Zhao F, Wan X, Liang Y
… +5 more, Liu W, Liu J, Pan Y, Nezamzadeh-Ejhieh A, Li X
Top Curr Chem (Cham)
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40864352
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Bio-metal-organic frameworks (bio-MOFs) have emerged as a revolutionary group of hybrid materials distinguished by their exceptional biocompatibility, programmable biodegradability, and host-guest molecular recognition c...Bio-metal-organic frameworks (bio-MOFs) have emerged as a revolutionary group of hybrid materials distinguished by their exceptional biocompatibility, programmable biodegradability, and host-guest molecular recognition capabilities. This review systematically examines recent advancements in bio-MOF engineering, with particular focus on the innovative synthesis strategies and the structure-property relationships arising from their tunable pore architectures and surface functionalities. The mechanistic foundations of bio-MOFs in targeted drug delivery systems, contrast-enhanced bioimaging, and multifunctional therapeutic interventions combining anti-inflammatory and antibacterial actions are discussed in detail. Finally, in terms of future perspectives, we discuss emerging opportunities in other delivery systems, personalized medicine platforms, and sustainable environmental applications, underscoring the necessity for cross-disciplinary collaboration between materials science and molecular biology to unlock the full potential of these biohybrid systems.
Amjad F, Umar A, Saeed MH
… +7 more, Nazir MS, Ali Z, Lin KA, Lee J, Hassan SU, Hussain M, Park YK
Top Curr Chem (Cham)
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40856978
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Gases are integral to Earth's climate and ecosystem balance, but human activity has significantly altered atmospheric composition by increasing greenhouse gas emissions. In 2025, carbon dioxide emissions were estimated a...Gases are integral to Earth's climate and ecosystem balance, but human activity has significantly altered atmospheric composition by increasing greenhouse gas emissions. In 2025, carbon dioxide emissions were estimated at around 39-41 billion tons, reflecting a continued increase. Emissions of carbon monoxide, sulfur dioxide, and nitrogen dioxide were expected to remain close to 2.5 billion tons, 100 million tons, and 25 million metric tons, respectively. Hydrogen sulfide emissions decreased to 15 million tons compared with the previous year. These numbers underscore the challenge of addressing human-induced climate changes. Sorbents, particularly metal-organic frameworks (MOFs) and covalent organic frameworks (COFs), have been used in literature for their gas sorption applications. Over the past decade, modified frameworks have been explored for their potential in gas sorption by combining the advantages of the different materials involved. The properties of these frameworks can be tailored by using various functional groups, metal ions, and polymer matrices. The structures of MOFs and COFs, their synthesis methods, and gas sorption applications are discussed. In addition, the applications of modified MOFs and COFs in gas sorption and separation (CO sorption from flue gas, hydrocarbon separation, separation of hydrocarbons, and iodine capture from nuclear waste), detection (NO sensing), and reduction (SO to reduced sulfur components) are discussed. It also explores the emerging aspects of enhancing gas sensing and capturing abilities of MOFs and COFs, analyzing their performance under different conditions of temperature, pressure, and relative humidity. The study addresses the challenges faced by existing frameworks and suggests directions for developing better materials.
Karimtabar MS, Doraghi F, Larijani B
… +1 more, Mahdavi M
Top Curr Chem (Cham)
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40856896
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The direct functionalization of unactivated C(sp)-H bonds is crucial for the synthesis of organic compounds, enabling the efficient generation of C(sp)-X bonds (X = carbon, heteroatom) in natural products and pharmaceuti...The direct functionalization of unactivated C(sp)-H bonds is crucial for the synthesis of organic compounds, enabling the efficient generation of C(sp)-X bonds (X = carbon, heteroatom) in natural products and pharmaceuticals. Despite the natural inertness of these bonds and the challenges associated with regioselectivity in alkanes, various approaches, primarily coordination-assisted and radical methods, have been developed to address these issues and enable effective catalytic activation. This review provides a comprehensive overview of transition-metal-catalyzed direct functionalization of nonactivated C(sp)-H bonds. It analyzes the literature published since 2021 to showcase the most advanced methods available today and their respective limitations. This review reveals that, during this time, most efforts have concentrated on coordination-assisted methods, whereas fewer radical mechanisms have been investigated for C(sp)-H bond activation. However, radical mechanisms are important because they often occur under milder conditions and typically use simpler starting materials, which are crucial for our needs. In this review, we divide reactions according to the type of metal employed (Pd, Co, Ni, Fe, Ru, Rh, Ir, or Cu) and then further on the basis of their mechanisms: coordination-assisted transition-metal mechanisms and radical mechanisms. Additionally, we occasionally categorize the reactions of metals on the basis of different directing groups: (i) native directing groups, (ii) exo directing groups, and (iii) traceless directing groups. This review underscores that effectively addressing the challenges associated with C(sp)-H bond activation, including regioselectivity and the activation of flexible and stable C(sp)-H bonds, relies on the employment of appropriate ligands in the reactions. The use of these ligands is examined in detail throughout the review.
