Ultrason Sonochem [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Ultrasound extraction and bioactive flavonoid profiling of Alsophila spinulosa leaves across maturity stages.
Huang X, He Y, Miu W … +5 more , Sui Y, Gong P, Yuan R, Tang X, Liu C
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 42030879 · Full text
Alsophila spinulosa leaves are consumed as an herbal infusion, but the flavonoid-rich products obtainable from leaves at different maturity stages and their major bioactive constituents remain unclear. In this study, fla...
Alsophila spinulosa leaves are consumed as an herbal infusion, but the flavonoid-rich products obtainable from leaves at different maturity stages and their major bioactive constituents remain unclear. In this study, flavonoids from A. spinulosa leaves at three maturity stages were investigated by combining ultrasound-assisted extraction optimization, purification using AB-8 macroporous adsorption resin, structural characterization, targeted LC-MS/MS profiling, molecular docking, and cell-based validation in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated RAW 264.7 murine macrophages. A four-factor Box-Behnken design optimized extraction time, ultrasonic power, liquid-to-solid ratio, and ethanol concentration, and the practical optimum yielded 61.9 ± 1.73 mg rutin equivalents/g dry weight total flavonoids. The enriched extract was characterized by Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy, X-ray diffraction, and thermogravimetric analysis, indicating a polyhydroxylated aromatic, largely amorphous product that was sensitive to light and strong alkali. Targeted LC-MS/MS annotated 166 flavonoid metabolites and revealed clear maturity-dependent remodeling, mainly involving flavones and flavonols; isoorientin, vitexin, nicotiflorin, and orientin were the most abundant constituents. Molecular docking highlighted sophoricoside and sieboldin as candidate ligands for Kelch-like ECH-associated protein 1 (Keap1) and nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB). In LPS-stimulated RAW 264.7 macrophages, the purified extract at 50 μg/mL and six representative monomers, each tested at 10 μM, reduced pro-inflammatory transcript levels and modulated cytoprotective defense-related genes. Overall, these results provide a practical basis for maturity-guided utilization and development of bioactive flavonoid products from A. spinulosa leaves.
Ultrasound-assisted supramolecular solvent extraction with enzymatic pretreatment of Celastrus orbiculatus roots: Process optimization, enrichment, and antibacterial activity.
Li Q, Zhang Y, Hao J … +4 more , Su J, Chen X, Li Y, Liu Y
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 42026442 · Full text
Ultrasound offers a greener and more efficient alternative to conventional extraction methods, requiring less solvent and shorter processing times. This study developed an ultrasound - assisted enzyme - supramolecular so...
Ultrasound offers a greener and more efficient alternative to conventional extraction methods, requiring less solvent and shorter processing times. This study developed an ultrasound - assisted enzyme - supramolecular solvents (SUPRAS) extraction (UAESE) method to synergistically extract two key triterpenoids from Celastrus orbiculatus roots. In this study, ultrasound-assisted extraction was performed in a 30 L ultrasonic cleaning bath operating at a frequency of 40 kHz. Based on single-factor experiments, Plackett-Burman design (PBD) and Box-Behnken design (BBD) were employed to optimize the extraction parameters. The optimal integrated process involves: ultrasound-assisted enzymatic pretreatment with 6% enzyme at pH 5 and 41℃ for 50 min; formulation of a SUPRAS containing 5% octanoic acid, 30% ethanol, and 60% aqueous phase at pH 4; and final ultrasonic extraction at 40℃ for 70 min with 640 W power and a liquid-solid ratio of 12 mL/g. The optimized UAESE method achieved a significantly higher extraction yield compared to other extracts. Then scanning electron microscopy (SEM) was employed to explore the extraction mechanism of UAESE. Subsequent enrichment of the UAESE crude extract with an AB-8 resin yielded a purified product containing 13.545 ± 0.542% pristimerin (PRI). Furthermore, the enriched extract showed significant activity against methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA), primarily attributed to celastrol (CEL)and PRI. In conclusion, the proposed method offers an innovative, efficient, and environmentally sustainable approach to extracting diverse triterpenoids from plant materials.
Ultrasonic-assisted production of okara protein isolate amyloid fibrils from plant-based by-products: Structural and morphological characteristics.
Wang S, Zhang H, Lv H … +4 more , Li Z, Tie S, Zhao F, Li P
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 42019140 · Full text
The amyloid fibrilliation technology of plant proteins points to the development of new functional foods using plant processing by-products. Okara protein isolate (OPI) is such a sustainable protein resource from soybean...
