Yakushigaku Zasshi. The Journal Of Japanese History Of Pharmacy[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
"Terumeru," A Patent Medicine of the Late Edo Era-The Packaging, Efficacy Statement, and Dosage Form.
Nojiri K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2016 · PMID 30183149
“Terumeru” was a patent medicine that an apothecary in Osaka sold as an expectorant and medicine for internal diseases towards the end of the Edo era. Due to its manufacturer, Gengendo, closing its expectorant business i...
“Terumeru” was a patent medicine that an apothecary in Osaka sold as an expectorant and medicine for internal diseases towards the end of the Edo era. Due to its manufacturer, Gengendo, closing its expectorant business in the early Meiji era, further details are unknown. The author investigated Terumeru products dating back approximately 200 years. The objective of this study is to clarify what kind of patent medicine Terumeru was, and furthermore, compare it to other medicines with names spelled using katakana that were distributed around the same time as a topic of discussion. The characteristics of Terumeru were as follows : the dosage form was three times as much as that prescribed for similar drugs ; and although it was said to be of Dutch origin, the name of a Chinese clinician, Zhu Zhenheng, was cited on its efficacy statement and advertising. These findings revealed that there were problems with its formulation and inconsistency in its brand image. These reasons led to the conclusion that Terumeru was considered a katakana-named patent medicine during the pioneering days of pharmacology Japan.
Transition of Psychotropic Drugs in Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) (Part 18) The Study for New Knowledge and Decisions regarding Cultivation Method for Japanese Valerian (Kisso).
Yanagisawa K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2016 · PMID 30183148
In Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JPXVII 2016), there is a description about Kanokoso, “This item is the root and rootstock of Kanokoso Valeriana fauriei Briquet (Valerianaceae). Kanokoso Valeriana fauriei Briquet is referring...
In Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JPXVII 2016), there is a description about Kanokoso, “This item is the root and rootstock of Kanokoso Valeriana fauriei Briquet (Valerianaceae). Kanokoso Valeriana fauriei Briquet is referring to Ezokanokoso Valeriana fauriei forma yezoensis Hara, which is the same variety. The Hokkai-kisso currently cultivated in Japan is the Ezokanokoso variety. The author analyzed the history of the variety of Japanese Valerian previously cultivated, but it’s incomplete. To maintain the quality and efficacy of a medicine, it is important to disseminate information regarding the origin of the crude drug. To ensure the quality of Kanokoso and stable efficacy of the medicine, it’s indispensable to maintain the original plant variety when cultivated.The author obtained the following knowledge during research. The variety cultivated in Kanagawa early in the Showa era was Japanese Valerian, sometimes being two kinds, lobule and round leaf. It is presumed that the original variety cultivated in Kanagawa early in the Showa era was Hokkai-kisso.The ingredients of the variety of Japanese Valerian cultivated and that which grows wild vary. The basis of the chemical structure of sesqui terpene kinds of α-Kessyl alcohol (KA) and Kessyl glycol diacetate (KGD), etc. has Kessane skeleton. It’s this consistency and is gathered using the same type of system. The consistency is interesting. Pursuing the relation between the consistency and type of system is regarded as a problem. To obtain the same kind of ingredient and form from Hokkai-kisso in the current state seems difficult. To maintain today’s quality of Hokkai-kisso and medicinal efficacy, it’s important for continue to cultivating the plant by dividing the roots for replanting.
History of French Pharmaceutical Education from 16th Century up to the PresentStudy on Japanese Pharmaceutical Education : Comparison between Japan and France - Pharmaceutical Education System.
Giga K, Echizen H
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2016 · PMID 30183147
After the long isolation in the Edo era, the new Meiji government tried to import science and culture from western countries. In the field of medical science, Kanpo, Chinese medicine, was abolished and western medicine w...
