Siddiqui AU, John MR, Siddiqui AT
… +2 more, Gupta P, Singh J
Morphologie
· 2023 Jun · PMID 36526575
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The third part of the axillary artery has an intimate relationship with the cords of the brachial plexus. The subscapular artery, the largest branch of the axillary artery, arises from its third part. The radial nerve is...The third part of the axillary artery has an intimate relationship with the cords of the brachial plexus. The subscapular artery, the largest branch of the axillary artery, arises from its third part. The radial nerve is a branch of the posterior cord of the brachial plexus and its supplies the extensors of the arm, forearm and dorsum of the hand. During routine undergraduate dissection of the axilla of a formalin-fixed cadaver of about 70 years, the subscapular artery was found sandwiched between two divisions of the radial nerve. These anterior and posterior divisions of the radial nerve arose immediately after the formation of the radial nerve and encircled the subscapular artery and fused to form a single nerve subsequently. This variant anatomy can lead to conditions like subscapular entrapment causing ischemia of the scapular region and radial nerve compression causing weakness of the extensors of the upper limb. Injury to the nerve and vessel can occur while performing diagnostic and therapeutic procedures in the area. Knowledge of these variations provides a precautious approach by surgeons and other interventionists while working on this area.
Fonseca MT, Siqueira LFR, Belo IS
… +4 more, Rodrigues LG, de Torres ÉM, Franco A, Silva RF
Morphologie
· 2023 Jun · PMID 36503869
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OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to quantify the area of the mastoid triangle (MT) and assess potential morphometric differences between males and females. PATIENTS: The sample consisted of 244 dry human skulls,...OBJECTIVE OF THE STUDY: This study aimed to quantify the area of the mastoid triangle (MT) and assess potential morphometric differences between males and females. PATIENTS: The sample consisted of 244 dry human skulls, with biological sex known based on genetic analysis, collected from a medicolegal osteological database from Central-Western Brazil. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The study was observational, analytical, and cross-sectional. The skulls were analyzed using Heron's equation to calculate the area of the MT. The landmarks connecting each of the sides of the triangle were: Porion (Po)>Mastoidale (Ma)>Asterion (Ast). Morphometric references were calculated and compared based on sex. RESULTS: The area of the MT was nearly 14% larger in males compared to females (p<0.05). The mean MT area for the right and left sides of males were 684.11±93.25mm and 668.94±111.95mm, respectively. In females, the mean MT for the right and left sides were 588.93±91.09mm and 582.88±102.98mm, respectively. Right and left side measurements were significantly different (p<0.05), except for Po-Ast (p=0.232). CONCLUSION: Morphometric features regarding the MT were slightly different between males and females. Application of the MT as a dimorphic tool should be adjuvant. Moreover, this tool should be considered carefully, especially because the sex-based differences were statistically significant, but discrete between males and females.
Louryan S, Choa-Duterre M, Lejong M
… +1 more, Vanmuylder N
Morphologie
· 2023 Jun · PMID 36481220
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We first studied the morphology and the development of goose denticulations, which develop mainly by a ripple process, and the touch papillae of the bill tip organ, which appears through an evagination process at the end...We first studied the morphology and the development of goose denticulations, which develop mainly by a ripple process, and the touch papillae of the bill tip organ, which appears through an evagination process at the end of the beak. During their development, we observed the specific expression of PAX9, PITX2, and BMP4, while SHH was expressed mainly in the basal layer of the epithelium in a non-specific manner. Adult goose denticulations are associated with numerous columns. The goose denticulations and columns were filled with numerous Herbst and Grandry corpuscles, as well the touch papillae of the bill tip organ. Histological analysis of adult parrot pseudoteeth revealed that the osseous pseudoteeth were extended by similar columns filled with Herbst and Grandry corpuscles. We also examined adult and embryonic chicken beaks. During ontogeny, we observed a process of rostral evagination with folding associated with discrete ripples in the anterior part of the beak rudiment, in which PAX9, PITX2, and BMP4 are expressed. In the corresponding adult areas, there were numerous sensory corpuscles with rostral columns, which were similar to the features observed in goose. These observations support the hypothesis that pseudoteeth and denticulations constitute sensory organs, and that the touch papillae exhibit some similarities with pseudoteeth.