The amyloid fibrilliation technology of plant proteins points to the development of new functional foods using plant processing by-products. Okara protein isolate (OPI) is such a sustainable protein resource from soybean processing, with huge output and rich nutrition. This study employed ultrasonic pretreatment to enhance the fibrillation capacity of OPI. Following ultrasonic pretreatment, heating at 90 °C under pH 2 conditions for 9 h yielded amyloid fibrils with high conversion rates, validated through ThT fluorescence, SDS-PAGE, and AFM techniques. UV and FTIR analyses confirmed the formation of amyloid fibril structures rich in characteristic cross-β-sheets. Furthermore, this study revealed that ultrasonic pretreatment may partially unfold proteins and expose hydrophobic regions, subsequently promoting amyloid fibril aggregation during incubation. Conversely, excessive ultrasonic pretreatment may lead to over-unfolding of protein structures, resulting in structural instability that hinders amyloid fibril aggregation. This research not only elucidates the mechanism by which ultrasound regulates amyloid fibril formation but also provides a practical solution for the application of soybean residue protein in the field of food science.
Sonochemical hydrogen production in a 300 kHz sonoreactor: Comparative effects of short‑chain carboxylic acids, pH, and dissolved gas.
Choi J, Yoon S, Ahn YG … +1 more , Ashokkumar M
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 42013515 · Full text
Sonochemical hydrogen production via ultrasonic cavitation offers a promising but still inefficient route for sustainable hydrogen generation. This study investigates how short‑chain carboxylic acids affect hydrogen (H)...
Sonochemical hydrogen production via ultrasonic cavitation offers a promising but still inefficient route for sustainable hydrogen generation. This study investigates how short‑chain carboxylic acids affect hydrogen (H) production in a 300 kHz sonoreactor under well‑defined pH and gas conditions. Formic (FA), acetic (AA), propionic (PA), and butyric acid (BA) were examined at 0.1-5.0% v/v and pH 3, 6, and 9 under 100% Ar and 100% N. At pH 3, 5% BA achieved a maximum H production rate of about 3.3 µmol/min, approximately ten times higher than pure water, whereas FA showed little enhancement. In parallel, HO formation followed the inverse order FA > AA > PA > BA, consistent with the notion that carboxylic acids can act as hydroxyl radical scavengers that redistribute radicals between oxidative (HO production) and reductive (H production) pathways, as inferred from measured H and HO rates. The dependence of H yield on pH and acid identity suggests that volatility, hydrophobicity, and pH‑dependent speciation are important factors influencing interfacial accumulation and cavitation behavior, although interfacial properties and radicals were not directly measured. Substituting Ar with N reduced H production in pure water, but a 5% (0.57 M) BA solution under 100% N still produced more H than Ar‑saturated pure water, providing a proof‑of‑concept that suitable additive can partially offset the thermodynamic limitations of N. Overall, this work offers a comparative framework for understanding how carboxylic acids modulate sonochemical H production and highlights opportunities and limitations for using homogeneous additives to enhance hydrogen yields in high‑frequency sonoreactors.
Cavitation-enhanced carbonation for nano-ZnO synthesis via an ultrasonic-jet coupled reactor: Machine learning prediction and multi-objective optimization using a genetic algorithm.
Guo J, Yu H, Wang D … +1 more , Fan L
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 42008916 · Full text
Nano-sized zinc oxide (Nano-ZnO) is of significant interest in catalysis, adsorption, rubber reinforcement, and electronic devices due to its high specific surface area, tunable crystal structure, and superior interfacia...
Nano-sized zinc oxide (Nano-ZnO) is of significant interest in catalysis, adsorption, rubber reinforcement, and electronic devices due to its high specific surface area, tunable crystal structure, and superior interfacial properties. However, the traditional carbonization process is often constrained by inefficient gas-liquid-solid mass transfer, the formation of a dense "self-passivation layer" on particle surfaces, and severe agglomeration during crystal growth. Consequently, achieving a synergistic enhancement in reaction yield, specific surface area, and crystallite size reduction remains a significant challenge. In this study, a 20 kHz clamp-mounted horn-type ultrasonic vibration unit coupled with an ultrasonic-jet cavitation reactor was developed to address these issues. Through multi-scale synergistic intensification involving macroscopic turbulent shear and microscopic cavitation effects, the reactor significantly enhances the interfacial renewal rate, mass transfer efficiency, and nucleation density, thereby modulating carbonization kinetics and improving product microstructure. Based on the Box-Behnken Design (BBD), the effects of four key operating parameters-ultrasonic axial distance, solid-liquid ratio, incident pressure, and jet outlet height-on reaction yield, BET specific surface area, and crystallite size were systematically investigated. Four machine learning models-BP-ANN, SVR, RF, and XGBoost-were constructed and evaluated using the BBD experimental dataset. Comparative analysis revealed that the XGBoost model exhibited superior predictive performance (R = 0.956), significantly outperforming the other three models. Furthermore, a multi-objective integrated optimization framework was established by coupling XGBoost with a genetic algorithm. The optimal process parameters were determined as follows: t = 90 min, T = 80°C, ultrasonic power = 700 W, ultrasonic transducer axial distance = 60.26 mm, solid-liquid ratio = 5.72:100, incident pressure = 0.756 MPa, and jet outlet height = 338.41 mm. Experimental validation demonstrated high consistency with model predictions, achieving a reaction yield of 94.92%, a specific surface area of 62.12 m g, and a crystallite size of 18.89 nm. Calorimetric measurements further showed that the net ultrasonic calorimetric power delivered to the liquid phase was 194.90 W. Based on the optimized treatment time of 90 min, the net ultrasonic energy input was estimated to be 1052.46 kJ. Mechanism analysis indicated that the synergistic ultrasonic-jet cavitation effectively disrupts the self-passivation layer, promotes efficient CO mass transfer, enhances nucleation density, and inhibits secondary agglomeration. Consequently, the synthesized product exhibits higher crystallinity, a well-developed mesoporous structure, and a narrower crystallite size distribution. The proposed machine-learning-assisted genetic algorithm optimization strategy successfully addresses the challenges associated with multivariable nonlinear coupling. This work demonstrates the potential of this strategy in complex chemical process intensification and provides a novel technical route and theoretical basis for the green, controllable, and efficient preparation of high-performance Nano-ZnO.
