Voprosy Pitaniia[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
[New possibilities for dietary correction of body weight and lipid metabolism in patients with obesity].
Pilat TL, Kuzmina LP, Khotuleva AG … +1 more , Kolyaskina MM
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42272415 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Overweight, obesity, and dyslipidemia significantly contribute to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Among non-drug treatments, dietary therapy using foods for special dietary uses is...
UNLABELLED: Overweight, obesity, and dyslipidemia significantly contribute to the development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Among non-drug treatments, dietary therapy using foods for special dietary uses is the most effective. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the possibilities of dietary correction of body weight and lipid metabolism in patients with overweight and obesity using the "Weight and Cholesterol Reduction" (WCR) nutrition program. MATERIAL AND METHODS: An observational cohort study was conducted involving 20 women aged 25 to 50 years with initially high total serum cholesterol (>6.2 mmol/L) and a body mass index (BMI) over 25.0 kg/m2. The effectiveness of the WCR nutrition program was assessed based on changes in anthropometric parameters, blood lipid profile [total cholesterol, triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) level], fasting blood glucose level, and changes in liver function (the activity of organ-specific liver enzymes and level of total and direct bilirubin). The organoleptic properties and tolerability of the WCR program products were assessed using a questionnaire. RESULTS: After two weeks of using the WCR nutrition program, the body weight of the subjects decreased to 4.7 kg (from 82.4±5.7 to 77.7±5.4 kg), blood serum level of total cholesterol decreased by 12% (from 7.12±0.43 to 6.26±0.36 mmol/L), triglycerides - by 17% (from 2.18±0.45 to 1.81±0.38 mmol/L), LDL - by 8.7% (from 4.42±0.38 to 4.03±0.35 mmol/L) (p<0.05), which is justified by a decrease in the diet calorie intake and fat consumption, the exclusion of cholesterol-rich foods from the diet, and the inclusion of pectin, chlorogenic acid and β-glucans in the diet, which contribute to lipid profile improvement. Enhancing liver function was noted: the activity of alanine and aspartate aminotransferase decreased (p>0.05) by 14.2% (from 48.2±17.1 to 41.4±14.2 U/L) and 7.7% (from 41.6±12.9 to 38.4±11.5 U/l), respectively, the bilirubin level decreased [total by 16% (from 14.2±3.6 to 11.9±3.1 μmol/L), direct by 17.4% (from 3.9±1.2 to 3.2±1.0 μmol/L)]. Improvement in carbohydrate metabolism was revealed: the blood glucose level decreased by 9.5% (from 5.95±0.42 to 5.38±0.38 U/l) (p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The WCR nutrition program can serve as an effective mean for weight loss and normalization of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism in individuals with obesity and hyperlipidemia.
[A study of soy protein proteolysis by digestive enzymes and description of the peptide profile of the obtained hydrolysates].
Fomenko VV, Detinkin IA, Chernukha IM … +2 more , Mashentseva NG, Bolshev NA
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42272414 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: The study of proteolysis of plant proteins is attracting increasing attention. When proteolytic enzymes act on plant proteins, peptides with different biological activities can be released. Proteolytic hydrol...
UNLABELLED: The study of proteolysis of plant proteins is attracting increasing attention. When proteolytic enzymes act on plant proteins, peptides with different biological activities can be released. Proteolytic hydrolysis, being a natural mechanism of protein digestion in the body, has been successfully adapted for use in food technology in order to modify the functional and biological properties of protein ingredients. The purpose of this work was to study the effect of digestive enzymes on soy protein in vitro and analyze the peptide profile of the obtained hydrolysates using in silico instruments. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The proteolysis of soy protein isolate (with a protein content of 89%) was carried out using the enzymes trypsin (at pH 7.8±0.1), pepsin (at pH 2.0±0.1), as well as their sequential action - hydrolysis first with pepsin (for 2 hours), and then with trypsin (2 hours). The degree of hydrolysis was calculated as the ratio of the concentration of amine nitrogen released during proteolysis to the total nitrogen content in the suspension before hydrolysis. The dominant peptides were identified using the nano- LC-MS/MS method. The databases BIOPEP-UWM, AntiBP3, Antifp, AntiCP 2.0, and AntiTbPred were used to predict the biological activity of the dominant peptide sequences in hydrolysates. The toxicity of the peptides was assessed using ToxinPred3.0. AutoDock Vina 1.2.7 software was used for molecular docking. RESULTS: When treated with trypsin (200 U/g) at an enzyme dosage of 4% for 4 hours, the degree of hydrolysis was 5.38%, when treated with pepsin (420 U/g) at the same enzyme dosage for 4 hours, taking into account optimal pH values, the degree of hydrolysis was 7.06%. With sequential proteolysis by these enzymes, a hydrolysis rate of 7.71% was achieved. Based on mass spectrometric data, 37 of the most common peptide sequences present in hydrolysates were analyzed in silico. The dominant properties predicted for the discovered peptide sequences were the ability to inhibit angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) and dipeptidyl peptidase IV (DPP-IV), as well as oncostatic properties. The binding energy of some peptides to DPP-IV and ACE enzymes was also estimated using molecular docking. A low binding energy to DPP-IV (-8.154 kcal/mol) was observed in the ATISDQPRGSY peptide, while the LAIPVNKPGRF, TTVPPHSVQVHTTTHRYEAGVPPARF and VSIIDTNSLENQLDQMPRRF peptides had a low binding index to ACE (<-8.5 kcal/mol), indicating a potentially high inhibitory activity of these peptides against DPP-IV and ACE. CONCLUSION: The present study describes a number of new bioactive peptides from soy that can be formed during proteolysis by pepsin and trypsin. The data obtained form the basis for further investigation of the biological activity of the obtained hydrolysates and the identified peptides, which in the future may be useful for the development of technologies for functional products and components from soy protein. Another area of further research (in view of the origin of the enzymes under study) may be the search for identified peptides in conditions close to human digestion, which will expand knowledge about the mechanisms of the physiological effect of soy protein when consumed. It is advisable to direct further research to the chemical synthesis of the peptides found in this research in order to study their properties in vitro and in vivo.
[Assessment of the frequency of a decrease in bone mineral density and its relationship with the diet of young tennis players].
Mezentseva YA, Shurova ZM, Balandin MY … +5 more , Solntseva TN, Vrzhesinskaya OA, Andronova MS, Kompaintseva DM, Nikityuk DB
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42272413 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Optimizing bone health is a key aspect of injury prevention both in the general population and in youth sports. Furthermore, the specifics of physical activity, along with nutrition, are potentially modifiabl...
