Southeast Asian J. Trop. Med. Public Health [JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
DETECTION OF BURKHOLDERIA PSEUDOMALLEI FROM POST-FLOOD SOIL SAMPLES IN KELANTAN, MALAYSIA.
Shaharudin R, Ahmad N, Kamaluddin MA … +1 more , Veloo Y
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 Sep · PMID 29620800
Burkholderia pseudomallei is an important causative organism of fatal community bacteremia especially in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Outbreaks of melioidosis have been reported post-floods and -typhoons. A cro...
Burkholderia pseudomallei is an important causative organism of fatal community bacteremia especially in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. Outbreaks of melioidosis have been reported post-floods and -typhoons. A cross sectional study was conducted in January 2015, following a major flood in Kelantan, Malaysia to detect presence of B. pseudomallei from soil. A total of 89 soil samples were cultured for B. pseudomallei on Ashdown agar. Putative colonies underwent further staining and biochemical testing prior to confirmation by PCR. Rate of detection was 1%, although low, it nevertheless indicated a risk for melioidosis among flood victims in Kelantan. Flood affected individuals should be made aware of symptoms of melioidosis and healthcare providers must have a high index of suspicion of patients presenting with fever. Such subjects should be screened for the possibility of melioidosis and given prompt treatment to avoid preventable death.
HENOCH-SCHÖNLEIN PURPURA NEPHRITIS FOLLOWING INFLUENZA VACCINATION: A CASE REPORT AND REVIEW OF THE LITERATURE.
Liu JY, Wu QS, Liu M … +3 more , Wang L, Gao YH, Li SS
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 Sep · PMID 29620799
We reported a 16-year-old boy who developed Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) 15 days after receiving a seasonal influenza vaccine. His symptoms improved temporally with treatment but he developed HSP nephritis (HSPN) that...
We reported a 16-year-old boy who developed Henoch-Schönlein purpura (HSP) 15 days after receiving a seasonal influenza vaccine. His symptoms improved temporally with treatment but he developed HSP nephritis (HSPN) that relapsed multiple times over the following three years. This case of Henoch-Schönlein purpura may have been due to the seasonal influenza vaccine. The mechanism for this association is unclear. Practitioners should be aware of this possible complication.
KNOWLEDGE AND ATTITUDE OF HEALTH CARE WORKERS TOWARD PATIENTS WITH HEPATITIS C INFECTION.
Korkmaz P, Uyar C, Ozmen A … +1 more , Toka O
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 Sep · PMID 29620797
This study aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge of healthcare workers in Kutahya (a western province of Turkey) about HCV infection and their attitudes toward patients with hepatitis C infection. A total of 335 healt...
This study aimed to evaluate the level of knowledge of healthcare workers in Kutahya (a western province of Turkey) about HCV infection and their attitudes toward patients with hepatitis C infection. A total of 335 healthcare workers working in Kutahya Evliya Celebi Research and Training Hospital were included in the study. A questionnaire evaluating demographic characteristics, level of knowledge and attitudes of healthcare workers toward patients with hepatitis C infection was administered to the participants. Thirty-six point four percent of the participants were males. According to the occupations, distributions of the participants were as followings: 54.6% nurse, 25.1% physician, 11.6% trainee nurse, 4.5% intern and 4.2% anesthesia technician. The mean age of healthcare professionals was 30.32±8.10 years. Fifty-eight point eight percent of them experienced percutaneous injury. The mean knowledge score was 18.05±3.01 (from a total of 25). There was a statistically significant relationship between knowledge score and age, working year, occupational group (p<0.001). There was also a significant relationship between total attitude score and gender (p=0.006), age (p=0.002), working year (p=0.021) and occupational group (p<0.001). It was determined that as total knowledge score of the participants increased they exhibited a more positive attitude toward patients with hepatitis C infection (p<0.001). A positive relationship was determined between the level of knowledge of healthcare workers and positive attitudes toward patients with hepatitis C infection. Therefore, increasing the level of knowledge is necessary for more positive attitudes.
PREVALENCE AND RISK FACTORS OF HEPATITIS B AND C VIRUS INFECTIONS AMONG HEMODIALYSIS PATIENTS FROM PRIVATE HEMODIALYSIS UNITS IN SURABAYA, INDONESIA.
