J. Feline Med. Surg. [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Oral lotilaner in 21 cats with naturally acquired harvest mite infestation.
Filippini C, Etter M, Maina E
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Jun · PMID 42068004 · Full text
Case series summaryThis case series describes 21 client-owned cats with naturally acquired harvest mite infestation treated with a single oral dose of lotilaner. All cats were diagnosed at baseline by visual identificati...
Case series summaryThis case series describes 21 client-owned cats with naturally acquired harvest mite infestation treated with a single oral dose of lotilaner. All cats were diagnosed at baseline by visual identification of characteristic orange larvae on the skin. A total of 12 cats underwent microscopic parasitological evaluation, including semi-quantitative mite scoring and assessment of mite viability, while nine cats were assessed clinically by visual inspection only. At baseline, inflammatory skin lesions and pruritus were present in 16/21 (76.2%) cats, whereas 5/21 (23.8%) were clinically healthy despite visible larvae. Lesions predominantly affected the head and neck region (n = 18/21, 85.7%). In the microscopically evaluated subgroup, live mites were detected in all cats on day 0, in 2/12 cats on day 7 and in none on day 14. Complete clinical resolution was observed in all cats by day 7 or, when applicable, day 14. No adverse events were reported.Relevance and novel informationThis case series provides clinical and parasitological observations in cats with naturally acquired harvest mite infestation treated with oral lotilaner. Although the absence of an untreated sentinel group precludes stronger efficacy claims, the consistent temporal association between treatment and clinical/parasitological improvement supports the practical use of lotilaner in affected cats and highlights harvest mite infestation as an important differential diagnosis in cats with seasonal head and neck dermatoses.
Retrospective study of axial pattern and subdermal plexus skin flaps in cats: clinical indications, surgical sites, complications and outcomes.
Boonwittaya N, Thengchaisri N
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Jun · PMID 42068002 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to report the outcome and postoperative complications of wound reconstruction in cats using axial pattern flaps (APFs) and subdermal plexus flaps (SPFs), and to assess associati...
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to report the outcome and postoperative complications of wound reconstruction in cats using axial pattern flaps (APFs) and subdermal plexus flaps (SPFs), and to assess associations between location, indication, flap type, postoperative complications and outcomes.MethodsThe surgical records of 52 cats undergoing 62 SPF or APF reconstructions were retrospectively reviewed between 2014 and 2025. Data collected included signalment, indication, location, flap type, postoperative complications and outcomes. Descriptive analyses and associations between variables were assessed.ResultsChronic wounds were the most common indication (n = 53/62, 85.5%), followed by mass removal and acute wounds. Among APFs, the lateral caudal flap was the most employed (n = 7/30, 23.3%), while the skin fold flap was the most frequent SPF (n = 19/32, 59.4%). A significant association was observed between anatomical location and clinical indication ( = 0.028). Overall complication rates did not differ significantly between APFs and SPFs. The most frequently observed complications were necrosis (45.2%) in all flaps. No significant associations were identified between clinical indication and wound dehiscence. Flap dehiscence was significantly more prevalent in SPFs applied to the dorsal body (n = 7/8, 87.5%; = 0.032).Conclusions and relevanceAPFs and SPFs demonstrated comparable overall complication rates in feline wound reconstruction, with chronic wounds being the most common indication. Anatomical location was associated with wound dehiscence only in the dorsal body, with more wound dehiscence in SPFs than APFs, emphasising the importance of careful flap selection for each body area.
Rational approach to feline medical emergencies: part 1.
Reed N
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 · PMID 42057325 · Full text
CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Emergencies cause disruption to the normal flow of the working day in a busy veterinary practice, requiring diversion of resources from routine cases to assist with the medical priority. Assessments...
CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Emergencies cause disruption to the normal flow of the working day in a busy veterinary practice, requiring diversion of resources from routine cases to assist with the medical priority. Assessments and decisions have to be made rapidly, which can be challenging if the particular medical condition is not dealt with on a regular basis. AIMS: This two-part article series aims to help practitioners feel more confident with the most common types of cases that can present as emergencies and to highlight some of the areas where feline patients require a different approach from their canine counterparts. Part 1 discusses priorities for triage and stabilisation of emergency patients, before addressing the management of shock, dyspnoea, feline aortic thromboembolism and anaemia. The medical emergencies focused on in Part 2 are seizures, urethral obstruction, acute kidney injury and diabetic ketoacidosis. AUDIENCE: The intended audience is general practitioners who may be confronted with emergency cases on an irregular basis, although clinicians working in out-of-hours services may also find useful details to update their knowledge. EVIDENCE BASE: Although much of the information covered is well established, the article series introduces knowledge and clinical techniques that have emerged in the literature in the past 5 years.
Rational approach to feline medical emergencies: part 2.