After the long isolation in the Edo era, the new Meiji government tried to import science and culture from western countries. In the field of medical science, Kanpo, Chinese medicine, was abolished and western medicine was introduced in Japan. A medical system was established in 1874, but the division of prescribing medicines and dispensing them had not been introduced yet, and this situation prevented the increase in newborn pharmacists and solid pharmaceutical education for a long time. However, when the division of prescribing and dispensing medicines started in the late 1980s, the demand for pharmacists increased and a six-year pharmaceutical education system was introduced in 2006. The core curriculum that was established about 10 years ago had many problems, but the system was revised in 2013. The goal of the efforts is to improve the situation regarding the quality, quantity and contents of clinical pharmaceutical education for the new generation of pharmacists to come over the next 10 years. It is important to look at the pharmaceutical education of Japan in light of that of France, where the division of prescribing and dispensing medicine, and the pharmacy itself had been established in medieval times, focusing on the history of the educational system and requirements for pharmacists.
Transition of Psychotropic Drugs in Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) (Part 17) Transitions in the Standards and Test Methods of Valproic Acid and Sodium Valproate in Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP), Pharmacopoeia of the USA (USP), British Pharmacopoeia (BP), and the Knowledge and Judgment about Japanese Valeriana, and Valproic Acid from Valeric Acid.
Yanagisawa K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2016 · PMID 30183146
Valproic acid (VPA) and sodium valproate (VPA-Na) are used for the treatment of various things today, such as epilepsy and manic-depressive states. Moreover, use has expanded to a variety of applications, such as the pre...
Valproic acid (VPA) and sodium valproate (VPA-Na) are used for the treatment of various things today, such as epilepsy and manic-depressive states. Moreover, use has expanded to a variety of applications, such as the prevention of migraine headaches. As a result, a high demand has been maintained. The chemical structure is a branching low-grade saturated fatty acid, which is simpler than other psychotropic drugs. VPA is called 2-propyl-pentanoic acid and 2-propyl-valeric acid under the IUPAC system, and is derived from Valeric acid. This time, the author researched transitions in the standards and testing methods for VPA and VPA-Na in JP, USP and BP. It was found that each countryʼs pharmacopoeia described a detection test for substances related to VPA. It can be explained that VPA is derived from Valeric acid based on the test contents. Valeric acid is a component of Japanese Valeriana and Valerian root. It is believed that there is a sense of value as the origin of VPA is Japanese Valeriana and Valeriana root.
The Change of Reference to Post-Marketing Surveillance Based on the Sequence of Revising the Pharmaceutical Affairs Law.
Takahashi H
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2016 · PMID 30183145
The present Pharmaceutical Affairs Law (PAL) was promulgated in October 1960 and enforced in February 1961．Thereafter, PAL has been frequently revised, was renamed the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Act (PMD Act) i...
The present Pharmaceutical Affairs Law (PAL) was promulgated in October 1960 and enforced in February 1961．Thereafter, PAL has been frequently revised, was renamed the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Act (PMD Act) in November 2013, and the PMD Act was enforced in November 2014. It describes the change of reference to Post-Marketing Surveillance (PMS) based on the sequence of revisions of PAL for approximately 50 years. Although the purpose of PAL in 1960 was “to control and regulate drugs, quasi-drugs, cosmetics and medical devices (drugs, etc.), and to contrive proper use,” it did not include rules regarding PMS. Thereafter, “to assure the quality, efficacy and safety of drugs, etc.,” “to promote research and development of orphan drugs, etc.” and “to regulate designated substances” were added to the purpose of PAL over a period of time. At the time of establishing the PMD Act, “to assure the quality, efficacy and safety of regenerative products, to promote their research and development, and to prevent the onset and spread of hazards to public health and hygiene through the use of drugs, etc. ”was added to the purpose. Simultaneously, the matters of control and regulation using PAL were increased whenever PAL was revised. Additionally, the PMS systems, such as adverse drug reactions reporting, drug reevaluation and drug reexamination, and the Good Post-Marketing Surveillance Practice (GPMSP) regarding the enforcement standards of PMS, etc. were initiated by regulatory directions and legislated after their establishment. Moreover, an infection reporting system and early-phase pharmcovigilance, etc. were added to the PMS systems. Furthermore, GPMSP was divided into the Good Vigilance Practice (GVP) for marketing license conditions and the Good Post-Marketing Study Practice (GPSP) for enforcement standards regarding post-marketing investigations and clinical trials, and both are regulated.