Morphologie
· 2023 Jun · PMID 36481219
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BACKGROUND: Acrylamide is a toxic substance used in industrial and laboratory processes. Acrylamide exposure has a toxic effect on many systems. Protective mechanisms should be developed against the effects caused by acr...BACKGROUND: Acrylamide is a toxic substance used in industrial and laboratory processes. Acrylamide exposure has a toxic effect on many systems. Protective mechanisms should be developed against the effects caused by acrylamide. OBJECTIVE: In our study, we investigated whether exercise has a protective effect against the changes that acrylamide will cause in pancreas. METHODS: 32 adult Sprague-Dawley male rats were used. Control group was given only saline. Exercise group was applied swimming exercise for 1hour daily for 4 weeks. Acrylamide group was given 50mg/kg acrylamide by gavage for 4 weeks. Acrylamide+exercise group was applied 50mg/kg acrylamide for 4 weeks and swimming exercise for 1hour daily. After the experiment, fasting blood glucose and oral glucose tolerance test measurements were performed. Then, blood and pancreas samples were taken. RESULTS: Acrylamide exposure caused an increase in fasting blood glucose and oral glucose tolerance, a decrease in insulin levels and oxidative stress in acrylamide group. In exercise group, these values were similar to control group and no significant change was observed in acrylamide+exercise group. While there was an increase in the number of alpha cells in acrylamide group compared to the other groups, here was a decrease in the number of beta cells compared to control group. CONCLUSION: We can say that acrylamide causes changes in the islets of Langerhans by affecting alpha and beta cell numbers. The protective effect of exercise on beta and alpha cell mass was not statistically significant in the acrylamide+exercise group. When the results were examined, the decrease in oxidative stress and the higher number of beta and alpha cells in the acrylamide+exercise group compared to the acrylamide group suggested that 4 weeks of swimming exercise may have an effect on acrylamide exposure.
Dubucs C, Chassaing N, Khung-Savatovsky S
… +2 more, Aziza J, Courtade-Saïdi M
Morphologie
· 2023 Jun · PMID 36470718
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Histological artifacts in fetal eyes can involve different tissues and can be related to mechanical or autolytic lesions, fixation, the cause of death or the cutting technique. Knowing the causes, effects and appearance...Histological artifacts in fetal eyes can involve different tissues and can be related to mechanical or autolytic lesions, fixation, the cause of death or the cutting technique. Knowing the causes, effects and appearance of artifacts allow the minimization of the risk of avoidable artifacts and help distinguish them from "true" pathological lesions. We describe these different types of artifacts and specifically analyze their involvement in different tissue structures of the eye. We compare them with primary fetal ocular lesions. Given the wide variety of artifacts, the identification of lesions in fetal eyes must be done with caution, since differentiating true lesions from artifacts requires some experience and relies on both macroscopic examination and microscopic analyses, with ideally comparisons with references' images of normal tissues of the same gestational age.
Nasr El-Din WA, Atwa H, Potu BK
… +2 more, Deifalla A, Fadel RA
Morphologie
· 2023 Jun · PMID 36456397
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Human anatomy is an essential component of the medical curricula. Anatomy education has been significantly affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to explore student's perceptions on a blended le...Human anatomy is an essential component of the medical curricula. Anatomy education has been significantly affected during the COVID-19 pandemic. The aim of this study was to explore student's perceptions on a blended learning approach using Checklist-based Active Learning in Anatomy Demonstration Sessions (CALADS) as a method in comparison to the two previously used methods; namely face-to-face Structured Problem-Related Anatomy Demonstrations (SPRAD) and online anatomy learning. A comparative, cross-sectional, survey-based study was conducted. The survey was composed of 13 questions that explored preference of learning anatomy in demonstration sessions of 4th year pre-clerkship students who have had their anatomy learning through face-to-face SPRAD in year 2 (before the COVID-19 pandemic), online in year 3 (during the COVID-19 pandemic), and CALADS method in year 4. Descriptive statistics were used, and the level of significance was set at P<0.05. The survey exhibited high internal consistency (Cronbach's α=0.953). Validity of the survey was established through exploratory factor analysis. The preferred method for more than half of the students was the CALADS method. Face-to-face SPRAD came next and lastly came the online method. However, more students preferred the online method in comparison to face-to-face method for "learning radiological anatomy". There were no statistically significant differences between male and female students regarding any of the survey questions. CALADS method, as a hybrid, student-centered, interactive learning method of learning practical anatomy, was preferred by pre-clerkship students as a more effective method in understanding anatomy than face-to-face and online learning methods.
