J. Feline Med. Surg. [JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Stenotic nares treatment in 37 brachycephalic cats by ala vestibuloplasty: 2017-2025.
Thouvenot Oudart E, Le Boedec K, Poncet C
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 May · PMID 41889345 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to describe the clinical implications and surgical treatment of stenotic nares in brachycephalic cats using ala vestibuloplasty and to report the short- and long-term results pe...
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to describe the clinical implications and surgical treatment of stenotic nares in brachycephalic cats using ala vestibuloplasty and to report the short- and long-term results perceived by veterinarians and owners.MethodsMedical records of cats admitted for stenotic nares between 2017 and 2025 were reviewed. Cats that were treated with ala vestibuloplasty were included. A preoperative questionnaire was also filled out retrospectively. A respiratory grade was assigned based on the severity of respiratory signs exhibited in all cats, both pre- and postoperatively. Long-term follow-up of more than 6 months was evaluated via phone calls and owner questionnaires.ResultsA total of 37 brachycephalic cats that underwent ala vestibuloplasty for stenotic nares treatment were included. Improvement in respiratory signs was observed in all cats postoperatively. The median preoperative respiratory score was 3 compared with 2 postoperatively. No major peri- or postoperative complications occurred in cats undergoing their first nasal surgery during the study period. According to owners, quality of life was improved in 83.8% of cats after surgery.Conclusions and clinical relevanceAla vestibuloplasty is a safe, feasible and effective procedure to address stenotic nares in brachycephalic cats. Age, sex and breed were not significant factors for the outcome. This technique is associated with a long-term improvement in respiratory signs and quality of life. It provided high owner satisfaction and represents a practical option for managing feline brachycephalic airway syndrome.
Feline plasma cell pododermatitis with concurrent glomerular disease: a case series of 25 cats.
Sarkan K, Hokamp JA, Cianciolo RE … +3 more , Hart E, Shropshire S, Quimby JM
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 · PMID 41876449 · Full text
Case series summaryThe medical records from 25 cats with feline plasma cell pododermatitis (PCP) and concurrent glomerular disease presenting between 2017 and 2025 were reviewed. The aim of this study was to highlight th...
Case series summaryThe medical records from 25 cats with feline plasma cell pododermatitis (PCP) and concurrent glomerular disease presenting between 2017 and 2025 were reviewed. The aim of this study was to highlight that feline patients with PCP may be predisposed to glomerular disease and to document the clinical presentations of these patients. Inclusion criteria included diagnosis of PCP by physical examination or histopathology and diagnosis of glomerular disease via renal histopathology or urine sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE). Data collected included signalment, physical examination findings, clinicopathologic parameters, imaging results, urinalysis, urine SDS-PAGE results, renal histopathology, treatment protocols and survival times. Affected cats were most commonly young (aged <5 years) and castrated males. Clinicopathologic abnormalities included marked anemia, hyperglobulinemia and proteinuria, although urine protein:creatinine ratios varied widely between patients. Renal ultrasound findings were typically non-specific. Urine SDS-PAGE consistently demonstrated evidence of glomerular dysfunction, and renal histopathology demonstrated immune complex glomerulonephritis in 14/17 (82%) cases. Immunosuppressive therapy was the primary treatment for renal disease but was often delayed owing to challenges diagnosing glomerular dysfunction as the underlying cause of renal disease. Median survival times after onset of renal disease were short, at approximately 1 month.Relevance and novel informationOur findings suggest that PCP, particularly in young males, can be associated with concurrent glomerular disease, which is often immune mediated in nature. Urine SDS-PAGE may be useful in identifying underlying glomerular damage. Median survival times in these patients are short, emphasizing the need to closely monitor cats presenting with PCP for evidence of developing glomerular disease.
Feline comorbidities: cardiovascular and kidney diseases.
Coleman AE, Lourenço BN
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Mar · PMID 41863293 · Full text
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Cardiovascular and kidney diseases are highly prevalent and frequently coexistent in cats, particularly those of advanced age. Several pathways of interaction between the heart and kidneys likely con...
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE: Cardiovascular and kidney diseases are highly prevalent and frequently coexistent in cats, particularly those of advanced age. Several pathways of interaction between the heart and kidneys likely contribute to progressive functional decline of these systems during disease of one or both. Identification of heart or kidney disease in a cat should prompt the clinician to consider how the disease and its treatment might impact the function of the other organ and how coexisting primary disease of the other might impact case management and patient prognosis. CLINICAL CHALLENGES: A common goal in the management of congestive heart failure, acute kidney injury or chronic kidney disease is to maintain optimal body fluid balance; however, many therapies for disease of one system are at odds with the best interests of the other. For example, treatment of kidney disease often includes parenteral fluid therapy with the goal of maintaining mean arterial pressure and adequate renal blood flow, while diuretics are almost always necessary to reduce capillary hydrostatic pressure in cats with heart failure. Overly aggressive volume expansion or reduction during the management of kidney or heart failure, respectively, can lead to injury to or excessive stress on the other organ system. EVIDENCE BASE: Recommendations are based on available peer-reviewed literature and expert consensus guidelines when available. AUDIENCE: This article is aimed at all veterinary practitioners who work with cats.