UNLABELLED: Optimizing bone health is a key aspect of injury prevention both in the general population and in youth sports. Furthermore, the specifics of physical activity, along with nutrition, are potentially modifiable factors influencing the skeletal system. Assessing the relationship and further optimizing dietary intake and bone health is an important component of a comprehensive system of medical and biological monitoring of young athletes. The purpose of this study was to assess the incidence of decreased bone mineral density (BMD) and its relationship with dietary intake in young tennis players. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved 60 tennis players aged 7 to 17 years (33 female, 27 male). Dietary intake was assessed using 24-hour dietary recall for 3 survey days (2 training days and 1 day off) and food-frequency methods (for 1 month preceding the survey). BMD of the forearm and lower leg was assessed using ultrasound densitometry. RESULTS: The prevalence of reduced BMD (Z-score <-2.0 SD) in primary school-aged children was 37.5% for the radius and 20.8% for the tibia. Among children aged 11-14 years, low BMD of the radius was observed in 23.5% of those examined, and of the tibia in 11.8%, while in the older age group, only one of the 8 athletes had low BMD of both areas examined. One of the positive factors influencing bone tissue could be the effect of tennis-specific impact loading, which becomes apparent with increasing skill. Dietary imbalance consist of carbohydrate deficiency, which is most pronounced when calculated per kg of body weight in young men aged 15-17 years, girls aged 11-14 and 15-17 years, among whom not a single athlete had carbohydrate consumption reaching the lower limit of the recommended intake range. A surplus of dietary fat was observed regardless of age and gender, with a maximum intake of 3.8 g/kg body weight per day. A specific energy deficit was observed in girls aged 11-14 and 15-17. A positive correlation was noted between daily calories from protein and Z-score in the radius area of boys aged 7-10 years. A negative correlation was found in the group of senior school-age boys between fat intake in absolute and specific units and the BMD of the radius. CONCLUSION: Based on the study of the frequency of low BMD and its correlation with dietary intake, individual recommendations for adjusting the diet of young tennis players have been developed. X-ray osteodensitometry is recommended for athletes at risk. A comprehensive analysis of nutrition and physical development indicators allows for the timely identification of risks and the development of recommendations for optimizing the level of physical activity and diet of young tennis players to improve bone health.
[Asynchronous age- and sex- associated changes in relationship between eating behavior and body mass index].
Borisenkov MF, Popov SV, Smirnov VV … +5 more , Tserne TA, Bakutova LA, Dorogina OI, Pecherkina AA, Symanyuk EE
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42272412 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Eating behavior associated with overeating constitutes a key risk factor for obesity. Age- and sex-associated changes in the relationship between eating behavior and obesity are poorly understood. The aim of...
UNLABELLED: Eating behavior associated with overeating constitutes a key risk factor for obesity. Age- and sex-associated changes in the relationship between eating behavior and obesity are poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to investigate the age and sex effect in the relationship between eating behavior and body mass index (BMI). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Each participant of cross-sectional study (n=2315, age - 30.3±20.7, range - 15-95 years, females - 77.7%) provided personal data (sex, age, height, and weight) and completed two questionnaires: the Dutch Eating Behavior Questionnaire, which assessed restrained (RES), external (EXT), and emotional (EMO) eating behavior, and the Yale Food Addiction Scale, which assessed food addiction (FA). Analysis of covariance and multiple regression analysis were used to assess the association between the indicators. RESULTS: As age increased from 15 to 95 years, the average BMI values (p<0.0001) and the frequency of detection of overweight and obesity increased (from 9.3 to 69.8%, р<0.0001), while the frequency of detection of FA (from 13.1 to 5.1%, р<0.0001), and average values of RES, EMO, and EXT (p<0.0001) decreased. Anthropometric signs of overweight and obesity were more pronounced in males (p<0.0001), while signs characterizing eating behavior, with the exception of EXT, were more pronounced in females (p<0.0001). In the age group 15-29 years the predictors of BMI were RES (β=0.35), EMO (β=0.16), and FA (β=0.21), in the 30-49-year-olds - EMO (β=0.35), and in the 50-69-year-olds - FA (β=0.15), RES (β=0.16) and EXT (β=0.17). There were no associations between eating behavior and BMI in people older than 70 years. In females, the predictors of BMI were RES (β=0.23), EMO (β=0.11), and FA (β=0.13), and in males, RES (β=0.33) and FA (β=0.14). CONCLUSION: From adolescence to old age, there is a steady increase in the risk of overweight and obesity, more pronounced in men, and a decrease in the incidence of eating abnormalities, more pronounced in women. The age and sex of study participants have a significant impact on the relationship between eating behavior and body mass index.
[Traditional dietary sources of caffeine in Russia: quantitative assessment and socio-demographic determinants].
Keshabyants EE, Smirnova EA, Khomich LM … +1 more , Eller KI
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42272411 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world. Despite established international guidelines for safe intake, assessing dietary caffeine intake remains relevant due to the expanding...
UNLABELLED: Caffeine is the most widely consumed psychoactive substance in the world. Despite established international guidelines for safe intake, assessing dietary caffeine intake remains relevant due to the expanding range of caffeine-containing products on the market. The objective of the study was to assess the structure of consumption of caffeine-containing foods and beverages and the associated levels of potential caffe ine intake in the adult population of the Russian Federation, taking into account socio-demographic differences. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A retrospective analysis was conducted using data from the 2023 round of the Russian Federal State Statistics Service (Rosstat) dietary survey. Dietary intake was assessed using the 24-hour recall method. The sample included 72,710 respondents aged 18 years and older, stratified by sex, age, and type of settlement. Potential caffeine intake from the main sources (tea, coffee, non-alcoholic energy drinks, cola-type beverages, and dark chocolate) was estimated based on the literature data of average caffeine content [all types of tea combined - 25 mg/100 mL; all types of coffee combined - 40 mg/100 mL; energy drinks - 28 mg/100 mL; cola-type beverages - 12 mg/100 mL; dark chocolate - 80 mg/100 g], along with median consumption values calculated among individuals who reported consuming these products on the day preceding the survey. RESULTS: Statistically significant differences in the consumption of major caffeine sources were observed across sex, age, and settlement groups. Men demonstrated higher consumption of tea, coffee, and soft drinks (p<0.001). The highest per capita coffee consumption was observed among individuals aged 30-44 years (198 mL/day). Territorial differences were identified: rural residents consumed more tea (509 vs 452 mL/day in urban population, p<0.001) and less coffee (118 vs 154 mL/day, p<0.001). Total potential caffeine intake reached 372 mg/day in groups consuming multiple sources. The most common consumption pattern was the combination of "tea + coffee," observed in 27,744 respondents, with a median total caffeine intake of 200 mg/day. Gender differences in consumption patterns and amounts were consistent with findings from international studies. A specific feature of the Russian population was identified: unlike European countries, where coffee is the dominant source of caffeine, a significant share of caffeine intake in Russia comes from tea, particularly in rural regions. CONCLUSION: This study revealed substantial differences in the consumption of caffeine source products across socio-demographic groups within the Russian population. Tea and coffee remain the key sources of caffeine for Russians, while the proportion of the population consuming non-alcoholic energy drinks remains negligible.