Dynamic characteristics comparison between non-spherical hydrodynamic cavitation bubbles and spark-induced cavitation bubbles.
Wang C, Liu Y, Bai L
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 42008915 · Full text
In this work, we develop a new experimental approach using the whipping motion of a large-deformation flexible body in water, which achieves stable generation of single non-spherical hydrodynamic cavitation bubbles in a...
In this work, we develop a new experimental approach using the whipping motion of a large-deformation flexible body in water, which achieves stable generation of single non-spherical hydrodynamic cavitation bubbles in a quiescent environment. We also systematically compare the dynamic characteristics between whipping-induced and spark-induced cavitation bubbles. Whipping-induced bubbles exhibit obvious daughter bubble shedding during evolution, with rough surfaces covered by protruding sub-bubbles and implosive rebound during collapse. In contrast, spark-induced bubbles evolve nearly spherically with smooth surfaces and negligible daughter bubble shedding. Whipping-induced bubbles show significant temporal asymmetry between growth and collapse: their growth duration is much longer than the collapse time, unlike spark-induced bubbles, which display nearly symmetric evolution. Regarding shock wave characteristics, whipping-induced bubbles produce multi-sequential shock waves upon collapse, with pressure signals consisting of a main peak plus multiple low-amplitude waves. Spark-induced bubbles, however, emit isolated spherical shock waves with concentrated energy and high peak pressure. Whipping-induced bubbles have a much lower content of non-condensable gas, resulting in fewer oscillations, shorter lifetime, and less residual gas after collapse. The effects of liquid conductivity, viscosity, and temperature on the evolution of both bubble types are also investigated. This study provides a new approach for the experimental investigation of non-spherical hydrodynamic single bubbles and lays a theoretical foundation for clarifying their applicable ranges in single-bubble research.
Green and efficient ultrasound-assisted supramolecular solvent extraction of Plantago asiatica L.: Process optimization, mechanism, and hypouricemic efficacy.
Ding W, Han X, Lu Z … +8 more , Peng H, Lv J, Wang H, An K, Ma J, Qu Q, Liu Y, Li Y
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 42001691 · Full text
Plantago asiatica L. (PA), a traditional Chinese medicinal and edible plant, is rich in the hypouricemic bioactive components plantamajoside (PMS) and acteoside (ACT). This study pioneers the development of an efficient...
Plantago asiatica L. (PA), a traditional Chinese medicinal and edible plant, is rich in the hypouricemic bioactive components plantamajoside (PMS) and acteoside (ACT). This study pioneers the development of an efficient and environmentally friendly ultrasonic-assisted supramolecular solvent extraction (SUPRAS-UAE) method for the extraction of PMS and ACT. Additionally, it elucidates the sonochemical mechanisms underlying SUPRAS-UAE and conducts a comparative analysis of its extraction efficiency against conventional methods. The ultrasonic apparatus utilized was an SB25-12DTD power-adjustable heated cleaner operating at 40 kHz. The SUPRAS solvent system comprised 9% (v/v) decanoic acid, 38% (v/v) ethanol, and 53% (v/v) water, with a pH of 6. Through optimization using single-factor experiments and response surface methodology, the optimal extraction conditions were determined to be an ultrasonic power of 840 W, an ultrasonic duration of 50 min, an ultrasonic temperature of 53℃, and a liquid-solid ratio of 82 mL/g. Mechanistically, the application of ultrasound facilitated the dynamic reorganization of SUPRAS micelles and the mechanical disruption of PA cell walls, thereby synergistically enhancing the release of the target components. Compared to conventional extraction methods, SUPRAS-UAE demonstrated superior extraction efficiency, environmental sustainability, and solvent recyclability.