High-dose induction therapy and treatment termination criteria for feline infectious peritonitis with remdesivir and GS-441524.
Kamiyoshi T, Kamiyoshi N, Jintake C
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 · PMID 41834689 · Full text
ObjectivesFeline infectious peritonitis (FIP) can be treated with antiviral agents such as remdesivir and GS-441524, with a commonly used treatment duration of 12 weeks. Although serum amyloid A (SAA) and alpha-1 acid gl...
ObjectivesFeline infectious peritonitis (FIP) can be treated with antiviral agents such as remdesivir and GS-441524, with a commonly used treatment duration of 12 weeks. Although serum amyloid A (SAA) and alpha-1 acid glycoprotein (α1AG) have been proposed as markers of disease improvement, the criteria for treatment cessation before this duration remain unclear. This study evaluated whether SAA and α1AG could guide treatment cessation in cats with FIP and whether a high-dose induction protocol could allow treatment duration to be shortened.MethodsA total of 30 cats with FIP, excluding those presenting solely with neurological signs, received high-dose (⩾20 mg/kg) therapy using injectable remdesivir followed by oral GS-441524 or oral GS-441524 alone. Remdesivir was administered once daily, whereas GS-441524 was given as the total daily dose divided into two doses 12 h apart. After initial improvement, the dose was reduced to the maintenance dose of 12-15 mg/kg based on clinical signs. Clinical signs, SAA and α1AG were monitored. Treatment was discontinued when clinical signs resolved and both SAA below 6 mg/l and α1AG 0.5 g/l or below were maintained for at least 2 consecutive weeks before 12 weeks or at 12 weeks regardless of these criteria.ResultsOf the 30 cats, 29 (96.7%) survived. Among these, 22 (75.9%) met the treatment termination criteria within 12 weeks (median treatment duration 54 days [range 41-71]), whereas seven completed 12 weeks. No relapse was observed during treatment or within the 3-month follow-up period.Conclusions and relevanceAlthough high-dose induction therapy is not a standard protocol, no clear adverse effects were observed, and treatment could be discontinued before 12 weeks in some cats. In cats with shortened treatment duration, improvement in SAA and α1AG concentrations appeared to be useful indicators for guiding treatment cessation. Further studies are required to clarify the clinical benefit of high-dose induction therapy.
Preliminary investigation of circulating methaemoglobin fraction in cats with sepsis: a small exploratory study.
McGuigan S, Tinson E, Beever L … +1 more , Birkbeck R
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Apr · PMID 41807372 · Full text
ObjectivesThis exploratory study aimed to evaluate the methaemoglobin fraction in cats with sepsis, non-septic sick counterparts and healthy controls, and to assess the feasibility of using the methaemoglobin fraction as...
ObjectivesThis exploratory study aimed to evaluate the methaemoglobin fraction in cats with sepsis, non-septic sick counterparts and healthy controls, and to assess the feasibility of using the methaemoglobin fraction as a biomarker for predicting clinically relevant outcomes such as duration of hospitalisation and mortality.MethodsMedical records were retrospectively searched for all cases of confirmed sepsis presenting to the intensive care unit (ICU) of two referral hospitals between September 2016 and January 2019 in institution A and between March 2019 and October 2024 in institution B, with a methaemoglobin measurement taken on admission. Records were also searched for cats presenting to the ICU of institution B between March 2019 and October 2024 that met 2/4 septic inflammatory response criteria without evidence of infection. The methaemoglobin levels of these cases and those of previously collected data from healthy cats (from both institutions) were compared with those of the septic population. Data from each institution were analysed separately.ResultsA total of 47 cats with sepsis were enrolled (23 in institution A and 24 in institution B), as well as 100 non-septic sick cats from institution B and 53 healthy controls (42 in institution A and 11 in institution B). Data from each institution were analysed separately. The median methaemoglobin fraction was significantly higher in control cats compared with septic cats in institution A (1.7%, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.6-1.9 vs 1.1%, 95% CI 0.7-1.5; = 0.03). There was no significant difference in median methaemoglobin levels between combined septic survivors vs non-survivors (0.5%, 95% CI 0.4-0.5 vs 0.9%, 95% CI 0.4-0.5; P = 0.5).Conclusions and relevanceThis exploratory study was unable to demonstrate a significantly increased circulating methaemoglobin fraction in cats with sepsis or an association between methaemoglobin fraction and survival outcome. These findings support the feasibility of further research and highlight the need for adequately powered standardised multicentre studies to clarify the biomarker's clinical utility.
Large-cell lymphoma in four cats after successful treatment of feline infectious peritonitis with oral GS-441524: a novel clinical observation.
Buchta K, Meunier SM, Felten S … +16 more , Erber K, Kipar A, Dorsch R, Zuzzi-Krebitz AM, Zwicklbauer K, Bergmann M, Matiasek K, Wenk J, de Witt Curtius CC, Spiri AM, Meli ML, Cerchiaro I, von Both U, Unterer S, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Hartmann K
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 · PMID 41807351 · Full text
Case series summaryFatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV), can now be cured with GS-441524. Only a few unexpected clinical and laboratory observations have been reported with treat...