[Index of healthy diet for assessing regional dietary patterns of the population of the Russian Federation].
Martinchik AN, Baturin AK, Kudryavtseva KV … +3 more , Martinchik EA, Nikityuk DB, Tutelyan VA
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42272410 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Dietary intake assessment involves management of dozen parameters related to energy and nutrient intake. The number of parameters increase significantly when it is necessary to assess dietary intake of foods,...
UNLABELLED: Dietary intake assessment involves management of dozen parameters related to energy and nutrient intake. The number of parameters increase significantly when it is necessary to assess dietary intake of foods, food groups and its combinations, cooking methods of complex recipe dishes, other dietary factors. Tools known as Diet Quality Indices (DQI) and a specific subgroup - Indices of healthy diet (IHD) have been proposed for the aggregated assessment of dietary factors diversities. These indices provide a quantitative measure of dietary intake in accordance with established principles and guidelines for healthy eating (the R-IHD developed by us in the original publications was incorrectly translated into English as HEI). The aim of this study was to validate the application of the integrated Russian Index of healthy diet (R-IHD) in the assessment of regional features of diet of the population in the Russian Federation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Microdata on the actual consumption of nutrients and major food groups by the adult population have been used. These data were obtained from a cross-sectional dietary survey of 45.000 households conducted by Rosstat in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation in 2023 using the 24-hour recall method. The data processing and statistical analysis were performed using IBM SPSS Statistics v.20.0 (USA), which utilized a specially developed algorithm for digital transformations of a set of dietary intake microdata for multi-level analysis of nutrient and food group consumption and to update the design of the R-IHD. RESULTS: A quintile distribution of individual R-IHD scores among respondents in Federal Districts (FDs) of the Russian Federation showed that the highest percentage of R-IHD scores are valid for quintiles 4-5 in the Ural, Southern, and North Caucasus FDs. The same time, in the Northwestern, Siberian, and Far Eastern FDs, the highest shares of R-IHD are accumulated in the lowest 1-2 quintiles of R-IHD scores. Statistical analysis of dietary patterns across R-IHD quintiles of the entire adult sample showed that daily energy intake is significantly lower in the 5th quintile compared to the 1st one. Distribution of the individual food and nutrient intake by quintile have different attributes. The intake of cereals, dairy products, fish and seafood, vegetables, and fruits by adults is significantly higher in the 5th R-IHD quintile when calculated per 1000 kcal, while in absolute values the intake (g/day) of cereals, fish and seafood doesn't change. At the same time, consumption of meat and poultry, sausages, total fat, saturated fatty acids, cholesterol, added sugar and salt is significantly lower in the 5th quintile of the R-IHD regardless the calculation method. The 1st and 10th distribution deciles of the average regional R-IHD values were selected to analyze the regional patterns in the relationship between diet and R-IHD. Each deciles contains eight regions with the lowest or highest average R-IHD scores. The analysis results in these groups for most food items are consistent with the analysis of the distribution of individual R-IHD scores by quintile, though differences were also identified. The dietary content of cereals, meat and poultry, vegetables and fruits is significantly higher in the regions with high R-IHD scores, while the content of all critical nutri ents (% of energy) is significantly lower than in regions with low average R-IHD scores. However, in the regions with high average R-IHD scores, dair y products' content in milk equivalents is lower than in the regions with low R-IHD scores. R-IHD high scores both in the 5th quintile of the individual R-IHD distribution and in the regional distribution are associated with a higher proportion (%) of energy coming from cereals, vegetables, legumes, fruits, first courses, the same time with lower percentage of energy coming from fats, sugar and confectionery, potato dishes, alcoholic beverages. CONCLUSION: Convincing evidence has been identified for the validity of R-IHD in the asses sment of the diet quality working both with the individual R-IHD parameters and the average regions R-IHD values. This suggests the potential for using a validated digital R-IHD score and its components to investigate the relationship between dietary patterns and population health, using statistical regional indicators of morbidity and mortality from chronic non-communicable diseases.
[Texture perception and masticatory function in individuals with high and normal body mass index].
Khramova DS, Vityazev FV, Zueva NV … +2 more , Chistiakova EA, Popov SV
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42272409 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Food choice is a critical factor contributing to the rise of obesity. Sensory perception, combined with environmental influences, plays a pivotal role in shaping dietary preferences, often favoring foods that...
UNLABELLED: Food choice is a critical factor contributing to the rise of obesity. Sensory perception, combined with environmental influences, plays a pivotal role in shaping dietary preferences, often favoring foods that provide pleasure rather than health benefits. Individuals with overweight or obesity experience alterations in sensory perception, including decreased sensitivity of taste receptors and delayed gustatory cortex activation, which affect food selection and predisposition to weight gain. Food texture, perceived via multiple sensory modalities, regulates chewing behavior, salivation, and masticatory muscle activity, thereby influencing bolus characteristics and sensory experience. Prior studies have identified correlations between masticatory function and body mass index (BMI), underscoring the necessity to investigate texture perception and chewing function in individuals with elevated BMI. The aim of this prospective study was to assess texture perception and masticatory function in healthy adults with normal and overweight BMI. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Thirty-five healthy participants (18-50 years old) were divided into two groups based on BMI ranges: 18.5-25 kg/m2, n=20 (normal weight) and 25-30 kg/m2, n=15 (overweight). A potato puree product modified with κ-carrageenan (0.6%) was used for sensory and masticatory assessments. During each experimental visit, participants underwent three test sessions (4 g of product per session), which were performed in a sensory room. These sessions included sensory evaluation of textural (hardness, homogeneity, moisture, stickiness, and cohesion) and hedonic propert ies (aroma, taste, texture, and overall liking), analysis of chewing parameters and salivation, and characterization of the bolus formed during chewing. Sensory analysis was conducted using a visual analog and 9-point hedonic scales. Surface electromyography of the masticatory muscles (musculus Masseter, musculus Temporalis, musculi Suprahyoid) was recorded to assess chewing duration, the number and duration of chewing cycles, and muscle activity. Salivation intensity was determined gravimetrically, and the degree of food bolus grinding was analyzed using the sieving method. Textural properties of the bolus were assessed using a TA-XT2 texture analyzer. RESULTS: Participants with overweight rated the product as firmer (by 58%, p=0.010) and stickier (by 71%, p=0.021) compared to normal-weight counterparts; however hedonic ratings did not differ significantly between groups. Notably, overweight participants exhibited fewer chewing cycles (by 33%, p=0.02) and reduced activity in temporal and suprahyoid muscles. No significant differences were observed in chewing duration or salivation rates. Textural properties of the bolus prior to swallowing were comparable across groups. CONCLUSION: Alterations in texture perception and chewing behavior among individuals with overweight do not affect overall product acceptability but reflect the complex interplay between sensory perception, mastication, and eating behavior. These findings highlight the need for further research targeting sensory preferences and chewing functionality as potential interventions for obesity management.