Reed N
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 · PMID 42057317 · Full text
CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Emergencies cause disruption to the normal flow of the working day in a busy veterinary practice, requiring diversion of resources from routine cases to assist with the medical priority. Assessments...
CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Emergencies cause disruption to the normal flow of the working day in a busy veterinary practice, requiring diversion of resources from routine cases to assist with the medical priority. Assessments and decisions have to be made rapidly, which can be challenging if the particular condition is not dealt with on a regular basis. AIMS: This two-part article series aims to help practitioners feel more confident with the most common types of cases that can present as emergencies and to highlight some of the areas where feline patients require a different approach from their canine counterparts. This second article focuses on the medical emergencies of seizures, urethral obstruction, acute kidney injury and diabetic ketoacidosis. This follows on from Part 1, which discussed priorities for triage and stabilisation of emergency patients, before addressing the management of shock, dyspnoea, feline aortic thromboembolism and anaemia.AudienceThe intended audience is general practitioners who may be confronted with emergency cases on an irregular basis, although clinicians working in out-of-hours services may also find useful details to update their knowledge. EVIDENCE BASE: Although much of the information covered is well established, the article series introduces knowledge and clinical techniques that have emerged in the literature in the past 5 years.
EXPRESS: Radiographic patterns and lesion associations in feline pelvic trauma.
Zurlo A, Manfredi M, Sala G … +6 more , Cappellari F, Carnevale L, Giudice C, Spada E, Di Giancamillo M, Longo M
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Apr · PMID 42041086 · Publisher ↗
ObjectivesPelvic fractures are common in feline trauma patients and often involve multiple structures due to the rigid anatomy of the pelvis. This study aimed to investigate the radiographic distribution of pelvic lesion...
ObjectivesPelvic fractures are common in feline trauma patients and often involve multiple structures due to the rigid anatomy of the pelvis. This study aimed to investigate the radiographic distribution of pelvic lesions in cats, to identify potential correlations among specific pelvic lesions, and to evaluate the relationship between lesion type and total number of lesions.MethodsA retrospective bicentric study was conducted on cats presenting with pelvic trauma, based on orthogonal pelvic radiographs. Pelvic lesions were classified anatomically and statistical analysis were performed to evaluate associations among different lesions types and between lesion type and total number of lesions.ResultsEighty cats with pelvic trauma were included. A total of 267 pelvic lesions were identified, with a mean of 3 lesions per patient, and most cats (91.2%) had multiple pelvic lesions. Sacroiliac luxation was the most common lesion. Positive statistically significant associations were identified between: 1) left and right sacroiliac luxation (ρ = 0.20, P = 0.036), 2) sacroiliac luxation with contralateral iliac fracture (ρ = 0.21, P = 0.030; ρ = 0.24, P = 0.017), and 3) pubic fractures with ipsilateral ischial fractures (ρ = 0.53, P < 0.001; ρ = 0.37, P < 0.001). Unilateral sacroiliac luxation, pubic, ischial, and pelvic symphyseal fractures were never observed in isolation, whereas coxofemoral luxation often occurred as a solitary lesion.Conclusions and relevanceFeline pelvic trauma frequently results in complex, multi-site lesions patterns and consistent associations among specific lesions suggest predictable biomechanical behaviour within the pelvic ring. Recognition of these patterns may assist clinicians in the systematic radiographic evaluation of feline pelvic trauma and facilitate detection of additional, potentially occult lesions.
Accuracy of intraoperative CT to determine implant position in the feline vertebral spine.
Koch C, Klever J, Schmutterer J … +2 more , Zablotski Y, Kornmayer M
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Jun · PMID 42033184 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of cone-beam CT (CBCT) for predicting implant position relative to the vertebral canal in the feline thoracolumbar vertebral column.MethodsThis in vitro imagin...
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to evaluate the accuracy of cone-beam CT (CBCT) for predicting implant position relative to the vertebral canal in the feline thoracolumbar vertebral column.MethodsThis in vitro imaging and anatomical study included 22 feline cadavers. A realistic surgical approach was performed at three thoracolumbar locations. Four smooth 1.2 mm Kirschner wires were inserted per location using the recommended insertion points. Perforation of the spinal canal was not avoided. Images from end-on fluoroscopy (eoF), multi-slice CT (MSCT) and CBCT using a C-arm were obtained. The images were randomised, and the implant position was assessed by four evaluators who classified implant position and recorded their subjective certainty. Sensitivity, specificity and accuracy were calculated using anatomical dissection as the reference standard. Interrater agreement was assessed using Fleiss' kappa (κ). Duration of image acquisition was compared across modalities using a mixed-effects linear model.ResultsFor eoF, the sensitivity and specificity were 81.9% and 80.7%, respectively, with a balanced accuracy of 81.3% (95% confidence interval [CI] 0.79-0.84) and good κ agreement (0.63). For MSCT, sensitivity was 80.2% and specificity was 83.1%. Balanced accuracy was 81.7% (95% CI 0.79-0.84) and κ was good (0.63). CBCT showed a sensitivity of 88.5% and specificity of 83.4%, with a balanced accuracy of 85.9% (95% CI 0.84-0.88) and good κ agreement (0.72). Interrater reliability showed overall κ values of 0.38 for eoF, 0.54 for MSCT and 0.58 for CBCT. Interrater reliability was higher for completely perforating and non-perforating implants and lower for partially perforating implants. CBCT and eoF were performed faster than MSCT ( <0.01).Conclusions and relevanceIntraoperative C-arm-based CBCT is an accurate and fast method for assessing pin position in relation to the thoracolumbar spinal canal in cadaveric cats.
