Iranian Journal Of Microbiology[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Chromosome-borne gene in non-O1/O139 isolated from bile.
Mao H, Wu X, Jin D
Iran J Microbiol · 2026 Feb · PMID 42112290 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Non-O1/O139 (NOVC) has been associated with extraintestinal infections; however, its isolation from bile remains exceedingly rare. This study reports the identification and comprehensive analy...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Non-O1/O139 (NOVC) has been associated with extraintestinal infections; however, its isolation from bile remains exceedingly rare. This study reports the identification and comprehensive analysis of a NOVC strain isolated from bile, including its antimicrobial resistance profile, virulence gene content, and molecular characteristics. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A NOVC isolate was obtained from the bile of a patient with a hepatobiliary tumor. The isolate was identified and subjected to antimicrobial susceptibility testing. Whole-genome sequencing was performed to characterize its molecular features, including antimicrobial resistance genes, virulence genes, and relevant genetic mutations. RESULTS: The NOVC isolate presents a multi-drug resistance phenotype. Corresponding genomic analysis indicates that this strain belongs to a novel sequence type (ST1736), carrying various drug resistance genes and virulence factors. Moreover, the extended-spectrum β-lactamase (ESBL) gene was detected in its chromosomal genome. CONCLUSION: This study presents the first report of a multidrug-resistant NOVC strain isolated from bile in mainland China. Notably, the ESBL gene was identified chromosomally in NOVC for the first time.
Clinical profile and outcome of COVID-19 associated mucormycosis in Shiraz, South Iran: a longitudinal study.
Kouhi P, Mirhosseini SA, Ranjbar M … +8 more , Akbari M, Mehrabi Z, Javaheri R, Moosavi M, Alishahi M, Rasekh K, Fathi N, Mansoori Y
Iran J Microbiol · 2026 Feb · PMID 42112289 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Numerous cases of mucormycosis appeared among COVID-19 patients, predominantly in Asian countries. This study aimed to investigate the clinical profile, in-hospital outcome, and one-year progno...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Numerous cases of mucormycosis appeared among COVID-19 patients, predominantly in Asian countries. This study aimed to investigate the clinical profile, in-hospital outcome, and one-year prognosis of COVID-19-associated mucormycosis (CAM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: All patients who developed CAM in Shiraz, South Iran, between July and October 2021 were included in this study. We collected data on presentations, comorbidities, risk factors, and outcomes. RESULTS: Sixty-two patients with CAM were analyzed; the mean age was 59.3 years, and 58.1% were male. Diabetes mellitus was present in 80.6% (11.2% uncontrolled), hypertension in 54.8%, and chronic kidney disease in 11.3%. All patients had sinonasal involvement; ophthalmic, cutaneous, cerebral, gastrointestinal, pulmonary, and renal involvement occurred in 41.9%, 8.1%, 6.4%, 6.4%, 1.6%, and 1.6%, respectively. In-hospital and one-year mortality were 40.3% and 48.3%. Concurrent CAM and COVID-19, hypertension, older age, and radiologically severe COVID-19 lung involvement were associated with higher mortality. In multivariable analysis, age ≥60 years predicted in-hospital (OR: 5.47; 95% CI: 1.53-19.56) and one-year mortality (OR: 7.65; 95% CI: 1.90-30.84). Long-term mortality was also associated with ≥3 risk factors (OR: 4.12; 95% CI: 1.09-15.52) and lung severity index >30 (OR: 9.35; 95% CI: 1.01-86.63). CONCLUSION: These findings emphasize the critical role of age in immune responses to opportunistic infections and highlight the impact of multiple comorbidities and severe lung damage on long-term prognosis in CAM.
Detection and distribution of carbapenemase-encoding genes in clinical isolates from Kayseri, Türkiye.