[Assessment of nutritional status and the incidence of excess body fat mass under normal body mass index in female rhythmic gymnasts].
Vybornaya KV, Nikityuk DB
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42272408 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: One of the priority goals of sports medicine is maintaining athletes' health, both throughout their athletic careers and afterward. Identifying athletes with excess body fat under normal body mass index (BMI)...
UNLABELLED: One of the priority goals of sports medicine is maintaining athletes' health, both throughout their athletic careers and afterward. Identifying athletes with excess body fat under normal body mass index (BMI) is important for sports medicine, as excess body fat predicts the development of metabolic disorders, as well as the development of overweight and obesity after retirement. The aim of this study was to assess nutritional status using a method combining BMI and body fat percentage criteria, to identify the incidence and timing of the manifestation of excess body fat under normal BMI values in female rhythmic gymnasts. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 239 female rhythmic gymnasts aged 6-20 years were examined. Anthropometric measurements were performed using standard methods. Body composition was determined using bioelectrical impedance analysis using an ABC-02 MEDASS analyzer. Nutritional status was assessed using the WHO AnthroPlus program and a method combining BMI and body fat percentage evaluation, which allows for the detection of hidden conditions such as excess body fat with a normal BMI. RESULTS: Using the combined method of assessing BMI and body fat percentage, 14 (5.9%) gymnasts had elevated body fat with a normal BMI. These athletes had lower lean body mass and skeletal muscle mass than gymnasts with normal body fat. Thirty athletes were identified as having a body type characterized by normal lean body mass and BMI values with insufficient fat mass. Eight athletes (3.3% of those examined) were underweight; one of them was diagnosed with insufficient body height. CONCLUSION: Athletes involved in complex athletic disciplines, such as rhythmic gymnastics, are at risk of developing excess body fat despite normal BMI levels, true overweight, and true obesity, both after retirement and during puberty.
[Hypercaloric poultry meat product for enteral nutrition].
Dydykin AS, Derevitskaya OK, Aslanova MA … +3 more , Zokhrabyan PR, Shestopalov AE, Yakovleva AV
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42198820 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Enteral nutrition is considered an important component of nutritional support in all clinical groups of patients. Poultry meat in the human diet is a source of complete protein with high digestibility, a numb...
UNLABELLED: Enteral nutrition is considered an important component of nutritional support in all clinical groups of patients. Poultry meat in the human diet is a source of complete protein with high digestibility, a number of minerals, vitamins, trace elements and bioactive compounds. In this regard, the development of an enteral product based on poultry meat intended for probe nutrition and/or oral consumption can be considered an urgent task, allowing to expand the range of foods for special dietary uses. The aim of the work was to develop a formulation and technology for a sterilized hypercaloric enteral formula based on poultry meat and to evaluate its quality and safety. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The object of the research was experimental samples of a sterilized enteral formula based on poultry meat, manufactured according to a formulation developed in accordance with medical and biological requirements. The theoretical calculation of the formulation was carried out using the computer program «System for designing and evaluating the quality of multicomponent food compositions». Standard conventional methods were used to evaluate protein, fat and moisture content and pH. Total amino acid composition was measured by the chromatographic method on an automatic liquid amino acid analyzer, tryptophan and L-glutamic acid level was evaluated by spectrophotometry. Fatty acid composition was assessed by gas chromatography using a column to determine the qualitative and quantitative composition of a mixture of fatty acids in the form of methyl esters. The content of vitamins В1, Е and D was determined by high-performance liquid chromatography, manganese, magnesium, calcium, zinc, iron - by atomic absorption method. Industrial sterility was evaluated in accordance with the requirements for group A canned goods. The stability of the dispersed system was determined using a laboratory centrifuge type Z 206 A (Hermle Labortechnik GmbH, Germany). RESULTS: In accordance with the medical and biological requirements, a formulation of a hypercaloric enteral formula containing poultry meat and process parameters have been developed to obtain finished product with the required organoleptic characteristics. The resulting product meets the specified requirements for energy content (150 kcal/100 g) and its distribution (16-20% protein; 35% fat; 45-49% carbohydrates), the content of vitamins, minerals, trace elements and bioactive compounds; it has a balanced amino acid and fatty acid composition. According to organoleptic characteristics, the product is a fluid, homogeneous, highly dispersed mass with low viscosity, without delamination of the structure, which allows passage through a tube with an outer diameter of 4.62 mm. CONCLUSION: After conducting clinical trials the developed product can be used as the sole or additional source of nutrition for patients with malnutrition.
[ evaluation of the bioactive potential of new powdered food ingredients - products of waste-free processing of L].
Rozhnov ED, Shkolnikova MN, Chugunova OV … +2 more , Banshchikova EE, Lupanova IA
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42198819 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Garlic husk and pomace remain understudied, limiting their rational use and the development of new food ingredients. Producing powdered ingredients from fermented pomace and husk could address waste disposal...
UNLABELLED: Garlic husk and pomace remain understudied, limiting their rational use and the development of new food ingredients. Producing powdered ingredients from fermented pomace and husk could address waste disposal issues and create new products with targeted functional properties. The objective of the research was a comparative in vitro evaluation of the antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory potential of powdered food ingredients from fermented garlic bulbs, pomace, and husk (Allium sativum L.). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study used powders from «Dobrynya» garlic and its processing by-products. Three types of samples were obtained: cloves, meal (pomace), and husks. Part of the samples underwent thermal fermentation (70 °C, 30 days). All materials were dried and ground to a particle size of <0.25 mm. Total phenolic content was determined using the Folin-Ciocalteu method; S-allylcysteine and melanoidins were analyzed spectrophotometrically. Antioxidant activity was assessed by the ability to scavenge the 2.2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) radical and the 2.2'-azinobis[ 3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid] (ABTS⁺) radical cation. Antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity was evaluated using specific enzyme test systems based on glutathione reductase, catalase, and NO-synthase. All experiments were performed in triplicate. Data were processed using methods of variation statistics with the application of Tukey's test (p<0.05). RESULTS: It was established that non-microbial fermentation (70 °C, 30 days) significantly enhances the antioxidant potential of garlic processing products. The content of phenolic compounds, S-allylcysteine, and melanoidins in fermented bulbs and meal increased by 3-25 times, which correlated with a rise in ABTS and DPPH activity. Fermented bulbs and meal exhibited pronounced anti-inflammatory activity (iNOS inhibition by 32-35%) and moderate antimicrobial action (catalase inhibition up to 34.5%). The strongest inhibition of catalase was shown by fresh garlic powder (56.6%). The high biological activity of fermented garlic meal was confirmed - its indicators (antioxidant, anti-inflammatory activity) were comparable to those of fermented bulbs. The obtained data confirm the feasibility of reclassifying garlic processing waste (meal) into the category of functional food ingredients with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and preservative properties. CONCLUSION: In vitro experiments demonstrated antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory activity of black garlic and fermented pomace powders, supporting their potential as functional ingredients.