EXPRESS: Low incidence of feline infectious peritonitis in rehomed shelter cats with known feline coronavirus status: a cohort study of 767 cats.
Carlton CM, Norris JM, Monteiro de Miranda L … +4 more , Westman ME, Hall E, Atkin N, Worthing KA
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Apr · PMID 42017196 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate long-term (up to 6 years) post-adoption outcomes in rehomed shelter cats with confirmed feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection, including the development of feline infectious peri...
OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate long-term (up to 6 years) post-adoption outcomes in rehomed shelter cats with confirmed feline coronavirus (FCoV) infection, including the development of feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and gastrointestinal diseases. METHODS: A cohort study was performed with a population of adopted cats from a shelter in Sydney, Australia. FCoV infection status was determined within 48 hours of shelter admission by faecal viral nucleic acid detection. Long-term health outcomes were determined via an online survey distributed by the shelter to 2641 cat owners two to six years after adoption. The relationship between FCoV infection and health outcomes was analysed using logistic regression analysis, including calculation of odds ratios for the occurrence and frequency of health outcomes based on the cat's infection status. RESULTS: A total of 882 cat owners responded to the survey (response rate = 34%). FCoV faecal test results were available for 767/882 (87%) cats with corresponding completed survey responses. The prevalence of FCoV infection in this response group was 20%. Two of 767 (0.3%) adopted cats were ultimately diagnosed with FIP after rehoming. Of the two adopted cats diagnosed with FIP, one had a negative FCoV result on shelter entry (0.2%, 1/611), and one cat had a positive result (0.6%, 1/156). Vomiting (68%, 486/719) and diarrhoea (39%, 262/680) were commonly observed in the adopted cats during the study period. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE: There was no association between FCoV infection upon initial testing and subsequent long-term development of FIP or other post-adoption health conditions. The estimated incidence of FIP 2-6 years after confirmed FCoV infection (0.6%) was lower than previously reported.
EXPRESS: Diode laser surgery for palpebral apocrine cystadenomatosis: a retrospective case series of four cats.
Pariente S, Perrone E, Barbe C … +2 more , Goulle F, Viaud S
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Apr · PMID 42015927 · Publisher ↗
Case series summary Between 2019 and 2024, four client-owned cats (three Persian cats, one Siberian cat) were referred to the ophthalmology and dermatology departments of a private veterinary hospital for one or more gre...
Case series summary Between 2019 and 2024, four client-owned cats (three Persian cats, one Siberian cat) were referred to the ophthalmology and dermatology departments of a private veterinary hospital for one or more greyish lesions of the eyelids that had been evolving for one month to one year. Three cats underwent histological examination with a diagnosis of palpebral apocrine cystadenomatosis (PAC). In the fourth case, this could not be performed as the single lesion ruptured during surgery. All cats were treated by diode laser vapourisation under general anaesthesia. No recurrence was reported at any previous treated sites, including the first case, followed for six years. This report represents a retrospective case series of feline PAC.Relevance and novel information PAC is a rare benign cutaneous proliferation of modified apocrine glands of the eyelid (Moll's glands), mainly described in Persian cats. It presents as one or more greyish cysts of varying sizes. To the authors' knowledge, this case series is the first to report multiple feline cases of palpebral apocrine cystadenomatosis treated with diode laser vapourisation. Diode laser surgery appeared safe, well-tolerated and effective, with minimal post-operative pain or inflammation and no recurrence observed at treated sites. This technique represents a practical alternative to CO₂ laser treatment. However, its clinical use may be limited by equipment cost, the need for appropriate operator training, and the risk of collateral thermal injury if inappropriate settings are applied.
Prevalence of the exon 3 duplication variant, a putative biomarker associated with progression of kidney disease, in 1000 cats.
Villarino NF, Hwang JK, Mealey KL
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 May · PMID 41994863 · Full text
ObjectivesA protein called apoptosis inhibitor of macrophages (AIM) helps clear waste from the kidney tubules. Some domestic cats harbor a duplication of exon 3 in the gene, producing a four-domain AIM protein that incl...
