This paper compared and considered terms of general anatomy from the Basle Nomina Anatomica (1895) to the Terminologia Anatomica (1998), together with the Jena Nomina Anatomica (1935). Some differences are found in ideas...This paper compared and considered terms of general anatomy from the Basle Nomina Anatomica (1895) to the Terminologia Anatomica (1998), together with the Jena Nomina Anatomica (1935). Some differences are found in ideas of the BNA-NA3, NA4-6 and TA. It was noticed after the NA4, that the "coronalis" was used for the site and the "frontalis" for the direction in head, that the term of line and plane was reasonably rearranged, and that some terms were omitted from the part of human body and moved to the systemic anatomy in head and trunk and to the region in limbs.
A post-stimulus time-histogram (PSTH) technique has been used for studying spinal reflex arcs in humans. In the PSTH technique, effects of the reflex arcs on the motoneuron excitability are examined by analyzing changes...A post-stimulus time-histogram (PSTH) technique has been used for studying spinal reflex arcs in humans. In the PSTH technique, effects of the reflex arcs on the motoneuron excitability are examined by analyzing changes in firing probabilities of a motor unit after conditioning stimuli to afferent fibers. Recent studies with the PSTH technique have demonstrated reflex arcs mediated by low threshold muscle afferent fibers (group I afferents) among muscles in the human upper limb. The results have shown several differences of the reflex arcs between the human upper limb and animal forelimb. This paper has described the PSTH technique. Comparisons of the reflex arcs between humans and animals have been also described.
We report a case in which the left median nerve passed downwards on the surface of the pronator teres muscle in a 70-year-old male cadaver examined during student dissection practice in 2001 at Nihon University School of...We report a case in which the left median nerve passed downwards on the surface of the pronator teres muscle in a 70-year-old male cadaver examined during student dissection practice in 2001 at Nihon University School of Medicine. In the present case, the lateral cord of the median nerve is formed of only the middle trunk, C7 and did not include upper trunk, C5, 6. The upper trunk continued the musculocutaneous nerve, but it did not participate in the median nerve. In the cubital fossa, the median nerve descended on the surface of the pronator teres muscle. The pronator teres muscle had an additional head which arose from the medial intermuscular septum. The brachial artery passed between the humeral head and the additional head. It suggested the relevance that the first branch from the median nerve to the forearm flexor muscle group is the union covered with the common ensheathing epineurium. It consisted of the pronator teres muscle branch, the flexor carpi radialis muscle branch, and the branch to the proximal belly of the muscle bundle of the flexor digitorum superficialis muscle (FDS) for the second digit (II-p), which also supplies the palmaris longus muscle. The branch to the FDS for the third to the fifth digit and the anterior interosseous nerve branch arose from the back of the median nerve following the first branch, and the two branches connected mutually. And the median nerve had a branch to the distal belly of the muscle bundle of the FDS for the second digit (II-d) in its more distal part.
Dissection of the brachial plexus is an important part in the anatomical course, but it is difficult for medical students to identify individual nerves of the brachial plexus due to its complexity and numerous variations...Dissection of the brachial plexus is an important part in the anatomical course, but it is difficult for medical students to identify individual nerves of the brachial plexus due to its complexity and numerous variations. We have recently adopted the Grant method (1991) to guide students in the successful identification of this plexus. However, according to the Grant method the part of the upper limb including the brachial plexus is dissected before the neck part, which makes it impossible to identify the roots, trunks, and cords of the brachial plexus, and to identify the nerve branches extending from the brachial plexus. Here, we propose of anatomical dissection protocol of the brachial plexus a modified Grant method for medical students and instructors. The points of the modified protocols are: (1) to dissect the brachial plexus after the dissection of the neck part, (2) to identify the nerve trunks at the scalenus gap after dissecting the lateral, medial and posterior cords. The modified Grant method can be adapted to any other dissecting protocol of the brachial plexus, and will allow students to cope with many variations of the brachial plexus when they occur.