[Bioimpedance analysis parameters and metabolic profile in children with non- alcoholic fatty liver disease].
Yakubovich AM, Pavlovskaya EV, Bagaeva ME … +4 more , Zubovich AI, Kiselnikova EA, Vorozhko IV, Strokova TV
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42198818 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children is considered a manifestation of metabolic disturbances, that is a complex of interrelated alterations in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism associated wit...
UNLABELLED: Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) in children is considered a manifestation of metabolic disturbances, that is a complex of interrelated alterations in carbohydrate and lipid metabolism associated with insulin resistance and an increased proportion of visceral fat. In this context, a comprehensive assessment of metabolic parameters combined with body composition analysis in children with NAFLD and without it is relevant for clarifying the role of visceral obesity in the development and progression of the disease, as well as for improving the accuracy of clinical assessment. The aim of the research was to assess the characteristics of the metabolic profile and bioimpedance analysis (BIA) parameters and to determine their associations with clinical and biochemical features of NAFLD in children. MATERIAL AND METHODS: This retrospective cross-sectional study included 398 obese children aged 11-17 years. Group 1 consisted of children with ultrasound signs of NAFLD (n=230). Group 2 included children without signs of NAFLD (n=168). Anthropometric parameters were assessed using the WHO AnthroPlus software. Body composition was evaluated using multi-frequency BIA. All children underwent abdominal ultrasound examination to detect hepatic steatosis. Biochemical blood tests were performed, including alanine aminotransferase (ALT), aspartate aminotransferase (AST), lipid profile, glucose, and insulin levels, with calculation of the HOMA-IR index. Additionally, serum concentrations of fibroblast growth factor 21 (FGF-21), cytokeratin-18 fragments (CK-18), soluble Fas ligand (FasL), and visfatin were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay to characterize metabolic disturbances and markers of apoptosis. RESULTS: Children with NAFLD had significantly higher body weight, body mass index (BMI), and BMI standard deviation score (BMI SDS) compared with the control group (p<0.01). Elevated serum ALT level was detected in 23% of patients in Group 1 (53/230; 95% CI 17.9-28.9%), whereas no elevation of transaminase activity was observed in Group 2. In the NAFLD group, median level of total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, and triglycerides were higher (p≤0.001), and insulin resistance was more prevalent: HOMA-IR>2.77 was observed in 73.5% (95% CI 67.4-78.8) versus 48.8% (95% CI 41.4-56.3); OR 2.91; 95% CI 1.91-4.43. According to BIA, children with NAFLD demonstrated higher fat mass (43.1 [34.7; 52.6] vs 35.6 [29.1; 43.9] kg; p<0.001) and increased indicators of visceral fat (visceral fat area and waist-to-hip ratio; p<0.001). Serum levels of CK-18 and FasL were significantly higher in children with NAFLD (p<0.01), reflecting activation of apoptotic mechanisms of hepatocyte injury. CONCLUSION: NAFLD in obese children is associated with metabolic disturbances, including more pronounced visceral fat accumulation (according to bioimpedance analysis), dyslipidemia, and a high prevalence of insulin resistance, while elevated transaminase levels are detected only in a subset of patients. The combined use of BIA-based body composition assessment, metabolic markers of lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, and non-invasive liver instrumental evaluation may be useful for early risk assessment of NAFLD and prevention of disease progression.
[Does total cardiovascular risk level affect the habit of daily unprocessed red meat intake in the general population?].
Kaveshnikov VS, Trubacheva IA, Kuzmichkina MA
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42198817 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Irrational consumption of red meat (RM) can have a significant impact on the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The extent to which the gradient of cardiovascular risk (CVR) affects the formation of healt...
UNLABELLED: Irrational consumption of red meat (RM) can have a significant impact on the risk of cardiovascular diseases (CVD). The extent to which the gradient of cardiovascular risk (CVR) affects the formation of healthy eating habits among the population is of scientific and practical interest. The objective of the study was to examine the relationship between the total level of CVR and daily consumption of unprocessed red meat (URM) in the general informal population. MATERIAL AND METHODS: As part of the multicenter ESSE-RF study, a representative sample of the urban population of the Siberian Federal District aged 25-64 years (n=1600, 59% women) was examined. Daily consumption of URM (150 g beef, pork, lamb, etc.) and total CVR were determined using a standard questionnaire and SCORE scale, taking into account the presence of a priori risk indicators, respectively. Methods of descriptive statistics and logistic regression adjusted for socio-demographic, lifestyle and medical factors were used. RESULTS: 52.1% of men and 41.9% of women consumed URM daily. By CVR category this indicator did not vary in men (p=0.883) and decreased in women (p<0.001) from 51.1% with low CVR to 31.6% with very high CVR. With a SCORE of 5-9% and ≥10%, 48.0 and 50.0% of men and 38.1 and 20.0% of women consumed URM daily; with a priori high or very high CVR, 55.6 and 54.6% of men and 34.8 and 31.9% of women, respectively. Multivariable analysis did not reveal independent associations of the indicator surveyed with SCORE-related risk categories in either men or women. The odds for daily URM intake in women decreased significantly only with a priori very high CVR compared with low risk [OR=0.44; CI (0.22-0.87), p=0.018], as well as in the presence of carotid plaques (OR=0.54; CI (0.37-0.77), p=0.001]. Gender differences were observed in the general [ORwomen=0.68; CI (0.55-0.84), p<0.001], apparently healthy population [OR=0.77; CI (0.61-0.97), p=0.028], the groups of moderate [OR=0.61; CI (0.40-0.94), p=0.025] and a priori very high CVR [OR=0.40; CI (0.24-0.69), p=0.001], in the presence of carotid plaques [OR=0.39; CI (0.26-0.58), р<0.001], coronary heart disease [OR=0.35; CI (0.18-0.69), p=0.002], CVD (OR=0.38; CI (0.21-0.73), р=0.003), systolic blood pressure ≥180 mm Hg [OR=0.26; CI (0.07-1.03), p=0.055). CONCLUSION: The data obtained indicate that the SCORE-based CVR level by itself is not a sufficient incentive for people to change the eating habit surveyed. The odds for daily URM consumption decreased only in women of a priori very high risk. At the same time, the study showed that subclinical parameters, in particular carotid plaques, may be equally effective in motivating, particularly for women, to change this eating habit. The gender differences identified may reflect differences between the sexes in terms of communication and/or perception of these factors as an incentive to change the diet. The data obtained emphasize importance of informing the population about the risks associated with irrational RM consumption and the need for more active involvement, especially of men, in communications aimed at forming healthier patterns of these foods consumption.
[The pathogenetic rationale and effectiveness of including ω-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids in the complex therapy of atopic dermatitis in adults].