Utsumi T, Pranawa, Lusida MI … +12 more , Yano Y, Wahyuni RM, Istimagfiroh A, Amin M, Rinonce HT, Juniastuti, Wardana A, Tjempakasari A, Basuki W, Soetjipto, Hotta H, Hayashi Y
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 Sep · PMID 29620346
The aims of the present study were to profile seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, and possible risk factors among hemodialysis (HD) patients in private hemodialysis units (HD...
The aims of the present study were to profile seroprevalence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections, and possible risk factors among hemodialysis (HD) patients in private hemodialysis units (HDU) in Surabaya, Indonesia. Sera were obtained from 180 HD patients in 4 different private HDUs and tested for hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg) and antibody to HCV (anti-HCV). Patients without HBsAg and anti-HCV at first sampling were followed serologically every 3 months for 9 months, while those with HBsAg or anti-HCV positive sera were subjected continually to PCR to detect HBV DNA and HCV RNA. The prevalence of hepatitis infections varied widely between the HDUs, from 0% to 8.1% of patients positive for HBsAg and 0% to 60.6% of those positive for anti-HCV, respectively. These values were markedly higher than those among the general population, but not as high as in governmental HDUs in Indonesia. New incidence of HBV was not detected in any HDU, whereas that of HCV was found in two HDUs, HCV-1b in one HDU and HCV-1a in the other. Inappropriate practices were observed, such as shortage of medical staff and malfunctions in infection-control committees. Prevalence of HBV and HCV infection among HD patients in private HDUs were high and varied among the HDUs. Isolation of both HBV- and HCV-infected patients and staff education should help to reduce the prevalence of hepatitis infections in HDUs.
INVESTIGATION OF MOSQUITOES WITH EMPHASIS ON AEDES (FINLAYA) POICILIUS, PUTATIVE VECTOR OF BANCROFTIAN FILARIASIS ON PANAY ISLAND, THE PHILIPPINES.
Aure W, Torno M, Malijan RP … +5 more , Cruz E, Hernandez L, Baquilod M, Bangs M, Salazar FV
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 Sep · PMID 29620345
Entomological investigations were conducted in four remaining lymphatic filariasis endemic provinces of Panay Island, The Philippines to determine mosquito species present in these areas and to identify host preference a...
Entomological investigations were conducted in four remaining lymphatic filariasis endemic provinces of Panay Island, The Philippines to determine mosquito species present in these areas and to identify host preference and biting activity of Aedes (Finlaya) poicilius Theobald, primary vector of nocturnal periodic Wuchereria bancrofti in The Philippines. Sampling techniques targeted nocturnally active mosquito species using a carabao-baited trap (CBT) and human-landing collection (HLC), the latter taking place from 06:00 to 12:00 pm. A total of 25,536 mosquitoes comprising 42 species and 7 genera were collected from CBT, whilst HLC acquired 6,486 mosquitoes comprising 28 species and 5 genera. Three known or potential vectors of human filarial were collected, namely, Aedes poicilius, Culex quinquefasciatus and Mansonia uniformis. The peak landing (biting) activity for Ae. poicilius was between 09:00 and 11:00 pm. Comparisons between CBT and HLC yields showed this species to be more zoophilic. Based on observed mosquito behavior and interviews with residents, vector-host contact was promoted by the local practice of staying overnight in makeshift shelters in high risk areas without adequate protection against mosquito bites. Results of this survey will augment information for integrating vector control and mass drug administration into an island-wide lymphatic filariasis elimination program.
PREVALENCE AND ASSOCIATED RISK FACTORS OF INTESTINAL PARASITES IN HUMANS AND DOMESTIC ANIMALS ACROSS BORDERS OF THAILAND AND LAO PDR: FOCUS ON HOOKWORM AND THREADWORM.
Niamnuy N, Kaewthamasorn M, Congpuong K … +2 more , Phaytanavanh B, Lohsoonthorn V
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 Sep · PMID 29620343
Hookworm and threadworm infections are major public health problems in developing countries. A cross sectional study comprising 843 participants (346 males and 497 females) was conducted in three populations: i) Thai res...