Historical and Hygienic Aspects on Roles of Quality Requirements for Antibiotic Products in Japan : Part 3-Introduction of Technology and Knowledge in the Production Process and Quality Control of Penicillin from the United States of America.
Yagisawa M, Foster PJ, Kurokawa T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2016 · PMID 30183144
In order to investigate the roles of quality requirements for antibiotic products in Japan, from historical and hygienic aspects, we examined and analyzed how technology and knowledge in the production and quality contro...
In order to investigate the roles of quality requirements for antibiotic products in Japan, from historical and hygienic aspects, we examined and analyzed how technology and knowledge in the production and quality control of penicillin were introduced from the United States of America, applied, and further developed. Owing to the strong support of Colonel Crawford Sams, the chief of the Public Health and Welfare Section of the Supreme Commander for Allied Power/General Headquarters, via the Ministry of Welfare in Japan, the technology and knowledge were acquired from an experienced leader, Dr. Jackson W. Foster, and as a result, domestic production of penicillin was successfully achieved in amounts required to meet national demands sufficiently within three years in a devastated post-war-torn Japan. Based on the consensus that penicillin should be dealt with as “biological products” similar to vaccines and antisera, the quality standards for penicillin were enacted as the “Minimum Requirements for Penicillin (MRP)” on the 1st of May 1947. Due to the development of penicillin production technology, the quality standards of penicillin provided by the MRP were revised often to higher levels ; content of the active element from no less than 60 units/mg (purity 3.8%) to no less than 1,430 units/mg (purity 89.7%). Regarding the penicillin preparations, the content of the active ingredient per vial was changed from 30,000 units at the beginning, to 100,000 units in January 1948, to 3,000,000 units in December 1950, and two preparations containing 200,000 units and 1,000,000 units per vial are currently available, according to clinical convenience.
Studies on the History of Pharmacy and the Evolution of Word Usage-Japanese Yakumi and Ryouri.
Mayanagi M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2016 · PMID 30182809
“Yakumi” and “Ryouri” are common vocabulary in modern Japanese. However, examples of their usage in terms of the Japanese meaning have not been found in general Chinese classics. Rather, conventionally they have been und...
“Yakumi” and “Ryouri” are common vocabulary in modern Japanese. However, examples of their usage in terms of the Japanese meaning have not been found in general Chinese classics. Rather, conventionally they have been understood as kanji vocabulary originating in Japan. Therefore, through investigating and examining the sources and examples of both words, I found that they were derived from the original meanings of the Chinese words both in China and Japan, and the current meanings were adopted in Japan. It is very interesting to study the history of pharmacy and see in the processes and background that food was considered as a drug.
Pharmacology in a Cup of Coffee The Virtue of Coffee and Vitamins Learned from the History of Scurvy and Dropsy.
Oka K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2016 · PMID 30182708
Scurvy, a vitamin C deficiency, was rampant during the age of discovery in Europe. In the mid-17th century, “Pasqua Rosée,” the first coffee house in London, put an ad in the newspaper “Publick Adviser” clearly stating,...
Scurvy, a vitamin C deficiency, was rampant during the age of discovery in Europe. In the mid-17th century, “Pasqua Rosée,” the first coffee house in London, put an ad in the newspaper “Publick Adviser” clearly stating, “It (coffee) is excellent to prevent and cure dropsy, gout, and scurvy.” A Netherlands trade merchant carried the information to Nagasaki, Japan, along with coffee beans harvested in the Netherlands’ new territory, Java Island. A Japanese physician in Nagasaki, Dr. Kai Hirokawa, translated the information into Japanese in his new book, “Dutch Medicines,” published in 1803. According to the ancient documents stored in Wakkanai City, Japan, the coffee beans were distributed to Tsugaru Clan soldiers who were guarding the northern coastline from 1855 to 1856. The purpose of the distribution was the prevention of scurvy and dropsy. As the result, none of the soldiers died from scurvy during the winter of 1855-1856. This paper discusses the pharmacological relationship between coffee micronutrients and vitamin deficiency syndrome.