Chytas D, Noussios G, Paraskevas G
… +3 more, Demesticha T, Protogerou V, Salmas M
Morphologie
· 2023 Jun · PMID 36127258
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PURPOSE: Team-based learning is a strategy which has resulted in positive outcomes concerning health professions education. We aimed to shed light on the role of this strategy when it is incorporated in the cadaveric ana...PURPOSE: Team-based learning is a strategy which has resulted in positive outcomes concerning health professions education. We aimed to shed light on the role of this strategy when it is incorporated in the cadaveric anatomy laboratory. METHODS: We explored PubMed, SCOPUS, ERIC and Cochrane databases for articles with purpose to investigate the educational outcomes of the integration of team-based learning in the cadaveric anatomy laboratory. RESULTS: Six articles were eligible for inclusion. One of them assessed only participants' opinions about the educational intervention and five papers evaluated students' knowledge. Overall, the research showed significant improvement in students' examinations performance and significant superiority to control groups, as well as positive perceptions. There are limited data regarding the factors which may contribute to this success, but it seems that particularly the degree of teacher's involvement and competency needs to be further investigated. CONCLUSION: Anatomy educators may consider further adopting team-based learning to facilitate the achievement of the learning objectives of the cadaveric anatomy laboratory and increase the teaching potential of cadavers.
Morphologie
· 2023 Jun · PMID 36127257
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The extensor hallucis brevis accessorius has rarely been mentioned in the extant medical literature. Here, we present the case of a cadaver found to have such a muscle and discuss the findings. Specifically, the muscle w...The extensor hallucis brevis accessorius has rarely been mentioned in the extant medical literature. Here, we present the case of a cadaver found to have such a muscle and discuss the findings. Specifically, the muscle was observed to be degenerated both grossly and histologically. Therefore, both the gross and histological findings are presented. Such unusual cases are of archival value for future authors to compare their findings.
Tiwari V, Ali FB, Patra A
… +2 more, Dhiman A, Sharma SK
Morphologie
· 2023 Jun · PMID 36127255
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PURPOSE: We aimed to clarify the morphology of the olecranon aperture (OA) of the humerus with its relationship to the distal end of the humerus (epicondylar width) and the width of the medullary canal. METHODS: In total...PURPOSE: We aimed to clarify the morphology of the olecranon aperture (OA) of the humerus with its relationship to the distal end of the humerus (epicondylar width) and the width of the medullary canal. METHODS: In total, 156 dry adult humeri were examined for the presence of OA. When present, we reported their shape, measured transverse (TD) and vertical diameter (VD), the distance from its medial border to the tip of medial epicondyle (D1), lateral border to the tip of lateral epicondyle (D2) and lower border to the tip of trochlea (D3). The epicondylar width (EW) and the width of the medullary canal were also measured in all the humeri. RESULTS: OA was reported in 32 humeri (20.6%) with left side predominance, translucent septum in 35.8%, and opaque septum in 43.6%. The most typical shape noted was oval. On right side, mean VD and TD was 4.30±0.54mm and 5.85±0.45mm, respectively, whereas on left, these value were 4.21±0.56mm and 5.64±0.43mm, respectively. The mean of D1, D2 and D3 was 25.86±0.43mm, 26.50±0.28mm and 15.07±0.53mm on right and 24.80±0.41mm, 26.84±0.21mm and 15.81±0.31mm on left with significant difference (P<0.05). The medullary canal was significantly smaller in humeri with OA. CONCLUSION: Topographic location of OA may have possible role in determining safe zone for retrograde nailing in supracondylar humeral fractures. Since OA has a direct relation to the size of the intramedullary canal, it is crucial during preoperative planning and choosing an adequate surgical approach involving lower segment of humerus.