Munir R, Zahoor AF, Khan SG
… +6 more, Hussain SM, Noreen R, Mansha A, Hafeez F, Irfan A, Ahmad M
Top Curr Chem (Cham)
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40839291
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Deuterium is a safe bioisostere of hydrogen, and its selective labeling has a great prominence in medicinal chemistry for the amelioration of the pharmacokinetic profiles of the drugs. The deuterium-labeled pharmaceutica...Deuterium is a safe bioisostere of hydrogen, and its selective labeling has a great prominence in medicinal chemistry for the amelioration of the pharmacokinetic profiles of the drugs. The deuterium-labeled pharmaceutically active compounds have been observed to exhibit broad applications, either as deuterated drugs or as pharmacokinetic probes (biomarkers). The deuterated drugs offer improved bioactivity and metabolic profile in terms of tolerability, efficacy, and reduced toxicity. In this manuscript, the synthetic strategies of various deuterated drugs including antiviral, anticancer, antiarrhythmic, antidiabetic, anticholinergic, antibiotics, antidepressants, and antipyretics have been documented. In addition, this review article also comprises a broad class of miscellaneous drugs i.e., antiasthmatic drugs, antiseptics, topical analgesics, antifibrotic agents, immunosuppressants, and central nervous system (CNS) suppressants. Additionally, the synthesis of several deuterated pharmaceutically active compounds as biomarkers has also been compiled in this review. Leveraging the modern platform of precision deuteration, this review article provides a repertoire of synthetic strategies for the synthesis of several deuterated drugs reported over a period of 2005-2024 (two decades).
Top Curr Chem (Cham)
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40824336
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Aptamers are oligonucleotide sequences selected in vitro that possess advantages such as small size, non-toxicity, and ease of modification. Aptamer-based biosensing is advancing rapidly owing to the high affinity and sp...Aptamers are oligonucleotide sequences selected in vitro that possess advantages such as small size, non-toxicity, and ease of modification. Aptamer-based biosensing is advancing rapidly owing to the high affinity and specificity of aptamers for target molecules. Nevertheless, their relatively flexible structure and susceptibility to degradation in biological environments pose challenges for practical applications. To address these issues, researchers are developing functionally engineered aptamers through structural modifications such as chimera formation and splitting. These advancements have significantly accelerated aptamer research across multiple fields. This review highlights recent progress in functionally engineered aptamers, summarizing their construction strategies and applications in sensing. It also analyzes the characteristics of different types of engineered aptamers and their multi-field applications. Finally, current bottlenecks and future prospects are critically discussed. This review provides a systematic overview of engineered aptamers from a functional perspective, offering valuable insights for ongoing research in this dynamic field.
Mohan B, Wen H, Virender V
… +3 more, Raghav N, Gupta RK, Sun W
Top Curr Chem (Cham)
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40788521
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Patterning techniques have significantly advanced materials science by enabling precise control over structural and functional features of materials. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), a...Patterning techniques have significantly advanced materials science by enabling precise control over structural and functional features of materials. Metal-organic frameworks (MOFs), covalent organic frameworks (COFs), and conjugated polymers possess exceptional properties, including high porosity and tunable surface chemistry, making them promising candidates for patterning strategies. This review examines how these materials can be integrated with photolithography, self-assembly, and direct writing, emphasizing their synthesis, compatibility with fabrication methods, and performance advantages. Potential applications in electronics, optoelectronics, and catalysis are discussed, along with current challenges related to stability, scalability, and device integration. Finally, the review identifies emerging directions for patterning technologies that could drive the next generation of functional devices.
