Van Nguyen T, Kasantikul T, Piewbang C
… +1 more, Techangamsuwan S
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Jan · PMID 41058151
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Canine astrovirus (mamastrovirus 5 [MAstV5], formerly CaAstV; family , taxon species ) and canine kobuvirus (aichivirus A2 [AiV-A2], formerly CaKoV; , ) are emerging enteric viruses increasingly detected in both diarrhei...Canine astrovirus (mamastrovirus 5 [MAstV5], formerly CaAstV; family , taxon species ) and canine kobuvirus (aichivirus A2 [AiV-A2], formerly CaKoV; , ) are emerging enteric viruses increasingly detected in both diarrheic and subclinical dogs. Although primarily associated with gastrointestinal illness, recent evidence suggests a potential for systemic dissemination, which remains insufficiently explored. To improve detection, we developed and validated a duplex quantitative real-time PCR (dqPCR) assay for simultaneous identification of MAstV5 and AiV-A2. Primers and TaqMan probes were designed based on conserved regions of the MAstV5 and AiV-A2 polymerase genes. Assay optimization included primer-probe concentration titration and thermal gradient analysis. Analytical performance was assessed using synthetic plasmid standards and RNA from non-target viruses, including canine parvovirus (CPV), canine morbillivirus (CDV), and canine enteric coronavirus (CCoV). Our dqPCR assay had high linearity ( > 0.99) and sensitivity, with limits of detection of 10 copies/μL for MAstV5 and 100 copies/μL for AiV-A2. No cross-reactivity or interference was observed in coinfection simulations across various target ratios. Intra- and inter-assay CV values were <2.2%, indicating excellent reproducibility. Validation using 50 clinical rectal swabs and tissue samples from 25 autopsied dogs revealed 1 additional AiV-A2-positive case undetected by RT-PCR but confirmed by sequencing. Importantly, viral RNA was also found in extraintestinal tissues-spleen, liver, trachea, and mesenteric lymph nodes-suggesting systemic distribution in naturally infected dogs. Our dqPCR assay provides a sensitive, specific, and efficient tool for the detection of MAstV5 and AiV-A2, supporting both clinical testing and epidemiologic studies.
Kambayashi Y, Bannai H, Nemoto M
… +3 more, Kawanishi N, Niwa H, Tsujimura K
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Jan · PMID 41055561
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With the revision of the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Terrestrial Manual on equine rhinopneumonitis in 2024, 3 recommended qPCR primer-probe sets were added for the detection of equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (E...With the revision of the World Organisation for Animal Health (WOAH) Terrestrial Manual on equine rhinopneumonitis in 2024, 3 recommended qPCR primer-probe sets were added for the detection of equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EqAHV1; formerly equine herpesvirus 1 [EHV1]; family , taxon species ), also known as equine abortion virus. We compared the sensitivity and specificity of the 3 qPCR primer-probe sets to determine the most reliable set. Sets gB1H and gB1P, which target the glycoprotein B () gene of EqAHV1, detected all 10 copies and even lower copy numbers. In contrast, set gC1 (ISO 17025-accredited method used at the WOAH reference laboratory), which targets the glycoprotein C () gene, failed to detect ≤10 copies of EqAHV1. Our results showed the lower sensitivity of gC1, which was not improved by modification of primer and probe concentrations. gB1P detected not only EqAHV1 but also equid alphaherpesvirus 4 (EqAHV4; , ), likely owing to an erroneous amplification of the homologous EqAHV4 gene, indicating that gB1P is not suitable for the detection of EqAHV1 with high specificity. We then compared gB1H with gB1D, a set recommended in the previous version of the Manual, using 120 nasal swabs collected from febrile horses. gB1H had slightly higher sensitivity than gB1D. gB1H proved to be the most reliable primer-probe set for detecting EqAHV1, with high sensitivity and specificity. Nevertheless, individual laboratories are encouraged to validate these methods under their own conditions before implementation.