Tsantili AR, Karampelias V, Samolis A
… +5 more, Chrysikos D, Antonopoulos I, Spanidis Y, Protogerou V, Troupis T
Morphologie
· 2023 Jun · PMID 35907771
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The vertebral artery originates from the subclavian artery and is divided into four segments (V1-V4). In its intracranial segment (V4), the two vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery, an unpaired medium-sized...The vertebral artery originates from the subclavian artery and is divided into four segments (V1-V4). In its intracranial segment (V4), the two vertebral arteries join to form the basilar artery, an unpaired medium-sized artery. However, apart from this typical description, several anatomical variations may occur in the human body. Although in some cases such variations may be asymptomatic, they may be also associated with several pathological conditions, neurological complications, surgical complications, and increased risk of developing vascular diseases. Therefore, it is crucial to obtain sufficient information on the anatomy and variants of both arteries to prevent such complications and ensure the safe completion of surgical and radiological treatments. For this reason, we reviewed studies published up to January 2022 concerning the reported variations of the vertebral artery and basilar artery regarding their origin, course, length, and diameter. We believe that the thorough presentation of these variations would help surgeons worldwide during their daily clinical and surgical practice.
Morphologie
· 2023 Mar · PMID 35787342
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Knowledge of anatomical variations of the heart are important to cardiac surgeons, cardiologists, and radiologist. During routine dissection of a 77-year-old male cadaver, we observed an unusual origin of a papillary mus...Knowledge of anatomical variations of the heart are important to cardiac surgeons, cardiologists, and radiologist. During routine dissection of a 77-year-old male cadaver, we observed an unusual origin of a papillary muscle of the right ventricle arising from the atrioventricular aspect of the moderator band. This papillary muscle was 6.7mm long and 2.6mm wide. It gave rise to two chordae tendineae: one to the inferior (posterior) papillary muscle of the right ventricle and one directly to the inferior (posterior) leaflet of the tricuspid valve. Variants of the internal anatomy of the heart as exemplified in the present case report should be born in mind during image interpretation and invasive procedures of the right ventricle of the heart.
Harisha K, Arava S, Singh S
… +1 more, Pariplavi M
Morphologie
· 2023 Jun · PMID 35786527
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The current study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Osmania Medical College, Koti, Hyderabad over a period of 1year. A total of 30 human pineal glands (16-males,11-females,3 excluded for post-mortem autolysis)...The current study was conducted in the Department of Anatomy, Osmania Medical College, Koti, Hyderabad over a period of 1year. A total of 30 human pineal glands (16-males,11-females,3 excluded for post-mortem autolysis) from those bodies between the age groups of 1-80years were collected during the post-mortem study at the Mortuary of Osmania General Hospital, Koti, Hyderabad and were included in the study. Morphological parameters like weight and transverse diameter at the maximum width of the pineal glands were measured and then the pineal glands were processed for light microscopy. 4-5micron thick sections were cut and stained with H&E and Masson Trichrome for highlighting the connective tissue pattern of the pineal gland. Under light microscope, the capsular delineation, pattern of septation and lobulation, calcification, intracellular brown pigment, intraparenchymal inflammatory cells, fibrosis, gliosis and cystic changes in the pineal glands were observed in relation to age and gender.
Carles M, Lefranc E, Bosquet D
… +5 more, Capelle S, Scheffler F, Copin H, Cabry R, Benkhalifa M
Morphologie
· 2023 Mar · PMID 35764505
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PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: In stimulated IVF-ICSI cycles, follicles at different stages of maturation can be aspirated during oocyte pickup. Nowadays, only mature oocytes (metaphase 2 stage) are used and immature oocytes (ger...PURPOSE OF THE STUDY: In stimulated IVF-ICSI cycles, follicles at different stages of maturation can be aspirated during oocyte pickup. Nowadays, only mature oocytes (metaphase 2 stage) are used and immature oocytes (germinal vesicle and metaphase 1 stages), which are judged unfit for fertilization, are non-used at day 0. In our IVF center, the rate of immature oocytes recovered is around 25%. A significant number of this precious resource is therefore non-used every day in IVF laboratories. The objective of our study was to evaluate the competence of our in vitro maturation autologous coculture method on the maturation and developmental potential of immature oocytes obtained from stimulated IVF-ICSI cycles, in order to obtain additional embryos for the couple as a rescue system to increase the changes of cumulative pregnancy. PATIENTS AND METHODS: This is a prospective study, carried out in the Reproductive Medicine and Biology Unit of the Amiens-Picardy University Hospital (France). It was included 14 couples, managed in IVF-ICSI in our center, from January to March 2020. Thirty-eight oocytes, identified as immature after cumulus-oocyte complexes (COC) stripping for ICSI, were placed in our in vitro maturation medium with the addition of autologous cumulus cells. Oocytes