Top Curr Chem (Cham)
· 2025 Aug · PMID 40779215
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Ionic liquids (ILs) are unique materials made of cations and anions that have seen a resurgence in recent decades owing to their wide applicability. The utility of ILs in the field of high-energy molecules and energetic...Ionic liquids (ILs) are unique materials made of cations and anions that have seen a resurgence in recent decades owing to their wide applicability. The utility of ILs in the field of high-energy molecules and energetic materials has been widely studied. These compounds have an enormous reservoir of chemical energy that can be liberated under specified conditions. With increased environmental and safety concerns, much effort has been put into developing ecologically friendly, high-energy molecules. ILs have shown the potential to be one of them. This article covers ILs based on imidazole, triazole, and tetrazole molecules as well as their synthesis, properties as high-energy molecules, and applications.
Triazoles, a captivating class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, have emerged as pivotal players in contemporary chemistry, drawing significant attention for their exceptional versatility and wide-ranging ap...Triazoles, a captivating class of nitrogen-containing heterocyclic compounds, have emerged as pivotal players in contemporary chemistry, drawing significant attention for their exceptional versatility and wide-ranging applications. They have become essential building blocks in modern chemistry, exhibiting remarkable adaptability in a multiple areas of utility. Artificial intelligence (AI)-driven drug discovery in medicinal chemistry has sped up the process of finding bioactive triazole derivatives with improved therapeutic potential. Green chemistry techniques, such as metal-free protocols, ionic liquid-mediated synthesis, and click chemistry, have transformed their synthesis, which guarantees sustainability, effectiveness, and low environmental impact. Beyond the pharmaceutical industry, triazoles are essential to next-generation material science, helping to create anticorrosion coatings, biosensors, and high-performance solar cells. Their incorporation into organic electronics and nanotechnology has led to revolutionary breakthroughs in several industries by greatly enhancing energy storage systems, protective coatings, and sensor sensitivity. As studies continue, combining artificial intelligence and environmentally friendly synthesis techniques broadens the range of triazole applications, confirming their position as essential facilitators of scientific and technological advancement. These advancements not only streamline the creation of triazole derivatives but also expand the scope of their applications, propelling research and development across multiple domains.
Top Curr Chem (Cham)
· 2025 Jul · PMID 40591193
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Research on heterocyclic compounds is an area of continuous focus, capturing the interest of both synthetic and natural product chemists. Indazoles are one of the rare heterocycles that are available in nature. Indazole...Research on heterocyclic compounds is an area of continuous focus, capturing the interest of both synthetic and natural product chemists. Indazoles are one of the rare heterocycles that are available in nature. Indazole and its derivatives are one of the most important classes of heterocycles in pharmacological molecules. The structurally different indazole motifs, with impressive bioactivity, have drawn increasing attention from medicinal chemists in recent years for the continuous development of novel drug moieties. Thus, knowledge of the biological activities and synthetic pathways of indazole scaffolds is essential to enhancing further developments in the number of indazole-based lead molecules. The goal of the present review is to highlight information on the biological properties of some existing indazole-based drugs and activities of novel bioactive indazole compounds in clinical trails, with specific attention to the most recent advances in various synthetic strategies towards indazole and its derivatives over the past 7 years (2017-2024). Moreover, we discuss the substrate tolerance and mechanistic insights for most of the summarized synthetic protocols.
Top Curr Chem (Cham)
· 2025 Jun · PMID 40516007
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Bioorthogonal bond-cleavage reactions have evolved into powerful tools for chemical biology, representing a promising strategy for achieving controlled release of molecules under physiologically relevant conditions, even...Bioorthogonal bond-cleavage reactions have evolved into powerful tools for chemical biology, representing a promising strategy for achieving controlled release of molecules under physiologically relevant conditions, even in living organisms. Since their discovery, significant efforts have been invested in the development and understanding of the underlying chemistries to enhance the click-to-release performance, biocompatibility, and stability of bioorthogonal tools. In this review, we aim to provide a concise overview of click-triggered bioorthogonal bond-cleavage reactions, with an emphasis on the mechanisms and characteristics of the most commonly applied click-to-release chemistries.