Ledger L, Munevar F, Nelson-Smikle P
… +10 more, Kellendonk C, You Q, Parker L, McRaild P, McDowall R, Eidt J, Benoit N, Bell-Rogers P, Maxie G, Cai HY
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Jan · PMID 41039991
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Since ~1980, the Animal Health Laboratory (AHL) in Ontario, Canada, has isolated animal mollicute species by culture. Data for the most recent 17 y (2007-2024) captures over 90,000 test results. Advancements in PCR, qPCR...Since ~1980, the Animal Health Laboratory (AHL) in Ontario, Canada, has isolated animal mollicute species by culture. Data for the most recent 17 y (2007-2024) captures over 90,000 test results. Advancements in PCR, qPCR, and DNA sequencing have shifted the percentage of testing by PCR from 18.7% in 2007 to 91.1% in 2024. The bulk of this shift is due to the uptake of molecular testing as a screening tool for clinically normal animals, but this shift has not been universal, particularly for ureaplasma testing. Culture remains the gold standard for the detection and identification of rare pathogens and plays a key role in research through our mycoplasma cryobank, which includes 40+ y of isolates. Synergizing the microbiologic and molecular techniques developed over the AHL's multi-decade history has presented novel opportunities for detection, characterization, and local eradication of animal mollicutes, including the development of new assays, tracking of historical trends for antimicrobial resistance (AMR), and identifying AMR-associated mutations in () .
Stilz CR, Mendes RE, Barros CSL
… +1 more, Rissi DR
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Jan · PMID 41039975
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Ectopic splenic tissue (accessory spleen or splenosis) occurs as dark-red-to-brown or purple nodules outside the spleen. Accessory spleens are congenital lesions histologically identical to a normal spleen. Splenosis res...Ectopic splenic tissue (accessory spleen or splenosis) occurs as dark-red-to-brown or purple nodules outside the spleen. Accessory spleens are congenital lesions histologically identical to a normal spleen. Splenosis results from implantation of splenic tissue following splenic rupture and lacks features of normal spleen. However, these distinctions have been largely applied to human cases, and the terms are often used interchangeably in domestic animals. Here we describe ectopic splenic tissue in 46 canine surgical biopsy specimens examined at the Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, 2000-2024. The omentum (39 cases) and mesentery (5) were the most commonly affected sites. Original diagnoses were accessory spleen (28 cases), splenosis (14), accessory spleen or splenosis (2), and ectopic splenic tissue and normal splenic tissue (1 each). Updated diagnoses, modified after histologic assessment for a fibrous capsule, smooth muscle trabeculae, and white and red pulp, were accessory spleen (37 cases) and splenosis (9). Concurrent splenic lesions were reported in 12 cases in which accessory spleens were diagnosed and only 2 splenosis cases, confirming that the histologic diagnosis of accessory spleen and splenosis is not always correlated with the clinical history and gross findings (no splenic lesions vs. splenic lesions with rupture). For that reason, may be a more inclusive and better term for these lesions. Hemangiosarcoma was diagnosed in the spleen in 4 of the 12 cases with splenic masses, which underscores the importance of the differentiation between ectopic splenic tissue and hemangiosarcoma.