ObjectivesA protein called apoptosis inhibitor of macrophages (AIM) helps clear waste from the kidney tubules. Some domestic cats harbor a duplication of exon 3 in the gene, producing a four-domain AIM protein that includes an additional scavenger receptor cysteine-rich subunit. This variant has been associated with increased risk of chronic kidney disease. Pilot studies suggest that homozygosity for this genetic alteration is present in approximately 20% of the cat population. The objective of the current study was to determine the prevalence of the wild-type, heterozygous and homozygous variant exon 3 genotypes in a large population of domestic cats.MethodsGenomic DNA from 1000 client-owned cats archived in the Program in Individualized Medicine DNA Bank at Washington State University was analyzed by droplet digital PCR to determine exon 3 copy number variation. Samples represented cats of any age, sex, neuter status or clinical condition. Genotype frequencies were summarized with 95% Wilson confidence intervals (CIs) and genotype frequencies were tested for deviation from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium using χ analysis.ResultsOf the 1000 cats, 340 (34.0%, 95% CI 31.1-36.9) were homozygous wild-type (CNV2), 467 (46.7%, 95% CI 43.6-50.0) were heterozygous (CNV3) and 193 (19.3%, 95% CI 17.0-21.9) were homozygous for the variant (CNV4). Genotype frequencies deviate from Hardy-Weinberg equilibrium (χ = 4.49, degrees of freedom = 1; = 0.034).Conclusions and relevanceApproximately 1/5 cats were homozygous for the exon 3 duplication, and nearly half harbored one copy of the variant allele. This genetic alteration is not restricted to a single breed or type. Given the potential role of this variant in feline kidney disease, the results of this study justify further investigations using genetically confirmed and geographically diverse populations to better define global allele distributions and potential breed predispositions.
EXPRESS: Feline tarsal tumors: histologic spectrum, risk factors, and prognostic insights.
Lollo G, Sabattini S, Foiani G … +4 more , Vascellari M, Rigillo A, Melchiotti E, Marconato L
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Apr · PMID 41994862 · Publisher ↗
ObjectivesTarsal tumors are rare, but previous reports suggest a predilection for round cell tumors (RCTs) and soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) in this region. This study aimed to determine the proportion of RCTs among feline...
ObjectivesTarsal tumors are rare, but previous reports suggest a predilection for round cell tumors (RCTs) and soft tissue sarcomas (STSs) in this region. This study aimed to determine the proportion of RCTs among feline tarsal neoplasms, refine classification through histologic revision and immunohistochemistry (IHC), assess potential risk factors, and evaluate clinical outcomes based on tumor histotypes.MethodsA retrospective analysis of feline tarsal neoplasms diagnosed between 2010 and 2024 was conducted. Signalment, history, treatment, and outcomes were collected for RCTs and STSs. All RCTs underwent histologic review and IHC (CD3, CD20, CD79a, MUM-1, CD18, IBA-1, E-CAD). A diagnostic algorithm was applied to support the diagnostic process.ResultsThirty-four cases were included: 18 RCTs and 16 STSs. In 39% of RCTs, the initial histotype was undetermined. Following IHC and application of the diagnostic algorithm, 50% of cases were reclassified: seven plasma cell tumors, four progressive histiocytosis, three lymphomas, two histiocytic sarcomas and two undifferentiated RCTs. Male sex, older age and prior tarsal trauma were significantly associated with RCTs (P=0.042, P=0.048, and P=0.009, respectively). Clinical signs and metastases at diagnosis were more frequent in RCTs (P=0.019 and P=0.001, respectively). RCT treatment included chemotherapy (n=7), surgery (n=5), surgery and chemotherapy (n=2), prednisolone (n=1), or none (n=1); two cases lacked treatment data. All STSs were managed surgically without chemotherapy. Time to progression and median survival were significantly shorter for RCTs compared to STSs (139 vs 854 days; 173 vs not reached, respectively; P<0.001).Conclusions and relevanceThis study confirms that feline tarsal RCTs are a heterogeneous group of tumors with a poor prognosis. Risk factors may include male sex, older age, and previous tarsal trauma. A standardized IHC panel combined with a diagnostic algorithm improved histotyping accuracy and should be adopted in clinical practice.
Gastrointestinal microbiota and fecal fatty acids of cats with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency.
Huther A, Gould EN, Chang CH … +3 more , Anderson-Kaapa M, Fosgate GT, Suchodolski JS
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 May · PMID 41992442 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to identify differences in fecal analytes (ie, microbiota, fatty acids [FAs]) in cats with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) compared with healthy controls, and describe c...