Jameel TY, Ayvaz A, Sağıroğlu P … +1 more , Atalay MA
Iran J Microbiol · 2026 Feb · PMID 42112288 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Carbapenem Resistance (CRKP), mostly caused by carbapenemase enzymes, poses a serious public health threat due to limited treatment options. This study aimed to genotypically identify carbapen...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Carbapenem Resistance (CRKP), mostly caused by carbapenemase enzymes, poses a serious public health threat due to limited treatment options. This study aimed to genotypically identify carbapenemase-encoding genes in CRKP isolates recovered from fecal swabs and to correlate these genotypes with phenotypic antibiotic resistance profiles. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, fecal samples from 150 hospitalized patients were screened for Phenotypic testing included the Phoenix automated system, CHROMagar KPC, biochemical tests, and disk diffusion assays. Genotypic analysis was performed using the BD MAX Checkpoint CPO PCR test, marking its first use in Kayseri, Türkiye, to detect carbapenemase genes in this pathogen. RESULTS: Out of 150 fecal samples, 47 tested positive for , with 28 (59.6%) identified as carbapenem-resistant (CRKP). Molecular analysis identified five distinct carbapenemase gene patterns among these resistant isolates. The most prevalent gene, , was found alone in 60.7% of CRKP isolates, followed by in 3.6%; was not detected. Co-occurrence of genes was observed as follows: / (14.3%), with / (10.7%), and with and / (10.7%) in CRKP clinical isolates. CONCLUSION: The study found that was consistently absent, while was highly prevalent and exhibited co-occurrences of carbapenemase genes. It underscored the need for strict hospital surveillance and effective infection control to prevent the spread of CRKP strains. Rapid molecular methods, such as the BD MAX multiplex PCR, have shown promise in accurately and efficiently identifying carbapenemase genes.
Detection of echovirus 7 in effluent sewage treatment plant Ahvaz city, Iran.
Mokhtari Irani G, Azaran A, Pirmoradi R … +3 more , Tabibzadeh A, Rashno M, Makvandi M
Iran J Microbiol · 2026 Feb · PMID 42112287 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The enteroviruses may lead to conditions such as aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid myelitis, epidemic pleurodynia (Bornholm disease), hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, and myopericardit...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The enteroviruses may lead to conditions such as aseptic meningitis, encephalitis, acute flaccid myelitis, epidemic pleurodynia (Bornholm disease), hemorrhagic conjunctivitis, and myopericarditis among pediatric populations. The present study was undertaken to identify the presence of enteroviruses within sewage treatment systems. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 24 composite effluent sewage samples (500 ml each) were collected, centrifuged (1000 rpm for 30 minutes), and the first supernatant was saved. The precipitate was resuspended in 10 ml of supernatant, treated with 10% chloroform, and centrifuged again (1000 rpm for 5 minutes) to collect a second supernatant. The first and second supernatants were combined, treated with 2.2% sodium chloride and 7% polyethylene glycol 6000, and the mixture was agitated at 4°C overnight before being centrifuged for two hours at 2000 g. After discarding the supernatant, the pellet was resuspended at a 1:100 dilution. Each sample was then inoculated into RD and HeLa cells for virus isolation, followed by detection via RT-PCR. A phylogenetic tree was constructed to determine the genotypes of the isolated enteroviruses. RESULTS: Enterovirus was detected in 10 of 24 (41.7%) sewage effluent samples. Phylogenetic analysis of five randomly chosen positive samples identified echovirus 7. CONCLUSION: The removal of enteroviruses during the sewage treatment process is of paramount importance, necessitating heightened attention to this critical phase of wastewater management.
Evaluation of fosfomycin susceptibility using CLSI vs EUCAST criteria among multi drug resistant uropathogens in a tertiary care Hospital.
Sachu A, David A
Iran J Microbiol · 2026 Feb · PMID 42112286 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are most frequently caused by uropathogenic , which accounts for approximately 80% of the cases. Other causative agents include spp., spp., spp., spp., and ....
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Urinary Tract Infections (UTIs) are most frequently caused by uropathogenic , which accounts for approximately 80% of the cases. Other causative agents include spp., spp., spp., spp., and . The main objectives of the study were to estimate the in vitro antimicrobial activity of fosfomycin against multidrug-resistant uropathogens (MDR) isolated from patients with suspected UTI using CLSI and EUCAST criteria and to describe the antimicrobial susceptibility pattern of uropathogens isolated during the study. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This was a descriptive study in which a total of 900 urine samples were collected from patients presenting with physician-assessed signs and symptoms suggestive of a UTI. Only samples exhibiting significant bacteriuria that were also multidrug-resistant (MDR) were included. Although fosfomycin disk diffusion criteria, according to CLSI and EUCAST, are only validated for , susceptibility among other Gram-negative bacteria was also interpreted using the same criteria. This represents a major limitation of the study. RESULTS: In the study, 251 samples grew multi drug resistant organisms. Only 57% of the Gram-negative isolates were sensitive according to EUCAST guidelines, while 87.6% of all isolates were sensitive by CLSI criteria. Among the 161 carbapenem-resistant isolates, 135 (83.9%) were fosfomycin-susceptible and 18 (11.2%) were resistant according to CLSI. In contrast, by EUCAST criteria, only 40 (24.9%) isolates were fosfomycin-susceptible, and the remaining 121 (75.1%) were resistant. CONCLUSION: Our study showed that using fosfomycin disc diffusion criteria of for other organisms is not ideal; therefore, performing an alternative form of susceptibility testing for non- isolates is recommended. Continuous monitoring of fosfomycin susceptibility is warranted to detect any emerging resistance and to guide its clinical application.