Revyakina VA, Tarmaeva NA
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42198816 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial disease, in its pathogenesis an imbalance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in favor of pro-inflammatory ω-6 over antiinflammatory ω-3 plays an important role. A...
UNLABELLED: Atopic dermatitis (AD) is a multifactorial disease, in its pathogenesis an imbalance of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) in favor of pro-inflammatory ω-6 over antiinflammatory ω-3 plays an important role. Although the role of ω-3 PUFAs in atopy prevention is established, data on their efficacy in the treatment of confirmed AD remain contradictory due to the differences in dosages and study design. The aim of the research was a comparative evaluation of the clinical efficacy and safety of two different doses of ω-3 PUFAs as part of complex therapy for AD in adult patients. MATERIAL AND METHODS: We examined 101 patients with moderate to severe AD aged 18 to 59 years (Me 31 [23; 41] years). Sixty-five subjects were administrated ω-3 PUFAs in addition to basic therapy and were randomized into subgroups receiving a high (3.6 g/ day, 200/240 mg EPA/DHA) or low (0.72 g/day, 40/48 mg EPA/DHA) dose of fish oil for 30 days. The control group consisted of 36 patients on standard therapy. Efficacy was assessed by the dynamics of the SCORAD index, the severity of subjective symptoms (itching, sleep disorders), and the proportion of patients with complete resolution of clinical manifestations. RESULTS: The most significant reduction in disease severity was observed in patients receiving a high dose of ω-3 PUFAs: the SCORAD index decreased by 81.8% (from 55 [41; 70] to 10 [8; 13] points, p<0.001), itching intensity by 87.5%, and sleep disorders by 66.7%. In the low-dose group, the reduction in SCORAD was 63.6% (to 16 [12; 20], p<0.001), and in the control group - 50% (to 20 [17; 22], p<0.001). The inclusion of ω-3 PUFA in the complex therapy showed a statistically significant advantage in the degree of AD manifestation reduction over the control group (p<0.05). Analysis of the proportions of patients with complete symptom resolution confirmed the dose-dependent effect: for key symptoms (rash, itching, dry skin), the responder rate was significantly higher in the high-dose group compared to both the control and the low-dose group (p<0.05). No adverse events have been reported. CONCLUSION: The study demonstrated the dose-dependent efficacy of ω-3 PUFAs in the complex therapy of AD in adults. The intake in a dose of 200/240 mg EPA/DHA provides a significantly greater reduction in disease severity according to SCORAD, a decrease in the severity of subjective symptoms, and an increase in the proportion of patients with complete regression of symptoms compared to both a low dose of ω-3 PUFAs and standard therapy. The obtained data confirm the pathogenetic rationale for including ω-3 PUFAs in the AD treatment.
[Formation of a diet for patients with post-malarial anemia].
Shchegoleva ID, Bucumi B
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42198815 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Malaria is a real public health problem all over the world. The population of African countries is especially susceptible to this disease. During the illness and after recovery, patients with malaria experien...
UNLABELLED: Malaria is a real public health problem all over the world. The population of African countries is especially susceptible to this disease. During the illness and after recovery, patients with malaria experience complications in the form of hemolytic anemia, which reduces the quality of life for a long time. It is known that specialized nutrition plays a significant role in the treatment of anemia. For the population of endemic regions of Africa, which include the Republic of Burundi, the organization of specialized nutrition is relevant and requires significant attention. The aim of the review was to summarize domestic and foreign knowledge about the distribution and characteristics of post-malarial anemia among the African population, the role of diet in the prevention and treatment of post-malarial anemia, and to assess the production of foods for special dietary uses in the Republic of Burundi. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The search for scientific publications was carried out using the library platforms PubMed, Google Scholar, ResearchGate, eLIBRARY, mainly for the last 10 years by the keywords: malaria, anemia, population of African countries, nutrition, micronutrients, immunity. RESULTS: A review of the literature revealed that malaria remains one of the most dangerous and widespread diseases affecting the African continent. During illness and recovery, patients develop anemia caused by damage of infected red blood cells, accelerated aging and degradation of undamaged red blood cells, and other functional impairments. Malaria infection is accompanied by decreased plasma level of iron, zinc, vitamins A, D, C, В9, and their metabolites, which play a significant role in immune regulation, antioxidant defense, and pathogen control. Several published studies indicate that supplementation with these micronutrients reduce the risk of severe malaria and its complications, particularly post-malarial anemia. However, research on the use of micronutrients in foods for special dietary uses for post-malarial anemia patients is insufficient. An appropriate program for introducing iron and folic acid supplements into dietary interventions remains unclear, given that they are absorbed by replicating plasmodia and may delay recovery. The diet of the population of the Republic of Burundi consists primarily of local plant foods. During malaria and post-malarial anemia, the diet is slightly adjusted to increase the consumption of protein-rich foods such as eggs, milk, offal, legumes, and micronutrient-rich fruits and vegetables. Foods for special dietary uses are produced on a limited scale. CONCLUSION: Providing balanced nutrition in regions with a high risk of malaria is an important public health objective. The development of dietary interventions for the prevention and treatment of malaria and post-malarial anemia should be aimed at strengthening the human immune system. The production and promotion of affordable foods for special dietary uses will help reduce the population's vulnerability to malaria infection and its consequences.
[ rs9939609 polymorphism and lipid and carbohydrate metabolism parameters in the indigenous population of the North of Western Siberia].
Kozlov AI, Vasileva AA, Vershubskaya GG
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42198814 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Studies investigating the association of the FTO gene with biochemical metabolism are few and varied. Indigenous populations of high-latitude regions have been the least studied. The objective of the study wa...
UNLABELLED: Studies investigating the association of the FTO gene with biochemical metabolism are few and varied. Indigenous populations of high-latitude regions have been the least studied. The objective of the study was to evaluate the association of the FTO rs9939609 with lipid and carbohydrate metabolism parameters in the indigenous population of northern Western Siberia. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Body mass index (BMI), blood plasma glucose (GL), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), and triglyceride (TG) levels were assessed in a sample of Ob Ugrians (Mansi and Khanty aged 18-64 years, n=51). Genotyping of DNA samples for the FTO gene polymorphism (T/A, rs9939609) was performed. Results were processed using Statistica 12.0 (StatSoft, USA) and the R programming environment. The magnitude of associations between traits was assessed using Spearman rank correlations (ρ), and intergroup comparisons of allele and genotype frequencies were performed using the χ2 method. RESULTS: HDL-C levels were higher in TT*FTO genotype carriers (p=0.001) compared to AA+AT variants. The most striking differences were observed between individuals with the AT* and TT* genotypes (HDL-C levels were 1.22±0.06 and 1.53±0.06 mmol/L, respectively; p=0.004). Significant correlations between TC and TG (ρ=0.62, p<0.05) and TC and HDL (in the AA+AT group, rρ=0.40, p<0.05) were observed only in A* allele carriers. The negative influence of the A* allele is indirectly confirmed by a positive association between BMI and GL (ρ=0.66, p<0.05), whereas with the TT* genotype, GL does not raise with increasing BMI. CONCLUSION: The clinical and laboratory characteristics of the Ob Ugrians correspond to physiological norms, taking into account the ethnicity of these representatives of the high-latitude adaptation type. The specific associations between FTO and metabolic parameters in the Ob Ugrians are consistent with data obtained in samples of representatives of the large Mongoloid race. The results confirm the importance of studying the population frequencies of the FTO rs9939609 alleles and the influence of this locus on the phenotype. Particular attention should be paid to populations in high-latitude regions due to the possible association of FTO with the manifestations of metabolic syndrome in indigenous, long-term, and immigrant populations of the North.