Using anterograde labeling technique with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), we demonstrated the arborization pattern of a single preganglionic axon in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and stellate ganglion...Using anterograde labeling technique with Phaseolus vulgaris leucoagglutinin (PHA-L), we demonstrated the arborization pattern of a single preganglionic axon in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) and stellate ganglion (STG). These axons expanded in the longitudinal direction, but not for transverse direction. Segmental relationship was identified between the spinal cord and STG, as seen between spinal cord and sympathetic ganglia in the thoraco-lumbar region, but we did not find any segmental relationship between the spinal cord and SCG. Some sympathetic preganglionic neurons in the lateral horn of the thoracic cord, especially in the intermediolateral nucleus (IML) have nitric oxide synthase (NOS) activity. We demonstrated that SCG neurons, which were heavily innervated by these NOS-positive neurons, tended to innervate organs that have some secretory functional tissues. Finally, we showed that the size of neuronal somata does not correlate with the size of target organs, as has been reported in previous studies. We should consider that there are other factors determining the size of neuronal somata, such as the size of dendritic field or volumes of NGF secretory from target tissues.
Satoda T, Hiyama S, Karukaya E
… +2 more, Hayashida K, Uchida T
Kaibogaku Zasshi
· 2003 Sep · PMID 14531280
It is difficult to teach students about the embryological transformation of the branchial arteries. In mammals, six pairs of branchial arteries develop, but all are not present at the same embryological stage. The first,...It is difficult to teach students about the embryological transformation of the branchial arteries. In mammals, six pairs of branchial arteries develop, but all are not present at the same embryological stage. The first, second, fifth and a part of right sixth branchial artery disappear early in embryological development. The remaining third, fourth and sixth branchial arteries mainly constitute the arterial system of the breast. The aorta and pulmonary trunk are derived from the truncus arteriosus. Because of the complexity of this developmental process, we have devised a user-friendly model in order to assist with educational presentations. In this model, the shrinkage of a vessel has been represented by inserting a wire inside of the hose representing the artery. Degenerated or disappearing parts of the vessel are removable by using hooks and Velcro tape. Branchial arteries, truncus arteriosus, aortic sac and dorsal arteries are represented by different colors. The descent of the heart is represented by the relational change between larynx and heart. Additionally we represented the vagus nerve and recurrent laryngeal nerve by using strings. The right vagus nerve can move dorsally and the left ventrally by rotating the digestive tract. The right recurrent laryngeal nerve can move superiorly to hook around the right subclavian artery, and left recurrent laryngeal nerve can hook around the ductus arteriosus formed by the left sixth branchial artery.
The functional ability of the muscle is closely related to the activities of mitochondria, which are the energy producing organelles in the muscle cell. Complex I, III and IV exist as respiratory chain enzymes in the inn...The functional ability of the muscle is closely related to the activities of mitochondria, which are the energy producing organelles in the muscle cell. Complex I, III and IV exist as respiratory chain enzymes in the inner membrane of mitochondria and are responsible for transporting electrons from NADH to O2. In this paper, rat masseter muscle, rat and frog cerebral cortex, rat tongue, and frog tibialis anterior muscle mitochondria were described in terms of their correlation with enzyme activity of mitochondrial respiratory chain, the structure and number of mitochondria, and transcription levels of ND1 (mitochondrial) and 51K (nuclear) subunits of Complex I, especially regarding the change in feeding behavior in rat and hibernation in frog. The cristae in mitochondria gradually developed during the postnatal period. The changes in feeding behavior were closely correlated with the level of mitochondrial enzyme activity and were also supported by the structural changes in mitochondria. Based on results of this study, the expression of ND1 and 51K is thought to be involved in the rate-limiting step in the enzyme production. The results also suggest that there is a correlation between biochemical properties and structural features in mitochondria during development, effects of a soft diet, and hibernation.