Detection and prevalence of the gene in carbapenem-resistant bloodstream isolates from a tertiary care institute.
Ramakrishnan S, Bashir G, Bali NK … +4 more , Rashid S, Mathew D, Nisar Q, Mir MI
Iran J Microbiol · 2026 Feb · PMID 42112285 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Carbapenem resistance mediated by in has emerged as a major challenge, particularly in intensive care settings with high antibiotic pressure. This compromises therapeutic options and contrib...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Carbapenem resistance mediated by in has emerged as a major challenge, particularly in intensive care settings with high antibiotic pressure. This compromises therapeutic options and contributes to poor clinical outcomes. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of among isolates of from a tertiary care hospital, evaluate the performance of phenotypic tests against PCR-based detection, assess antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and analyze clinical outcomes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this study, over 18 months, 130 non-duplicate isolates were identified, and antimicrobial susceptibility testing was performed by VITEK-2 Compact and broth microdilution for colistin. Imipenem-resistant isolates were subjected to the Combined disc diffusion test (CDDT) and Double disc synergy test (DDST) for metallo-beta-lactamase (MBL), and conventional PCR targeting . Demographic data and outcomes were recorded. RESULTS: Of the 130 isolates, 111 were imipenem-resistant, of which CDDT detected MBLs in 94.6%, and DDST detected MBLs in 76.6%. PCR confirmed in 77.5% and was more commonly associated with cases of sepsis. -positive isolates were resistant to β-lactams, fluoroquinolones and aminoglycosides. No isolate was found to be colistin-resistant. 26.7% of the patients with -positive bacteremia died. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the high prevalence of in isolates. Among the phenotypic tests, CDDT outperformed DDST and showed the best agreement with PCR, supporting its use as a screening method for MBL, but confirmatory PCR remains essential. The restricted treatment options underscore the need for stringent infection control and robust antimicrobial stewardship to curb transmission and preserve last-line agents.
The antimicrobial effects of cord blood-derived platelet gel on nosocomial pathogens.
Hashemi Tayer A, Shokoohi G
Iran J Microbiol · 2026 Feb · PMID 42112284 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Umbilical cord blood-derived platelet gel (CBPG) is rich in growth factors (GFs) and antimicrobial peptides. This study evaluated its in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity against domi...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Umbilical cord blood-derived platelet gel (CBPG) is rich in growth factors (GFs) and antimicrobial peptides. This study evaluated its in vitro antibacterial and antifungal activity against dominant nosocomial pathogens. MATERIALS AND METHODS: In this experimental study, CB samples were taken from 12 healthy pregnant women post-cesarean at Motahari Hospital, Jahrom. Platelet -rich plasma (PRP) was isolated using a two-step centrifugation protocol (soft-spin: 200×g, 10 min; hard spin:1000×g, 15 min, 22°C) and activated with calcium and human thrombin to form PG. Antimicrobial effect of PG was determined against , Methicillin-resistant (MRSA), , , , spp., and spp. using broth microdilution and time-kill assays per CLSI guidelines. RESULTS: PG exhibited strong bacteriostatic activity against MRSA and (MIC 2.2-2.8 × 10 platelets/mL; 1.7-1.8 log reduction at 24 h, p < 0.001), while PRP was moderately active and PPP was ineffective. No significant activity was observed against or (p= 0.2). PG showed sustained fungistatic effects (MIC: 1.9-4.2× 10 platelets/mL up to 72 h). CONCLUSION: CBPG exhibits potent bacteriostatic and fungistatic effects, particularly against MDR Gram-positive bacteria, offering a novel autologous antimicrobial.