The Heroic and Noble Life of Morizo ISHIDATE Commemorating the 115 years since his birth and 20 years since his death.
Morimoto K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2016 · PMID 30182706
Morizo Ishidate was born in the city of Aomori on January 24, 1901, the third son in his family. As the 16th Director General of the NIHS, he announced his decision to reform the organization and implemented this action...
Morizo Ishidate was born in the city of Aomori on January 24, 1901, the third son in his family. As the 16th Director General of the NIHS, he announced his decision to reform the organization and implemented this action in 1966. In September 1970, as the president of the Central Pharmaceutical Affairs Council, he decided to stop the use of all quinoform preparations. On May 21, 1973, he held a historic talk with Dr. Taro Takemi. After the meeting, the separation of dispensing and prescribing functions opened a new chapter in pharmaceutical history. Such a heroic and noble life may be due to his faith. In April 1922, he entered “Doushikai,” a dormitory belonging to Tokyo Imperial University. Yoshinosuke Konishi was his best friend in the dormitory. They joined a bible class directed by an American missionary, Miss Laura J. Maukʼ. In September 1947, at the age of 49, Yoshinosuke decided to devote the rest of his life to being an evangelist. After that time, Morizo supported him for 33 years. At the age of 70, Morizo confessed his belief of Jesus Christ’s resurrection from the dead based upon following words in the bible, “Therefore, if anyone is in Christ, he is a new creation. The old has passed away; behold, the new has come,” (2 CORINTHIANS 5 : 17). On July 18, 1996, he passed away at the age of 95.
[Visualization for Traditional Quality Management Techniques--Characterization Method for Spikenard of INUBUSHI SEIYAKU Established in the Edo Period].
Ito K, Inubushi S, Moriwaki T … +9 more , Matsunaga K, Takahashi K, Ueda T, Hashizume S, Takemoto H, Kobayashi Y, Ota T, Nakamura S, Matsuda H
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 26427103
INUBUSHI SEIYAKU, a Japanese pharmaceutical company established in 1807, manufactures KEISHIN-TAN. This is an original drug developed by the company, and consists of 14 exotic natural medicines, spikenard, oriental bezoa...
INUBUSHI SEIYAKU, a Japanese pharmaceutical company established in 1807, manufactures KEISHIN-TAN. This is an original drug developed by the company, and consists of 14 exotic natural medicines, spikenard, oriental bezoar, musk, agarwood, etc. It has been used for adjusting the autonomic nervous system and physical conditions. We studied the original methods of the traditional quality management techniques handed down within INUBUSHI SEIYAKU in selecting the appropriate spikenard (Nardostachys chinensis) for medicinal use. Currently, spikenards are mainly used as incense rather than medicine. KEISHIN-TAN is a rare case in that the bulk powder of the spikenards is used for pharmaceutical products in Japan. We examined the morphological characteristics and made an analysis of the component of spikenards selected by traditional methods. The raw material of the spikenards was purchased from the Japanese market, and was classified into two categories-superior, fit for medicinal use and defective, to be discarded-by traditional methods of INUBUSHI SEIYAKU. The methods of the characterization of the spikenard by INUBUSHI SEIYAKU were investigated. As a result, only thick spikenard roots over 2.0 cm in length and approximately 0.5 cm in diameter were found to be used, and the total weight of the superior was only 15% of the raw material. By comparing the weights of hexane extracts and GC-MS analyses, the content of calarene--main sedative compound in spikenards--in the superior material was 2.8 times higher than the raw material and 4.3 times higher than the defective material. The ways to devise how to enhance the pharmacological effects of spikenards may be contained in this method. These results revealed the traditional spikenard selection criteria, and may show the indications of using spikenard or its compounds for medicinal purposes.