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to identify differences in fecal analytes (ie, microbiota, fatty acids [FAs]) in cats with exocrine pancreatic insufficiency (EPI) compared with healthy controls, and describe clinical signs at baseline and short-term follow-up.MethodsA cross-sectional, observational study was conducted of 55 client-owned cats with EPI and 37 healthy client-owned blood donor control cats. Eligible cases had a feline trypsin-like immunoreactivity (fTLI) consistent with EPI. Fecal samples were analyzed for fecal microbiota dysbiosis index (DI) and FAs. Serum and fecal analytes from controls were compared with EPI cats using parametric and non-parametric methods including general linear models to adjust for potential confounding by signalment differences. Clinical signs were described for cats with EPI at enrollment and for one short-term follow-up time point.ResultsFecal DI and FAs were abnormal in EPI cases compared with controls. Cats with EPI had a higher median DI (1.5 [range -2.6 to 3.8]), total FAs (74.1 µg/g [range 4.7-162]), arachidonic acid (2.54 µg/g [range 0.03-17.0]) and nervonic acid (0.37 µg/g [range 0.02-1.5]) than controls (-3 [range -4.4 to -0.6], 19.7 µg/g [range 9.4-75.2], 0.57 µg/g [range 0.32-1.51] and 0.17 µg/g [range 0.09-0.54], respectively), and a lower median (4.8 log DNA [range 0.1-6.1]) compared with controls (5.9 log DNA [range 3.2-6.8]). The most common clinical signs were weight loss and appetite disturbances.Conclusions and relevanceCats with EPI have alterations in fecal microbiota and FA, and clinical signs in this population of cats were similar to those previously reported.
Minimally invasive application of a pre-contoured angle-stable interlocking nail in cats.
Deglume E, Mokrani T, Koue-Chon-Lim A … +2 more , Libermann S, Etchepareborde S
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 May · PMID 41992420 · Full text
ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to record cases of cats that underwent long-bone fracture stabilisation using minimally invasive nail osteosynthesis with a pre-contoured titanium interlocking nail (Surg'X), and...
ObjectivesThe objective of this study was to record cases of cats that underwent long-bone fracture stabilisation using minimally invasive nail osteosynthesis with a pre-contoured titanium interlocking nail (Surg'X), and to report outcomes and associated complications.MethodsCats treated with a pre-contoured angle-stable interlocking nail at a single hospital centre between June 2022 and September 2024 were retrospectively enrolled. Collected data included the signalment, fracture characteristics, cause of trauma, concomitant injuries, implant size, as well as intraoperative and postoperative complications and outcomes.ResultsA total of 26 cats were included in this study (mean age 63.3 months). One cat died of concomitant injuries. All fractures but one were successfully treated using a minimally invasive approach. One cat required conversion to an open approach owing to a propagation of a fissure through the fracture line during nail insertion. Among the 25 cats available for follow-up, two (8%) minor postoperative complications were noted: one nail flexion and one opening of a fissure line, without affecting the implants. In addition, one (4%) major complication occurred, involving nail fracture. Long-term functional outcomes were evaluated for each patient (12-83 weeks postoperatively) through a questionnaire, demonstrating full functional recovery in all cats. No implant removal was needed.Conclusions and relevanceMinimally invasive nail osteosynthesis of a pre-contoured angle-stable interlocking nail is feasible in cats and associated with a low complication rate and excellent clinical outcomes.
Treatment rationales and outcomes for cats with lens luxation: 136 eyes (2007-2023).
Aronson RJ, Yang VY, Maggio F … +1 more , Pumphrey SA
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 May · PMID 41981767 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to evaluate outcomes in cats with lens luxation treated with intracapsular lens extraction (ICLE), medical management or transcorneal lens reduction (TCLR), and to investigate t...
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to evaluate outcomes in cats with lens luxation treated with intracapsular lens extraction (ICLE), medical management or transcorneal lens reduction (TCLR), and to investigate the reasoning behind treatment recommendations.MethodsMedical records were retrospectively reviewed to identify cats with lens luxation. Data collected included signalment, examination findings, treatment decision and rationale for treatment, and outcome.ResultsRecords were reviewed for 136 eyes from 115 cats. Male cats (77%) were overrepresented. Of the eyes, 83/136 (61%) were non-visual on presentation. Medical management was initially elected for 79/136 (58%) eyes, enucleation for 32/136 (24%), ICLE for 12/136 (9%) and TCLR for 7/136 (5%), while no treatment was elected for 3/136 (2%) eyes. Two cats were euthanized (2/136 eyes, 1%) and one eye underwent diode laser cyst ablation. TCLR was not successful in any eyes. Of eyes with follow-up, 12/13 (92%) eyes that underwent ICLE as primary or secondary management were visual and normotensive (intraocular pressure [IOP] <25 mmHg), while 19/50 (38%) medically managed eyes were visual and normotensive. However, 33/50 (66%) medically managed eyes were normotensive at last recheck and 17/23 (74%) medically managed eyes that were visual on presentation remained visual at last recheck. Treatment rationale was noted for 94 eyes. Factors cited included visual status (40%), perceived comfort (36%), age or medical history (29%), financial limitations (12%), inability to medicate (10%), other ocular examination findings (9%) and potential risk of feline post-traumatic ocular sarcoma after ICLE (7%).Conclusions and relevanceTCLR does not appear to be a viable treatment modality in cats. Medical management of lens luxation may produce acceptable results for IOP control and retention of vision when ICLE is not possible. Providing cat owners with accurate information about outcomes and financial implications of treatment options for lens luxation is critical.