Beermann A, Hamza E, Reinhard S
… +3 more, Koch C, Oberhänsli T, Unger L
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Jan · PMID 41039872
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We investigated microRNAs (miRNAs) as potential prognostic biomarkers for equine sarcoid (ES) disease. In a breed-, age-, and sex-matched case-controlled study involving 45 ES-affected and 15 control horses, we assessed...We investigated microRNAs (miRNAs) as potential prognostic biomarkers for equine sarcoid (ES) disease. In a breed-, age-, and sex-matched case-controlled study involving 45 ES-affected and 15 control horses, we assessed the diagnostic, prognostic, and theragnostic value of 3 miRNAs (eca-miR-127, eca-miR-379, eca-miR-432) in horses treated with European mistletoe () extract versus placebo. Whole-blood miRNA concentrations were measured using reverse-transcription quantitative real-time PCR (RT-qPCR) at 3 different times. We found that eca-miR-432 expression was lower in ES-affected (median = -1.93; 95% CI: -2.03 to -.86) compared to control (median = -1.71; 95% CI: -1.92 to -1.6) horses ( = 0.03, = 0.3; 95% CI: 0.024-0.57) with a median difference of -1.93 versus -1.71, respectively. The ROC curve analysis indicated an area under the curve of 0.71 (95% CI: 0.51-0.84; = 0.005) with a sensitivity of 74% (95% CI: 61-88%) and a specificity of 73% (95% CI: 39-94%) to diagnose ES. However, none of the miRNAs evaluated had prognostic potential or significant changes in expression following treatment. Additionally, miRNA expression was not influenced by breed, sex, or season. Although whole-blood eca-miR-432 had moderate diagnostic potential for ES, identifying prognostic miRNA biomarkers for ES remains a challenge.
Gornatti-Churria CD, Jerry C, Ramsubeik S
… +4 more, Bland M, Uzal FA, Santoro T, Stoute ST
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Jan · PMID 40996859
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Six 11-wk-old, commercial, Broad-Breasted White, meat turkeys were submitted to the Turlock branch of the California Animal Health & Food Safety (CAHFS) laboratory for autopsy and diagnostic work-up. Clinical signs in th...Six 11-wk-old, commercial, Broad-Breasted White, meat turkeys were submitted to the Turlock branch of the California Animal Health & Food Safety (CAHFS) laboratory for autopsy and diagnostic work-up. Clinical signs in the turkeys of the affected flock included depression, ruffled feathers, swollen periorbital areas, rales, and sneezing. A mortality of 50% (5,000 of 10,000) was reported at the time of case submission. Flock morbidity was 100% by 12 wk of age, and mortality eventually exceeded 90%. Fibrinous pleuropneumonia, airsacculitis, increased luminal mucoid exudate in the nasal cavities and tracheas, mottled and enlarged spleens, and hepatomegaly were the most remarkable gross findings. Microscopically, fibrinoheterophilic pneumonia and epicarditis with intralesional bacterial colonies, and necrotizing hepatitis and splenitis, were noted. () (MG) was detected in tracheal and sinus pools by quantitative real-time PCR. Multilocus sequence analysis of the gene and IGSR segment of MG differentiated our strain from MG vaccine strains, but were similar to MG isolates detected previously in other commercial turkey operations in California. was isolated from air sacs, lungs, tracheas, hearts, and livers, and classified as profile HI 0001, strain X-73, by restriction enzyme analysis DNA fingerprinting. Coinfection with and MG in a susceptible flock resulted in rapid elevation of mortality and significant economic losses in this commercial meat turkey operation.
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Jan · PMID 40996850
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An 11-y-old male lionhead rabbit () was presented with progressive hindlimb weakness and right-sided neurologic deficits, and was subsequently euthanized due to poor prognosis. Autopsy revealed a 1.6 × 1.1 × 1.0-cm, well...An 11-y-old male lionhead rabbit () was presented with progressive hindlimb weakness and right-sided neurologic deficits, and was subsequently euthanized due to poor prognosis. Autopsy revealed a 1.6 × 1.1 × 1.0-cm, well-circumscribed, extra-axial mass compressing the occipital lobe and affecting both telencephalic hemispheres. Histologic and immunohistochemical analyses demonstrating positivity for synaptophysin and neuron-specific enolase, along with a Ki67 proliferative index of ~20%, were highly suggestive of a high-grade pineal parenchymal tumor (PPT). The tumor was densely cellular with marked atypia and frequent binucleation, and lacked pineocytomatous rosettes-features most consistent with a pineal parenchymal tumor of intermediate differentiation in humans. No evidence of metastasis was observed. Pineal tumors are exceptionally rare in domestic animals, with limited documentation in species such as dogs, horses, goats, cattle, and birds. To our knowledge, PPT has not been reported previously in a rabbit, underscoring the diagnostic challenges associated with intracranial neoplasms in this species.