that had reached the metaphase II stage after a maximum of 36 hours of maturation were microinjected. The fertilization and embryonic development potential of the in vitro matured oocytes were compared to those of 148 in vivo matured "siblings" oocytes from the same oocyte retrieval, and then also compared to those of 127 in vivo matured oocytes from different patients (control group). MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Maturation rate, fertilization rate, early cleavage rate and developmental activity to blastulation rate. SECOND OUTCOME MEASURE(S): Embryo quality at cleavage and blastocyst stages, blastulation rate, and useful blastulation rate. RESULTS: No significant difference was found in the main and secondary criteria of the study compared to the "siblings" in vivo matured oocytes from the same oocyte retrieval. However, a significant difference was obtained on the rate of early cleavage and useful blastulation when our cohort was compared to mature in vivo oocytes from different patients (control group). CONCLUSION: This study has shown that after incubation in our in vitro maturation autologous cumulus cell co-culture with cumulus-oocyte cells, immature oocytes recovered during stimulated cycles can give rise to competent oocytes, i.e., capable of being fertilized, of cleaving, and of developing into embryos up to the blastocyst stage. Our study therefore seems to be in the direction of a favorable use of these immature oocytes obtained after stimulated IVF-ICSI cycles. The continuation of this study by including a larger number of oocytes is necessary in order to evaluate the real contribution of this technique in routine.
Baruhee D, Ganapathy A, Singh S
… +5 more, Sarwar S, Banerjee A, Bhukya S, Quadri JA, Shariff A
Morphologie
· 2023 Mar · PMID 35764504
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OBJECTIVES: The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) present in the wall of the gut is currently being explored because of its influence on the gut and beyond. In this context, the morphology of developing ENS has not been compl...OBJECTIVES: The Enteric Nervous System (ENS) present in the wall of the gut is currently being explored because of its influence on the gut and beyond. In this context, the morphology of developing ENS has not been completely understood in humans due to lack of adequate literature. The aim of the present study was to observe the morphology of the enteric neurons in the human fetal colon and compare the findings in ascending colon a midgut derivative and descending colon a hindgut derivative at various weeks of gestation (WG). MATERIAL AND METHODS: Tissue samples from 15 aborted fetuses (11 WG to 2 months postnatal) were processed for Cresyl violet, H & E staining, and NADPH Diaphorase histochemistry. The morphometric analysis was done by calculating the neuronal number density and neuronal fractional area. The Student t-test; Mann-Whitney test and Wilcoxon signed-rank test were used to analyze the data. RESULTS: The muscularis externa with two distinct layers was visible as early as 13 WG and the muscularis mucosae was first observed at 18 WG. The size of the myenteric neurons appeared to be larger with increasing weeks of gestation suggesting a process of neuronal maturation. The neuronal number density and neuronal fractional area seemed to be reduced with advancing fetal age. There was no marked difference between the ascending and sigmoid colon. At 23 and 26 WG, a mature pattern of nitrergic innervation was observed. CONCLUSION: This study is done on human fetal tissue samples unlike previous studies on animal samples to comprehend the morphology of developing ENS. It will aid in understanding the effect of ENS on various neurological disorders.
Sarna K, Ngeow WC, Kandimalla A
… +3 more, Akram Estreed M, Jayant Sonigra K, Kamau M
Morphologie
· 2023 Jun · PMID 35752561
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BACKGROUND: This study aims to elucidate anatomical variations of the digastric muscle in the Kenyan population. METHODS: A total of 41 bilateral neck dissections were performed whereby morphologic observations and morph...BACKGROUND: This study aims to elucidate anatomical variations of the digastric muscle in the Kenyan population. METHODS: A total of 41 bilateral neck dissections were performed whereby morphologic observations and morphometric measurements were carried out to characterize and classify the various presentations of the muscle. RESULTS: All cadavers presented with bilateral anterior (ABDM) and posterior (PBDM) bellies of the digastric muscle. Accessory ABDM was observed in 68.3% of cadavers with De-Ary-Pires et al.'s Type II (one accessory belly; 48.8%) and Type III (two accessory bellies; 34.1%) being the most common variations. Unilateral accessory ABDM (43.9%) was more common than bilateral accessory ABDM (24.4%). Two cadavers presented with a mentohyoid muscle. In addition, variations that have not been previously reported, namely fusion of ABDM to the midline and insertion of accessory ABDM into the hyoid bone were observed in one case each. Variation of the PBDM was less prominent, observed at 12.2% of sides dissected. Duplication of PBDM was observed on 4 sides with origin at the mastoid process. The PBDM was longer than the ABDM, but narrower in width. The mean length and width of the ABDM were 4.29±0.72cm and 1.52±1.07cm. The mean length and width of the PBDM were 5.64±1.31cm and 1.07±0.28cm, with the right side being statistically larger than the contralateral side. CONCLUSION: Variations of the digastric muscle are a common finding, with a high incidence at the ABDM. Two new variants were discovered.