Multiplex fluorescent immunocytochemistry is a complementary test for the diagnosis of feline infectious peritonitis: a diagnostic clinical trial.
Evans SJ, Cerna P, Curtis BE … +8 more , Novicoff WM, Stoltz NL, Ashton L, Valentine M, Epstein S, LaVoy A, Dean G, Santangelo KS
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Jun · PMID 41981766 · Full text
ObjectivesFeline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a common and treatable viral disease of cats for which there is no single, reliable ante-mortem diagnostic test. The goals of this study were to evaluate the diagnostic ac...
ObjectivesFeline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a common and treatable viral disease of cats for which there is no single, reliable ante-mortem diagnostic test. The goals of this study were to evaluate the diagnostic accuracy (sensitivity, specificity and positive and negative predictive values) of multiplex fluorescent immunocytochemistry (MF-ICC) for the diagnosis of FIP in clinical patients under field conditions, and to directly compare that accuracy to the diagnostic performance of other commonly used assays.MethodsCats presenting with clinical signs compatible with FIP were enrolled at two academic veterinary teaching hospitals and tested using a combination of complete blood count, biochemistry, fluid analysis, cytology, MF-ICC, serology and RT-PCR. Antibodies against both feline coronavirus and vimentin, as well as a nuclear stain, were used for the MF-ICC assay. Outcomes were determined by necropsy with histopathology and immunohistochemistry, response to antiviral therapy and/or clinical follow-up.ResultsA total of 84 cases comprising 58 cats with FIP and 26 without FIP (control cases) were included in this study. Using a threshold of one dual-expressing mononuclear cell or more, MF-ICC was found to have 77% sensitivity, 81% specificity, 92% positive predictive value and 53% negative predictive value in this cohort. Using a threshold of two or more dual-expressing mononuclear cells improved specificity but reduced both sensitivity and overall diagnostic accuracy. MF-ICC was more sensitive, but less specific, in effusion fluids over tissues. MF-ICC resulted in the highest overall diagnostic accuracy (78%) when compared with serology (75%), RT-PCR (69%) and serum albumin:globulin ratio (76%).Conclusions and relevanceMF-ICC is an imperfect test but is considered complementary to other commonly used ante-mortem diagnostic assays for FIP. It can be used alongside RT-PCR and other minimally invasive tests to build a case for FIP in an individual patient.
Acute pain in cats: knowledge, attitudes and practices among Argentine veterinarians - a survey-based study.
Alegre EA, Koscinczuk P, Carlos RSA … +1 more , Lavor MSL
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Jun · PMID 41981764 · Publisher ↗
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to investigate Argentine veterinarians' knowledge, attitudes and management of acute pain in cats.MethodsA voluntary, anonymous, prospective, cross-sectional online survey was c...
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to investigate Argentine veterinarians' knowledge, attitudes and management of acute pain in cats.MethodsA voluntary, anonymous, prospective, cross-sectional online survey was conducted among Argentine veterinarians between January and September 2024. The questionnaire explored demographics, clinical practice and acute pain management in cats. The survey comprised multiple choice and open-ended questions, using 5-point Likert scales tailored to each variable.ResultsA total of 161 responses were obtained, of which 154 met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed. Of the responses, 95% considered acute pain assessment in cats important, although 66% reported dissatisfaction with undergraduate training in pain management. Pain recognition skills were generally perceived as adequate, yet 45% reported challenges in treatment. Pain in cats was routinely evaluated by 82% of respondents; however, only 56% used standardized tools, primarily the Feline Grimace Scale (FGS). Pain assessment was performed predominantly by female veterinarians, who also showed greater familiarity with standardized scales. Overall, participants expressed a strong preference for continuing online education.Conclusions and relevanceArgentine veterinarians attach high importance to acute pain assessment in cats and report having adequate knowledge despite dissatisfaction with undergraduate training. The FGS was the most frequently used tool; female veterinarians assessed pain more often and showed greater familiarity with standardized scales. In this study, online courses were identified as the preferred method of continuing education.