[Pharmaceutical Regulations in the Japanese Hospitals in 1880s and the Case of a Scholar of Pharmacology in Oita Prefecture].
Goino M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 26427102
In the 1870s, various provisions existed regarding pharmacists working at Japanese military hospitals. And in the decade of the 1880s, some hospitals in Tokyo and Oita implemented them. These provisions gave pharmacists...
In the 1870s, various provisions existed regarding pharmacists working at Japanese military hospitals. And in the decade of the 1880s, some hospitals in Tokyo and Oita implemented them. These provisions gave pharmacists the right to challenge doctors' prescriptions and provide patients with medicine-related information. In Oita Prefecture, patients could have their prescriptions filled outside of the hospital. This paper examines the case of one scholar of pharmacology who worked in Oita Medical School Hospital.
[The Original Formulation for Toso-shu (Tusujiu), Created by the 3rd Century Chinese Physician, Hua Tuo].
Mouri C, Mikage M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 26427101
The original formulation for "Tusujiu," which Japanese people still consume on the morning of January 1st, was created by Hua Tuo, but has not been studied in detail. The book Huatuo Shenyi Bizhuan, found in 1918, descri...
The original formulation for "Tusujiu," which Japanese people still consume on the morning of January 1st, was created by Hua Tuo, but has not been studied in detail. The book Huatuo Shenyi Bizhuan, found in 1918, describes a concoction, "Biyijiu," that shows great similarity to the current Tusujiu; the ingredients for Biyijiu being rhubarb, atractylodes rhizome, cinnamon bark, platycodon root, zanthoxylum fruit, processed aconite root and smilax rhizome. The procedures for preparing and drinking it are to "pound the ingredients and then put them into a silk bag dyed with madder. During the daytime of the last day of the year, hang the bag in a well to soften the powder. Take the bag out early in the morning of the next day, the first day of the year. Heat the bag in fermented liquor until simmering. Drink the liquid with all family members, doing so while facing east. If one person drinks it, there will be no disease in the family. If the whole family drinks it, there will be no disease in their neighborhood in an area of one square 'li'. In this study, to determine the original formulation for Tusujiu, we examined a number of ancient medical texts from the 3rd to the 13th century that discuss Biyijiu and Tusujiu. As a result, we concluded that "Biyijiu" is likely to be the original formulation developed by Hua Tuo.
[Twenty-year History and Future Challenges in Transparency Enhancement of Review Process for Approval: Focus on Public Release of Review Reports regarding New Drugs and Medical Devices].
Morimoto K, Kawasaki S, Yoshida Y
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 26427100
For 20 years, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW, formerly Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW)) has been trying to increase transparency of the review process for approving reports in order to promote the...
For 20 years, the Ministry of Health, Labour and Welfare (MHLW, formerly Ministry of Health and Welfare (MHW)) has been trying to increase transparency of the review process for approving reports in order to promote the rational use of newly approved drugs and medical devices. The first Summary Basis of Approval (SBA) was published by MHW in 1994. In 1999, evaluation reports were prepared by MHW and the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Evaluation Center to make them available to the public. In 2005, a notice from the Chief Executive of the Pharmaceuticals and Medical Devices Agency (PMDA) made procedures for public release of information on reviewing applications for new drugs. In 2006, 90 review reports of newly approved drugs and eight medical devices were revealed on PMDA websites. The dissemination of information by the United States Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and that of the European Medicines Agency (EMA) were studied and compared with that of the MHLW and PMDA. While common technical documents (CTD) for new drugs and summary technical documents (STED) for new medical devices have been released by PMDA, such documents are not released by the FDA and EMA. The European Public Assessment Report (EAPR) summary for the public is an interesting questionnaire approach that uses the "What," "How" and "Why" format. Finally, future proposals for the next decade are also outlined.
[Tri-phalā (Three Myrobalans) as Described in the Second Part of the Bower Manuscript, the Nāvanītaka].