Case series summaryFatal feline infectious peritonitis (FIP), caused by feline coronavirus (FCoV), can now be cured with GS-441524. Only a few unexpected clinical and laboratory observations have been reported with treatment, including lymphocytosis, eosinophilia and long-term persistence of abdominal lymphadenomegaly. Yet immune overstimulation associated with FIP might have negative long-term consequences. This report describes four cases of large-cell lymphoma (LCL) arising within 2 years of FIP diagnosis and successful treatment with legally sourced oral GS-441524 (15 mg/kg q24h), representing an incidence of 2.0% (n = 4/202) in a large treatment cohort. At LCL diagnosis, two cats were aged under 2 years, one was aged 8 years and one was aged 13 years. All cats showed weight loss, three had hyporexia and two had chronic vomiting; all tested negative for feline leukaemia virus and feline immunodeficiency virus. LCL was diagnosed by histology (n = 3) or cytology (n = 1) at 81, 365 (n = 2) and 595 days after FIP diagnosis/treatment start. The cats died a median of 15.5 days after LCL diagnosis. Neither a high FCoV viral load nor FCoV antigen, as determined by semi-quantitative RT-PCR and immunohistochemistry, respectively, was detected in any of the available samples. PCR for antigen receptor rearrangements revealed a monoclonal B-cell population in two cats, supporting a diagnosis of large B-cell lymphoma.Relevance and novel informationThe incidence of LCL reported here among cats in remission from FIP after legally sourced oral GS-441524 treatment is remarkably high compared with the general feline population. LCL should be considered a potential 'long-FIP syndrome' and/or a long-term complication after GS-441524 treatment. The pathogenesis of LCL in this context requires further clarification.
Evaluation of surgical duration using two different burrs for percutaneous endoscopic mini-hemilaminectomy in cats.
Kornmayer M, Busch A, Zablotski Y … +1 more , Lauer S
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Apr · PMID 41807309 · Full text
ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare the influence of two burr types on surgical time during percutaneous endoscopic mini-hemilaminectomy (PE-MHL) in feline cadavers.MethodsA total of 12 skeletally mature domestic short...
ObjectivesThis study aimed to compare the influence of two burr types on surgical time during percutaneous endoscopic mini-hemilaminectomy (PE-MHL) in feline cadavers.MethodsA total of 12 skeletally mature domestic shorthair cat cadavers underwent bilateral PE-MHL at L4-L5 using either a diamond or a cutting burr in alternating order. Surgical duration, surgical side, postoperative CT bone window area and the percentage of lamina removed were compared. Approximately 30% laminar removal was targeted. Data were expressed as mean ± SEM and analysed using Shapiro-Wilk and Levene's tests, followed by Student's -tests ( ⩽0.05).ResultsAll procedures were completed successfully. Mean procedure time was significantly shorter with the diamond burr (20.85 ± 1.44 mins) than with the cutting burr (25.62 ± 1.49 mins; = 0.03). The surgical side had no significant effect on any parameter. Mean bone window areas were comparable between burrs (68.42 ± 2.02 mm vs 63.92 ± 3.19 mm; = 0.27). The overall mean of lamina removed was 32.38 ± 2.31%, closely matching the intraoperative target. Three cutting burrs broke, whereas no failures occurred with diamond burrs.Conclusions and relevanceBoth burr types were effective for PE-MHL in feline cadavers. The diamond burr enabled more efficient, precise and controlled bone removal, resulting in smoother bone margins and consequently reduced procedure times. These findings suggest that the diamond burr may be a more reliable instrument for controlled bone removal under endoscopic conditions and provide the basis for future in vivo studies.
Efficacy of high-dose carvedilol treatment for cats with stage B1 obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy.
Satomi S, Suzuki R, Yuchi Y … +4 more , Kanno H, Inoue M, Teshima T, Matsumoto H
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Apr · PMID 41792123 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to investigate the effects of high-dose (HD) carvedilol treatment in client-owned cats with stage B1 obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM) where a standard dose (SD) had failed...
ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to investigate the effects of high-dose (HD) carvedilol treatment in client-owned cats with stage B1 obstructive hypertrophic cardiomyopathy (oHCM) where a standard dose (SD) had failed to adequately alleviate left ventricular outflow tract (LVOT) obstruction.MethodsA prospective, interventional study was conducted in which cats underwent echocardiography, including evaluation of myocardial strain using speckle-tracking echocardiography. Myocardial injury was quantified using a cardiac troponin I (cTnI) assay. Echocardiographic variables and the cTnI level were compared before treatment and after SD and HD carvedilol treatment.ResultsLVOT velocity (LVOTV) decreased after SD compared with before treatment in all cats, but remained above 2.5 m/s after SD (before treatment 4.9 m/s [interquartile range [IQR] 4.3-5.0]; SD 4.3 m/s [IQR 3.9-4.7]), whereas HD decreased LVOTV to below 2.5 m/s in 10/11 cats (1.6 m/s [IQR 1.5-2.0]). Longitudinal strain was improved after SD and HD compared with before treatment (endocardial layer: before treatment 12.1% [IQR 9.6-15.8]; SD 20.0% [IQR 15.9-21.7]; HD 18.9% [IQR 12.9-22.8]; = 0.003 and = 0.006, respectively; epicardial layer: before treatment 9.4% [IQR 7.0-10.7]; SD 11.6% [IQR 10.0-12.7]; HD 12.5% [IQR 10.0-13.3]; = 0.013 and = 0.001, respectively). Circumferential strain demonstrated no changes. The cTnI level decreased after SD and HD compared with before treatment, and after HD compared with SD (before treatment 0.334 ng/ml [IQR 0.117-0.931]; SD 0.192 ng/ml [IQR 0.111-0.377]; HD 0.018 ng/ml [IQR 0.009-0.161]; = 0.043, = 0.043 and = 0.043, respectively). No cats experienced adverse effects such as bradycardia or hypotension.Conclusions and relevanceHD improved LVOTV, myocardial function and cTnI level without adverse effects in cats with stage B1 oHCM.
Identification of within-host deletions in domain 0 of the spike gene of pathogenic feline coronavirus type 2 from the USA.
Olarte-Castillo XA, Schlecht AB, Sams KL … +2 more , Goodman LB, Whittaker GR
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 · PMID 41792121 · Full text
ObjectivesFeline coronavirus (FCoV) is widely acknowledged to gain pathogenicity within the host to cause the lethal disease feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Most FIP cases are caused by viruses in genotype 1 (FCoV-1...
ObjectivesFeline coronavirus (FCoV) is widely acknowledged to gain pathogenicity within the host to cause the lethal disease feline infectious peritonitis (FIP). Most FIP cases are caused by viruses in genotype 1 (FCoV-1) via an 'internal mutation' in the spike gene. Genotype 2 (FCoV-2) has risen to prominence based on the emergence of FCoV-23, a highly pathogenic novel variant from Cyprus that has a deletion in the N-terminus (domain 0) of spike. In this study, we conducted a retrospective analysis of three cases of FCoV-2 in the USA: two (cats 344 and 346) from 2013 and one (cat 597) from 2016. Cats 344 and 597 exhibited clinical signs consistent with FCoV infection for at least 2 months. The third cat (cat 346), the daughter of cat 344, was euthanized shortly after showing signs.MethodsWe collected a total of 20 tissue, fluid and fecal samples from the three cats. We characterized the FCoV-2 in these samples using whole-genome sequencing, genetic and phylogenetic analyses, and viral RNA quantification.ResultsWhole-genome sequencing revealed that the two cats exhibiting long-term signs of FCoV infection (cats 344 and 597) each had a distinct deletion in domain 0 of spike, which was present in all examined tissues. Cat 346, the daughter of cat 344, who displayed signs for only a short period, had an intact (or long) spike gene. Low RNA titers of the FCoV-2 with the short version of spike were detected in the feces of cats 344 and 597 (2.52-5.28 RNA copies/μl).Conclusions and relevanceOur data are consistent with a model whereby FCoV-2 displaying the long version of spike is transmitted between cats, whereas the short version is generated within each cat after a prolonged infection and spreads rapidly throughout the body. We suggest that the high pathogenicity of FCoV-2 is associated with an 'internal deletion' in the spike gene.
Morphometric description of the feline tibia using three-dimensional CT.
Pantangco MJ, Chui M, Johnson KA … +1 more , Basa RM
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 May · PMID 41781385 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to characterise the three-dimensional external and internal morphology of the feline tibia, including bone length, external and internal diameters, cortical thickness, cancellous bone v...
ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to characterise the three-dimensional external and internal morphology of the feline tibia, including bone length, external and internal diameters, cortical thickness, cancellous bone volume and mechanical joint angles using CT.MethodsEight paired tibiae from adult domestic feline cadavers were evaluated using CT imaging. Morphometric parameters - including bone length, external and internal diameters, cortical thickness, cancellous bone volume and mechanical joint angles - were measured in triplicate for each bone. The mean of each set of triplicate measurements was recorded for analysis.ResultsOverall tibia length measured 111.61 mm (95% confidence interval [CI] 107.89-115.53). The narrowest internal bone diameter mediolaterally was at 50% tibial length (4.23 mm, 95% CI 4.05-4.42) and craniocaudally at 75% tibial length (3.77 mm, 95% CI 3.57-3.97). The cranial and caudal cortex was thickest at 50% of tibial length. The proximal tibia had a mean cancellous bone volume of 12.45 mm (95% CI 11.4-13.49). The distal tibia had a mean cancellous bone volume of 2.09 mm (95% CI 1.62-2.55). Mean mechanical joint angles were as follows: tibial plateau angle 31.42° (95% CI 30.09-32.75); mechanical medial proximal tibia angle 95.15° (95% CI 94.63-95.68); mechanical medial distal tibia angle 94.08° (95% CI 93.36-94.79); mechanical cranial distal tibia angle 88.68° (95% CI 87.04-90.32); mechanical caudal proximal tibia angle 58.53° (95% CI 57.20-59.86); and sagittal plane alignment 30.16° (95% CI 28.47-31.84).Conclusions and relevanceThe use of CT allowed for the estimation of internal bone morphometry and joint geometry in feline tibiae. This provided data that may be valuable in planning and developing new techniques for internal fracture fixation in cats.