Immunological and virological response in HIV-1 infected patients receiving active antiretroviral therapy at a tertiary care center in Northern India.
Agrawal A, Chawla A, Astha … +5 more , Doneria JK, Chauhan N, Gupta A, Tyagi G, Garg P
Iran J Microbiol · 2026 Feb · PMID 42112283 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a major global health challenge, with limited Indian data on factors influencing treatment outcomes. This study assessed immunological and virological...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) remains a major global health challenge, with limited Indian data on factors influencing treatment outcomes. This study assessed immunological and virological responses and survival determinants among treatment-naïve HIV-1-positive adults. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A retrospective observational study was conducted at a tertiary care centre from May 2022 to April 2023. Adults (≥18 years) who initiated first-line ART (TDF + 3TC + DTG) between January 2019 and December 2020 with 24-month follow-up were included. Baseline demographics, CD4 count, viral load, and adherence were analysed using descriptive statistics and logistic regression. RESULTS: Of 452 screened patients, 355 were eligible. Mortality at 6, 12, and 24 months was 22%, 26.8%, and 29.9%, respectively, with overall survival of 70.1%. Baseline CD4 count, viral load, adherence, and ART initiation timing significantly influenced outcomes (p < 0.05). Patients with baseline between 200 to 350 had almost 7 times the odds of survival compared to those with <200 cells/μL. Early ART initiation (≤7 days) improved survival (3-fold) and viral suppression (2.4-fold), while adherence >95% was the strongest predictor of success. Older age and high viral load predicted poorer outcomes. CONCLUSION: Early ART initiation, strict adherence, and favourable baseline markers significantly improved survival and suppression, supporting the "test-and-treat" approach and the UNAIDS 95-95-95 targets.
Detection of the BK virus in urban wastewater inlets into the Karun River.
Bahrami P, Takdastan A, Makvandi M … +3 more , Jorfi S, Baba Ahmadi MK, Neisi A
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Dec · PMID 41510052 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The presence of the BK virus in wastewater indicates pollution, as it is shed in the urine of infected individuals. Over fifty percent of the human population remains asymptomatic for the BK vi...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The presence of the BK virus in wastewater indicates pollution, as it is shed in the urine of infected individuals. Over fifty percent of the human population remains asymptomatic for the BK virus. Reactivation of the BK virus in immunosuppressed individuals can lead to serious health issues, including cystic hemorrhagic, nephritis, and kidney graft rejection. The BK virus is associated with various cancers, such as head and neck, prostate, bladder, and colorectal cancers. The urban wastewater inlets into the Karun River cause the river contamination. This study focused on detecting the BK virus in wastewater inlet in Karun River, Ahvaz city, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Sixty raw wastewater samples were collected from diverse urban sources and concentrated using polyethylene glycol 6000 to isolate BK virus. The BK virus isolates were analyzed for genotypes and the non-coding control region (NCCR). RESULTS: The Nested PCR results indicated that thirty-two out of sixty samples (53.33%) were positive for the BK virus. The phylogenetic analysis revealed the dominance of BK virus genotype Ib2, followed by genotype 4. The BK virus non-coding control region (NCCR) analysis identified an archetype strain. CONCLUSION: The sewage plant treatment should be implemented to remove pathogenic viruses specially BK virus and to curb the circulating of BK virus in human and environment.
Identification of plasmid encoded efflux pump gene in isolates from a renowned hospital, Bangladesh.
Rahman A, Nabonee MA, Dola NZ … +1 more , Shamsuzzaman SM
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Dec · PMID 41510051 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The emergence of plasmid-mediated resistance to quinolones is a growing global threat that complicates the control of multidrug-resistance (MDR) in . This study was conducted to determine the f...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The emergence of plasmid-mediated resistance to quinolones is a growing global threat that complicates the control of multidrug-resistance (MDR) in . This study was conducted to determine the frequency of the gene and its association with antibiotic resistance in isolates from various clinical samples. MATERIALS AND METHODS: To conduct this study, a total of 27 isolates collected from urine, endotracheal aspirates, sputum, blood, and stool samples were identified using standard biochemical tests and culture methods. Their susceptibility to ciprofloxacin was determined via the MIC agar dilution method. Specific primers were used to confirm and detect the gene by PCR. Subsequently, DNA sequencing was performed using a capillary method, and the sequences were compared to similar genes available in GenBank. RESULTS: Among the isolated strains, 77.78% were resistant to ciprofloxacin. Of these resistant isolates, 9.52% were found to harbor the gene. Sequencing and BLAST analysis confirmed a 99% similarity to the strain CD4359 plasmid pCD4359 (GenBank accession number KR259132.1) and revealed a point mutation at position 58. CONCLUSION: This finding highlights the distribution of the gene in clinical isolates, emphasizing the need for continuous molecular surveillance to screen PMQR determinants and to implement effective antimicrobial stewardship strategies.