EXPRESS: Lack of Association Between Inner Ear FLAIR Suppression on MRI and Laterality of Clinical Signs in Feline Idiopathic Vestibular Syndrome.
Putzer M, De Decker S, Gutierrez Quintana R … +2 more , Mosel AM, Volk HA
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Apr · PMID 41981761 · Publisher ↗
ObjectivesThe underlying aetiology of feline idiopathic vestibular syndrome (IVS) remains unclear. In humans, specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences are used to demonstrate differences in endolymph compositi...
ObjectivesThe underlying aetiology of feline idiopathic vestibular syndrome (IVS) remains unclear. In humans, specific magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) sequences are used to demonstrate differences in endolymph composition between unaffected and affected inner ears. A previous study in dogs with IVS reported that in 93% of cases, the clinically affected side exhibited a lower degree of fluid-attenuated inversion recovery (FLAIR) suppression, which may indicate altered endolymph composition, potentially due to increased protein concentration. The objective of this study was to determine whether similar changes can be observed in cats with IVS.MethodsMedical records from 3 referral hospitals were reviewed. Cats were included if they had a diagnosis of IVS, clear lateralisation of clinical signs, and had undergone brain MRI. Regions of interest (ROI) were manually outlined to define the inner ear on T2-weighted (T2w) and FLAIR images. The FLAIR suppression ratio for each ear was assessed by calculating the average grey value across both imaging sequences. Any unilateral reduction in suppression was compared with the direction of clinical signs. ROI area size was also measured to evaluate potential swelling or collapse of inner ear structures.ResultsTwenty-five cats met the inclusion criteria. No correlation was found between the clinically affected side and the degree of FLAIR suppression. In 11 of 25 cats, the identified abnormal side did not correspond to the lateralisation of clinical signs, whereas in 14 of 25 cats it did. ROI area measurements likewise showed no consistent association with the clinically affected side.Conclusions and relevanceIn the present cohort, these findings indicate that cats with IVS did not show a consistent association between clinical lateralisation and MRI-detectable endolymph changes, supporting the possibility of a different underlying pathophysiology compared with dogs.
Oral chemotherapy agents in cats: clinical uses, administration and side effects.
Lopes M, Morris J
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Apr · PMID 41972465 · Full text
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Cancer is a very common disease in cats, and many feline patients will require chemotherapy as part of their treatment plan, either as a sole agent or as part of multimodality therapy. Although some...
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Cancer is a very common disease in cats, and many feline patients will require chemotherapy as part of their treatment plan, either as a sole agent or as part of multimodality therapy. Although some general practitioners might be reluctant to undertake injectable chemotherapy, oral chemotherapy may feel like a more acceptable treatment option to manage in practice. CLINICAL CHALLENGES: The small body size of many cats means that tablet sizes made for the human market are less appropriate, which creates dosing challenges. The administration of oral medication can also be a challenge in some cats. AUDIENCE: This review is aimed at general practitioners and other clinicians undertaking chemotherapy of feline cancer patients. It summarises the oral medications available for use, their therapeutic indications, dosing strategies, side effects, and health and safety aspects. EVIDENCE BASE: The review includes information from past and recent veterinary literature on the use of oral cytotoxic drugs in cats. PATIENT GROUP: Oral cytotoxic medications may be used in cats for a variety of tumour types, of which haematopoietic tumours, such as lymphoma, would be the most common.
Effect of vein characteristics and operator experience on intravenous catheter insertion success in cats in an emergency room.
Okafor CC, Sumners L, Chunn B … +3 more , Jupiter A, Garudadri P, Odunayo A
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 May · PMID 41924971 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to identify patient, vein and operator factors associated with first-attempt success of peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion in cats presenting to an emergency room....
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to identify patient, vein and operator factors associated with first-attempt success of peripheral intravenous catheter (PIVC) insertion in cats presenting to an emergency room.MethodsA prospective study was conducted in the emergency room of a university small animal hospital between February and April 2024. Cats requiring PIVC insertion were enrolled. Data collected included patient signalment, vein visibility and palpability, catheter size, indication for catheterization and operator characteristics (role, years of experience and estimated number of previous PIVC insertions). First-attempt success was defined as catheterization with visible blood flashback and successful flushing without extravasation or discomfort. Univariable and multivariable logistic regression analyses were performed to assess associations with first-attempt success.ResultsA total of 97 PIVC insertions in 95 cats were analyzed. Overall, first-attempt success was 85.6% (n = 83/97). Most insertions involved the cephalic vein (96.9%) and 22 G catheters (57.7%). Neither catheter size, target vein nor indication for insertion was significantly associated with success. Operators with 8-15 years of experience had significantly higher odds of success compared with those with 2 years or less ( = 0.03). Operators who had inserted more than 500 intravenous catheters had greater odds of success than those with fewer than 100 insertions (odds ratio [OR] 8.63, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.48-50.12; = 0.02). Vein visibility was strongly associated with first-attempt success (OR 7.78, 95% CI 2.29-26.42; = 0.001), while palpability was not. In the final multivariable model, both vein visibility (OR 8.0, 95% CI 2.16-30) and more than 500 prior insertions (OR 13.24, 95% CI 1.54-144) remained independently associated with success.Conclusions and relevanceFirst-attempt intravenous catheter insertion success in cats was strongly influenced by operator experience and vein visibility. These findings highlight the clinical importance of operator training and vein assessment during catheter insertion in feline emergency patients.