Treatment of non-effusive feline infectious peritonitis using oral remdesivir or GS-441524: a randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority trial.
Brostoff T, Pires J, Rose A … +4 more , Cohen-Davidyan T, Castillo D, Murphy BG, Reagan KL
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Apr · PMID 41781382 · Full text
ObjectivesFeline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease caused by feline coronavirus. The nucleoside analog GS-441524, the parent nucleoside of remdesivir, is the most commonly used FIP antiviral. Remdesivir is...
ObjectivesFeline infectious peritonitis (FIP) is a fatal disease caused by feline coronavirus. The nucleoside analog GS-441524, the parent nucleoside of remdesivir, is the most commonly used FIP antiviral. Remdesivir is Food and Drug Administration approved to treat COVID-19 in humans and has been used primarily as an adjunctive treatment for FIP. Data on its efficacy as a first-line oral therapy, as well as its use to treat non-effusive FIP, remain limited. Therefore, this study compares the effectiveness of oral remdesivir vs GS-441524 as a first-line antiviral therapy for cats with non-effusive FIP in a prospective, randomized, double-blind, non-inferiority clinical trial. Furthermore, this study aims to bolster the literature supporting remdesivir use in these cats, anticipating potential future fluctuations in drug cost, availability and legal access.MethodsCats with non-effusive FIP were randomly assigned to receive either oral remdesivir (38-42 mg/kg, n = 10) or oral GS-441524 (18-22 mg/kg, n = 10) q24h for 84 days (12 weeks). Follow-up was conducted at 6 and 16 weeks, and response to therapy, survival and disease-free remission were assessed. Long-term follow-up was also obtained by contacting owners 1.5-2 years after conclusion of the study.ResultsAt week 16, 9/10 (90%) cats treated with remdesivir and 7/10 (70%) cats treated with GS-441524 were alive and in clinical remission. Remdesivir met the statistical criteria for non-inferiority, with a difference in disease-free survival of 20% (90% confidence interval -8.5 to +48.5). All deaths during treatment occurred within the first 11 days of the trial. Long-term follow-up revealed new onset of clinical signs and raised concerns for potential late relapse of disease in four cats (two in each group).Conclusions and relevanceThis study supports the hypothesis that oral remdesivir is non-inferior to GS-441524 for achieving survival and disease-free remission from FIP at 16 weeks. Given evolving global drug access and costs, remdesivir is a viable first-line option.
Ultrasonographic features of feline renal neoplasia: a retrospective study on 187 cases.
Cordella A, Lenz J, Bertal M … +7 more , Kurihara M, Anson A, Serafini F, Dirrig H, Dillenbeck L, De Arcangeli S, Mai W
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Apr · PMID 41775677 · Full text
ObjectivesUltrasonography plays a crucial role in diagnosing feline renal diseases, including neoplasia. The aims of this study were to describe ultrasonographic features of renal neoplasia in cats and to investigate pot...
ObjectivesUltrasonography plays a crucial role in diagnosing feline renal diseases, including neoplasia. The aims of this study were to describe ultrasonographic features of renal neoplasia in cats and to investigate potential differences between tumor types.MethodsIn this multicenter retrospective study, ultrasonographic images of feline kidneys with cytologically/histologically confirmed renal neoplasia were reviewed. For each kidney, ultrasonographic characteristics (renal length, presence and appearance of a mass, nodules, hypoechoic subcapsular rim, pelvic distension, retroperitoneal effusion) were recorded and compared for each tumor type.ResultsA total of 187 cats (373 kidneys) were included. Tumor types were lymphoma (n = 118, 63%), carcinoma (n = 53, 28.5%), sarcoma (n = 10, 5%), adenoma (n = 3, 2%), histiocytic sarcoma (n = 2, 1%) and nephroblastoma (n = 1, 0.5%). Bilateral disease ( <0.001) and other organ involvement ( = 0.026) were more frequent in lymphoma. A single mass was more frequent in carcinoma ( <0.001). Masses were more frequently hypoechoic in lymphoma (81%) and sarcoma (86%) than in carcinoma (40%) ( = 0.001). In kidneys with masses, a hypoechoic subcapsular rim was more frequent in lymphoma ( = 0.004). In kidneys without mass lesions, kidneys with lymphoma (mean size 51.3 ± 9.8 mm) were significantly larger ( = 0.02) than those with carcinoma (mean size 46.1 ± 6.4 mm) and sarcoma (mean size 42.8 ± 8.9 mm).Conclusions and relevanceLymphoma was the most common renal neoplasia, followed by carcinoma. Some ultrasonographic features, including bilateral involvement, single masses, multiple nodules, hypoechoic subcapsular rim and severity of nephromegaly, can help differentiate feline renal tumor types.