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2026 Jan · PMID 40988382
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Equine meningoencephalomyelitis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality and is associated with a wide variety of infectious etiologies. Because of the lack of large retrospective studies, the prevalence and inci...Equine meningoencephalomyelitis is an important cause of morbidity and mortality and is associated with a wide variety of infectious etiologies. Because of the lack of large retrospective studies, the prevalence and incidence of these diseases are unknown. Here we describe 171 cases of meningoencephalomyelitis in horses submitted to the Section of Anatomic Pathology at the New York State Animal Health Diagnostic Center (Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA) from 1996-2023. Neuroinflammatory disease was identified in 5.4% of submitted horses with a wide breed, age, and sex distribution. A parasitic cause was identified in 32 (19%) cases, with protozoa in 18 (11%) cases and metazoa in 14 (8%) cases. A viral cause was identified in 31 (18%) cases, corresponding to infection by equid alphaherpesvirus 1 (EqAHV1; 12 of 31, 39%), eastern equine encephalitis virus (10 of 31; 32%), West Nile virus (5 of 31; 16%), and rabies virus (4 of 31; 13%), followed by 14 bacterial (8%) cases and 7 fungal (4%) cases. Of the remaining 87 of 171 (51%) cases, 20 (23%) had some histologic features, although not conclusive, of protozoal disease, and 8 (9%) of EqAHV1 infection. However, 59 (68%) cases did not have any neuropathologic changes that would support a definitive diagnosis. Although we found the expected causes of equine meningoencephalomyelitis in our study, the large number of cases with unknown etiologic diagnoses highlights the challenges of definitively proving causes of neuroinflammation in the horse and supports the need for improved ante- and postmortem testing.
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2025 Nov · PMID 40974248
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Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a useful biomarker for a variety of veterinary conditions relating to the gonads. For female mammals, these include spayed or intact status, ovarian remnant syndrome, granulosa cell tumor,...Anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH) is a useful biomarker for a variety of veterinary conditions relating to the gonads. For female mammals, these include spayed or intact status, ovarian remnant syndrome, granulosa cell tumor, and ovarian response to gonadotropin stimulation for assisted reproductive technologies. We compared 2 different AMH immunoassays that produced markedly discordant results, although the original aim of our research was to refine an earlier study that intended to determine whether AMH concentrations in feline blood serum and urine are correlated. The previous study reported measurable AMH concentrations in all 27 urine samples tested, which were not correlated with the corresponding serum concentrations. Our studies differ in that we used the AMH ELISA (assay A; AL-116, Ansh Labs) currently in use in our diagnostic laboratory, which differs from the immunoassay (assay B; E0078Ca, BT Lab) used in the original study. In contrast to assay B, assay A detected no AMH in urine collected from 19 cats immediately before ovariohysterectomy. We re-tested these same urine samples using assay B, and all had measurable AMH. However, a negative serum sample that is routinely run in assay A for quality control purposes also had measurable AMH in assay B. A second run of assay B found measurable AMH concentrations in 20 serum samples that had previously tested below the detection limit of assay A. Assay B also failed the parallelism validation test. Our results indicate that assay B is not valid for feline or canine AMH testing.