Hookworm and threadworm infections are major public health problems in developing countries. A cross sectional study comprising 843 participants (346 males and 497 females) was conducted in three populations: i) Thai residents (TR) of Ubon Ratchathani Province, Thailand; ii) Laotian immigrant workers (LI) in the same province; and iii) Laotian residents (LR) in Champasak Province, Lao PDR. Participants were interviewed based on a structured questionnaire regarding their health status. Stool samples from participants and 300 samples from domestic animals (277 dogs and 23 cats) living in the participants households were collected and examined for parasitic infection using a formalin-ether concentration and a Harada-Mori filter paper culture techniques. Approximately one-third of TR and LI populations and domestic animals in Thailand were positive for parasitic infections, while almost half of LR population and domestic animals were positive. We confirmed by PCR and DNA sequencing a case of Ancylostoma ceylanicum infection in a Thai man. We also observed infections of other parasites, such as Taenia spp and Opisthorchis viverrini. Multivariate analysis indicated that risk factors for hookworm infection were population group and walking barefoot. Factors associated with threadworm infection were population group, adult male, lack of previous antiparasitic treatment and of knowledge of parasitic infection, and failure to wash hands after contact with domestic animals. Our results highlight the high prevalence of both hookworm and threadworm infections especially among LI population and domestic animals in both countries. Our findings emphasize the need for public health intervention to control the spread of parasitic infections in Thailand and Lao PDR.
EVALUATION OF A COMMERCIAL STOOL CONCENTRATOR KIT COMPARED TO DIRECT SMEAR AND FORMALIN-ETHYL ACETATE CONCENTRATION METHODS FOR DIAGNOSIS OF PARASITIC INFECTION WITH SPECIAL REFERENCE TO OPISTHORCHIS VIVERRINI SENSU LATO IN THAILAND.
Laoprom N, Laithavewat L, Kopolrat K … +8 more , Kiatsopit N, Kaewkes S, Chantalux S, Mongkolsin C, Chanmaha B, Andrews RH, Petney TN, Sithithaworn P
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 Sep · PMID 29620342
Opisthorchiasis and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are major public health problems in Thailand and countries in the lower Mekong Subregion. Elimination of opisthorchiasis will be an important step toward the prevention, contr...
Opisthorchiasis and cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) are major public health problems in Thailand and countries in the lower Mekong Subregion. Elimination of opisthorchiasis will be an important step toward the prevention, control and reduction of CCA. In order to achieve this goal, a sensitive and robust diagnostic method is required to identify people with current Opisthorchis viverrini sensu lato infection as the parasite is a group 1 carcinogen believed to be an etiology of CCA. To date, sensitive parasitological methods, such as formalin-ethyl acetate concentration technique (FECT) is preferred, but it is not practical in a remote primary care setting. In this study, we evaluated the diagnostic accuracy of a commercial stool concentrator kit with that of a direct simple smear method and a modified FECT. In diagnosing parasite infection and opisthorchiasis, the commercial kit had greater sensitivity (43.8-58.5%) than direct smear method (12.5-31.7%), but was less sensitive than FECT (73.2-75%). In a separate sample population, similar results were obtained when comparing the diagnostic accuracy of the commercial kit and FECT. However, the commercial kit was more effective in a field setting than FECT, and had better accuracy than direct smear method, which suggests that the kit could have potential utility in epidemiological studies and control programs of opisthorchiasis, as well as other parasitic infections. The design of the self-contained one-tube kit plus its long storage time after sample preparation provides a considerable advantage over other methods, such as direct or Kato thick smear method, under similar field conditions.
RED BLOOD CELL DUFFY ANTIGEN RECEPTOR FOR CHEMOKINES AND SUSCEPTIBILITY TO PLASMODIUM VIVAX INFECTION IN THAIS.
Pimpat Y, Leelawat K, Lek-Uthai U
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 Sep · PMID 29620340
Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent malaria infection in Thailand. P. vivax uses Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) or Duffy antigen (Fy) as a receptor for entry into reticulocytes. Polymorphism of DARC exon...