Lesieur E, Delteil C, Gorincour G
… +6 more, Panuel M, Chaumoitre K, Saliba B, Bretelle F, Piercecchi-Marti MD, Adalian P
Morphologie
· 2023 Mar · PMID 35739008
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OBJECTIVE: To describe and model the normal growth of fetal facial bones and angles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 118 fetal CT scans obtained at 19 to 41 weeks gestation after in utero fetal death or late miscarriage...OBJECTIVE: To describe and model the normal growth of fetal facial bones and angles. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A total of 118 fetal CT scans obtained at 19 to 41 weeks gestation after in utero fetal death or late miscarriage were analyzed. CT scan was followed by autopsy and pathological examination and only fetuses free from brain disease or abnormal craniofacial development were included. The measurements were taken using software for frontal, sagittal and 3D reconstruction from native axial sections. The optimal plane for bone analysis was chosen and the measurements made by multiplanar reconstruction. RESULTS: There was a statistically significant increase (P<0.001) in all measurements regardless of gestational age (GA) except those of the mandibulo-fronto-maxillary angle (P=0.412), the naso-mandibulo-maxillary angle (P=0.828) and mandibular width (P=0.86). There was no significant difference according to fetal sex. Based on these results, the corresponding growth curves were created. The anteroposterior mandibular diameter (APD) was very strongly correlated with GA (R=0.926, P<0.001). The following equation: GA=(8.187×APD)+4.257 can be used to estimate GA with a confidence interval (CI) of±2.42. The same applies to maxillary width (MW) (R=0.922; P<0.001). The equation GA=(11.059×MW)+7.571 can be used to estimate GA with a CI of 2.17. CONCLUSION: The growth of the mandible, maxilla, zygomatic bone and orbits was measured and the corresponding growth curves were established. Several measurements were strongly correlated with gestational age.
Morphologie
· 2023 Mar · PMID 35715368
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Adverse experiences during pregnancy have a negative impact on the neuronal structure and behavior of offspring, but the effects of a father's life events on the outcome of progeny are scarce. The present study is intend...Adverse experiences during pregnancy have a negative impact on the neuronal structure and behavior of offspring, but the effects of a father's life events on the outcome of progeny are scarce. The present study is intended to investigate whether paternal stress affects the offspring brain structure, especially those regions concerned with learning and formation of memory, namely the hippocampus (HC) and prefrontal cortex (PFC), and also the expression of certain genes linked to learning and memory in the offspring. Induced stress to male rats by five stressors, one per day followed by allowing them to mate with the normal, unstressed female. Synaptophysin immunoreactivity was assessed in the tissue sections of the HC and PFC as well as expression of genes concerned with learning and memory was evaluated by RT-PCR in the progeny of stress-received males. The progeny of stressed rats had reduced antisynaptophysin immunoreactivity in the HC and PFC. The synaptic density in HC was less in the A-S (Offspring of male rats who received stress during adulthood) and PA-S (offspring of male rats who received stress during both adolescence and adulthood) than in P-S (offspring of male rats who received stress during adolescence) and C-C (offspring of control) groups. Similar results were observed even in the PFC. The results of post hoc tests proved that the HC and PFC of the progeny of stress-exposed rats exhibited considerably less synaptic density than control (P<0.05), and the levels of expression of GAP-43, GRIN1, M1, and SYP genes in HC and PFC were down-regulated. This study concludes that paternal adverse experiences can affect the offspring's synaptic plasticity and also the genes, which can regulate learning and formation of memory.