[Fish in the diet of the Russian Population: from actual to optimal consumption].
Smirnova EA, Keshabyants EE, Tutelyan VA
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42198813 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Fish and fishery products are considered an important component of a healthy diet due to their nutritional value and association with favorable health outcomes. Despite the existence of rational consumption n...
UNLABELLED: Fish and fishery products are considered an important component of a healthy diet due to their nutritional value and association with favorable health outcomes. Despite the existence of rational consumption norms, in many countries, including the Russian Federation, the actual consumption of fish remains insufficient. A comprehensive assessment of the levels and patterns of fish consumption is necessary to justify evidence-based, practical recommendations for optimizing the population's diet. The aim of the study was to assess the levels and patterns of fish and fishery product consumption by the population of the Russian Federation, to identify socio-demographic and territorial consumption patterns, and to substantiate approaches for developing evidence-based, practical recommendations for including fish in the diet. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The analysis was based on data from sample surveys of household budjets from 1985-2024, sample survey of the population's diets (24-hour dietary recall method, 2023), as well as sample survey of the population's health surveys from 2023-2024. Descriptive statistics methods and non-parametric criteria were used to assess differences between socio-demographic groups. RESULTS: The per capita consumption of fish and fishery products in the Russian Federation in 2023-2024 was about 23 kg/year and, for most population groups, did not reach the rational norm of 28 kg per year. Pronounced differences were identified depending on income level, household composition, and region of residence. Analysis of individual diets showed low average daily fish consumption values, with single-serving amounts close to standard portions, indicating irregular inclusion of fish in the diet. More than half of the adult population consumes fish no more than once a week. CONCLUSION: Insufficient fish consumption in the Russian Federation is primarily due to the low frequency of its inclusion in the diet, rather than the size of single portions. The rational consumption norm of 28 kg/year is realistic and achievable and corresponds to the regular inclusion of fish in the diet no less than twice a week in standard portions. The obtained results justify the feasibility of using healthy eating recommendations with an emphasis on increasing the frequency of fish consumption.
[Biomarkers of dysfunctional changes in high-density lipoproteins in the assessment of lipid metabolism in hyperlipidemia modeling ].
Vorozhko IV, Sidorova YS, Mazo VK … +4 more , Petrov NA, Biryulina NA, Korotkova TN, Kochetkova AA
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42198812 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) are capable of losing their physiological functions under pathophysiological conditions and transforming into particles with pro-inflammatory activity. The aim of the study was...
UNLABELLED: High-density lipoprotein (HDL) are capable of losing their physiological functions under pathophysiological conditions and transforming into particles with pro-inflammatory activity. The aim of the study was to evaluate the applicability of dysfunctional changes in HDL as biomarkers of metabolic disorders in hyperlipidemia modeling in vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The experiment was conducted using 70 male Wistar rats with an initial body weight of 234±3 g for 60 days. Disturbances in lipid metabolism in experimental rats were induced by a high-fat diet (50% fat by calorie content) and the addition of 0, 0.5, 1 and 2% cholesterol. A complete blood count and a biochemistry blood serum test were performed. To assess markers of dysfunctional changes in HDL, a fraction of these particles was obtained by sequential ultracentrifugation in KBr solutions of varying density. The relative content of protein, triglycerides, cholesterol was determined in it using the biuret, glycerokinase, and cholesterol oxidase methods, respectively; choline-containing phospholipids were assessed using the phospholipase-choline oxidase colorimetric method on an automatic biochemical analyzer; sphingosine-1-phosphate was determined using the competitive ELISA method; and MDA was evaluated by fluorometric analysis. RESULTS: Hematological parameters indicated the development of anemic syndrome, iron deficiency anemia in particular. In animals of the experimental groups treated with cholesterol, the severity of anemia increased in dose-dependent manner. A decrease in the protein/cholesterol ratio in HDL particles was found in rats treated with high-fat diet with cholesterol, characterizing the acquisition of a dysfunctional phenotype by HDL particles at the background of diet-induced hyperlipidemia (increase in total cholesterol blood serum level). Besides, a significant decrease in triglycerides in HDL particles was observed in the group of rats fed high-fat diet with the highest (2%) quota of cholesterol. A depletion of HDL particles in sphingosine-1-phosphate is shown for this group too, what is also characteristic of dysfunctional HDL. CONCLUSION: The proposed biomarker complex of dysfunctional changes in HDL reflected alterations in lipid metabolism parameters when modeling hyperlipidemia in vivo. At the same time, differences were found in individual indicators of the dysfunctional HDL phenotype in animal (rat) and human models. A decrease in the relative level of triglycerides in HDL particles was found in our experiment, whereas, on the contrary, hyperlipidemia in humans is characterized by HDL enriched in triglycerides. Extrapolation of the obtained experimental data to humans should be carried out taking into account the characteristics of animal species and model used.
[Effect of high-fat diet on the reactivity of internal carotid artery from the Wistar rats].
Yartsev VN, Ivanova GT
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42198811 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: One of the main causes of obesity, which leads, in particular, to cardiovascular problems, is the consumption of food with a high fat content, however, the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the contractile p...