Estimation of second line anti-tubercular drug susceptibility to in clinical isolates.
Sudersanan H, Ravikumar NM, Mishra B
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Dec · PMID 41510050 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: (TB) is an infectious disease that is among the most common in the world and is a leading cause of high mortality and morbidity. In India, there is very limited data on second line drug suscep...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: (TB) is an infectious disease that is among the most common in the world and is a leading cause of high mortality and morbidity. In India, there is very limited data on second line drug susceptibility testing. The aim of the study was to find out the prevalence of Multi Drug Resistant (MDR) isolates among (MTB) complex strains and to assess the sensitivity pattern to four commonly used 2 line anti-tubercular drugs irrespective of their MDR status. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A 61 culture-positive strains of the tuberculosis complex (smear positive or negative) in Mycobacterium Growth Indicator Tube (MGIT) and Lowenstein Jensen (LJ) from various clinical samples were included. We performed MGIT 1 and 2 line susceptibility testing for tuberculosis. RESULTS: Among the 61 isolates, 12 (19.6%) were multi drug resistant. Capreomycin resistance was observed in 17 (27.8%) isolates, kanamycin resistance in 30 (49.1%), ofloxacin resistance in 5 (8.1%), and ethionamide resistance in 6 (9.8%) isolates. Resistance to kanamycin and ethionamide was more common among patients with multi drug resistant tuberculosis (MDR-TB) than among those with non-MDR-TB. CONCLUSION: The MGIT system has surpassed solid culture and is an excellent method for performing culture and drug sensitivity testing for tuberculosis. However, its use remains limited by economic and logistical challenges. The high prevalence of aminoglycoside resistance suggests the need to preserve these drugs for treating patients with MDR-TB.
A comparative study on proinflammatory cytokines interleukin-17A and interleukin-17F expressions in whole blood of patients with COVID-19.
Rahni Z, Mohebbi SR, Hosseini SM … +6 more , Shoraka S, Nabati K, Saeedi Niasar M, Shahrokh S, Sadeghi A, Zali MR
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Dec · PMID 41510049 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has expanded rapidly to all over the world. Interleukin-17 is one of the inflammatory c...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), due to severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), has expanded rapidly to all over the world. Interleukin-17 is one of the inflammatory cytokines which is highly expressed in the blood of individuals with COVID-19. Our aim in the present survey was to assess the mRNA expression levels of cytokine IL-17A, IL-17F and TNF-α in the blood of COVID-19 patients compared with healthy control individuals. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 69 patients including 32 mild patients, 20 severe and 17 asymptomatic patients in comparison with 25 healthy controls were evaluated. To measure the expression profile of IL-17A and IL-17F in whole blood, quantitative PCR was used. RESULTS: Asymptomatic, mild, and severe SARS-CoV-2 infections were found to have significantly higher levels of IL-17A and IL-17F mRNAs than the healthy group (fold change IL-17A: 3.778; p= 0.002, 4.003; p= 0.001, 2.608; p= 0.0001 respectively, fold change IL-17F: 2.967; p= 0.003, 3.819; p= 0.001, 2.617; p= 0.0012 respectively). TNF-α mRNA expression was also measured, which shows an approximately similar increase compared to IL-17 (fold change: 2.726; p= 0.002, 2.383; P= 0.001, 2.631; p= 0.001, respectively). CONCLUSION: SARS-CoV-2 infection severity was associated with blood levels of IL-17A and IL-17F mRNA.
Molecular identification and diagnostic challenges of fungemia in a neonate - first report from Pakistan.
