatize at severe NH and 5 min at low and moderate intensity. The HR values did not differ at any moment of any altitude, but when exposed to severe NH males needed 5 min to acclimatize (P<0.001), while females values remained the same as baseline. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, females stabilized their SpO<inf>2</inf> values faster than men at severe altitudes, particularly at 3500 m, despite no HR differences between sexes. These findings suggest that physiological adjustments during NH exposure are different between sexes and should be considered when performing interventions or training sessions in hypoxic conditions.
Effects of maturational status on physical performance of elite youth football players.
Schubert J, Wisler M, Kristiansen M … +1 more , Lerche M
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 May · PMID 42099224 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of biological maturation on physical performance in countermovement jump (CMJ), sprint time (5, 10, 25 and 30m) and maximal sprinting speed in adolescent...
BACKGROUND: The aim of this study was to investigate the influence of biological maturation on physical performance in countermovement jump (CMJ), sprint time (5, 10, 25 and 30m) and maximal sprinting speed in adolescent elite football players. METHODS: One hundred twenty-one male adolescent elite football players from AaB Academy were included in the trial. In total, 515 physical tests on CMJ and sprint performance were carried out during the time of data collection (2020-2023). Maturation status was calculated as percent of predicted adult height (%PAH). Five groups, based on %PAH were formed to investigate the differences in physical performance due to biological maturation status. RESULTS: Anthropometry as well as physical performance differed significantly (P<0.05) between all five maturation groups. The largest effect sizes were detected during the adolescent growth spurt which occurred from just before to just after peak height velocity. CONCLUSIONS: This study showed that physical performance of adolescent elite football players measured on CMJ, sprint time (5, 10, 25 and 30m) and maximal sprinting speed varies based on different time points in the biological maturation period. The players located close to peak height velocity experienced a significant increase in performance compared to players located in the remaining bands.
Up to date comprehensive review of atraumatic shoulder instability: anatomy, causes, management, and psychosocial considerations.
Varathan K, Hamad A, Dyke R … +3 more , Yaghmour K, Salman LA, Khatkar H
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 May · PMID 42099223 · Publisher ↗
Atraumatic shoulder instability (ASI) poses a significant challenge in orthopedic practice, characterized by functional and anatomical deficits in the glenohumeral joint (GHJ) resulting from chronic overuse rather than a...
Atraumatic shoulder instability (ASI) poses a significant challenge in orthopedic practice, characterized by functional and anatomical deficits in the glenohumeral joint (GHJ) resulting from chronic overuse rather than acute trauma. This review aims to provide a comprehensive summary of the current understanding of ASI, covering its anatomy, etiology, the influence of psychosocial factors and primarily focusing on management strategies. The management of ASI is a central focus for restoring normal biomechanical and anatomical function of the injured upper extremity. A literature review was conducted, seeking to further understand the current treatment approaches of this condition. The management of ASI employs differing combinations of physiotherapy, rehabilitation and surgery, with treatment dictated by patient stratification models and patient reported outcome measures (PROMs). Clinical stratification of patients along a diagnostic continuum aid devising appropriate patient-centered treatment and is based on the extent of anatomical disruption. Exercise-focused therapy, particularly the Watson Instability Program, is highlighted as a promising approach, emphasizing scapular and rotator cuff muscle strengthening to restore active shoulder control. Surgical interventions, such as open inferior capsular shift, arthroscopic capsular plication, and electrothermal arthroscopic capsulorrhaphy, are discussed in detail, with emphasis on their indications, outcomes, and comparative effectiveness. We also shed a light on the psychosocial factors role in ASI management outcomes, underscoring the importance of a multidisciplinary approach in patient care. In summary, ASI management necessitates a holistic approach that integrates anatomical understanding, tailored treatment protocols, and consideration of psychosocial factors. Further research is warranted to refine treatment strategies, validate rehabilitation programs, and explore the interplay between psychological factors and physical outcomes in ASI patients.
A global evaluation of musculoskeletal injuries and associated risk factors in competitive aerobic and artistic gymnasts: a systematic review and meta-analysis.
Li D, Liu Y, Liu Y
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 May · PMID 42012154 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Gymnastics has been reported to have one of the highest injury rates in sports, limiting participation and often involving significant medical costs. The current systematic review and meta-analysis research...
