Iranian Journal Of Microbiology[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Phenotypic and genotypic analysis of hypermucoviscous (hmkp) strain.
Ali H, Jabir DM, Falih Z … +1 more , Najm S
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Oct · PMID 41234646 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hypermucoviscous exhibits distinct phenotypic and genetic characteristics that distinguish it from the classic pathogen. The aim of current study was to investigate some phenotypic and geneti...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Hypermucoviscous exhibits distinct phenotypic and genetic characteristics that distinguish it from the classic pathogen. The aim of current study was to investigate some phenotypic and genetic markers used for hmKp identification. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Seventy-one isolates were obtained from the respiratory care unit in Al-Diwanyiah Teaching Hospital \Diwanyah, Iraq, from the first of November 2024 to the first of March 2025. The bacteria were identified, and antibiotic sensitivity testing was performed using VITEK 2 ID-GN and AST cards. Hypermucoviscosity was assessed using the string test, and an investigation into several adherence and virulence genes was conducted for all isolates. Then, multi-locus sequence typing was performed for hypermucoviscous isolates. RESULTS: 3 (4.22%) of 71 isolates were hypermucoviscous. The virulence and adherence genes were present in 100% of the isolates, whereas was only found in hypermucoviscous isolates. The results showed that the hmKp isolates were members of clonal group 147 (CG147) and were assigned to sequence type (ST) 293. CONCLUSION: The string test is the primary phenotypical diagnosis for hmKp, while the genetically encoded gene is the most reliable genetic marker for hmKp identification. However, MLST is not beneficial for identification. The central positioning of ST392 within the MST highlights its potential role as an emerging high-risk clone.
Molecular characterization of multidrug-resistant isolates from pregnant women with recurrent urinary tract infection in Erbil city, Iraq.
Hameed Mustafa A
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Oct · PMID 41234645 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in pregnancy and can cause maternal and fetal complications. is a significant pathogen in recurrent UTIs due to its virulence factors. This study inv...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common in pregnancy and can cause maternal and fetal complications. is a significant pathogen in recurrent UTIs due to its virulence factors. This study investigated the virulence genes and antibiotic resistance patterns of isolates from pregnant women with UTIs in Erbil, Iraq. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study (September 2024-January 2025) included 120 urine specimens from pregnant women (15-44 years) with UTI symptoms. Bacterial identification was performed using culture, biochemical tests, as well as the Vitek 2 system. Virulence genes were detected by PCR, and antimicrobial susceptibility was assessed by standard methods. RESULTS: Of the 120 samples, 103 (85.8%) showed bacterial growth; 8 (6.7%) were positive for , while 95 (79.1%) yielded other bacteria. The most affected age group was 25-34 years (52.5%), predominantly in the second trimester (42.5%) and urban residents (60.8%). Antimicrobial resistance was significant to ampicillin, trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole, amoxicillin/clavulanic acid, and cephalosporins, although susceptibility was observed with several antibiotics. All isolates harbored the gene, and 75% possessed the virulence gene. CONCLUSION: Multidrug-resistant with key virulence genes was detected in pregnant women with UTIs. Regular screening and resistance monitoring are essential for effective management.
Nano-based mouthwash containing white basil essential oil a potent alternative for oral hygiene.
Phuoc Vinh N, Giang Bac NV, Du Thien N … +2 more , Dinh Minh DT, Trung DT
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Oct · PMID 41234644 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: White basil ( L. Lamiaceae) essential oil exhibits potent antibacterial effects but its aqueous insolubility and high volatility restrict its applications. This study aimed to develop a nanodis...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: White basil ( L. Lamiaceae) essential oil exhibits potent antibacterial effects but its aqueous insolubility and high volatility restrict its applications. This study aimed to develop a nanodispersed mouthwash containing white basil essential oil, optimizing of surfactant/co-surfactant type and ratio, assess its physicochemical stability and antibacterial efficacy against ATCC 25175. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Formulations combining white basil essential oil, Tween-80, isopropanol, Labrasol and water were prepared. Particle size, zeta potential, and pH were measured. Stability was evaluated under accelerated (40°C, 75% RH) and stressed (60°C, 75% RH) conditions over three months. Antimicrobial efficacy was assessed via minimum bactericidal concentration (MBC) after 30-second exposure. RESULTS: Characterization of the optimized formulation revealed an average particle size of 128 nm, neutral zeta potential, pH 3.42. Stability testing demonstrated thermodynamic resistance under all storage conditions for three months without phase separation or significant size change. The MBC against was 0.4% w/v essential oil following 30 seconds of exposure. A corresponding mouthwash with 0.4% w/v essential oil demonstrated equivalent bactericidal activity. CONCLUSION: Nanodispersion offers a promising strategy for white basil essential oil in mouthwash formulations. The developed formulation shows favorable stability and rapid bactericidal action, supporting further evaluation for clinical and commercial development.