Long-term field safety study evaluating allogeneic, uterine-derived mesenchymal stem cells for refractory feline chronic gingivostomatitis.
Williams VS, Schneider JL, Parrish RS … +7 more , Thompson CM, Wrightson C, Taechangam N, Sharif O, Soltero-Rivera M, Arzi B, Black L
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Apr · PMID 41757710 · Full text
ObjectivesThe study primarily evaluated the long-term safety of intravenous, allogeneic uterine-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (UMSCs) for client-owned cats affected with refractory feline chronic gingivostomatitis (F...
ObjectivesThe study primarily evaluated the long-term safety of intravenous, allogeneic uterine-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (UMSCs) for client-owned cats affected with refractory feline chronic gingivostomatitis (FCGS). Effectiveness during this long-term extension, when other medications were allowed, was also evaluated.MethodsThis prospective, multisite, open-label extension study evaluated cats with refractory FCGS after partial- or full-mouth extractions and persistent clinical signs despite medical management. During the initial trial, cats received two intravenous doses of 20 million UMSCs 14 days apart. No additional UMSC dosing occurred during the present follow-up period. A total of 35 cats were enrolled through day 365. Safety assessments included physical examination, owner-reported observations and clinicopathology. Clinical outcomes were evaluated descriptively using owner-reported assessment of overall response (ORA) and veterinarian-assessed global oral lesion score (GOLS). Concomitant medications were permitted.ResultsNo serious adverse events (AEs) were associated with UMSC administration, and no clinically relevant abnormalities were observed via hematology or urinalysis. The most common AEs temporally associated with dosing were transient nausea, vomiting, tachypnea, diarrhea, hypersalivation and pyrexia. At 1 year, 69% of cats gained weight (mean increase of 16.2%). Improvement in ORA at days 180 and 365 was 75.8% and 65.6%, respectively. Improvement in GOLS at days 180 and 365 was 51.5% and 46.9%, respectively. Mean reduction in lesion score at 1 year was 33%, with 22% of cats achieving clinical cure. Of the cats, 66% did not restart medical therapy after UMSC treatment, with only 8.6% continuing an immunosuppressant drug.Conclusions and relevanceRepeated intravenous UMSC therapy in cats with refractory FCGS appears safe in the long term, with no reported immunogenic or tumorigenic safety concerns. Clinically meaningful improvements in quality of life were maintained out to 1 year, with concurrent medication use as needed, and most cats were able to discontinue immunosuppressant medications. These results support the safe use of UMSCs for refractory FCGS.
Benign ureteral obstruction in cats treated surgically: a retrospective review of 105 cats.
Shigihara K, Townsend K, Sugibayashi K … +1 more , Miyagawa Y
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Apr · PMID 41721253 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to report the postoperative short- and long-term outcomes in cats with benign ureteral obstruction treated surgically with ureteral stent, subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) or...
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to report the postoperative short- and long-term outcomes in cats with benign ureteral obstruction treated surgically with ureteral stent, subcutaneous ureteral bypass (SUB) or ureterotomy.MethodsSignalment, surgery time, hospitalization duration, pre- and postoperative biological and biochemical parameters, postoperative revision surgery rate, and date of death or last follow-up date were recorded. Pre- and postoperative biological and biochemical parameters, risk of major complications requiring revision surgery and survival time were statistically analyzed.ResultsA total of 105 cats (128 ureters) met the inclusion criteria, consisting of 34 ureters in the stent group, 43 in the SUB group and 51 in the ureterotomy group. There was no significant difference in sex, body weight (BW), serum creatinine, potassium, phosphorus, pH, base excess or packed cell volume (PCV) preoperatively between the three surgical groups. Surgery time and hospitalization duration were significantly longer in the stent group compared with the other two groups. Major complications requiring revision surgeries were 41%, 23%, 15% in the stent, SUB and ureterotomy groups, respectively. The median survival time (MST) was 1426 days in the stent group; MST was not reached in the SUB or ureterotomy groups during the study. Five cats (4.4%; one stent, three SUBs, one ureterotomy) died within 10 days postoperatively. The ureterotomy group had higher long-term PCV and BW.Conclusions and relevanceUreterotomy demonstrated favorable outcomes for the management of feline benign ureteral obstruction, including the lowest rate of revision surgery. Improvements in PCV and BW were most pronounced in this group. In addition, surgical and hospitalization durations were comparable to those of SUB. In this single-center, single-surgeon cohort, these findings support ureterotomy as a viable and durable surgical option in appropriately selected cases, while recognizing that the results may not be generalizable to all clinical settings.
Feline chaphamaparvovirus (feline fechavirus) in different cat populations.
Weese JS, MacNicol J
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Mar · PMID 41721216 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to evaluate feline chaphamaparvovirus (FeChPV, previously referred to as feline fechavirus) in different cat populations.MethodsFeces or vomit were collected from a convenience...