Natsume Y
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 26427099
In India, since ancient times Tri-phalā (meaning "three fruits" in Sanskrit) has been considered to be a combination of the following fruits: -Harītakī (Terminalia chebula, Retz.), Āmalaka (Embelica officinalis Gaertn),...
In India, since ancient times Tri-phalā (meaning "three fruits" in Sanskrit) has been considered to be a combination of the following fruits: -Harītakī (Terminalia chebula, Retz.), Āmalaka (Embelica officinalis Gaertn), and Vibhītaka (Terminalia belerica Roxb.). These plants are also listed in the Ayurvedic Pharmacopoeia of India. Harītakī and Āmalaka have also been used for medicinal purposes since ancient times in Japan under the Japanese names of (see text) (Kariroku) and (see text) (Annmaroku), respectively. Both have been carefully preserved as treasured drugs in the nationally important Shosoin treasure storehouse. This study attempts to clarify the description of Tri-phalā in the Nāvanītaka, which is the second part of the Bower Manuscript (Bower Ms.), and examines the reasons why these plants were combined. This paper begins with a summary description of Tri-phalā in the context of traditional Asian medicine, followed by the delineation of drug selection principles in Ayurveda. Tri-phalā formulas in the Nāvanītaka are then examined. The Carakasamhitā (CS) treats Tri-phalā as a purifier and tonic (rasāyana), describing it as a formula for rejuvenation and longevity. On the other hand, the Susrutasamhitd (SS) regards Tri-phalā as having the efficacy of balancing kapha (phlegm) and pitta (bile), and also as being a medicine to promote excretion and enhance digestive functions for better nutritional intake. It is described to have an effect of curing diseases by keeping the tridhāu (theree element) valance. Tri-phalā is thus used as an ingredient of laxatives for diseases that result from kapha imbalance and tonic. The Aşţāngahŗdayasamhitā (AHS) considers Tri-phalā to have a particular superiority among cure-all medicines with the power to dispel illness. It controls kapha and overcomes blood diseases. Tri-phalā formulas found in the Nāvanītaka were prescribed for the treatment of abdominal tumors induced by vāyu (wind) disorder as well as for coughs caused by pitta and kapha disorder. Tri-phalā was also administered to facilitate nutrient absorption, regulate bowel function, and promote excretion. Tri-phalā thus restores the balance of tridhāu by facilitating water distribution in the body. For these reasons, the optimal combination of Tri-phalā was then established to adjust kapha for most efficient purification effects.
[Herbological Study on the Medicinal Effects of Roasted Licorice and Honey-roasted Licorice].
Ota M, Mikage M, Cai SQ
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 26427098
In China, the crude drug licorice ("kanzo" in Japanese, "gancao" in Chinese) has been used both dried and roasted as the situation demands from ancient times. The meaning of "roasted licorice" is simply roasted and honey...
In China, the crude drug licorice ("kanzo" in Japanese, "gancao" in Chinese) has been used both dried and roasted as the situation demands from ancient times. The meaning of "roasted licorice" is simply roasted and honey-roasted in ancient and modern times, respectively. However, it is not clear medicinal purposes of processed licorice or why licorice processed with honey began to be used. We researched ancient literature and found that the main objective of roasting was to change the property of licorice from cool to warm (i.e., dried licorice had the effect of draining fire), while roasted licorice was used as an energy supplement, having a digestive effect and thus warming the body. Meanwhile, doctors began using honey-roasted licorice to treat throat pain from the Song dynasty, and then at the end of the Qing dynasty, honey-roasted licorice was expected to have the same effects of roasted licorice (i.e., supplementing energy and having a digestive effect).
[Element Analysis of a Chinese Yagen Bearing the Inscription of "Product of the Ming-Zhengde Period" [Property of the Naito Memorial Museum of Pharmaceutical Science and Industry, Gifu] using an X-ray Fluorescence Spectrometer].
Okuda J, Morita H
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 26427097
Yagen (see text) is an oriental grinder for crude plant medicines. It consists of a disk and navicular mortar. A Chinese yagen with the inscription, "Product of the Ming-Zhengde Period (See text), (1506-1521 A.D.)" has b...