Plasmodium vivax is the most prevalent malaria infection in Thailand. P. vivax uses Duffy Antigen Receptor for Chemokines (DARC) or Duffy antigen (Fy) as a receptor for entry into reticulocytes. Polymorphism of DARC exon 2 gene (FYA/FYB) in 40 P. vivax-infected subjects were investigated using nested PCR of blood samples spotted on filter paper collected during August 2013 to November 2013 from various malaria clinics in Thailand. Distribution of DARC genotypes was FYA 62.5%, FYB 20% and FYAB 17.5%, consistent with that of Hardy-Weinberg equation. Mutation G17A was found in both FYA and FYB alleles, resulting in Gyl48 and Asp48 of Fya and Fyb antigen, respectively. Mean parasitemia among the three groups is not statistically different. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first such study in Thailand.
PHYSICAL ACTIVITY, SELF-ESTEEM, AND QUALITY OF LIFE AMONG PEOPLE WITH PHYSICAL DISABILITY.
Jalayondeja C, Jalayondeja W, Suttiwong J … +2 more , Sullivan PE, Nilanthi DL
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 May · PMID 27405139
Physical activity (PA) can improve health and quality of life (QOL) of healthy people. However, the association between PA and QOL among people with physical disability (PWPD) is inconclusive. This study was conducted to...
Physical activity (PA) can improve health and quality of life (QOL) of healthy people. However, the association between PA and QOL among people with physical disability (PWPD) is inconclusive. This study was conducted to determine the relationships between factors including intensity of PA, activitiy in daily living (ADL), stress, and self-esteem that influences self-reported QOL among PWPD. The relationships were further explored using the in-depth interview method to find out whether the intensity of PA, stress, and self-esteem are related to QOL perception in PWPD. One hundred sixty PWPD aged 18-48 years who studied at a vocational school were enrolled. A mixed method case study was conducted: cross-sectional survey and in-depth interview. Five questionnaires, including the Barthel Index, Perceived Stress Scale (PSS), Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES), and Physical Activity Scale for Individuals with Physical Disabilities (PASIPD) were distributed. QOL was measured using the WHOQOL_BREF. Multiple linear regression was used to determine factors for QOL prediction. For in-depth interview, ten persons from each group (poor-to-fair and good QOL) volunteered to explore further about life satisfaction related to physical disability. One hundred forty-six (91%) subjects completed all questionnaires. One hundred fourteen (77%) reported poor-to-fair QOL. QOL was explained by self-esteem and ADL (adjusted R² 34.7%, p < 0.001) after adjusted for age, stress, and PA. Although PA could not explain QOL in PWPD, good QOL reported high activities (28.40 ± 30.20 MET hour/day) compared to poor and fair QOL (17.94 ± 22.06 and 21.70 ± 17.75 MET hour/day). Those who had good QOL reported that they were proud to be independent and did not feel inferior. PA participation among people with disabilities should therefore be encouraged.
TOBACCO AND ALCOHOL USE AMONG CHRONIC DISEASE PATIENTS IN CAMBODIA, MYANMAR AND VIETNAM.
Peltzer K, Pengpid S
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 May · PMID 27405138
The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use and to determine the factors associated with tobacco and alcohol use among chronic disease patients in Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam. A cross...
The aim of this study was to explore the prevalence of tobacco and alcohol use and to determine the factors associated with tobacco and alcohol use among chronic disease patients in Cambodia, Myanmar and Vietnam. A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 4,803 adult chronic disease patients (mean age 49.3 years; SD=16.5) recruited systematically from health facilities. Fifteen point five percent of those studied were current smokers, 14.5% current smokeless tobacco users, 20.7% daily tobacco users (smokers or smokeless tobacco), 9.3% problem drinkers and 4.1% both daily tobacco users and problem drinkers. Having been diagnosed with hypertension, chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD), liver disease, and dyslipidemia were positively associated with daily tobacco use; liver disease, gout and other musculoskeletal conditions, kidney disease, and dyslipidemia were positively associated with problem drinking. On multivariate logistic regression analysis, socio-demographics (being male, older age, lower education, coming from Myanmar, being single, divorced or widowed, rural residence and part-time employed), problem drinking and having two or more chronic health conditions were associated with daily tobacco use. Socio-demographics (being male, younger age, coming from Vietnam, being married or cohabiting), daily tobacco use and not having depressive symptoms were found to be associated with problem drinking. High prevalences of daily tobacco use and problem drinking were found among chronic disease patients and several socio-demographic, disease specific, and other health risk behavior factors were identified which can guide substance use intervention programs for this population.