Farooq H, Nizamuddin S, Qazi R … +2 more , Malik N, Sultan F
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Dec · PMID 41510048 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: is an uncommon opportunistic yeast increasingly recognized as a cause of invasive infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals and neonates. We report the first case of fungemia...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: is an uncommon opportunistic yeast increasingly recognized as a cause of invasive infections, particularly in immunocompromised individuals and neonates. We report the first case of fungemia in a neonate from Pakistan, highlighting the diagnostic challenges posed by its close resemblance to more common species. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A one-month-old female neonate with suspected fungal sepsis yielded a yeast isolate. Initial identification was performed using API 20C AUX, followed by colony morphology assessment on Sabouraud Dextrose Agar. Molecular investigations included PCR amplification of the ITS1-5.8S rRNA-ITS2 region, restriction fragment length polymorphism (RFLP) with , and definitive Sanger sequencing. Antifungal susceptibility testing was conducted using standard methods. RESULTS: The isolate was initially misidentified as by API 20C AUX. Colony characteristics suggested an unusual yeast, prompting molecular analysis. PCR produced a ~400 bp amplicon, and RFLP yielded an undigested band, initially suggestive of or . Sanger sequencing confirmed the organism as with 99.8% identity. Antifungal testing showed low minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) for echinocandins and azoles, while fluconazole demonstrated a higher MIC. CONCLUSION: This case emphasizes the limitations of conventional methods in identifying rare fungal pathogens, the critical role of molecular confirmation, and the importance of antifungal stewardship in guiding treatment. Reporting such cases contributes to global awareness, surveillance, and improved management of emerging yeast infections.
Human milk as a source of next-generation probiotics: quantifying and microbial contamination risks in donor milk.
Taheri S, Khomeiri M, Shirzad Aski H … +3 more , Bahador Ghoddusi H, Jafari SM, Allah Ghaemi E
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Dec · PMID 41510047 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Human milk provides nutrients, prebiotics, and probiotics that support infants' physical and mental growth. Human milk microbiota, as a potential source of probiotics and an indicator of the sa...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Human milk provides nutrients, prebiotics, and probiotics that support infants' physical and mental growth. Human milk microbiota, as a potential source of probiotics and an indicator of the safety of donor milk, is of great importance. , a core member of next-generation probiotics (NGPs), with the ability to degrade human milk oligosaccharides (HMOs), may be present in human milk. This study was carried out to assess the total bacterial count and presence of in raw freshly expressed mothers' milk and pasteurized donor milk from human milk banks (HMBs). MATERIALS AND METHODS: 15 raw and 20 pasteurized milk samples were collected and analyzed using a real-time PCR technique with specific primers for and universal 16S rRNA bacterial primers. RESULTS: Results showed that the average total bacterial count was 4.95 log CFU/ml, which is lower than the normal range reported for human milk. Samples with bacterial count over the standard range were related to the HMBs. Prevalence of in human milk was 35% and was higher in raw milk samples than in pasteurized samples. CONCLUSION: In conclusion, raw human milk can serve as a potential source for isolation as a candidate for NGPs.
Comparative analysis of gut microbiota composition in the fecal samples from type 2 diabetes mellitus patients and healthy individuals: a case control study.
Saiedi E, Shapouri R, Haghi F … +1 more , Zeighami H
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Dec · PMID 41510046 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels are the hallmarks of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), a chronic metabolic condition. Emerging research suggests that gut microbiota may play...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Insulin resistance and elevated blood glucose levels are the hallmarks of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM), a chronic metabolic condition. Emerging research suggests that gut microbiota may play a causal role in T2DM. This study compares T2DM patients' gut microbiota to healthy controls, focusing on , , , , Bacteroidetes, and Firmicutes. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This case-control research involved 50 T2DM patients and 50 healthy controls, aged 39-75. Quantitative real-time PCR (qPCR) employing 16S rRNA gene primers was used to detect and quantify bacterial diversity in fecal samples. Statistical analyses were performed to compare the microbiota composition between groups. RESULTS: The gut microbiome of patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus differed significantly from that of healthy controls. In T2DM patients, spp. and the Firmicutes phylum had higher relative fold differences, while had lower abundance. No substantial alterations were seen in spp., , or Bacteroidetes. T2DM patients had more spp. and Firmicutes and less in their gut microbiome. CONCLUSION: While gut microbiota is linked to T2DM, this study analyzes the bacterial composition to identify taxa that change significantly. Further research is essential to unravel the complex relationships between gut microbiota and T2DM pathogenesis, particularly through species-level analysis and genomic studies to identify the primary associated clades.