INTRODUCTION: Gymnastics has been reported to have one of the highest injury rates in sports, limiting participation and often involving significant medical costs. The current systematic review and meta-analysis research aimed to conduct a critical appraisal of the epidemiological literature on injury patterns and associated risk factors in competitive aerobic and artistic gymnasts. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION: Seven databases were searched for papers that examined injuries in competitive aerobic and artistic gymnasts. Data on injury prevalence and associated risk factors were extracted, along with data on injury type and location. The quality and level of evidence were investigated using the JBI method. Random effects meta-analysis on wrist prevalence rates was performed employing STATA software. EVIDENCE SYNTHESIS: The search found 10822 papers, of which 40 (6 studies in aerobic gymnasts, 35 studies in artistic gymnasts, and 1 study in both disciplines) were eligible for this review. Descriptive analysis revealed that the prevalence of injuries ranged from 1.0 to 69.2 injuries in aerobic gymnasts and 0.5 to 82.0 injuries in artistic gymnasts. Ankle injuries in 18 out of 40 studies (45.0%), knee injuries in 17 out of 40 studies (42.5%), wrist injuries in 15 out of 40 studies (37.5%), back injuries in 14 out of 40 studies (35.0%), shoulder injuries in 11 out of 40 studies (27.5%), and head/neck in 6 out of 40 studies (15.0%) were the greatest prevalence in all injuries. Sprains, fractures, dislocations, tears, contusions, strains, and concussions in different body parts were also found. Male gymnasts suffered more upper limb injuries, while female athletes suffered mostly lower limb injuries. The floor was associated with the highest number of injuries for both male and female athletes. Higher competitive level was a risk factor for gymnastics injury. Furthermore, age, body mass, menarcheal status, floor exercises, having an injury during the previous season, duration of training, and psychological factors were associated risk factors. The pooled prevalence of wrist injuries in gymnasts were 13.152%; 95% CI 10.65, 15.64. The subgroup analysis demonstrated that the polled prevalence of wrist injuries in gymnasts with age >20 years old (17.86%; 95% CI 9.70, 26.01) was higher than in gymnasts with age 10-14 years old (9.99%; 95% CI 5.72, 14.26). Moreover, the polled prevalence of wrist injuries in gymnasts with BMI 20-25 kg/m (21.80%; 95% CI 13.66, 29.95) was higher than in gymnasts with BMI<20 kg/m (10.18%; 95% CI 7.03, 13.34). Additionally, the polled prevalence of wrist injuries in gymnasts with training duration 20-30 hours per week (18.85%; 95% CI 13.22, 24.48) was higher than in gymnasts with training duration <20 hours per week (13.41%; 95% CI 9.35, 17.48). CONCLUSIONS: The results regarding the prevalence of injuries among aerobic and artistic gymnasts at all levels of competition are significant. Gymnasts who exercise at highly competitive levels and are exposed to competitive environments are at increased risk for injury. Future research should be focused on implementation of consistent reporting methods.
Relationships between heart rate-based training load and running metrics in field hockey players.
Choi H, Cho J, Kim Y … +3 more , Kim JE, Song J, Choi M
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 May · PMID 42012153 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Monitoring training load (TL) is essential for optimizing performance and reducing injury risk in team-sport athletes; however, how internal, and external load interact across different competition contexts r...
BACKGROUND: Monitoring training load (TL) is essential for optimizing performance and reducing injury risk in team-sport athletes; however, how internal, and external load interact across different competition contexts remains unclear in elite field hockey. This study aimed to examine the structure of GPS-derived running metrics and their associations with heart rate (HR) -based internal TL during simulated and international competitions in elite female field hockey players. METHODS: Individual data recordings from 18 female field hockey players during 13 simulated competitions and 8 international competitions were analyzed, with HR-based internal TL calculated from heart rate data and GPS-derived running metrics used to examine load structure and associations. RESULTS: Exploratory factor analysis identified two running load factors, with PA1 component comprising total distance covered, duration, total player load, sprint effort, decelerations, and accelerations and PA2 component comprising high-speed distance, maximal speed, sprint distance, and relative distance, together explaining 70.4% of the total variance. Linear mixed-effects models showed that PA1 (Δ=0.42) and HR-based internal TL(Δ=1.35) were significantly higher during international competitions than simulated competitions, whereas PA2 did not differ between conditions. HR-based internal TL was positively associated with both PA1 (β=0.031) and PA2 (β=0.019); however, this association was moderated by competition conditions only for PA1, with a stronger coupling observed during international competitions. CONCLUSIONS: These findings demonstrate that the relationship between GPS-derived external load and HR-based internal load varies by competition context, emphasizing the need for context-specific TL monitoring.