AMBIENT PM₁₀ AND PM₂.₅ CONCENTRATIONS AT DIFFERENT HIGH TRAFFIC-RELATED STREET CONFIGURATIONS IN BANGKOK, THAILAND.
Sahanavin N, Tantrakarnapa K, Prueksasit T
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 May · PMID 27405137
This study investigated the potential exposure levels of PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ at two different road configuration sites in Bangkok, Thailand: covered and open roadside areas. One hundred samples were collected together with th...
This study investigated the potential exposure levels of PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ at two different road configuration sites in Bangkok, Thailand: covered and open roadside areas. One hundred samples were collected together with the meteorological data: temperature, relative humidity, wind speeds, and solar radiation. Spearman rank correlation was used to analyze the relationships between these factors, and PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ levels at different roadside areas. The PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ levels at the covered area were 1.72 and 1.60 times more than those levels at open area were. The mean levels were found to be 154.59 and 94.42 µg/m³ at the covered areas, and 89.43 and 58.69 µg/m³ at the open areas. These results suggested that a higher potential risk for workers, such as street vendors, was the exposure to particulate matters at the covered areas compared to open areas. Wind speeds and relative humidity were significantly negative-related influencing factors on PM₁₀ and PM₂.₅ levels at the open area, but not significantly related for the covered areas.
SEXUAL PRACTICES AMONG MEN WHO HAVE SEX WITH MEN IN CHIANG MAI, THAILAND: PART OF THE ANTIRETROVIRAL PRE-EXPOSURE PROPHYLAXIS TRIAL.
Tangmunkongvorakul A, Chariyalertsak S, Amico KR … +6 more , Guptarak M, Saokhieo P, Sangangamsakun T, Songsupa R, McMahan V, Grant R
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 May · PMID 27405136
This study aimed to gain a better understanding of the association between participation in a blinded antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) clinical trial and sexual practices among men who have sex with men and...
This study aimed to gain a better understanding of the association between participation in a blinded antiretroviral pre-exposure prophylaxis (PrEP) clinical trial and sexual practices among men who have sex with men and transgender women. This study utilized both quantitative and qualitative methodologies. Data included reported PrEP medication adherence and sexual behavior among 114 study participants. Forty-six participants took part in qualitative data collection, 32 were interviewed and 14 participated in one of three focus group discussions. The average percentage of study medication adherence, number of sex partners and rates of sex without a condom were calculated. For qualitative data, content analysis was used to identify repeated normative themes, some of which arose spontaneously from interview interactions. Participants at the Chiang Mai site reported good adherence to the study medication. The sexual risk behavior of these participants had decreased by their final study visit; this was unrelated to level of adherence. Qualitative findings describe sexual practices that were highly contextual; participants used risk assessments to determine sex practices. Condoms were used with casual partners but not necessarily with primary partners. Our findings suggest that while PrEP is an exciting new development for HIV prevention, it must be paired with behavioral interventions to fully address sexual risk among this population. Interventions should provide this population with skills to negotiate condom use with their primary partners as well as in situations in which their sexual partners do not support condom use.
COMPARISON OF GROWTH, INFECTIONS AND FEEDING HABITS AMONG FORMULA-FED INFANTS STARTING COMPLEMENTARY FEEDING AT 4 TO 6 MONTHS OLD WITH THOSE STARTING AT 6 MONTHS OLD.
Noppornlertwong C, Tantibhaedhyangkul R
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 May · PMID 27405135
The World Health Organization recommends starting complementary feeding among infants beginning at 6 months old, as opposed to 4 to 6 months old. We prospectively studied 21 formula-fed infants beginning complementary fe...
The World Health Organization recommends starting complementary feeding among infants beginning at 6 months old, as opposed to 4 to 6 months old. We prospectively studied 21 formula-fed infants beginning complementary feeding at 4 to 6 months old and compared them with 20 formula-fed infants starting feeding at 6 months old to determine difference in growth, number of infections and feeding habits. The studied infants were each enrolled at age 4 months. The decision as to which group the infants were classified into was based on the parental decision as to when to start complementary feeding. Initial demographic data were obtained for each subject. Growth, infections, and feeding habit data were recorded. No significant differences in growth were detected between the 2 groups. Respiratory infections at age 10 to 12 months were more common among children who began complementary feeding later. By age 12 months, the percentages of subjects who were bottle feeding and night feeding, and new food acceptance were not different from each other, but those who began complementary feeding at age 6 months were less picky eaters. By 15 months old, those who began complementary feeding at age 6 months had less bottle feeding and better food acceptance. In conclusion, for formula-fed infants, age of onset of complementary feeding was not associated with infant growth or infection rates. However, some feeding habits differed between the two groups. It is unclear if the age of introducing complementary feeding caused these differences or was merely associated with these differences.