Shifting etiological agents of dermatophytosis: a molecular epidemiological study from Iran.
Eshkaleti MN, Hashemi SJ, Khodavaisy S … +5 more , Daie Ghazvini R, Ahmadikia K, Foroshani AR, Ahmadi A, Ghasemi N
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Oct · PMID 41234643 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Dermatophytosis is a significant worldwide health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Tinea unguium (TU) and Tinea capitis (TC) are among the most prevalent clinical mani...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Dermatophytosis is a significant worldwide health concern, particularly in tropical and subtropical regions. Tinea unguium (TU) and Tinea capitis (TC) are among the most prevalent clinical manifestations of dermatophytosis caused by several dermatophyte fungi. This study investigated the molecular epidemiology and distribution of dermatophytes causing TU and TC in Tehran, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: From March 2023 to March 2024, a clinical mycology center in Tehran received 342 suspected cases of TU and TC. The diagnostic methods included the conventional and molecular methods by sequencing the ITS region of ribosomal DNA. RESULTS: Overall prevalence of dermatophytosis was 59/342 (17.2%) among suspected patients by direct examination. TU and TC were diagnosed in 31/59 (53%) and 28/59 (47%), respectively. The final prevalence among suspected patients was 43/342 (12.5%) by PCR-sequencing, and TC accounted for the largest group of them, 25/43 (58%). Females represented the largest group of suspected TU cases (204/303, 67%; mean age: 57 years), while males predominated among TC patients (28/39, 74%; mean age: 10 years). PCR-sequencing revealed was the most common agent of TC, 22/25 (88%), and emerged as a notable cause of TU in 5/18 (28%) of confirmed cases. CONCLUSION: In our study, remained the predominant cause of TC, while emerged as a significant cause of TU. Agreement between conventional and molecular methods was substantial (κ=0.73, 95% CI: 0.61-0.85), with 81.8% misidentification of the complex but complete accuracy for and .
Investigation of the virulence, antibiotic resistance, and enterotoxin genes of methicillin-resistant (MRSA) isolated from nugget and salad samples.
Dehkordi NV, Rahimi E
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Oct · PMID 41234642 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) is a significant cause of illness from consuming contaminated food. MRSA is mainly known for its ability to develop resistance to antibiotics including methicillin...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Methicillin-resistant (MRSA) is a significant cause of illness from consuming contaminated food. MRSA is mainly known for its ability to develop resistance to antibiotics including methicillin. This research examined the antimicrobial resistance pattern, enterotoxigenic dispensation, virulence factors, and biotyping for MRSA isolates. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Susceptibility of isolates to 13 types of antibiotics were assessed, and the genes associated with the resistance were investigated. Disk diffusion was used to identify the phenotypic tenet of antibiotic resistance. PCR is instrumental in detecting genes that confer resistance to antibiotics, virulence and enterotoxin genes. RESULTS: were found in 167 out of 363 nugget and salad samples, representing 46% of the total sample count. Seventy-eight isolates (46.71%) were identified as MRSA bacteria. Its prevalence in different sources was as follows: 10% in bovine, 0% in ovine, 30% in poultry, and 56% in humans. MRSA displays high prevalence of resistance to cefotaxime and tetracycline (100%). was the most prevalent virulence factor (100%) in MRSA. CONCLUSION: Distribution of antibiotic resistance genes in MRSA, highlights a serious health issue, as the presence of different antibiotic resistance genes exacerbates multidrug resistance in MRSA isolates.
Investigation of the antifungal activity of panobinostat, tamoxifen, and miltefosine alone and in combination with some conventional antifungal drugs against fluconazole-resistant species.