Jumper's knee risk in elite volleyball: impact of training volume, sex, and position.
Reis AM, Barros AS, Poças PS … +1 more , Gutierres M
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jul · PMID 42003364 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Jumper's knee, also known as patellar tendinopathy, is a common overuse injury among athletes involved in sports that require repetitive jumping and high-impact activities, such as volleyball. Understanding t...
BACKGROUND: Jumper's knee, also known as patellar tendinopathy, is a common overuse injury among athletes involved in sports that require repetitive jumping and high-impact activities, such as volleyball. Understanding the risk factors contributing to this injury is essential for implementing effective prevention strategies. The aim of this study was to clinically and ultrasonographically evaluate the patellar tendons of senior volleyball players at national division one in Portugal (>18 years old) and investigate the relationship between weekly training volume (in hours), sex and players' positions, and the risk of developing jumper's knee. METHODS: The diagnosis of jumper's knee was clinically determined using a pain questionnaire and confirmed via imaging through ultrasonography of the athletes' knees. Both tendons of total of 78 athletes were analyzed. RESULTS: The analysis revealed that the odds ratio for weekly training volume was 1.37 (P<0.001), indicating a significant positive relationship between training hours and the risk of developing the injury. Male athletes were significantly more likely to develop jumper's knee compared to females, with an odds ratio of 4.41 (P=0.003). Regarding player positions, attackers had an odds ratio of 6.18 (P=0.095), and setters had an odds ratio of 5.81 (P=0.14), both compared to liberos. Although the effects of positions were positive, they did not reach statistical significance. CONCLUSIONS: The results demonstrate that male athletes and those engaging in higher weekly training volumes are at greater risk of developing jumper's knee. While positions involving greater jumping volume and explosive effort showed a higher odds ratio, these findings did not achieve statistical significance.
Doping prevention in adolescence: findings from a chat-bot assisted educational program for high school students.
Trani L, Fontana A, Greco AG … +3 more , Egidi F, Cacioppo M, Sideli L
J Sports Med Phys Fitness · 2026 Jul · PMID 41984039 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Doping is a widespread issue in both professional and amateur sports, affecting athletes of all ages and across different competitive levels. Literature suggests that one in three adolescents who practice spo...
BACKGROUND: Doping is a widespread issue in both professional and amateur sports, affecting athletes of all ages and across different competitive levels. Literature suggests that one in three adolescents who practice sports considers the use of anabolic steroids to achieve a rapid increase in muscle mass. Recently, text-based messaging facilitated by human coaches or an artificial agent (Chatbot) has been increasingly adopted as web-based preventive interventions. This study aimed to describe a chatbot-assisted educational program (the LUDO Project) for adolescents. METHODS: Overall, 176 adolescents (aged 13-19 years), were recruited from schools across Italy. Half of the participants (N.=90) had access to the LUDO chatbot for two months to enhance their knowledge of doping, while the remaining (N.=86) received only informational contents without interactive engagement with the chatbot. An 18-item multiple-choice questionnaire was used to evaluate the impact of chatbot use on students' knowledge of substances, health-related risks, and physical, psychological, and legal consequences of doping behaviors. RESULTS: Between-group comparison revealed significant differences in doping knowledge between LUDO users and non-users. Further regression analysis elucidated that, on average, LUDO users scored 4 points higher on doping knowledge compared to non-users, a result that remained robust after adjusting for sex, age, and sport practice. CONCLUSIONS: Findings supported the efficacy of the LUDO chatbot in enhancing adolescents' comprehension of doping risks, thereby underscoring the utility of digital interventions in educational contexts. Research should evaluate the long-term sustainability of these results and explore the applicability of digital tools in diverse settings.
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