CD4 LYMPHOCYTOPENIA WITHOUT HIV INFECTION.
Khamanarong N, Insiripong S
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 May · PMID 27405134
The CD4 lymphocytes are an important part of the immune system. Besides HIV Infection, other conditions can cause a low CD4 count. We report the case of a 82-year-old female who presented with a markedly low CD4 count du...
The CD4 lymphocytes are an important part of the immune system. Besides HIV Infection, other conditions can cause a low CD4 count. We report the case of a 82-year-old female who presented with a markedly low CD4 count during a severe lower respiratory tract infection and respiratory failure without HIV infection. The total lymphocyte and the absolute CD4 counts are 255/mm³ and 109/mm³, respectively. Sputum and bronchial lavage fluid were both negative for acid-fast bacilli. The anti-HIV antibody test was negative.The blood culture was also negative. She had no history of diabetes, malnutrition or chronic kidney disease. Because pneumocystis jiroveci pneumonia could not be excluded, she was treated with a combination of clindamycin, dexamethasone, primaquine, meropenem and oseltamivir because of sulfamethoxazole drug allergy. One week later, she developed herpes simplex of her labia majora, so acyclovir was added. She had history of having a normal lymphocyte count during her routine yearly check-up. Her severe respiratory tract infection was associated with CD4 lymphocytopenia.
EPIDEMIOLOGY AND CONTROL OF THE FIRST REPORTED VANCOMYCIN-RESISTANT ENTEROCOCCUS OUTBREAK AT A TERTIARY-CARE HOSPITAL IN BANGKOK, THAILAND.
Chotiprasitsakul D, Santanirand P, Thitichai P … +8 more , Rotjanapan P, Watcharananan S, Siriarayapon P, Chaihongsa N, Sirichot S, Chitasombat M, Chantharit P, Malathum K
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 May · PMID 27405133
This retrospective study described the first reported vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) outbreak from June 2013 through January 2014 at a tertiary-care hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. After the index case was detecte...
This retrospective study described the first reported vancomycin-resistant enterococci (VRE) outbreak from June 2013 through January 2014 at a tertiary-care hospital in Bangkok, Thailand. After the index case was detected in an 18-bed medical intermediate care unit, a number of interventions was implemented, including targeted active surveillance for VRE, strict contact precautions, enhanced standard precautions, dedicated units for VRE cases, extensive cleaning of the environment and the restricted use of antibiotics. VRE isolates were evaluated by polymerase chain reaction and random amplified polymorphic DNA (RAPD) testing. A prevalence case-control study was conducted. Among 3,699 culture samples from 2,671 patients screened, 74 patients (2.8%) had VRE. The positivity rate declined from 15.1% during week 1 to 8.2% during week 2 and then 1.4% during week 3. By weeks 4-9, the prevalences were 0-2.7%. However, the prevalence rose to 9.4% during week 10 and then subsequently declined. All VRE isolates were Enterococcus faecium and had the vanA gene. RAPD analysis revealed a single predominant clone. Multivariate analysis showed mechanical ventilation for ≥ 7 days was a predictive factor for VRE colonization [odds ratio (OR) 11.47; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.75-75.35; p = 0.011]. This experience demonstrates VRE can easily spread and result in an outbreak in multiple-bed units. Active surveillance, early infection control interventions and rapid patient cohorting were important tools for control of this outbreak. Patients requiring mechanical ventilator for ≥ 7 days were at higher risk for VRE acquisition.
NASOPHARYNGEAL CARRIAGE OF STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE IN HEALTHY CHILDREN UNDER FIVE YEARS OLD IN CENTRAL LOMBOK REGENCY, INDONESIA.