Barouch-Bentov R, Merrill BD, Reineking W
… +8 more, Moorhead R, Herberg de Alonso F, Fazel M, Uzal FA, Felt SA, Sonnenburg JL, Casey KM, Nagamine CM
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2025 Nov · PMID 40974247
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In late 2020, the mouse barrier facility at Stanford University experienced an outbreak of diarrhea in adult mice and sudden deaths in mid-lactation females. Affected strains were immunodeficient, carrying either the or...In late 2020, the mouse barrier facility at Stanford University experienced an outbreak of diarrhea in adult mice and sudden deaths in mid-lactation females. Affected strains were immunodeficient, carrying either the or mutations and the mutation, predominantly NOD.Cg- /SzJ (NSG) mice. The diarrhea was transmissible to naïve NSG mice by co-housing or gavage of intestinal homogenates from diarrheic mice, suggesting the involvement of an infectious agent and thus was given the name "infectious diarrhea." Conventional testing failed to identify an etiology. Strain-resolved metagenomic analyses using DNA from diarrheic and control fecal samples yielded the genome sequence of an enterotoxin-encoding strain, a candidate factor underlying the diarrhea outbreak. We hypothesized that the presence of and its enterotoxin in fecal samples could serve as biomarkers. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assays using specific primers for and its enterotoxin were generated and validated. We analyzed fecal samples from 111 NSG or NSG-related mice that were healthy, 37 that had clinical signs of infectious diarrhea, and 28 that had diarrhea attributable to known causes. Positive qPCR results for and its enterotoxin only occurred in feces from mice with infectious diarrhea. All positive samples contained both and its enterotoxin. Our data suggest that infectious diarrhea in these cases is mediated, at least in part, by the transmission of and its enterotoxin. Our novel qPCR assays for and its enterotoxin are effective tools for the detection of infectious diarrhea in NSG mice.
Santos IR, Barbosa FMS, Rodrigues PA
… +9 more, Tres GZ, Silva VGC, Brunner CB, Baumbach LF, Canal C, Alievi MM, Susta L, Pavarini SP, Driemeier D
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2025 Nov · PMID 40963267
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Vultures have suffered a drastic population decline mainly due to poisoning and traumatic lesions; neoplastic diseases in these birds are rarely documented. Here we describe the clinical and pathologic findings of lympho...Vultures have suffered a drastic population decline mainly due to poisoning and traumatic lesions; neoplastic diseases in these birds are rarely documented. Here we describe the clinical and pathologic findings of lymphoma in 2 free-ranging black vultures (). Upon initial evaluation, both birds were severely emaciated; vulture 1 had proptosis of the right eye and vulture 2 swelling of the left wing. The vultures died shortly after presentation and were autopsied. In both birds, the thymus and many other organs were expanded by poorly demarcated, white, soft masses that were composed histologically of proliferating lymphocytes of monomorphic appearance. In vulture 2, thickening of the left-wing bones appeared to be caused by periosteal reaction, associated with bone invasion by the same type of lymphocytes, and granulomatous osteomyelitis. By immunohistochemistry, neoplastic cells were reactive for CD3 and negative for PAX5. The final diagnoses were multicentric T-cell lymphoma. PCR assays for Marek disease, avian leukosis, reticuloendotheliosis, and bovine leukemia viruses were negative in both cases. To our knowledge, lymphoma has not been reported previously in vultures.
Bhat BA, Alqahtani FM, Alhomrani M
… +4 more, Adil S, Alsanie WF, Alamri AS, Alkazmi LM
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2025 Nov · PMID 40926425
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Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease that affects livestock and is caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). An outbreak of LSD in any country can lead to acute economic damage for livestock owners. The signi...Lumpy skin disease (LSD) is a viral disease that affects livestock and is caused by the lumpy skin disease virus (LSDV). An outbreak of LSD in any country can lead to acute economic damage for livestock owners. The significance of prompt and accurate diagnosis in managing this viral disease cannot be overstated. Here we review the techniques used for the detection of LSDV and its application in the diagnosis of LSD. Nucleic acid detection, including conventional PCR, quantitative real-time PCR, and high-resolution melting assays, is used most often because of its strong sensitivity and specificity. These methods are expensive and require skilled personnel. Faster but less-sensitive tests include immunoassay formats, such as ELISA, virus neutralization test, immunoperoxidase monolayer assay, and indirect fluorescent antibody test. Various serologic and molecular tests are used to distinguish virulent strains of LSDV from vaccine strains. As well, sheeppox virus, goatpox virus, and LSDV share 96-97% genetic resemblance and must be differentiated reliably. New techniques, such as loop-mediated isothermal amplification, recombinase polymerase amplification, fluorescence assays based on CRISPR-Cas12a, nanopore sequencing, and lateral flow immunoassays, provide greater sensitivity in detecting lower quantities of viral nucleic acids, making them ideal for quick and economical tests in the field.