Yagen (see text) is an oriental grinder for crude plant medicines. It consists of a disk and navicular mortar. A Chinese yagen with the inscription, "Product of the Ming-Zhengde Period (See text), (1506-1521 A.D.)" has been housed for 40 years in the Naito Memorial Museum of Pharmaceutical Science and Industry (Kakamigahara, Gifu Prefecture, Japan). To identify the district that produced this yagen, the authors analyzed the elements using an X-ray fluorescence spectrometer. The results showed that the blue design and blue Chinese characters on the yagen were enameled with elements of cobalt, manganese, and iron. Therefore, it is believed that the yagen was made in an old porcelain kiln near Zhangzhou in Fujian Province, China. However, as the period of production could not determined in the present study, further research is needed in the future.
[Transition of Psychotropic Drugs in Japanese Pharmacopoeia (JP) (Part 15). Transitions in the Standards and Test Methods of Potassium Bromide in JP I (1886) and JP X VI (2011), and Comparison between the USP and BP].
Yanagisawa K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 26427096
In mental clinics, bromide agents such as potassium bromide were often once used as therapeutic drugs to treat psychiatric disorders. They were also given as hypnotic, sedative and antiepileptic medicines. However, the a...
In mental clinics, bromide agents such as potassium bromide were often once used as therapeutic drugs to treat psychiatric disorders. They were also given as hypnotic, sedative and antiepileptic medicines. However, the appearance of new medicines has resulted in them not being used for these purposes in recent years. Potassium bromide is still continuously listed in today's JP and BP. This suggests that it maintains value as a basic medicine for treating mental disorders in the history of psychotropic medicines. However, regarding the standards and test methods for potassium bromide in the present JP, as a result of a comparison between the USP of the same age, BP and EP, a gap is seen, and this is very regrettable. The exchange of art and scientific information related to medical sciences with foreign countries is becoming more active today. Therefore, scholarly information overseas should be collected and reflected in the standards and test methods for potassium bromide adopted in the JP of Japan. The author believes that the standards and test methods comparable to those at the international level should introduced. On the other hand, potassium bromide was recetnly relisted by USP29 (2006) for the first time in approximately 50 years. Moreover, instrumental analysis was introduced as part of the test methods in BP2013; that is, an epoch-making revision was made in terms of test methods. It is assumed from this that there is a sign of new change regarding the existence of potassium bromide as hypnotic, sedative and antiepileptic medicines, and its utility value. It is believed that the sign of change in view of the utility value and pharmacological evaluation probably arose with the new clinical knowledge that potassium bromide was used to treat a baby seriously ill with myoclony epilepsy, as well as to treat a dog with epilepsy.
[History of Inorganic-pharmaceutics in Japan].
Sakurai H
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 26427095
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
[History of Japanese Kampo Medicines Manufacturers].
Arai I
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 26427094
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
["Holtos," a Patented Medicine of the Late Edo Era--Wrapping Style, Statement of Medicine Efficacy, and Tablet Form].
Nojiri K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2015 · PMID 27149785
Holtos is a medicine that was patented by Kan-sei-do, a pharmacy in Osaka, and sold as a Western medicine from the late Edo era to the Meiji era. It is similar to the patented medicine Uluus, which sold well using the ka...
Holtos is a medicine that was patented by Kan-sei-do, a pharmacy in Osaka, and sold as a Western medicine from the late Edo era to the Meiji era. It is similar to the patented medicine Uluus, which sold well using the katakana brand name. This article introduces HOLTOS products marketed beginning in the late Edo era and makes a comparative study with Uluus products. The features of Holtos include more indications of what the drug can be used to treat in order to emphasize its versatility. There was also a slight increase in size of the tablet sold at the same price as Uluus, and other improvements such as embossing the name "Holtos" on the surface of the tablet. These reasons lead to the conclusion that Holtos was a patented medicine that imitated Uluus. Furthermore, it has been confirmed that strategic measures were taken by Holtos to outlast competition in the market.
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