Tanaka K, Nishiyama K, Yaginuma H
… +5 more, Sasaki A, Maeda T, Kaneko SY, Onami T, Tanaka M
Kaibogaku Zasshi
· 2003 Jun · PMID 12833854
The evaporation of formaldehyde from cadavers can produce high exposures among students and instructors. A possible causal role for formaldehyde has been considered likely for tumor of the nasopharynx and the nasal cavit...The evaporation of formaldehyde from cadavers can produce high exposures among students and instructors. A possible causal role for formaldehyde has been considered likely for tumor of the nasopharynx and the nasal cavities in human beings. Due to this reason, Japan Ministry of Education, Culture, Sports, Science and Technology (MEXT) has set a guideline, which includes--decrease in gaseous formaldehyde in gross anatomy dissection laboratories and a guide to medical students about the toxicity of formaldehyde and protective method to avoid damages to skin, mucous, membrane, etc, in 2002. To understand what effective plans should be regarding the awareness of students about this notification, this study measured the gaseous formaldehyde concentrations in the anatomy dissection room and also analyzed the formaldehyde-related symptoms, and frequency of using protective measures. The study was conducted over a period of 3 months during the anatomy dissection exercise. We found that immediately after removing the cadavers' plastic covering, formaldehyde concentrations in the dissection room increased sharply. The concentration reached a peak point of 0.62 ppm after 10 minutes of starting of the class. This was much above the recommended level of 0.5 ppm set by Japan Society for Occupational Health. After 30 minutes of achieving the peak the formaldehyde level started decreasing gradually to a level of 0.11 ppm. Formaldehyde-related symptoms were observed in 59% of students. They had experienced symptoms of irritation of eyes, nose, throat, airways, skin, and headache during the course. Ocular discomfort was found significantly higher in the contact lenses users compared to the spectacle users or the normal eye sight group. Although, the guidelines about toxicity of formaldehyde and its protective measures to prevent damages to skin, mucous membrane etc. were informed to every student, only 52% of the students used both the mask containing activated carbon and the rubber gloves in every practical class without fail. Environmental Health Criteria 89 of International Program of Chemical Safety states, "It must be regarded that formaldehyde fluid is not absorbed directly into tissues through the skin". So the students may be allowed in some cases to touch the cadaver, treated by formaldehyde content fixative, by bare hands to understand the feel of certain organs and tissues. These results support that the rules of health supervision including necessity to use of protective measures, monitoring of indoor air formaldehyde etc. should be adhered by students and instructors in anatomy dissection room during the practical class.
It has recently been reported that the human corpus striatum, especially its ventral part, named as the nucleus accumbens, contains numerous non-monoaminergic aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC; the second-step mo...It has recently been reported that the human corpus striatum, especially its ventral part, named as the nucleus accumbens, contains numerous non-monoaminergic aromatic L-amino acid decarboxylase (AADC; the second-step monoamine synthesizing enzyme) neurons (D-neurons). D-neurons are the neurons immunoreactive for AADC but not immunoreactive for dopamine or serotonin. They lack the first-step monoamine synthesizing enzymes, tyrosine hydroxylase and tryptophan hydroxylase. AADC is also the rate-limiting enzyme of phenylethylamine (PEA) synthesis. D-neurons might participate in the manifestation of efficacy of pharmacotherapy for Parkinson's disease by uptaking monoamine precursors including L-dopa or droxidopa (L-threo-DOPS) and by converting them to dopamine or noradrenaline, respectively. As the nucleus accumbens is one of the brain regions that are involved in the pathogenesis of schizophrenia and drug dependence, D-neurons might be related to the etiology of these mental disorders. It has also been suggested that striatal D-neurons are the pluripotential cells that have compensating functions against aging or degeneration.
In human and rat brains, two highly homologous proteins have been identified as brain inorganic phosphate cotransport systems: a brain-specific sodium-dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter (BNPI) and a differentiat...In human and rat brains, two highly homologous proteins have been identified as brain inorganic phosphate cotransport systems: a brain-specific sodium-dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter (BNPI) and a differentiation-associated sodium-dependent inorganic phosphate cotransporter (DNPI). However, the current evidence shows that the primary role of BNPI is to accumulate excitatory amino acid neurotransmitter glutamate into synaptic vesicles as a vesicular transporter. This is indicated by an experiment in which rBNPI cDNA-transfected PC12 cells show a highly selective uptake of L-glutamate. Taken the 82% amino acid identity of DNPI to BNPI into consideration, it is very likely that DNPI is another kind of vesicular transporter for glutamate and/or related amino acids. An earlier study on BNPI expression in rat and human forebrains describes that its gene message is almost exclusively demonstrated in the telencephalon, particularly in glutamatergic projection neurons of the cerebral cortex and hippocampus. In contrast, the regional distribution of DNPI gene message is quite different from that of BNPI in the human brain, where the DNPI gene message is largely restricted to the diencephalon, especially in the thalamus. Many neurons in the dorsal thalamus are known as glutamatergic projection neurons giving rise to the thalamocortical and/or thalamostriatal pathways. Thus, both transporter proteins would be much better neuroanatomical markers than previously utilized to identify glutamatergic neurons and to distinguish distinct subpopulations of the identified neurons. Thus, the old understanding on the organization and function of glutamatergic neuron system should be re-evaluated on the basis of the two vesicular glutamate transporter proteins. Along with this thinking, we have recently analyzed the cellular and regional localization of DNPI in the rat brain by in situ hybridization and immunohistochemistry. In this review article, we explained our results about the regional difference between DNPI and BNPI in the rat forebrain, and discussed the possible functional significance of DNPI.