Pineda DAS, Oliveira FN, Graham EA
… +2 more, Mendes RE, Rissi DR
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2025 Nov · PMID 40905166
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Spontaneous ejection of tissues from body orifices is rare in veterinary medicine. Here we underscore the diagnostic value of tissues spontaneously ejected from the nose or mouth of 21 dogs and submitted for histologic e...Spontaneous ejection of tissues from body orifices is rare in veterinary medicine. Here we underscore the diagnostic value of tissues spontaneously ejected from the nose or mouth of 21 dogs and submitted for histologic evaluation at 3 veterinary diagnostic institutions. Cases were retrospectively searched (2000-2024) from the Athens Veterinary Diagnostic Laboratory, Tifton Veterinary Diagnostic and Investigational Laboratory, and Antech Diagnostics web-based archive systems. Affected dogs were adults (x̄ age = 9.5 y) of several breeds. There were 13 male (8 castrated, 5 intact) and 8 spayed female dogs. Clinical signs consisted mainly of sneezing (19 of 21 cases) and epistaxis (11 cases), with spontaneous ejection of red-to-brown and fleshy-or-spongy nodules from the nose (19 cases) or mouth (2). Histologically, lesions consisted of neoplasms (19 cases) or clusters of fibrinous or suppurative exudate with hemorrhage (2). Epithelial neoplasms consisted of carcinomas and adenocarcinomas (3 cases each), and squamous cell carcinoma and a presumed adenoma (1 case each). Mesenchymal neoplasms consisted of spindle-cell sarcomas (4 cases), presumed osteosarcomas (2), and a chondrosarcoma and a chondrosarcoma/chondroblastic osteosarcoma (1 case each). Round-cell neoplasms included a B-cell lymphoma, a presumed lymphoma, and a plasmacytoma (1 case each). The presence of nasal mucosa and turbinates was supportive of nasal tumor in 4 cases. Although the anatomic origin of neoplasms cannot be determined in all cases, tissues ejected from the nose or mouth can be suitable for a histologic diagnosis.
Heo J, Cheon DS, Chung NK
… +2 more, Kim Y, Kim DY
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2025 Nov · PMID 40905163
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American foulbrood (AFB) and European foulbrood (EFB), caused by and , respectively, are severe bacterial diseases that significantly affect honey bee health and productivity worldwide. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is e...American foulbrood (AFB) and European foulbrood (EFB), caused by and , respectively, are severe bacterial diseases that significantly affect honey bee health and productivity worldwide. Rapid and accurate diagnosis is essential for effective disease management in apiaries. We developed and validated a multiplex point-of-care (POC) quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) assay that enables simultaneous and rapid detection of and directly in apiaries. Our POC qPCR assay, using the XQ station (Postbio), had diagnostic sensitivity and specificity comparable to laboratory-based qPCR assays. For detection, the POC qPCR assay had a sensitivity of 93% (56 of 60 samples) and specificity of 97% (97 of 100 samples). Similarly, for , sensitivity was 95% (59 of 62 samples) and specificity was 97% (97 of 100 samples). Our POC qPCR assay had analytical sensitivity comparable to that of laboratory-based qPCR assays, with a limit of detection of ~10 copies/reaction for both pathogens. Additionally, the assay had high analytical specificity, with no cross-reactivity against other common honey bee pathogens, including deformed wing virus (DWV), black queen cell virus (BQCV), and . Our POC qPCR assay consistently had lower cycle quantification values than the laboratory-based qPCR on the same samples, indicating robust detection capability even at low pathogen concentrations. Although not compared to a gold standard, our POC qPCR assay had reliable diagnostic performance. Our multiplex POC qPCR assay enables rapid, accurate pathogen detection in apiaries, thereby enhancing disease management and supporting sustainable, productive apiculture.