Oral administration of strain SF68 speeds the recovery of amoxicillin-clavulanate-induced dysbiosis in cats.
Slaughter M, Sung CH, Suchodolski J … +3 more , Pilla R, Torres-Hendersen C, Lappin MR
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 May · PMID 41923274 · Full text
ObjectivesIn a previous study by Torres-Henderson et al, the probiotic strain SF68 was clinically shown to lessen amoxicillin-clavulanate-associated diarrhea. The cause or mechanism as to why this clinical benefit occur...
ObjectivesIn a previous study by Torres-Henderson et al, the probiotic strain SF68 was clinically shown to lessen amoxicillin-clavulanate-associated diarrhea. The cause or mechanism as to why this clinical benefit occurred, however, was not apparent in that study. Since the completion of that work, a new feline dysbiosis index (DI) has been developed and new information concerning the microbiome and bile acid metabolism has been published. The objective of this study was to assess changes in the feline DI and fecal bile acid metabolism to explain how this probiotic lessened amoxicillin-clavulanate-associated diarrhea.MethodsA prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled, double-blinded study was conducted with 27 healthy, young, adult, purpose-bred cats that were used for a previous study. The cats were randomized into the probiotic group (13 cats) or placebo group (14 cats). Each cat received amoxicillin-clavulanate for 7 days at a standard dose and either the probiotic or placebo for 14 days. Fecal samples from all cats were obtained at baseline, day 7 and day 14. All samples were frozen at -80°C until assessed. Targeted quantitative PCR assays were then used to determine the fecal feline DI, and unconjugated fecal bile acid concentrations were measured at each time point.ResultsAn antibiotic-induced shift in fecal microbiota and unconjugated bile acids was observed, with the probiotic group showing normalization of the feline DI and increased secondary bile acids on day 14 compared with the placebo group ( = 0.0322).Conclusions and relevanceThe probiotic strain SF68 lessened amoxicillin-clavulanate-associated clinical signs of disease at least in part from the positive effects on the selected microbiota and bile acid metabolism. These findings support supplementing this probiotic to cats who have a clinical need for amoxicillin-clavulanate treatment.
Short-term outcomes of open liver lobectomy using an Endo GIA stapler: case series of five cats.
Tomura S, Iwata T, Yoshikawa K … +1 more , Fujita A
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 May · PMID 41889353 · Full text
Case series summaryIn this retrospective case series, open liver lobectomy using an Endo GIA stapler was evaluated in five client-owned cats. All procedures were performed via ventral midline celiotomy using the Endo GIA...
Case series summaryIn this retrospective case series, open liver lobectomy using an Endo GIA stapler was evaluated in five client-owned cats. All procedures were performed via ventral midline celiotomy using the Endo GIA Ultra Universal Stapler with Curved Tip Articulating Vascular/Medium Tri-Staple cartridges. Three cats underwent total liver lobectomy of the left lateral lobe, and the remaining two underwent multiple lobectomies involving one or more divisions (left division, n = 1; left and central divisions, n = 1). In three cats, the lesions were adjacent to major hilar vascular and biliary structures. The median lobe resection and total surgical times were 21 and 51 mins, respectively. The median postoperative hospitalisation was 3 days. Intraoperative complications occurred in two cats (hypotension) and postoperative complications occurred in all cats, including mild anaemia (n = 5), ascites (n = 4), wound complication (n = 1) and transient hyperbilirubinemia (n = 1). Although one cat required an intraoperative transfusion for massive bleeding, none of the cats required revision surgery. All cats survived until discharge and were alive and asymptomatic at suture removal approximately 2 weeks postoperatively.Relevance and novel informationTo our knowledge, this is the first detailed report to evaluate the short-term outcomes of open liver lobectomy using the Endo GIA stapler in cats. Consistent with previous canine studies, no mortality or major complications occurred during the perioperative period, and the total surgical time was relatively short. These findings suggest that the Endo GIA stapler is a feasible option for open liver lobectomy in cats, particularly for lesions located in the left division, including selected lesions adjacent to the hilus. However, further studies are warranted to confirm its clinical relevance, define appropriate case-selection criteria based on lesion characteristics and compare it with conventional techniques.
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