Revealing the interplay between flow dynamics and cavitation activity in a flow-through sonoreactor.
Javidani A, Poux M, Aubin J … +2 more , Chaumat H, Barthe L
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 42000605 · Full text
Acoustic cavitation is a well-known approach to intensify chemical and physical processes. Despite extensive studies in the understanding of batch ultrasonic reactors, flow-through sonoreactors, which are more relevant t...
Acoustic cavitation is a well-known approach to intensify chemical and physical processes. Despite extensive studies in the understanding of batch ultrasonic reactors, flow-through sonoreactors, which are more relevant to continuous and large-scale operation, have received limited attention. Hence, in this study, the role of fluid flow rate and the relative direction between bulk flow and ultrasound propagation (co-current and counter-current) on sonochemical activity and cavitation cloud characteristics in a tubular flow-through sonoreactor (low frequency = 35 kHz) is systematically investigated under different ultrasonic amplitudes. Characterization techniques were employed, including calorimetry to quantify dissipated acoustic power and ultrasonic efficiency, shadowgraphy imaging to characterize the size of the cavitation cloud, sonochemiluminescence (SCL) to map chemically active cavitation zones, and KI dosimetry to quantify radicals. The results show that increasing flow rate slightly enhances calorimetric power, while ultrasonic efficiency remains largely unchanged. Shadowgraphy reveals that cavitation clouds elongate with increasing flow rate up to an intermediate value, beyond which the extent of the cavitation cloud decreases. In contrast, SCL mapping demonstrates that stagnant conditions and low flow rates are more favourable to induce larger and more intense chemically active cavitation zones, indicating that not all cavitation bubbles contribute equally to radical formation. The higher radical production at higher amplitudes and lower flow rates is shown through KI dosimetry. Moreover, counter-current operation enhances the distribution of chemically active cavitation and radical generation, as well as sonochemical efficiency when compared with co-current flow. This is attributed to modified hydrodynamics and increased residence time within the sonication zone.
Mechanical modification and ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration for mass transfer intensification during blueberry convective drying.
Rojas ML, Namoc M, Ramirez K … +1 more , Miano AC
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 42000604 · Full text
This study investigated the use of mechanical modification (MM) and ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration (OD + US) as process-intensification strategies before convective drying of blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L....
This study investigated the use of mechanical modification (MM) and ultrasound-assisted osmotic dehydration (OD + US) as process-intensification strategies before convective drying of blueberries (Vaccinium corymbosum L.). MM (cutting and perforation) were combined with osmotic dehydration at 40-60°Brix, with ultrasound applied at 37 kHz and 33.86 W/L to enhance mass transfer. Peleg modeling revealed that ultrasound increased water loss and solute gain during OD, attributed to cavitation-induced microchannel formation and enhanced solvent penetration through the berry skin. Although MM facilitated initial mass transfer, ultrasound promoted additional structural disruption, particularly in cut samples, as evidenced by viscoelastic weakening and altered rehydration behavior. Drying kinetics, described by the Page model, showed that pre-treatments reduced the time required to reach 12% moisture by over 30%, indicating effective process intensification. Bioactive compounds decreased after drying; however, ultrasound-assisted treatments retained higher levels after OD compared to non-sonicated samples, suggesting reduced oxidative degradation during mass transfer. Sorption isotherms fitted to the GAB model enabled shelf-life prediction, demonstrating extended stability under aluminum laminate packaging. The combined perforation and OD + US treatment at 50°Brix provided the most favorable balance between drying efficiency and quality retention. Overall, results demonstrate that ultrasound acoustic cavitation combined with MM and OD enhances mass transfer, modifies microstructure, and improves dehydration performance in blueberries.
Enzymes-assisted green ultrasonic extraction with UPLC-DAD quantification of phenolic compounds in chia seeds with a comparative evaluation based on geographical origins.
Ahmad R, Alqathama A, Aldholmi M … +6 more , Alkawi M, Alnaeem F, Khan M, Algarzai M, Amir M, Riaz M
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 42000603 · Full text
BACKGROUND: This study aims to enhance the recovery of chia phenolic using a green ultrasound extraction (UA) with different individual and mixed-enzymes models followed by a simultaneous determination of the phenolic [c...