Preliminary investigation of changes in pathogen presence in the vaginal microbiome in association with age.
Maneesha S, Arman B, Kirti D … +7 more , Preethi B, Rinku C, Teenus J, Raman K, Raja S, Anmol K, Minal BT
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Dec · PMID 41510045 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The vaginal microbiome represents a dynamic ecosystem that undergoes significant transformations throughout a woman's lifespan, influenced by hormonal fluctuations and physiological changes. In...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The vaginal microbiome represents a dynamic ecosystem that undergoes significant transformations throughout a woman's lifespan, influenced by hormonal fluctuations and physiological changes. Interpreting pathogen distribution and developing suitable therapeutic care techniques for women's reproductive health depends on an understanding of these age-related patterns. This study aims to thoroughly describe age-related changes in the makeup of the vaginal microbiome and the distribution of pathogenic species. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Vaginal swab samples were collected from 29 subjects, categorized into different age groups (A: 15-30 years, B: 31-40 years, C: 41-50 years, and D: 51-60 years old females). Microbiome DNA was extracted from the collected vaginal swabs and shotgun next generation sequencing was performed. Post-sequencing, data was analysed using in-house pipeline followed by statistical analysis using R programming. RESULTS: The results showed that microbial diversity varied significantly with age. Group C displayed the most severe pathogenic burden; Group A had the highest overall species diversity with 350 bacterial species. Group D displayed the greatest overall relative abundance levels of microorganisms, primarily due to dominance. CONCLUSION: This study shows that the composition of the vaginal microbiome changes fundamentally over the course of a woman's life, with each stage bringing with it its own set of microbial signatures, pathogenic risks, and therapeutic prospects.
Core genome expansion in across marine provinces reveals genomic footprint for long-term marine adaptation.
Sarkar J
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Dec · PMID 41510044 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Actinobacteria are ubiquitous across diverse environmental niches. strains within this phylum are widely distributed in both marine and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. Marine environments ar...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Actinobacteria are ubiquitous across diverse environmental niches. strains within this phylum are widely distributed in both marine and terrestrial ecosystems worldwide. Marine environments are defined by distinct physicochemical properties-high salinity, alkaline pH, fluctuating O levels, and dynamic nutrient availability-which set them apart from terrestrial habitats. The broad ecological range of strains raises questions about genome-encoded metabolic features that have evolved to adapt in marine environments. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Genomics of strains from various marine provinces was analyzed, focusing on core genome and pan-genome structure. RESULTS: Core genome and pan-genome derived phylograms reveal a distinct polyphyletic origin of marine strains, as evidenced by their phylogenetic proximity despite diverse species affiliations. Only 1.16% of gene clusters from the total nonredundant gene repertoire were part of the core genome. Core genome size is shaped by geographical distribution. Notably, when strains from localized regions are analyzed, the core genome expands, indicating specialized functional requirements of additional genes within that environment. In marine isolates, the core genome includes genes involved in nutrient uptake, osmoregulation, and resistance to sediment genotoxicity. Additionally, a marine province-specific core genome analysis reveals genomic adaptations essential for acclimatization across different environments, regardless of species-level taxonomy. CONCLUSION: Microbial genome evolution is shaped by ecological niche differentiation. The emergence and spread of habitats driven by tectonic plate movements may contribute to province-specific genomic divergence in . This hypothesis merits further investigation, particularly as genomic data from deeper, geologically stable environments such as marine sediments become more accessible.
Evaluation of -derived outer membrane vesicles on the expression of inflammatory cytokines.