UNLABELLED: One of the main causes of obesity, which leads, in particular, to cardiovascular problems, is the consumption of food with a high fat content, however, the effect of a high-fat diet (HFD) on the contractile properties of blood vessels and the mechanisms of this effect have not been sufficiently studied, and information on this issue obtained on the internal carotid arteries (ICA), through which blood predominantly flows to the brain, is lacking. The aim of the research was to study the effect of HFD on the dilator and constrictor properties of the ICA in Wistar rats. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted on 22 male Wistar rats, which at the age of 6 weeks were randomly divided into 2 groups: control (n=10) receiving standard diet, and group (n=12) kept on HFD (50% of fats by energy). After 8 weeks of feeding, the animals were euthanized with ether, after which the was excised from each rat. The reactivity of the ICA segments was assessed in the isometric mode. In isolated segments of vessels pre-contracted with phenylephrine, dilation was induced using acetylcholine or sodium nitroprusside, before and after addition of NO synthase (L-NAME), cyclooxygenase (diclofenac) and K+ channel blocker (tetraethylammonium) inhibitor. RESULTS: It was shown that the contractile response to phenylephrine of the ICA segment of the HFD rats was slightly greater than that of the control animals, both in the absence of inhibitors and a blocker in the bath (1.2±0.3 and 0.8±0.2 mN, respectively) and in their presence, while these differences were not statistically significant. The response of arteries (pre-contracted with phenylephrine) to acetylcholine was biphasic, and the dilator phase of this ICA response of the HFD rats in the absence of a blocker and inhibitors was almost 3-fold less compared to the control, amounting to -8.0±1.5 vs -21.6±7.1% (p<0.05). L-NAME caused a significant decrease in the dilator response of the ICA to acetylcholine (up to -8.4±2.7%, p<0.05) only in the control animals. The constrictor phase of the ICA response to acetylcholine in the absence of the blocker and inhibitors was significantly less than the dilator phase, amounting to 9.1±3.2% in the control animals and 2.6±1.0% in the HFD rats (р<0.05). In the HFD rats, the addition of diclofenac resulted in a significant increase in the contractile response to acetylcholine from 2.5±0.9 to 5.6±1.7% (р<0.05). The magnitude of ICA dilator reaction in the HFD rats induced by sodium nitroprusside in the absence of the blocker and inhibitors was slightly lower than in the control animals, amounting to 139±24 and 174±37%, respectively (р>0.05). CONCLUSION: Consumption of HFD leads to a significant decrease in endotheliumdependent dilation of the ICA due to a decrease in NO synthesis by the endothelium, as well as to a disruption in the synthesis of prostaglandins.
[Rodent models of diet-induced obesity and sedentary lifestyle].
Zanin SA, Chabanets EA, Esaulenko EE … +2 more , Polyakov PP, Linchevsky AA
Vopr Pitan · 2026 · PMID 42198810 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle are serious medical and social problems. Experimental modeling of these pathologies is necessary to understand their mechanisms and develop new treatments. The objective of t...
UNLABELLED: Obesity and a sedentary lifestyle are serious medical and social problems. Experimental modeling of these pathologies is necessary to understand their mechanisms and develop new treatments. The objective of this study was to summarize in the form of a narrative review information on experimental models of diet-induced obesity, sedentary lifestyle and pathogenetically associated disorders in rodents. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A literature search was conducted across the eLibrary, PubMed, Web of Science, and Scopus databases in recent years. The search strategy utilized the following keywords: obesity, metabolic syndrome, rodents, rats, mice, experimental models, rodent models, diet-induced obesity, high-fat diet, high-fructose diet, high-fat high-fructose diet, high-sucrose diet, sedentary lifestyle, physical inactivity. A total of 70 publications were selected from the last 5 years (2021-2025), excluding articles of fundamental importance. RESULTS: Among diet-induced obesity modeling approaches, high-fat diet (40-60% of total calorie intake) is the most prevalent, utilized in over 75% of related studies. Alternative approaches include carbohydrate-enriched diets (specifically high-fructose) and various combination. Notably, body mass gain is not observed in all subjects, a challenge compounded by the lack of a unified somatometric standard for rodent obesity. Furthermore, biochemical markers associated with obesity fail to manifest in at least 20% of such experiments. This variability - beyond physiological interspecies differences and genetic predisposition - is primarily attributed to the high heterogeneity of experimental protocols. While such diversity is acceptable in exploratory research, the translational application of alimentary models (e.g., preclinical trials) necessitates rigorous standardization. Consequently, further refinement and validation of these models are required, accounting for dietary composition and auxiliary factors. Reduced physical activity is a critical yet less explored variable, whereas healthy rodents typically exhibit high voluntary activity, covering up to 5-10 km per day on a running wheel. Modeling sedentary behavior - both in isolation and in combination with hypercaloric intake - remains less established than purely diet-induced approaches. Promising and technically accessible methods for simulating a sedentary lifestyle include locking the running wheel and reducing the cage size. Conversely, providing enriched activity environments for control groups is essential to maintain baseline metabolic homeostasis. CONCLUSION: Rodent models of obesity - most commonly established through high-fat diets (75% of studies) and/or high-carbohydrate regimens - suffer from significant protocol heterogeneity. To improve the translational validity of these models, further standardization is essential. In particular, sedentary behavior should be addressed as a critical dietary cofactor, as it can be easily integrated into experimental designs.
[Analysis of the market of specialized foodstuffs for nutrition of athletes of child and youth age].
Kobelkova IV, Vrzhesinskaya OA, Tarmayeva IY
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 41543066 · Publisher ↗
The organization of optimal nutrition, including the use of specialized foodstuffs (SF) and dietary supplements, is an integral part of the medical support system for sports reserve training in the Russian Federation. Th...
The organization of optimal nutrition, including the use of specialized foodstuffs (SF) and dietary supplements, is an integral part of the medical support system for sports reserve training in the Russian Federation. The purpose of the research was to evaluate the existing market of SF intended for child athletes, analyze regulatory documents and promising components for the development of new SF formulations for young athletes, taking into account the special needs associated with growth, development and specifics of sports activities. Material and methods. The literature search was performed for the period 2000-2025 using the databases of RSCI, PubMed, ResearchGate, Google Scholar, by keywords: «specialized foodstuffs», «child athletes», «adolescent athletes», «nutrition», «food supplements», «sports nutrition market». Results. The global market for «sports nutrition» in 2024 amounted to 21.71 billion US dollars, and by 2032 growth is projected to more than double. At the same time, abroad there is no separate niche for SF intended for child athletes. In the Russian Federation, single SF and dietary supplements for children aged 11 and 14 have been developed, passed the state registration procedure and entered into the «FMBA Form» for athletes of the Olympic reserve. Due to the lack of a regulatory framework for nutritional supplements for child athletes in the Russian Federation, the requirements of the Technical Regulations of the Customs Union (EAEU) and the Unified Sanitary, Epidemiological, and Hygienic Requirements for Products (Goods) Subject to Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision (Control), applicable to SF for baby food, should be taken into account when developing formulas. In the Russian Federation, in addition to the requirements for essential macronutrients, vitamins, minerals and trace elements, adequate levels of daily intake have been determined for several minor bioactive compounds (BAC) for children aged 7-18 years: carnitine, choline, myo-inositol, flavonoids. This allows these BAS to be introduced into SF for young athletes without additional clinical studies. The main promising components for use in SF formulations for child athletes are various types of protein, carbohydrates, as well as vitamins, minerals and trace elements, minor BAC, for release in various forms: instant drinks and ready-to-drink, bars, cookies, jelly, encapsulated and tablet dietary supplements, etc. Conclusion. Nutrition for youth athletes must address not only the needs of athletes during sports activities but also support growth and development, meeting specific, higher quality and safety requirements. The SF market for child sports nutrition is represented by single products, which determines the broad prospects for the development and release of new products for the medical and biological support in youth sports.
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