Hadinegoro SR, Prayitno A, Khoeri MM … +6 more , Djelantik IG, Dewi NE, Indriyani SA, Muttaqin Z, Mudaliana S, Safari D
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 May · PMID 27405132
Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae is mostly symptomless, but can progress to respiratory or even systemic disease. We investigated nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy children under fi...
Colonization with Streptococcus pneumoniae is mostly symptomless, but can progress to respiratory or even systemic disease. We investigated nasopharyngeal carriage of Streptococcus pneumoniae in healthy children under five years of age in Central Lombok Regency, Indonesia. This cross sectional study was carried out in 2012 among 1,200 healthy children aged 2 to 60 months. A multiplex sequential PCR was employed to determine serotype of cultured S. pneumoniae and a disk diffusion method to assess susceptibility to antimicrobial drugs. S. pneumoniae was cultured from 554 children and the most frequent serotypes found were 6A/B (22% of pneumococcal strains), 19F (11%), 23F (10%), 15B/C (8%), and 19A and 14 (4% each). The majority of strains were still susceptible to clindamycin (97%), erythromycin (87%), chloramphenicol (81%), and penicillin (72%), with only 41% and 38% susceptible to tetracycline and sulfamethoxazole/trimethoprim, respectively. Continuous surveillance of S. pneumoniae carriage is important for future pneumococcal vaccination programs in Indonesia.
PREVALENCE, ANTIBIOTIC AND PULSED-FIELD GEL ELECTROPHORESIS PATTERNS OF STAPHYLOCOCCUS AUREUS SMALL-COLONY VARIANTS IN CYSTIC FIBROSIS PATIENTS.
Pakasticali N, Kaya G, Senel U … +5 more , Kipritci O, Tamay Z, Guler N, Nazik H, Ongen B
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 May · PMID 27405131
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen isolated from respiratory tract samples in cystic fibrosis (CF) cases. Rate of infection with S. aureus small-colony variants (SCVs) also is increasing in CF patients. In...
Staphylococcus aureus is the most common pathogen isolated from respiratory tract samples in cystic fibrosis (CF) cases. Rate of infection with S. aureus small-colony variants (SCVs) also is increasing in CF patients. In this study, we aimed to determine the prevalence, antibiotic susceptibility and genotypic property of S. aureus SCVs in respiratory tract samples of CF patients admitted to Istanbul Faculty of Medicine Hospital, Turkey. Among 305 respiratory tract samples from 84 CF patients, normal S. aureus isolates were present in 71% of the CF patients and S. aureus SCVs in 21%. The highest antibiotic resistance was against penicillin (82%) followed by clarithromycin (21%) in S. aureus SCVs, while resistance to levofloxacin was low (2%) in normal S. aureus isolates but was 16% in S. aureus SCVs. No mecA and mecC were detected. The S. aureus strains constituted 24 different genotypes based on pulsed field gel-electrophoresis assay. The possible existence of S. aureus SCVs that are more resistant to antibiotis than normal S. aureus should be taken into considerstion when treating CF patients for this pernicious bacterial infection.
DISTRIBUTION OF LEGIONELLA PNEUMOPHILA SEROGROUPS ISOLATED FROM WATER SYSTEMS OF PUBLIC FACILITIES IN BUSAN, SOUTH KOREA.
Hwang IY, Park EH, Park YK … +4 more , Park SH, Sung GH, Park HY, Lee YC
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 May · PMID 27405130
Legionella pneumophila is the major causes of legionellosis worldwide. The distribution of L. pneumophila was investigated in water systems of public facilities in Busan, South Korea during 2007 and 2013-2014. L. pneumop...
Legionella pneumophila is the major causes of legionellosis worldwide. The distribution of L. pneumophila was investigated in water systems of public facilities in Busan, South Korea during 2007 and 2013-2014. L. pneumophila was isolated from 8.3% of 3,055 samples, of which the highest isolation rate (49%) was from ships and the lowest 4% from fountains. Serogroups of L. pneumophila isolated in 2007 were distributed among serogroups (sgs) 1-7 with the exception of sg 4, while those of isolates during 2013 and 2014 included also 11 sgs ( 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 12, 13, 15). L. pneumophila sg 1 was predominated among isolates from fountains (75%), hotels (60%), buildings (44%), hospitals (38%), and public baths (37%), whereas sg 3 and sg 7 was the most prevalent from ships (46%) and factories (40%), respectively. The predominated serogroup of L. pneumophila isolates from hot and cooling tower water was sg 1 (35% and 46%, respectively), while from cold water was sg 3 (29%). These results should be useful for epidemiological surveys to identify sources of outbreaks of legionellosis in Busan, South Korea.