Amirzadeh-Ghasemi F, Ghazvini RD, Khodavaisy S … +6 more , Hashemi SJ, Ahmadi A, Ardi P, Abastabar M, Roostaei D, Rafat Z
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Oct · PMID 41234641 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The increasing incidence of antifungal-resistant infections, particularly among cancer patients, emphasizes the urgency of exploring alternative therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to ass...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The increasing incidence of antifungal-resistant infections, particularly among cancer patients, emphasizes the urgency of exploring alternative therapeutic strategies. This study aimed to assess the in vitro antifungal efficacy of three anticancer agents-tamoxifen, panobinostat, and miltefosine-both individually and in combination with the antifungals fluconazole and itraconazole, against fluconazole-resistant strains. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 21 clinical isolates ( and ) were evaluated. Antifungal susceptibility testing was conducted following the microdilution protocol outlined by CLSI. RESULTS: The combination of panobinostat with fluconazole exhibited full synergistic activity against and Conversely, antagonistic effects were observed with and while displayed an indifferent response. Panobinostat paired with itraconazole showed synergy exclusively against . Similarly, miltefosine combined with itraconazole demonstrated synergism with , but no interaction was found with fluconazole. Tamoxifen in conjunction with itraconazole revealed a synergistic response against , antagonism with , and indifference with other species. CONCLUSION: Certain combinations of antifungals and anticancer agents could potentiate antifungal activity against resistant isolates. Therefore, precise species-level identification is vital for tailoring effective combination therapies, particularly in immunocompromised individuals.
SARS-CoV-2 mRNA vaccine candidate encoding RBD chimera of Delta and Omicron variants: immunogenic potential and validation.
Shahsavandi S, Soleimani S, Tebyanian M … +6 more , Ali Hariri A, Mohammadi A, Mirakabadi AZ, Noofeli M, Sharifnia Z, Ranjbar MM
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Oct · PMID 41234640 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants has presented a challenging issue for global health in the 21 century. Frequent mutations in viral genomes...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The emergence of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) variants has presented a challenging issue for global health in the 21 century. Frequent mutations in viral genomes have diminished the effectiveness of current vaccines against new variants. Messenger RNA (mRNA) vaccine is a promising platform for eliciting a robust T cell immune response. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the uptake of mRNA-LNPs into human monocyte-derived dendritic cells by measuring the intensity of enhanced eGFP expression in the transfected cells. Next, we assessed the effect of mRNA-LNPs on immune response induction in mice following a prime-boost immunization strategy, along with analyzing cytokine release. The safety of the vaccine candidate was examined through pyrogenicity and toxicity assays. RESULTS: Upon intramuscular injection of mice, potent antibodies specific to viral S protein, robust Th1-biased cell-mediated immunity, and enhanced IFN-γ expression were induced. These observations indicate that mRNA-LNP was taken up and that it migrated to the lymph nodes. Furthermore, the vaccine candidate did not cause inflammation or local reactions after injection, as confirmed by biochemical, hematological, and histopathological examinations. CONCLUSION: Because of its ability to target immune cells, the mRNA vaccine candidate can potentially improve immune responses against circulating or emerging variants.
Assessing the beneficial effect of MS1 and YN1 on colitis in a rat model.
Varzeghan MH, Zarrini G, Sheikhzadeh Hesari F … +1 more , Modarressi MH
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Oct · PMID 41234639 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Probiotics are effective in improving inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study assessed the effect of mesalazine and two candidate probiotics on the improvement of acetic acid (AA)-induced...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Probiotics are effective in improving inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). This study assessed the effect of mesalazine and two candidate probiotics on the improvement of acetic acid (AA)-induced colitis model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: MS1and YN1 were used for IBD model in rat. Twenty-five male Wistar rats weighing 250 ± 50 grams were used in 5 classified groups: Control (CO); Colitis (CL); Colitis, Probiotic (CLP); Colitis, Mesalazine (CLM); Colitis, Probiotic, Mesalazine (CLPM) and the treatment period was 3 weeks. The rats were treated with mesalazine 30 mg/kg and probiotic 10 CFU/ml after induction of colitis. Histopathological and immunological analyses were performed to evaluate the effects of probiotic bacteria on IBD. RESULTS: The results showed that the probiotic bacteria reduced inflammation (P<0.05), extent (P<0.01), crypt abscesses (P<0.01), edema (P<0.05), inflammatory cell infiltration (P<0.5), and increased mucosa (P<0.001) in rats. Mesalazine administration in animals with colitis did not have a significant effect. Administration of probiotics in both CLP and CLPM groups reduced extent, crypt abscesses, edema, and inflammatory cell infiltration and showed an important role in the down-regulation of consolidation of pro-inflammatory factors (TNFα, IL-6, and IL-17), as well as up-regulation of anti-inflammatory factors such as IL-10. CONCLUSION: MS1 and YN1 have shown significant potential in alleviating AA-induced colitis symptoms. Their administration leads to a marked reduction in pro-inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-α, IL-17, and IL-6, while enhancing IL-10 levels, indicating their promise as therapeutic candidates for inflammatory bowel disease (IBD).