BACKGROUND: This study aims to enhance the recovery of chia phenolic using a green ultrasound extraction (UA) with different individual and mixed-enzymes models followed by a simultaneous determination of the phenolic [chlorogenic acid (cGA), rosmarinic acid (RA), ferulic acid (FA), quercetin (QT), kaempferol (KF)] using an in-house developed UPLC-DAD method across eleven different geographical origins. METHODOLOGY: Green solvents of acetone (ACT), ethanol (EtOH), and water (HO) were used for UA of chia phenolic whereas, UPLC-DAD method was validated for simultaneous determination of phenolic. The enzymes of protease, cellulase, viscozyme, and α-amylase (1-5%) were applied to enhance the phenolic recovery. RESULTS: The optimal solvent (UA-MD) with highest phenolic recovery (168.41 ppm) was ACT: HO (70: 30 v/v) whereas, UA-MV revealed the order for phenolic yield: US > KSA > Ecuador. The pretreatment with enzymes resulted more yield for RA, cGA, and FA using viscozyme and α-amylase whereas, protease enzyme favored QT and KF. The mixed enzymes model showed synergistic effects for protease-amylase and cellulase-viscozyme systems. The UPLC-DAD method exhibited a separation in 8 min with excellent sensitivity LOD (0.02-0.14 ppm). CONCLUSION: An effective green UA-based enzymes assisted model was developed with an enhanced release for chia phenolic.
The effects of ultrasound-assisted glycosylation modification on zein protein structure and resveratrol grafting.
Guo N, Duan Q, Liu W … +4 more , Wang Y, Wang X, Li L, Zhu G
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 42000602 · Full text
Zein possesses a unique amphiphilic structure and excellent biocompatibility, making it a natural carrier of bioactive substances with significant development potential in the food sector. However, its extremely poor wat...
Zein possesses a unique amphiphilic structure and excellent biocompatibility, making it a natural carrier of bioactive substances with significant development potential in the food sector. However, its extremely poor water solubility has limited its scope of application. This study aims to optimize the structure of zein through ultrasound-assisted glycosylation and resveratrol grafting. The results indicated that mild ultrasonic treatment effectively exposed active amino acid groups in zein, promoted the glycosylation degree of zein, improved protein solubility, and enhances the grafting efficiency of resveratrol. In particular, 100 W ultrasonic treatment resulted in the highest glycosylation degree (40.0%) and protein solubility (18.36 mg/mL) for zein, while reducing the hydrophobic index by 46%. Following resveratrol grafting, the glycosylated nanoparticles treated with 100 W sonication exhibited the smallest particle size (15.56 nm), the highest grafting degree (90.32%) and the maximum solubility (28.47 mg/mL). This modification induced the loss of ordered secondary structures (β-sheets) and yielded significantly higher 2,2'-azobis (3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS•) scavenging activity and 2,2- diphenyl-1-pyridylhydrazine (DPPH) scavenging activity activities compared with zein-resveratrol nanoparticles. Both glycosylation and resveratrol-grafting modifications rendered the zein surface smooth, with a continuous and dense structure. This study aims to provide a theoretical basis for the preparation process of zein nanoparticles modified by multiple methods and to expand their applications.
Evaluation of cavitation enhancements in low-boiling point (< -2°C) perfluorocarbon nanodroplet and microbubble mixtures using therapeutic ultrasound pulses.
Khan H, Dayton PA, Xu Z … +2 more , Jiang X, Kim J
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 41990411 · Full text
This study investigates the phenomenon of cavitation enhancement by using a combination of low-boiling-point (< -2°C) perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (NDs) and microbubbles (MBs) following the application of therapeutic ult...
This study investigates the phenomenon of cavitation enhancement by using a combination of low-boiling-point (< -2°C) perfluorocarbon nanodroplets (NDs) and microbubbles (MBs) following the application of therapeutic ultrasound pulses. While MBs and NDs individually exhibit distinct cavitation behaviors, their combined effects are not well understood. We hypothesize that integrating MBs with NDs enhances cavitation via synergistic interactions between gas-filled and liquid cores, increasing both cavitation dose and duration. In-vitro experiments with passive cavitation detection were performed under various conditions using six agents: decafluorobutane MB (DFB MB), DFB ND, octafluoropentane ND (OFP ND), and their combinations. Ultrasound pulses (1 MHz, 1.2-7.5 MPa peak negative pressure) were used to quantify stable and inertial cavitation. At lower pressures (1.2-4.6 MPa), individual and combination treatments produced comparable stable cavitation. However, at higher pressures (6.3-7.5 MPa), DFB MB + DFB ND yielded more stable cavitation effects than those induced by DFB MB alone (by 48.8-100.7%), DFB ND alone (by 34.4-38.1%), and OFP ND alone (by 97.6-104.1%). For inertial cavitation, combinations enhanced activity by 13.4-100.7% (vs. DFB MB), 32.3-38.1% (vs. DFB ND), and up to 104.1% (vs. OFP ND) across all excitation pressure cases. Temporally, individual agents showed two distinct peaks that intensified with pressure, whereas combination agents exhibited a smoother, merged response from overlapping cavitation. These results suggest that MB-ND combinations can enhance cavitation relative to MBs or NDs alone, with the magnitude of enhancement depending on the specific formulation and excitation pressure. We expect our findings motivate further development of MB-ND-based strategies for spatiotemporally controlled and efficient therapeutic ultrasound applications, including sonothrombolysis, tumor ablation, and targeted drug delivery.