Mohammadbeigi M, Peymani A, Bolori S … +8 more , Sotoudeh S, Samimi R, Bakhtiari A, Shegefti S, Bakht M, Badri M, Javadi A, Nikkhahi F
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Dec · PMID 41510043 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: infection has been increasingly linked to extra-gastric diseases. Outer membrane vesicles are a key virulence factor of . This study investigates the influence of -derived outer membrane vesic...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: infection has been increasingly linked to extra-gastric diseases. Outer membrane vesicles are a key virulence factor of . This study investigates the influence of -derived outer membrane vesicles on inflammatory marker expression in human hepatoma cells (HepG2). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Outer membrane vesicles were isolated through ultracentrifugation and characterized using dynamic light scattering technique (DLS) and a Field Emission Scanning Electron Microscope (FE-SEM). Protein concentrations were measured via the Bradford assay. HepG2 cells treated with outer membrane vesicles were analyzed for IL-6, TNF-α, TLR-4, TGF-β, and PPAR-γ mRNA expression by RT-qPCR. Cell viability was assessed through an MTT assay. The prevalence of virulence-associated genes (, , and ) was determined by PCR. RESULTS: The results showed a high prevalence of (91.7%), (75%), and (66.7%). FE-SEM and DLS analyses confirmed the presence of bleb-shaped nanovesicles ranging in size from 50 to 450 nm. -derived outer membrane vesicles significantly upregulated the expression of pro-inflammatory markers (TLR-4, PPAR-γ, TNF-α, and IL-6), while downregulating TGF-β expression. CONCLUSION: These findings underscore the potential role of nanoparticles in driving inflammatory responses and influencing host cell signaling, which may play a key role in liver-related pathologies.
Association of inflammatory scoring tools with spirometry indices in COVID-19 patients: a single center cohort study.
Farrokhpour M, Safarnezhad Tameshkel F, Kalaki NS … +4 more , Asghari Marzidareh A, Anoushirvani A, Rahimian N, Karbalaie Niya MH
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Dec · PMID 41510042 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patients with COVID-19 have spirometry parameters linked to various biological markers, including CRP, NLR, MPV, RDW, and APACHE II score. The objective of this study was to investigate the ass...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Patients with COVID-19 have spirometry parameters linked to various biological markers, including CRP, NLR, MPV, RDW, and APACHE II score. The objective of this study was to investigate the association of inflammatory scoring tools with spirometry indices in a three-month follow-up of COVID-19 patients. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Spirometry records of 369 COVID-19 cases with complications were analyzed at baseline and three months after discharge. Generalized linear models and logistic regression analysis were performed to compare the variables using SPSS version 25 software. RESULTS: The baseline NLR was 3.20 (95% CI: 2.96, 3.43); PCT was 0.26 (95% CI: 0.25, 0.27); and MPV was 7.23 (95% CI: 7.10, 7.35). We found that the effects of NLR, CRP, and APACHE II score on the respiratory indices FEV1 and FEV1/FVC three months after discharge had an inverse relationship. Patients with asthma had significantly lower FEV1 and FEV1/FVC values, and the level of FVC did not have any significant difference between people with asthma and COPD patients. CONCLUSION: CRP, NLR, and APACHE II score are among the main factors that are directly related to respiratory indices and they are considered to be appropriate indicators of prognosis for these conditions in COVID-19 patients.
The occurrences of strains with multi-drug resistance profiles and virulence genes from poultry slaughterhouse waste in Abidjan (côte d'ivoire).
Monique AA, Bernadette GG, Romuald KC … +5 more , Daniel KK, Aboubakar S, Albert YK, Solange KN, Germain K
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Dec · PMID 41510041 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Poultry production generates huge quantities of waste, mainly from slaughterhouses, which can be major reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms. is of particular concern due to its ability to a...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Poultry production generates huge quantities of waste, mainly from slaughterhouses, which can be major reservoirs of pathogenic microorganisms. is of particular concern due to its ability to acquire antibiotic resistance and virulence factors. This study aimed to characterise contamination in poultry slaughterhouse waste from ten municipalities in the district of Abidjan (Côte d'Ivoire). MATERIALS AND METHODS: strains were isolated from poultry slaughterhouse waste and identified using morphological and biochemical methods. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed by the disk diffusion method, and virulence genes, including and , were detected using a duplex PCR assay. RESULTS: Between January and April 2023, waste samples were collected, and strains were isolated and identified. Of 90 isolates, high resistance rates were observed against β-lactams (88.88%), aminoglycosides (77%), and fluoroquinolones (88.87%). MDR was detected in 11.11% of isolates, while 20% produced ESBL. The and genes were detected in 14.47 and 6.57% of isolates, respectively. CONCLUSION: These results highlight significant antimicrobial resistance and virulence potential in from poultry slaughterhouse waste, underscoring the need to improve management strategies.
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