Serological diagnosis of human brucellosis in Morocco and prospects for advanced diagnostic techniques.
Qasmaoui A, Natoubi S, Bougharouine M … +5 more , Ohmani F, Halout K, Hamamouchi J, Belkadi B, Charof R
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Oct · PMID 41234638 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Brucellosis, a contagious infection caused by spp, remains the most widely reported bacterial zoonosis globally. Since the clinical manifestations are often non-specific, reliable laboratory c...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Brucellosis, a contagious infection caused by spp, remains the most widely reported bacterial zoonosis globally. Since the clinical manifestations are often non-specific, reliable laboratory confirmation, in accordance with World Health Organization recommendations, is essential. This study reports human brucellosis cases between 2017 and 2025 based on serological confirmation; it also discusses approaches to improve diagnostic accuracy for better surveillance, timely treatment, and support public health strategies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 95 serum samples were obtained from patients presenting with clinical manifestations suggestive of brucellosis. Initial screening was performed using the Rose Bengal test, and positive or equivocal samples were further analyzed by Enzyme-Linked Immunosorbent Assay to detect both IgG and IgM antibodies for serological confirmation. RESULTS: Among the 95 patients investigated, the Rose Bengal test yielded positive results in 69.5% of cases. Serological confirmation by ELISA demonstrated IgM seropositivity in 57.9% of patients and IgG seropositivity in 55.8%. The diagnostic performance of ELISA showed a sensitivity of 83.3% for IgM detection and 80.3% for IgG detection. Regarding patient demographics, the mean age was 37.9 ± 16.4 years, with a slight male predominance (54.7%). CONCLUSION: The study reveals a considerable proportion of brucellosis-positive cases, confirming the value of serological testing in endemic regions such as Morocco. Nonetheless, serology should be complemented with advanced diagnostic methods, including PCR to improve both the accuracy and timeliness of diagnosis. These findings support the adoption of integrated diagnostic approaches and the reinforcement of laboratory capacity in high-risk areas.
Comparative molecular detection of spp. and in the oral cavity of cats and dogs with periodontal disease and healthy individuals.
Jamshidi S, Mozafari M, Machiani MK … +1 more , Bashizade M
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Oct · PMID 41234637 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: and are gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family. While species are well-known for their role in gastric disorders, emerging evidence suggests their presence in the oral cavity and po...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: and are gram-negative bacteria belonging to the family. While species are well-known for their role in gastric disorders, emerging evidence suggests their presence in the oral cavity and potential involvement in periodontal diseases. MATERIALS AND METHODS: and species were investigated in 122 saliva and periodontal plaque samples from dogs and cats by DNA extraction, PCR amplification, and 16S rDNA gene identification. RESULTS: Comparing the periodontitis group and the healthy group, a higher incidence of positive and species was shown in both dog and cat groups. 16S rDNA genes of were detected in 60% of the cats and 67.7% of the dogs. Detection of 16S rDNA genes of the group in felines was 78.3% which was higher than in canines (67.7%). (35%) was the most common species detected in cats, contrary to dogs, in which (30%) detection was higher (in both groups). was not detected in either group. CONCLUSION: Comparing the occurrence of and in the mouths of dogs and cats, their association with periodontal disease, and the possibility of a common source of infections between humans and companion animals is of great importance for the management of oral health in animals and humans.
Distribution of MBL and serine-β-lactamase-producing pathogens in ventilator-associated pneumonia: insights into MDR and XDR strains.