Mechanism of self-protected structure formation in titanium alloy radiation rods during ultrasonic casting.
Cao H, Dong F, Wu H … +1 more , Liu Z
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 41967395 · Full text
During the ultrasonic casting, a self-protected structure (SPS) gradually forms on TC4 titanium radiation rod surfaces (TRRS). This structure effectively inhibits chemical corrosion of the TRRS, enhances the stability of...
During the ultrasonic casting, a self-protected structure (SPS) gradually forms on TC4 titanium radiation rod surfaces (TRRS). This structure effectively inhibits chemical corrosion of the TRRS, enhances the stability of ultrasonic transmission within the vibration system, and thereby extends the service life of the radiation rod. In this study, the effects of ultrasonic vibration, cavitation impact, and high-temperature environment on the microstructure of the TRRS were investigated, and the mechanism of SPS formation was elucidated. The relationship between ultrasonic stress amplitude and dislocation annihilation probability was analyzed to reveal the effect of ultrasonic vibration on dislocation evolution. The cavitation-induced microjet impact pressure on the TRRS was calculated using the water hammer pressure formula, and the stress distribution within two phases (α + β) of TC4 was determined by reference to the deformation behavior of duplex stainless steel. The contributions of various factors to the chemical corrosion resistance of the TRRS were verified through aluminum melt immersion corrosion experiments. The results show that ultrasonic vibration promotes dislocation annihilation, cavitation impact reduces β phase content due to the stress-shielding effect, and high-temperature environment accelerates grain growth by enhancing grain boundary migration. The combined effects of these three factors promote SPS formation, inhibit Ti atom diffusion and dissolution, and improve the chemical corrosion resistance of TRRS.
Extraction and characterization of protein fraction from whole chickpea (Cicer arietinum L.) flour through ultrasound assisted alkaline method.
Prado PMC, Coutinho GSM, Oliveira AR … +10 more , Jardim VHP, Magalhães GL, Couto LS, Santos NJC, Raimundo TG, Ribeiro AEC, Campos ITN, Liao LM, Caliari M, Soares Júnior MS
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 41966545 · Full text
Ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction was applied to whole chickpea flour to optimize processing conditions and enhance the technological properties of plant protein. A Box-Behnken experimental design systematically ev...
Ultrasound-assisted alkaline extraction was applied to whole chickpea flour to optimize processing conditions and enhance the technological properties of plant protein. A Box-Behnken experimental design systematically evaluated the effects of solid-to-liquid ratio (1:05-1:15 g mL), pH (7.0-12.0), and ultrasonication time (10-40 min), consisting of 15 runs. The most desirable assay, based on protein yield and solubility, was a ratio of 1:12.5 (g mL), pH 9.5, and a 40-minute ultrasonication time. The extracts from the control assay (EC), the desirable one (ED), and three other experimental conditions (E6, E10, and E11) were characterized by their technological, chemical, physicochemical, and morphological properties. Among the five extracts, EC showed the highest protein content (65.13 ± 0.97%), and the ultrasound-assisted extraction method did not increase the yield but reduced the extraction time and improved the functional properties. Solubility increased from 77.33 ± 2.15% to 89.07 ± 3.06% under the optimized condition (ED); water absorption capacity from 1.76 ± 0.05% to 2.55 ± 0.02%; oil absorption from 1.42 ± 0.02% to 1.96 ± 0.06%; and foam stability from 58.04 ± 1.55% to 65.87 ± 2.75%, highlighting ED and E6. The enhanced functionality is attributed to ultrasound-induced structural modifications associated with acoustic cavitation. The optimized process provides advantages for industrial food systems, including improved efficiency, and potential sustainability benefits. Chickpea proteins show strong potential for application in baked products, pasta, meat analogues, dairy alternatives, and emerging technologies such as 3D-printed foods. Future studies should focus on process scale-up and techno-economic evaluation to support industrial implementation.
A review of pharmaceutical removal from wastewater via hydrodynamic cavitation.
Liu P, Gaudino EC, Lee J … +1 more , Cravotto G
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 41956028 · Full text
Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is a powerful advanced oxidation process for water and wastewater remediation, but the degradation mechanism of pharmaceuticals in water matrices remains unclear. This comprehensive review ai...