Serine proteases exert a variety of functions under physiological and pathological conditions. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is expressed widely in the central nervous system (CNS) and play important roles in develo...Serine proteases exert a variety of functions under physiological and pathological conditions. Tissue plasminogen activator (tPA) is expressed widely in the central nervous system (CNS) and play important roles in development, synaptic plasticity and neuronal cell death. In addition to this protease, recent studies have revealed the existence of new serine proteases in the CNS. In particular, two members of the kallikrein gene family, KLK8/neuropsin and KLK6/protease M/neurosin/zyme are expressed abundantly in the CNS. Neuropsin is expressed by the neurons of the hippocampal subfields CA1 and CA3 and shown to cleave extracellular proteins such as fibronectin and L1. This protease plays essential roles in synaptic plasticity such as long-term potentiation (LTP) and kindling. Application of recombinant neuropsin significantly promoted LTP induction and anti-neuropsin antibody reduced potentiation. Intraventricular administration of anti-neuropsin antibody ameliorated kindling epilepsy. Neuropsin-knockout mice (neuropsin-KO) had significantly smaller number of synapses in the CA1 subfield of the hippocampus. These data suggest that neuropsin plays an important role in synapse formation through modifying extracellular environments. After injury to the CNS, neuropsin is expressed in oligodendrocytes around the lesion. Myelins in the severed optic nerve of neuropsin-KO were more preserved than those of wild-type mice, suggesting that neuropsin after injury is involved in myelin degradation. Another kallikrein member, protease M is constitutively expressed in the oligodendrocytes. Insult to the CNS increases protease M expression not only in the oligodendrocytes but also in the inflammatory cells such as macrophages. These proteases in balance with inhibitors are implicated in the modulation of the extracellular environment.
Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation has been recognized as a key mechanism in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in various tissues. Okadaic acid is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase typ...Protein phosphorylation and dephosphorylation has been recognized as a key mechanism in cell proliferation, differentiation, and apoptosis in various tissues. Okadaic acid is a potent inhibitor of protein phosphatase type 1 (PP1) and type 2A and induces apoptosis in human osteoblastic Saos-2 and MG63 cells. Nucleolin is an abundantly expressed nucleolar phosphoprotein and is located mainly in the nucleolus. The staining pattern of nucleolin in Saos-2 and MG63 cells is similar to that of PP1 delta. Nucleolin was demonstrated to bind to PP1 delta in nucleolus by using immunocytochemical and immunoprecipitation methods. AgNORs and nucleolin, visible as dots in the nucleus of the control cells, disappeared from the apoptotic nuclei. A major band, 110 kDa, was detected in the proteins obtained from the control cells. The level of the 110 kDa protein decreased in the apoptotic cells, whereas an additional band, 80 kDa, appeared and the level of this protein increased in the proteins prepared from okadaic acid-induced apoptotic cells. Our results indicate that PP1 delta directly binds to nucleolin in the nucleolus and that nucleolin is cleaved during apoptosis.
For better understanding of the structures of the human body and for possible revision in the future Latin anatomical names of Sulcus in skeleton were analyzed and compared with Japanese anatomical names. The words that...For better understanding of the structures of the human body and for possible revision in the future Latin anatomical names of Sulcus in skeleton were analyzed and compared with Japanese anatomical names. The words that follow after Sulcus indicated: 1) the structure that exists in Sulcus, 2) the structure that contains Sulcus, 3) the location of Sulcus, or 4) the structure of which Sulcus enters into the formation. By the comparison between Latin and Japanese anatomical names, some characteristics of each name were made clear and some problems in Japanese names were pointed out.
The objective of this study was to investigate the functional significance of Ankhzn, a novel zinc binding FYVE finger protein, which was previously identified by our gene trap experiment. On the basis of the fact that a...The objective of this study was to investigate the functional significance of Ankhzn, a novel zinc binding FYVE finger protein, which was previously identified by our gene trap experiment. On the basis of the fact that a family of FYVE double zinc finger proteins is involved in membrane transport, the present immunohistochemical study was undertaken with a focus on the localization of Ankhzn and endocytotic structures. First, the distribution of Ankhzn was observed in mouse macrophages that were in the process of incorporation of dextran particles in vitro. Ankhzn was further demonstrated in phagocytosed transferrin labeled with Texas red. Second, the topological relationship between the localization of Ankhzn and that of transferrin receptor was studied in neuroblastoma-derived B103 cells. Some but not all Ankhzn immunoreactive vesicles simultaneously contained transferrin receptor. Third, the immunoreactivity of Ankhzn was compared between serum-supplemented and serum-free cultures of B103 cells. A marked increase in the immunostaining of Ankhzn was seen in starved B103 cells. All of these observations suggest that Ankhzn is essential for the formation of endocytotic and autophagocytotic vesicles.