Ahmadpourmir H, Taghizadeh SF, Mezhuev Y
… +4 more, Salavati Nik AA, Tzatzarakis M, Tsatsakis A, Rezaee R
Top Curr Chem (Cham)
· 2025 Jun · PMID 40489017
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Spiroethers, a subset of natural and synthetic spirocycles, possess various biological activities. These motifs are found in natural products and exhibit anticancer, antidepressant, antiviral, antimalarial, and antituber...Spiroethers, a subset of natural and synthetic spirocycles, possess various biological activities. These motifs are found in natural products and exhibit anticancer, antidepressant, antiviral, antimalarial, and antituberculosis properties. Because of their exceptional structures, spiroethers can serve as important bioactive scaffolds in the pharmaceutical industry to improve bioavailability and stability and in drug discovery. Many of these compounds can also be used in perfumes and flavors owing to their olfactory properties. Given the increasing interest in spiroether-derived compounds in the pharmaceutical industry and the low yields of spiroethers provided by natural sources, which are not economically viable for industrial demand, synthetic approaches have garnered significant attention. In this review, we provide insight into 16 different approaches suggested for the synthesis of spiroethers; these methods are classified in the following five categories: catalytic methods (four methods), cyclization reactions (three methods), nucleophilic/electrophilic additions (two methods), functional group transformation (three methods), and miscellaneous (four methods). Certain advantages including material availability, high yield, simple procedures, low cost, ability to enhance biological properties of the final products, and so on are reported for these approaches.
Top Curr Chem (Cham)
· 2025 Jun · PMID 40488998
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This review systematically analyzes recent advances in transition metal-catalyzed carbene and nitrene insertion into unactivated aliphatic C(sp)-H bonds through inner-sphere mechanisms, offering a critical synthesis of m...This review systematically analyzes recent advances in transition metal-catalyzed carbene and nitrene insertion into unactivated aliphatic C(sp)-H bonds through inner-sphere mechanisms, offering a critical synthesis of mechanistic insights and synthetic applications from 2016 to 2024. By contrasting inner- and outer-sphere pathways, we elucidate how metal-substrate coordination governs regioselectivity, catalyst design, and substrate compatibility. Key discussions focus on breakthroughs in Rh(III), Pd(II), Co(III), Ir(III), and Ni(II) catalytic systems, emphasizing their distinct electronic and steric control strategies for directing C-H activation and migratory insertion. Notable achievements include the functionalization of sterically hindered substrates, enantioselective aminations via chiral ligand engineering, and cascade transformations enabled by metal-mediated β-elimination. We highlight emerging trends in sustainable catalysis using earth-abundant metals (e.g., Co, Ni), while addressing persistent challenges such as directing group dependency, catalyst deactivation, and limited substrate scope. The review further proposes strategic frameworks for future innovation, including (1) computational ligand optimization to enhance regiochemical control, (2) transient directing group strategies for native functional group tolerance, and (3) bifunctional catalyst design to differentiate electronically equivalent C-H bonds. By bridging mechanistic understanding with practical synthetic goals, this work establishes a roadmap for advancing precision C(sp)-H functionalization in complex molecule synthesis and industrial applications.
Top Curr Chem (Cham)
· 2025 Jun · PMID 40455304
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Dipyrroethanes/dipyrroethenes (DPEs) containing two pyrroles connected by two meso sp/sp carbons are very useful precursors for the synthesis of very novel porphyrinoids. Dipyrromethanes/dipyrromethenes (DPMs) that consi...Dipyrroethanes/dipyrroethenes (DPEs) containing two pyrroles connected by two meso sp/sp carbons are very useful precursors for the synthesis of very novel porphyrinoids. Dipyrromethanes/dipyrromethenes (DPMs) that consist of two pyrrole rings connected via one meso sp/sp carbon are the most popular precursors for the synthesis of several types of porphyrinoids. Dipyrromethanes/dipyrromethenes can be readily prepared by condensing aldehyde and pyrrole under acid-catalyzed conditions, whereas dipyrroethenes (DPEs) require a few skilled synthetic steps to be obtained in good quantities. Especially, dipyrroethenes exist in E/Z-isomeric mixtures but their separation is not required for the synthesis of porphyrinoids. In the last decade, DPEs have been used as key precursors to synthesize contracted porphyrins such as triphyrins(2.1.1), porphyrin isomers such as porphycene(2.0.2.0), and several expanded porphyrins. This review describes different methods available for the synthesis of 5,6-di(alkyl/aryl/heteroaryl) dipyrroethanes/dipyrroethenes and their use in the synthesis of different porphyrinoids ranging from contracted porphyrinoids to expanded porphyrinoids. The structure, reactivity, and physico-chemical properties of various porphyrinoids which were synthesized from DPEs are also discussed.