Hydrodynamic cavitation (HC) is a powerful advanced oxidation process for water and wastewater remediation, but the degradation mechanism of pharmaceuticals in water matrices remains unclear. This comprehensive review aims to inspire and guide future research in this field by reviewing the removal of pharmaceuticals in water and wastewater using various HC hybrid processes, including standalone HC, and HC combined with HO, persulfate, peroxymonosulfate, percarbonate, Fenton, catalysts, ozonation, as well as HC/Photocatalysis. Given that HC/Plasma processes for water and wastewater remediation were comprehensively reviewed in our previous work, they are not discussed here. This review systematically examines the mechanisms, applications, and key influencing factors of these HC-based processes. In addition, the environmental impacts and sustainability aspects of HC technologies are highlighted. Finally, current challenges and future perspectives are presented to outline emerging issues and advanced research directions in this field.
Interaction between reflected shock waves and laser-induced cavitation bubbles.
Dawoodian M, Rezaee S, Barman D … +4 more , El Moctar O, Sainz RM, Mettin R, Lechner C
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 41956027 · Full text
This study experimentally investigates the interaction between acoustically reflected shock-wave echoes and laser-induced cavitation bubbles confined within cylindrical tubes. In these macroscopic experiments, the tube r...
This study experimentally investigates the interaction between acoustically reflected shock-wave echoes and laser-induced cavitation bubbles confined within cylindrical tubes. In these macroscopic experiments, the tube radius was systematically varied to control the timing and amplitude of reflected shocks relative to the bubble lifetime. Time-resolved high-speed imaging captured the bubble's expansion and collapse dynamics, revealing that early reflected echoes, returning within microseconds after the initial breakdown, strongly influence the collapse symmetry and morphology. Depending on their timing and intensity, these echoes compress the bubble along the tube axis, leading to prolate deformations and extended collapse durations. To complement these findings at the nanoscale, molecular dynamics (MD) simulations were performed to examine the interaction between plasma-induced shock waves and nanobubbles within cylindrical confinement. The simulations show that higher-energy pulses generate strong rebound shocks that induce prolate deformation and secondary growth-collapse cycles. Together, the experimental and atomistic results reveal a consistent physical mechanism across scales, where confinement-induced shock reflections modulated bubble dynamics through the timing and amplitude of early reflected waves. These findings provide new insight into echo-driven cavitation in confined geometries, with potential implications for ultrasonic cleaning, biomedical cavitation, and focused acoustic applications.
Valorization of Panax ginseng residues: Functional fiber development through cross-linking combined with ultrasonication.
Jiang G, Ramachandraiah K, Feng X … +2 more , Wang X, Zhang W
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 41950847 · Full text
Ginseng processing yields large amounts of dietary fiber (DF), but its dense structure, low hydration capacity, and limited functionality restrict direct use. Although several modification methods have been studied, the...
Ginseng processing yields large amounts of dietary fiber (DF), but its dense structure, low hydration capacity, and limited functionality restrict direct use. Although several modification methods have been studied, the combined impact of cross-linking and ultrasonication on ginseng DF remains unclear. This study therefore aimed to enhance the physicochemical, structural, thermal, emulsifying, and functional properties of ginseng DF using chemical cross-linking alone (C) and cross-linking followed by ultrasonication (CU). Both treatments considerably improved the water-holding capacity, oil holding capacity and water swelling capacity of ginseng DF, with CU treatment resulting in the most significant improvements. Monosaccharide profiling revealed elevated glucose and galactose levels in CU-treated DF and increased galacturonic acid levels in C-treated DF. X-ray diffraction (XRD) and Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) analyses revealed that both treatments, particularly CU, increased crystallinity and altered molecular interactions in ginseng DF. Thermal analysis revealed enhanced thermal stability in CU-treated DF, as reflected by higher decomposition temperatures and residual mass. Rheological analysis showed increased apparent viscosity and shear-thinning behavior in modified fibers, which resulted in an improved network structure. CU treatment enhanced the antioxidant activity (DPPH, ABTS, and FRAP) of ginseng DF. Bile acid-binding capacity, cholesterol adsorption capacity, glucose adsorption capacity, and nitrite ion adsorption capacity were considerably higher in CU-treated DF than in ginseng residue and C-treated DF. In addition, CU-treated DF exhibited the highest ginsenoside content and superior emulsion stability, likely owing to reduced particle size and increased surface activity. These enhancements in functional and structural properties can be attributed to the molecular and conformational changes induced by the combined treatments, as evidenced by the results of scanning electron microscopy, XRD, FTIR, and thermogravimetric analyses. Overall, CU treatment can effectively improve the physicochemical and functional properties of ginseng DF.
Experimental Investigation of the directional collapse and microjet dynamics of single acoustic bubbles in confined tubes.
Wu H, Zhang T, Fang Y … +4 more , Yu R, Jin Y, Ohl CD, Li Y
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 41946176 · Full text
Understanding the behavior of single cavitation bubbles under ultrasonic excitation is crucial for biomedical applications, particularly targeted drug delivery. This study experimentally investigates the physics of acous...