ObjectivesThe aim of the present study was to evaluate feline chaphamaparvovirus (FeChPV, previously referred to as feline fechavirus) in different cat populations.MethodsFeces or vomit were collected from a convenience sample of cats in facilities undergoing clusters of undifferentiated vomiting and diarrhea, along with a single animal shelter that was not experiencing a detectable change in disease. Samples were tested for FeChPV using PCR.ResultsFecal (n = 127) and vomitus (n = 9) samples were obtained from 136 cats: 65 from cats at an animal shelter without any apparent increase in gastrointestinal disease (shelter A); 25 from three animal shelters (shelters B-D) with clusters of undifferentiated acute onset of vomiting and diarrhea; and 46 from a research colony that had a recent outbreak of gastrointestinal disease. FeChPV was identified in 30/136 (22%) samples: 8/65 (12%) of cats from shelter A; 1/9 (11%) from shelter B; 2/8 (25%) from shelter C; 7/8 (88%) from shelter D; and 12/46 (26%) cats from the research colony. Among the samples from shelter A, the shelter with no identified abnormal gastrointestinal disease, FeChPV DNA was identified in the feces of 5/52 (9.6%) non-diarrheic (fecal score <4) and 3/13 (23%) diarrheic cats ( = 0.19). Overall, FeChPV was found in 14/43 (33%) diarrheic and 16/93 (17%) healthy cats ( = 0.07). Facility was the only variable that was significant on multivariable analysis, with the odds of PCR positivity being 5.7 times higher in shelter D compared with other facilities (95% confidence interval 2.3-25; <0.0001).Conclusions and relevanceFeChPV was commonly found in a shelter experiencing acute gastrointestinal disease but was also found in healthy cats and in facilities with no apparent increase in disease. The role of this virus in feline gastrointestinal disease and facility outbreaks is unclear.
Palatability of sunflower oil-based vs aqueous verum formulations of molidustat in healthy cats.
Mangold-Gehring S, Hofmann S, Rouenhoff S … +1 more , Schmidt F
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 May · PMID 41721214 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the palatability of sunflower oil-based and aqueous verum formulations of molidustat in healthy cats in a one-bowl study with two groups in a parallel design.MethodsA total...
ObjectivesThe aim of this study was to compare the palatability of sunflower oil-based and aqueous verum formulations of molidustat in healthy cats in a one-bowl study with two groups in a parallel design.MethodsA total of 16 adult cats (six males and 10 females) were divided into two groups of eight animals. Healthy cats trained on voluntary intake of a water/milk mixture offered in a bowl at daily volumes of 0.5 ml/animal over 4 study days (days -4 to -1) were included in the study. Daily general health observations were performed throughout the study. After the training, each cat was offered daily 0.2 ml/kg body weight of the same test formulation in a bowl for 7 consecutive days (days 0-6). The palatability of formulations was assessed individually by means of a visual analogue scale based on voluntary intake. The study ended on study day 7 for both groups.ResultsVoluntary intake scores were higher in cats in group 1 offered the sunflower oil-based suspension of molidustat. In contrast, almost no voluntary intake, even when cats were encouraged, was observed for the aqueous suspension of molidustat (group 2).Conclusions and relevanceThis study demonstrated that molidustat in a sunflower oil-based suspension was palatable to healthy cats. In contrast, the aqueous formulation was unpalatable.
Carbon dioxide laser ablation as an alternative or adjunct treatment of Bowenoid in situ carcinoma in five cats.
Goebel K, Musser ML, Pieper JB
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Mar · PMID 41700623 · Full text
Case series summaryFive domestic cats diagnosed with Bowenoid in situ carcinoma (BISC) via histopathology were included in this retrospective case series. All cats presented with several dermatologic lesions including bu...
Case series summaryFive domestic cats diagnosed with Bowenoid in situ carcinoma (BISC) via histopathology were included in this retrospective case series. All cats presented with several dermatologic lesions including but not limited to hyperkeratotic plaques or crusts, focal alopecia, pigmented papules, erosions and secondary pyoderma. The disease was gradually progressive in all cases, with a median time from lesion development to treatment of 365 days (range 84-1614). Of five cats, four had no other clinical signs at the time of presentation; one was pruritic. Each cat was treated with at least one session of carbon dioxide (CO) laser ablation of the lesions under heavy sedation and local anesthesia or general anesthesia. No adverse events related to treatment were noted. Three cats had documented progressive disease (formation of recurrent or new lesions) at a median of 379 days (range 45-854) after first treatment (laser and/or surgery). Median time to progressive disease after first laser ablation was 269 days (range 158-379; n = 4 cats with follow-up available). Two cats were treated with CO laser ablation more than once. One was in complete remission 130 days after surgery and two laser ablation sessions. No cats developed metastatic disease.Relevance and novel informationFeline BISC is a unique form of virally induced squamous cell carcinoma causing multifocal, superficial cutaneous lesions all over the body. This disease is often progressive, with cats developing regrowth of prior lesions or de novo ones, although deeper invasion and metastasis is rare. Historically, surgical excision and/or immunomodulation with imiquimod cream have been the mainstay of treatment. CO laser ablation is a new, well-tolerated, minimally invasive and effective alternative or adjunct treatment that can be repeated as new lesions arise.