International anatomical names are expressed in Latin. In these names some adjectives denote anatomical names that consist of plural words, as deltoidea in Tuberositas deltoidea denotes Musculus deltoideus. We examined t...International anatomical names are expressed in Latin. In these names some adjectives denote anatomical names that consist of plural words, as deltoidea in Tuberositas deltoidea denotes Musculus deltoideus. We examined the words the correspond to such adjectives in Japanese anatomical names of the structures in the cranial and facial bones, and classified them into following groups: 1) adequate Japanese anatomical names, 2) original meanings of adjectives, 3) the word that is translated freely but lacks the letter corresponding a noun in Latin anatomical name, 4) Japanese anatomical names that correspond different Latin anatomical names, 5) Japanese anatomical names that correspond Latin anatomical names in the past.
A 69-year-old woman with lumbrical muscles missing in both feet was examined. The 2nd and 3rd lumbrical muscles were absent in the right foot, while the 2nd, 3rd and 4th were missing in the left foot. Bilateral absence o...A 69-year-old woman with lumbrical muscles missing in both feet was examined. The 2nd and 3rd lumbrical muscles were absent in the right foot, while the 2nd, 3rd and 4th were missing in the left foot. Bilateral absence of lumbrical muscles is very rare, and present report is the third subsequent to two reported by Wood (1867, 1868). Moreover, this is the first report of bilateral and plural absence of lumbrical muscles. Results of this study and examination of the previous reports reveal that 1. the more laterally the lumbrical muscle is situated, the more often it is absent, and 2. plural absence of the lumbrical muscles occurs in neighboring two or three ones, i.e., the second and the third or the third and fourth in the case of the two muscles absence and the second, the third and the fourth in the case of the three.
The present minireview describes a phenomenon by which phagocytic cells dispose of apoptotic granulosa cells during the process of atresia in mature (graafian) follicles from the guinea pig ovary. 1. Intact granulosa cel...The present minireview describes a phenomenon by which phagocytic cells dispose of apoptotic granulosa cells during the process of atresia in mature (graafian) follicles from the guinea pig ovary. 1. Intact granulosa cells take part in the phagocytosis of dying granulosa cells at the early stages of atresia. 2. In addition, macrophages are present within large atretic follicles in order to remove dead granulosa cells and their debris. 3. These two kinds of phagocytic cells remain within the follicle until its atretic stages become considerably advanced. 4. A small number of macrophages are rarely discernible within the growing large follicles of the ovaries during the metestrus period. From these observations, the intrafollicular macrophages and the phagocytic granulosa cells are therefore considered to play an important role in the dynamics of the follicle, especially during both its development and atresia.
Menjo Y, Kobayashi M, Hayashi A
… +2 more, Nakayama H, Kobayashi K
Kaibogaku Zasshi
· 2002 Mar · PMID 11993237
Morphological changes in mouse back skin, especially dermal connective tissue, were observed after moxibustion treatment. Various amounts of direct moxibustion and indirect moxibustion (column) were performed and the exa...Morphological changes in mouse back skin, especially dermal connective tissue, were observed after moxibustion treatment. Various amounts of direct moxibustion and indirect moxibustion (column) were performed and the exact skin area was processed for light and electron microscopy. Just after treatment, epidermal cell layer was degenerated and increased amounts of mast cells were observed. Many unwinding collagen fibrils were prominent. Twenty-four hours after treatment, the number of unwinding fibrils decreased. Instead, tightly winding fibrils, sometimes thicker, were observed in a similar area. D-period of collagen fibrils did not change in any situation. Physical reaction to moxibustion varies depending on stimulation rate and/or approach, which includes the change of interstitial connective tissues as well as cellular profiles. It is also important to survey the time-dependent changes in moxibustion treatment.
Aydinlioğlu A, Yeşilyurt H, Diyarbakirli S
… +2 more, Erdem S, Daştan A
Kaibogaku Zasshi
· 2001 Dec · PMID 11806148
The jugular foramen varies in size and shape. Because of the variations and the surrounding structures, successful surgery is difficult in this region. For this reason, numerous studies have investigate the detailed anat...The jugular foramen varies in size and shape. Because of the variations and the surrounding structures, successful surgery is difficult in this region. For this reason, numerous studies have investigate the detailed anatomy of the foramen. The purpose of the present study is to investigate the possible local variations of the foramen jugulare. In this work, Eastern Anatolian skulls were examined in order to investigate the local variety. Extracranial opening of the foramen was only measured in diameters as maximum anteroposterior (AP) and mediolateral diameter (ML) of both right and left foramen. The height of the jugular fossa was taken as the dome height (DH). The results were in mm (right-left) as: AP (12.2-10.9); ML (13.7-12.3); DH (14-13.7). The present study suggested that local differences of the jugular foramen in relative size and shape might occur. These differences are probably peculiar to the region or probably the result of some particular clinical situation.