Understanding the behavior of single cavitation bubbles under ultrasonic excitation is crucial for biomedical applications, particularly targeted drug delivery. This study experimentally investigates the physics of acoustically driven bubble shape instabilities within confined tubes (inner diameters 600-800 μm) designed to mimic human micro-vessels. Utilizing an ultrafast photomicrographic system, we captured high-resolution recordings of the spatiotemporal evolution and translational trajectories of micrometric air bubbles. The experimental results demonstrate that when a bubble is positioned on the tube's axial line, an increase in acoustic pressure significantly alters bubble morphology and reduces collapse time. Notably, the formation of high-velocity upward microjets was observed during collapse phases, with peak jet velocities scaling positively with ultrasonic intensity. A comparative analysis of varying initial bubble sizes reveals that the tube boundary induces a fourth-harmonic acoustic response, which substantially enhances the intensity of the bubble's horizontal migration, rotational dynamics, and collapse violence. Furthermore, the initial proximity of the bubble to the tube wall was identified as a critical determinant of cavitation dynamics. Detailed analysis shows that a shorter initial distance to the boundary accelerates the rotational path of the bubble towards the wall, leading to an earlier and more intense asymmetric collapse. These findings provide new quantitative insights into the microscopic mechanisms of ultrasound-induced cavitation in confined geometries, offering a framework for optimizing ultrasonic applications in clinical and microfluidic environments.
Kinetics and mechanism of ultrasound-enhanced citric acid leaching of chromium from steel slag.
Nie Z, Niu F, Zhang J … +2 more , Wang X, Chen Q
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 41946175 · Full text
Steel slag is a promising eco-material, yet its utilization remains constrained by chromium (Cr) levels exceeding regulatory limits in many countries. This study investigated the selective leaching of Cr from steel slag...
Steel slag is a promising eco-material, yet its utilization remains constrained by chromium (Cr) levels exceeding regulatory limits in many countries. This study investigated the selective leaching of Cr from steel slag using an ultrasound-enhanced organic acid system. Among six carboxylic acids screened, including several bio-based options, citric acid exhibited the highest Cr extraction (63.3%) and Cr/Ca selectivity (2.86), attributed to its multidentate chelation capability. Under optimized ultrasonic conditions (0.8 mol L citric acid, 240 W, 30 °C, 10 min), Cr extraction reached 84.3%, reducing residual Cr from approximately 2189 mg kg to 281 mg kg. Kinetic analysis indicated that conventional leaching followed a chemical reaction-controlled shrinking core model (E = 48.10 kJ mol), whereas ultrasonic leaching exhibited mixed-control behavior with a markedly lower apparent activation energy (E = 18.02 kJ mol), suggesting that cavitation reduced interfacial mass transfer resistance. Multi-scale residue characterization supported that ultrasound enhanced Cr accessibility through particle refinement, pore development, and disruption of the Ca-Si interlocking layer. A stability window was identified: prolonged reaction or elevated temperature promoted Si(OH) accumulation and probable gel formation, impairing solid-liquid separation. Confining the process within this window allowed the primary Cr extraction to proceed before gel-dominated effects prevailed. Leaching toxicity tests (GB 5086.1-1997) suggested that treated residues met environmental safety standards. This work clarifies the apparent enhancement mechanism of ultrasound-assisted citric acid leaching and provides a feasible basis for the green utilization of Cr-bearing metallurgical slags.
Ultrasound-enhanced advanced oxidation processes: mechanisms and applications for treating emerging organic contaminants in water.
Pang X, Sarvothaman VP, Roberts WL … +3 more , Ranade VV, Wu X, Lu Y
Ultrason Sonochem · 2026 Jun · PMID 41946174 · Full text
Rapid industrialization worldwide has led to the accumulation of diverse environmental pollutants in water, air, and soil, posing significant threats to the earth's ecological balance and making environmental remediation...
Rapid industrialization worldwide has led to the accumulation of diverse environmental pollutants in water, air, and soil, posing significant threats to the earth's ecological balance and making environmental remediation an urgent priority. Among the various remediation techniques, ultrasound-assisted advanced oxidation processes (AOPs) have emerged as a promising approach, leveraging the unique effects of acoustic cavitation to enhance pollutant degradation in water. By generating reactive oxygen species (e.g., hydroxyl radicals) through bubble collapse and improving mass transfer, ultrasound amplifies the efficiency of AOPs using catalysts, photo-mediated processes, and chemical reagents. This review synthesizes advancements in ultrasound-assisted AOPs over the past decades, including mechanism of the reactions and novel hybrid systems, offering a global perspective on their potential for large-scale environmental remediation. We systematically explore the mechanisms of ultrasound enhancement, the types of AOPs integrated with ultrasound, and their applications in degrading persistent pollutants. Additionally, we analyze the underlying synergistic effects and discuss current challenges, and future directions for hybrid technologies based on ultrasound for efficient water treatment.
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