Epileptic seizures in cats: practical approaches to diagnosis.
Sivolapenko D, Lowrie M
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Feb · PMID 41674402 · Full text
CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Epileptic seizures are a relatively common neurological presentation in cats, yet determining the underlying cause can be challenging due to the broad range of differential diagnoses.Diagnostic appro...
CLINICAL CHALLENGES: Epileptic seizures are a relatively common neurological presentation in cats, yet determining the underlying cause can be challenging due to the broad range of differential diagnoses.Diagnostic approach:A systematic approach, including thorough history-taking, physical and neurological examination, and appropriate diagnostic testing, is critical to accurately identifying the underlying cause and guiding effective management strategies. AUDIENCE: This review is aimed at veterinarians who manage feline patients presenting with epileptic seizures and outlines their features and differentials, as well as a guide to diagnosis.
A Krackow-based suture technique as a novel alternative for feline patellar fracture repair: a biomechanical comparison.
Kim MY, Jeong ES, Lee S … +1 more , Kim HY
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Mar · PMID 41644515 · Full text
ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to evaluate the biomechanical properties of the combination of circumferential and Krackow sutures using FiberWire compared with the conventional methods in feline transverse patellar f...
ObjectivesThe aim of the study was to evaluate the biomechanical properties of the combination of circumferential and Krackow sutures using FiberWire compared with the conventional methods in feline transverse patellar fractures.MethodsA total of 24 feline cadaveric pelvic limbs (mean body weight 3.74 kg) were harvested, and the patella of each limb was osteotomised transversely to simulate a fracture. The limbs were then randomly assigned to 1/3 stabilisation methods (n = 8 per group): group 1 (PFW) was stabilised with a modified tension band wire with a 0.9 mm Kirschner wire and No 2 FiberWire; group 2 (CFS) was stabilised with a circumferential and figure-of-eight suture with No 2 FiberWire; and group 3 (CKS) was stabilised with a circumferential and Krackow suture with No 2 FiberWire. All knee joints were fixed at a 135° neutral standing angle and tested by applying tensile force. Loads at 1, 2 and 3 mm gap formation, the maximum failure load and failure modes were recorded.ResultsAt 1 mm displacement, group 3 (mean tension 96.1 ± 18.6 N) was significantly stronger than group 1 ( <0.017). At 2 mm and 3 mm displacements, group 3 (mean tension 162.4 ± 12.2 N and 238.6 ± 25.4 N) was significantly stronger than both groups 1 and 2 ( <0.017). The maximum failure load of group 3 (mean tension 352.3 ± 31.0 N) was significantly higher than groups 1 and 2 ( <0.017). The primary failure mode was pin pull-out (group 1), suture pull-out (group 2) and tendon rupture (group 3).Conclusions and relevanceThe combination of circumferential and Krackow suture technique provides greater resistance to fragment displacement and construct failure than conventional methods in this ex vivo feline patella fracture model.
Ocular findings in cats with feline infectious peritonitis treated with GS-441524: a preliminary prospective study of 118 cases.
Bell M, Pot S, Meunier S … +5 more , Spiri A, Felten S, Hofmann-Lehmann R, Rampazzo A, Suter A
J Feline Med Surg · 2026 Apr · PMID 41644507 · Full text
ObjectivesThis study aims to characterise the presence and nature of ocular findings in cats diagnosed with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and to evaluate the effects of antiviral treatment with GS-441524 on ocular...
ObjectivesThis study aims to characterise the presence and nature of ocular findings in cats diagnosed with feline infectious peritonitis (FIP) and to evaluate the effects of antiviral treatment with GS-441524 on ocular manifestations.MethodsStudy participants were prospectively recruited over a 1-year period by the FIP study team at the Vetsuisse Faculty, University of Zurich. A total of 118 cats diagnosed with FIP underwent a comprehensive standardised semi-quantitative ophthalmic examination. Cats with ophthalmic abnormalities at the baseline examination received a follow-up examination on days 7 and 42, after commencement of the oral antiviral therapy, GS-441524. Changes throughout the treatment period were recorded and reviewed.ResultsAt the baseline examination, 48/118 (40.1%) cats had ocular abnormalities, with the most common associated findings being anterior uveitis, keratic precipitates and chorioretinitis. Throughout the course of treatment with GS-441524, significant improvements were observed in all ocular segments, with rapid improvement noted during the first 7 days of treatment in most cases. Residual chorioretinal lesions and vitreal cells persisted in a minority of cases.Conclusions and relevanceThis study suggests that ocular abnormalities in cats with FIP are more common than previously reported. Potentially vision-threatening posterior segment changes occurred frequently, and treatment with oral GS-441524 led to rapid improvement in most ocular lesions, particularly uveitis and chorioretinitis. These findings support the inclusion of ophthalmic examination as part of the clinical evaluation of cats with suspected or diagnosed FIP.
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