Shafaghat Z, Radmehr S, Saharkhiz S
… +10 more, Khosrozadeh A, Feiz K, Alkhathami AG, Taheripak G, Ramezani Farani M, Rahmati R, Zarimeidani F, Bassereh H, Bakhtiyari S, Alipourfard I
Top Curr Chem (Cham)
· 2025 May · PMID 40343623
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Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are functional RNA molecules that do not code for proteins. Among these, circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a recently identified class of endogenous ncRNAs with a pivotal role in gene regulation...Non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs) are functional RNA molecules that do not code for proteins. Among these, circular RNAs (circRNAs) represent a recently identified class of endogenous ncRNAs with a pivotal role in gene regulation, alongside short ncRNAs (e.g., microRNAs or miRNAs) and long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs). CircRNAs are characterized by their single-stranded, covalently closed circular structure, which lacks polyadenylated tails and 5'-3' ends. This unique circular conformation makes them resistant to exonuclease degradation, rendering them more stable than linear RNAs, such as mRNAs in human blood cells, which highlights their potential as biomarkers. Both linear and circular RNAs are derived from pre-mRNA precursors. However, while linear RNAs are produced through conventional splicing, circRNAs are primarily formed through a process known as reverse splicing. CircRNAs can be categorized into five basic types: exon circRNAs, circular intronic RNAs, exon-intron circRNAs, intergenic circRNAs, and fusion circRNAs. These molecules have been shown to significantly influence key hallmarks of cancer, including sustained growth signaling, proliferation, angiogenesis, resistance to apoptosis, unlimited replicative potential, and metastasis. This article will delve into the biogenesis and functions of circRNAs, explore their roles in cancer, and discuss their potential applications as therapeutic options and diagnostic biomarkers.
The Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction is a commonly used and reliable phenomenon for carbon-carbon olefination in organic chemistry, carried out by treating aldehyde or ketones with phosphonate esters to afford the...The Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons (HWE) reaction is a commonly used and reliable phenomenon for carbon-carbon olefination in organic chemistry, carried out by treating aldehyde or ketones with phosphonate esters to afford the substituted alkenes. HWE reaction has also been observed to be involved in the stereo-controlled syntheses of naturally occurring compounds that acquire pharmaceutical profiles against various diseases. In this article, recent implementations of Horner-Wadsworth-Emmons reaction towards the notable total syntheses of naturally occurring compounds such as polyketides have been summarized.
Cinchona alkaloids are naturally occurring chiral molecules that have emerged as catalysts in asymmetric organocatalysis especially in enantioselective transformations because of their inherent chirality and unique struc...Cinchona alkaloids are naturally occurring chiral molecules that have emerged as catalysts in asymmetric organocatalysis especially in enantioselective transformations because of their inherent chirality and unique structural features. Immobilizing these alkaloids on polymeric supports has significantly influenced their use in catalysis. Polymer-anchored cinchona alkaloids combine the catalytic efficacy of cinchona derivatives with additional benefits of polymer chain, such as ease of recovery, recyclability, reusability, and reduced environmental impact. These polymer-supported cinchona alkaloids have found wide applications in enantioselective reactions such as Michael addition, aldol condensations, Henry reaction, dimerization reaction, dihydroxylation, and benzylation. Various strategies have been employed for anchoring cinchona alkaloids onto polymers, including covalent attachment of alkaloids in the polymer side chain or main chain, and ionic attachment of alkaloids via quaternization in the main chain or side chain of polymer. This review focuses on the various synthetic methodologies for the preparation of polymer-anchored cinchona alkaloids and their application in numerous asymmetric transformations.
Acyl and aroyl hydrazones are hydrazine derivatives with unique structural variations and multiple applications in various disciplines, including medicinal chemistry, materials, and agrochemicals research. The presence o...Acyl and aroyl hydrazones are hydrazine derivatives with unique structural variations and multiple applications in various disciplines, including medicinal chemistry, materials, and agrochemicals research. The presence of numerous reactive sites in acyl hydrazones established it as a privileged structure class in organic chemistry and, hence, serve as an important intermediate in the synthesis of pharmaceutically significant compounds. The intrinsic nature of the acylhydrazone group leads to various dynamic processes, including conformational, configurational, and tautomeric interconversions. Their dynamic behavior in organic frameworks is mainly attributed to hindered rotation around the imine C=N bond and -CONH- amide bond. It is crucial to comprehend the geometrical and conformational behavior of hydrazone derivatives in order to understand their structural attributes, reactivity, and interactions with other molecules. This review article provides an in-depth and up-to-date examination of the geometrical and conformational properties of acyl and aroyl hydrazones showcasing chronological progression of advancements in N-acyl/aroyl hydrazones (NAHs) over time spanning from 1955 to 2025. The insights gained from this analysis will be a helpful resource for researchers and chemists working on designing and developing new compounds with improved characteristics for various applications in chemistry and medicine.