DIAGNOSTIC TEST OF SPUTUM GENEXPERT MTB/RIF FOR SMEAR NEGATIVE PULMONARY TUBERCULOSIS.
Reechaipichitkul W, Phetsuriyawong A, Chaimanee P … +1 more , Ananta P
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 May · PMID 27405129
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Gene-Xpert MTB/RIF sputum test for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) among patients sputum acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear negative results in Thaila...
The objective of this study was to evaluate the performance of the Gene-Xpert MTB/RIF sputum test for diagnosing pulmonary tuberculosis (TB) among patients sputum acid-fast bacillus (AFB) smear negative results in Thailand, a country with a high prevalence of pulmonary tuberculosis. We studied 151 patients who presented to Srinagarind Hospital, Khon Kaen, Thailand with a 2 week or more history of fever and/or cough and an abnormal chest radiograph between 2010 and 2014; these patients had at least 2 negative sputum AFB smear results. Of these, 76 were diagnosed as having either confirmed or probable pulmonary TB: the 32 confirmed cases were those with a positive sputum culture for Mycobacterium tuberculosis (MTB) and the 44 probable case were those with clinical and radiographic findings consistent with TB and who had a response to anti-TB therapy. Seventy-five cases were diagnosed as not having pulmonary TB. Of the 32 patients with a positive sputum culture for MTB, 26 had a positive GeneXpert MTB/RIF sputum test. Compared to sputum culture for MTB the GeneXpert MTB/ RIF test gave a sensitivity of 83.9% (95% CI: 66.3-94.5) and a specificity of 92.1% (95% CI: 83.6-97), a positive predictive value (PPV) of 81.3% (95% CI: 63.6-92.8) and a negative predictive value (NPV) of 93.3% (95% CI: 85.1-97.8). The GeneXpert MTB/RIF test had a fair sensitivity and specificity for diagnosing smear negative pulmonary TB. It may be useful for diagnosing pulmonary TB in patients with a negative sputum AFB smear. The assay is faster than culture and can detect rifampicin resistant strains of MTB.
ASSOCIATION OF MEAN PLATELET VOLUME AND THE MONOCYTE/LYMPHOCYTE RATIO WITH BRUCELLA-CAUSED EPIDIDYMO-ORCHITIS.
Aydin E, Karadag MA, Cecen K … +5 more , Cigsar G, Aydin S, Demir A, Bagcioglu M, Tekdogan UY
Southeast Asian J Trop Med Public Health · 2016 May · PMID 27405128
We evaluated the association between the mean platelet volume (MPV) and monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR) with brucella-caused epididymo-orchitis to determine if they could be used to differentiate between brucella and non...
We evaluated the association between the mean platelet volume (MPV) and monocyte/lymphocyte ratio (MLR) with brucella-caused epididymo-orchitis to determine if they could be used to differentiate between brucella and non-brucella epididymo-orchitis. The charts of 88 patients with non-brucella and 14 patients with brucella epididymo-orchitis were retrospectively reviewed. Brucellosis was diagnosed by isolating Brucella spp from a blood culture or from a serum agglutination titer ≥ 1:160 along with accompanying clinical findings. The patients with brucella epididymo-orchitis were significantly more likely to have a lower MPV and a higher MLR than those with non-brucella epididymo-orchitis. Using a MPV cut-off level of less than 9.25 fl to differentiate brucella from non-brucella epididymo-orchitis gives a sensitivity of 78.6%, a specifity of 78.4%, a positive predictive value of 36.7% and a negative predictive value of 95.8%. Using a MLR cut-off level of greater than 0.265 to differentiate brucella from non-brucella epididymo-orchitis gives a sensitivity of 71.4%, a specifity of 65.9%, a positive predictive value of 25% and a negative predictive value of 93.5.%. MPV and MLR values may assist in differentiating between brucella and non-brucella epididymo-orchitis.
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