Richter S, Schmoll F, Polzer D
… +5 more, Leth C, Revilla-Fernández S, Schwarz L, Auer A, Sattler T
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2025 Nov · PMID 40884292
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In 2008, nearly 50% of weaned piglets at a German 2-site production unit in Saxony-Anhalt had skin lesions 1-2 wk after relocation into the nursery. First clinical signs were maculae, followed by papules, pustules, and f...In 2008, nearly 50% of weaned piglets at a German 2-site production unit in Saxony-Anhalt had skin lesions 1-2 wk after relocation into the nursery. First clinical signs were maculae, followed by papules, pustules, and finally crusts, distributed over the dorsal and lateral body flank. Tentative clinical diagnosis was an infection with swinepox virus (SWPV; family , taxon species ). Electron microscopy confirmed within one hour that the causal agent was a brick-shaped poxvirus, and routine PCR validated the poxvirus detection; PCR for was negative. Phylogenetic analysis of the thymidine kinase genes from different poxviruses and from our SWPV isolates, 3 isolates from Germany, and 1 isolate from Austria, provided a good picture of evolutionary relationships of poxvirus genera, which was also consistent with phylogenetic analysis of poxviruses based on other genes. The German and Austrian isolates from domestic pigs were 99.8-100% identical to previously isolated German SWPV from wild boar and domestic pigs. All isolates belonged to the North American/European lineage. In a second step, SWPV assembly in naturally infected domestic pigs was analyzed by ultrathin sectioning. The virus assembly resembled that of other poxviruses and completed gaps in the SWPV morphogenesis model described in prior publications. Because there is no specific therapy, recommended interventions were improvements in biosecurity measures, especially hygiene management and disinfection procedures at the farm and within the transporters between the farrowing unit and the nursery. No further infections with SWPV were seen 5-6 wk after commencement of the hygiene interventions.
Kobayashi N, Masuda A, Matsumoto J
… +3 more, Asai N, Hida N, Murakami T
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2025 Nov · PMID 40878627
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A 6-y-old, spayed female, mixed-breed cat developed anorexia, weight loss, and watery diarrhea, and later died. Elevated liver enzyme activities and mild anemia were present antemortem. Generalized jaundice and a diffuse...A 6-y-old, spayed female, mixed-breed cat developed anorexia, weight loss, and watery diarrhea, and later died. Elevated liver enzyme activities and mild anemia were present antemortem. Generalized jaundice and a diffusely yellow liver with dark-red foci were noted at postmortem examination. Cytologically, hepatocytes contained abundant fine-to-large vacuoles, and multinucleate giant hepatocytes were present. Histologically, the liver had severe centrilobular necrosis, severe biliary congestion, and multinucleation of hepatocytes, leading to the diagnosis of giant cell hepatitis. In addition, flukes present in bile ducts were identified as by morphologic and molecular analyses. These flukes were genetically similar to in Southeast Asia and South America.