Top Curr Chem (Cham)
· 2025 Mar · PMID 40121587
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The increasing use of pesticides necessitates the development of innovative analytical methods to regulate environmental impacts and ensure food safety. Aptamer-based sensors hold great promise for pesticide detection ow...The increasing use of pesticides necessitates the development of innovative analytical methods to regulate environmental impacts and ensure food safety. Aptamer-based sensors hold great promise for pesticide detection owing to their superior selectivity, stability, repeatability, and regenerative capabilities. Integrated with nanomaterials, aptasensors have demonstrated enhanced sensitivity for detecting a broad range of pesticides. This study first introduces the aptamer binding mechanism and presents the fundamental concept and justification for selecting aptamer over other biorecognition molecules. It then provides a comprehensive review of recent advancements and applications of various types of aptasensors for targeted pesticide detection, including electrochemical, fluorescent, colorimetric, electrochemiluminescent, and surface-enhanced Raman scattering (SERS) aptasensors. Additionally, it offers a comparative analysis of different aptasensors by evaluating their strengths and limitations. Finally, this review discusses strategies, such as advanced Systemic Evolution of Ligands by Exponential Enrichment (SELEX) technique, self-assembled monolayers (SAMs), and the use of antifouling agents to improve the aptamer's selectivity, signal-to-noise ratio, and mitigate nonspecific adsorption challenges. These developments are essential for creating highly sensitive and selective aptasensors, facilitating their practical use in environmental monitoring and food safety.
Top Curr Chem (Cham)
· 2025 Mar · PMID 40117080
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Bridged heterocycles are highly relevant in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery due to the unique features associated with their three-dimensional configuration that ensures great scaffold complexity. In general, inse...Bridged heterocycles are highly relevant in medicinal chemistry and drug discovery due to the unique features associated with their three-dimensional configuration that ensures great scaffold complexity. In general, inserting bridged systems into a chemical structure positively influences the pharmacokinetic (PK) profile of leads, reducing lipophilicity and enhancing metabolic stability. Several optimization studies show that bridged systems often promoted a significant improvement of the small molecule-enzyme binding interaction due to conformational changes within the biological target active site. To date, many drugs including bridged cores are available in the market to cure several diseases. Given the broad range of biological activities of naturally occurring and (semi)-synthetic bridgehead heterocycles, here, we have thoroughly reviewed the rational design and the structure-activity relationship (SAR) studies of the most remarkable bridged compounds developed during the past decade, to highlight both the chemical and biological roles of these motifs.
Bouzina A, Aouf Z, Amira A
… +6 more, Bouone YO, Bentoumi H, Chemam Y, Ibrahim-Ouali M, Zerrouki R, Aouf NE
Top Curr Chem (Cham)
· 2025 Mar · PMID 40097732
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This review discusses recent progress in the most significant synthetic approaches involving transformations under the Mitsunobu reaction. The Mitsunobu reaction entails the "redox" condensation of an acidic pronucleophi...This review discusses recent progress in the most significant synthetic approaches involving transformations under the Mitsunobu reaction. The Mitsunobu reaction entails the "redox" condensation of an acidic pronucleophile 'Nu-H' and an electrophilic primary or secondary alcohol, facilitated by stoichiometric amounts of phosphines and azodicarboxylate reagents. Widely utilized for dehydrative oxidation-reduction condensation, this reaction shows synthetic utility through its tolerance of a broad range of acidic pronucleophiles, including carboxylic acids, pro-imides, hydroxamates, phenols, thiols, fluorinated alcohols, oximes, thioamides, pyridinium and imidazolium salts, pyrimidine bases, α-ketoesters, and trimethylmethane tricarboxylate, thereby yielding a variety of functional and potentially biologically active compounds. The purpose of this review is to focus on recent advances and applications of Mitsunobu reaction chemistry, particularly from 2010 to 2024. In addition to discussing newer reagents that facilitate purification, we will describe contemporary applications of this chemistry, especially concerning the synthesis of potential biological compounds and their precursors. This focus review of the Mitsunobu reaction summarizes its origins, the current understanding of its mechanism, and recent improvements and applications. We aim for this work to serve as a useful resource for scientists working in this research domain.