Hampton CE, Kleine SA, Vanecek LR
… +5 more, Smith CK, Shanks GA, Springer C, Flatland B, Giori L
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2025 Nov · PMID 40878619
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Porcine glucose and lactate concentrations measured with a point-of-care glucometer (POC-Glu; Guide Me) and a POC lactometer (POC-Lac; Lactate Plus) were compared to those from a comparative method (CM; COBAS-501c). Fres...Porcine glucose and lactate concentrations measured with a point-of-care glucometer (POC-Glu; Guide Me) and a POC lactometer (POC-Lac; Lactate Plus) were compared to those from a comparative method (CM; COBAS-501c). Fresh whole blood samples ( = 175 glucose; = 272 lactate) from 10 healthy juvenile commercial-cross pigs (5 barrows, 5 gilts; 79-91-d-old) were collected over 12 d under various conditions. Comparisons were made with the Passing-Bablok regression and Bland-Altman method with multiple measurements per subject. The allowable total error (TE) was set at 20% for glucose and 40% for lactate. Correlation with CM was high for POC-Glu ( = 0.886; 95% CI [0.849, 0.914]) and very high for POC-Lac ( = 0.935; 95% CI [0.918, 0.949]) with constant and proportional biases (intercept = -0.52, 95% CI [-0.98, -0.13] mmol/L, slope = 0.06, 95% CI [0.06, 0.07] mmol/L for glucose; intercept = 0.075, 95% CI [0.050, 0.104] mmol/L, slope = 0.797, 95% CI [0.775, 0.819] mmol/L for lactate). Acceptance limits based on combined inherent imprecision (CIP) were ±5.2% for glucose and ±8.1% for lactate. The observed total errors (TE) were 5.42% for POC-Glu and 29.9% for POC-Lac at the decision threshold of 3.0 mmol/L, both within the set TE. Both POC-Glu and POC-Lac are practical and reliable tools for use in juvenile pigs, with satisfactory agreement to the reference method, although interpretation of POC-Lac results requires greater caution due to a significant matrix effect, underscoring the need for method- and matrix-specific RIs, particularly for lactate.
Mendes RE, Perosa FF, Ilha MRS
… +6 more, Boldori É, Tonin RVA, Graham EA, Piva MM, Gris AH, Rissi DR
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2025 Nov · PMID 40852917
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Bovine leukemia virus-associated lymphoma (BLV-AL) is a significant neoplastic disease in cattle globally, resulting in substantial economic losses. Here we describe the anatomic distribution of lymphoma in adult cattle...Bovine leukemia virus-associated lymphoma (BLV-AL) is a significant neoplastic disease in cattle globally, resulting in substantial economic losses. Here we describe the anatomic distribution of lymphoma in adult cattle in 3 veterinary diagnostic laboratories (VDLs). Between 2001 and 2024, we retrieved 5,290 reports of bovine autopsies performed by these VDLs and 2,200 autopsies submitted by field veterinarians for diagnosis. We selected 165 bovine lymphoma cases, of which 122 (73.9%) originated from VDL autopsies and 43 (26.1%) from autopsies performed by field veterinarians. The most affected organs were lymph nodes (70.3%), followed by the heart (62.4%), abomasum (51.5%), kidney (32.7%), intestinal wall (26.1%), and forestomach wall (19.4%). Among adult cattle lymphoma cases diagnosed at these VDLs, lymphoma was observed more frequently in kidney and intestinal wall than in uterus or spinal cord epidural space.
Lemos GS, Palhano RLA, Santos HA
… +7 more, Matiello JP, Alves BA, Anteveli G, Moreira TF, Meneses RM, Carvalho AU, Facury Filho EJ
J Vet Diagn Invest
· 2025 Nov · PMID 40852915
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We report here 6 cases of bovine eurytrematosis on 2 farms (dairy and beef cattle) in southeastern Brazil. The cattle had different primary lesions that explained their clinical conditions; however, upon autopsy, common...We report here 6 cases of bovine eurytrematosis on 2 farms (dairy and beef cattle) in southeastern Brazil. The cattle had different primary lesions that explained their clinical conditions; however, upon autopsy, common to all animals were abnormalities in the pancreas and the presence of spp. All parasitized pancreases were swollen, firm, and tan to yellow-pink. Upon dissection, numerous parasites were observed, the pancreatic ducts were thickened and dilated, and the parenchyma was fibrotic. Histopathologic findings were multifocal-to-diffuse chronic interstitial pancreatitis. Despite clinical signs, such as low body condition score, compatible with eurytrematosis, it was challenging to determine whether these signs were caused primarily by the pancreatic lesion or by the primary disease affecting the cows. Bovine eurytrematosis may be associated with other underlying conditions, making its diagnosis difficult and potentially impacting the prognosis of the affected animals. Our findings underscore the harmful nature of as a parasite and emphasize that it may be more than an incidental finding at autopsy.