Hussain Z, Naim A, Fatima A … +3 more , Karim A, Uddin F, Shams S
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Oct · PMID 41234636 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a serious ICU challenge. This study determined the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility profil...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Ventilator-associated pneumonia (VAP) caused by carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative bacteria is a serious ICU challenge. This study determined the prevalence, antimicrobial susceptibility profiles, and phenotypic carbapenemase resistance mechanisms of Gram-negative isolates from VAP patients in two tertiary hospitals in Karachi, Pakistan. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We included 104 consecutive cases of VAP (July 2021-January 2023). A total of 67 carbapenem-resistant Gram-negative isolates were identified and tested. Antibiotic susceptibility was assessed by disk diffusion and broth micro dilution, according to CLSI and EUCAST guidelines. Modified and enhanced carbapenem inactivation methods (mCIM/eCIM) were used to distinguish metallo-β-lactamase (MBL) and serine carbapenemase production. RESULTS: The mean age was 44.6 ± 18.3 years; 52.2% were male. Early-onset VAP accounted for 37.3% and late-onset for 62.7%. The most frequent pathogens were (49.3%, 33/67) and (20.9%, 14/67). Notably, 67% of isolates produced MBLs, and 33% produced serine carbapenemases (phenotypically). The prevalence of multidrug-resistant (MDR), extensively drug-resistant (XDR), and pan drug-resistant (PDR) phenotypes was 42.6%, 31.3%, and 19.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: VAP in our ICUs was dominated by and with high levels of MBL-mediated resistance. These findings highlight the urgent need for surveillance, stewardship, and new therapeutic options.
Implementation of hazard analysis and critical control points (HACCP) for microbial safety of enteral feeding solutions at Imam Khomeini Hospital, Urmia, Iran.
Yousefi M, Koorehpaz K, Bagheri M … +3 more , Sharifi Y, Rahimirad A, Roosta Y
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Aug · PMID 40785728 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Enteral feeding solutions (gavage) play a vital role in supporting ICU patients who cannot eat by mouth. However, their preparation is vulnerable to microbial contamination, posing serious heal...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Enteral feeding solutions (gavage) play a vital role in supporting ICU patients who cannot eat by mouth. However, their preparation is vulnerable to microbial contamination, posing serious health risks. This study aimed to assess and improve the microbial safety of enteral feeding solutions prepared at Imam Khomeini Hospital in Urmia, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A three-phase intervention was conducted involving microbial and PCR analyses, source identification, and corrective measures. Initial testing revealed high contamination levels: coliform bacteria (>5×10 CFU/mL), fungi (>3×10 CFU/mL), and total mesophilic bacteria (>10 CFU/mL). PCR analysis confirmed the absence of and spp. Corrective actions-such as installing UV lighting, implementing enhanced cleaning protocols, and replacing the mixing device-were introduced. RESULTS: Post-intervention analyses showed complete elimination of detectable microbial contamination in the gavage solutions. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates that implementing a HACCP-based approach can effectively eliminate microbial contamination in enteral feeding solutions. The findings support the development of national guidelines and highlight the importance of standardized safety practices to improve patient care in hospital settings.
Molecular identification and phylogenetic analysis of yeast strains isolated from dairy products in Isfahan, Iran.
Mohammadi R, Safari F, Sami M … +2 more , Falahati H, Keshavarzpour Z
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Aug · PMID 40785727 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Yeasts play a dual role in dairy processing, serving as beneficial fermentative agents that enhance product quality through flavor, texture, and probiotic properties, while also posing spoilage...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Yeasts play a dual role in dairy processing, serving as beneficial fermentative agents that enhance product quality through flavor, texture, and probiotic properties, while also posing spoilage risks if uncontrolled. This study aimed to characterize yeast isolates from industrial and traditional dairy products in Isfahan using PCR-sequencing and phylogenetic analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 155 dairy samples (fresh/stored, traditional/industrial) were collected. Yeasts were cultured and identified via PCR amplification and sequencing of the ITS1-5.8S rDNA-ITS2 region. RESULTS: Analysis of ITS sequence data identified 28 yeast strains representing eleven species across seven genera, including (n=8) (n=6), (n=4), s (n=2), (n=2), (n=1), (n=1), (n=1), (n=1), (n=1), and (n=1). Phylogenetic analysis grouped isolates into two clusters. Industrial cheese and both industrial/traditional yogurts showed the highest yeast diversity and counts. Notably, was found only in industrial milk and cheese, suggesting potential processing-related contamination. CONCLUSION: This study highlights the diversity of yeast microbiota in dairy products and underscores the efficacy of ITS sequencing for accurate yeast identification in the dairy industry, aiding quality control and spoilage prevention.
A comparative study on diagnostic accuracy of rapid card test, IgM ELISA and real time-PCR in detecting scrub typhus infection: a cross-sectional study from tertiary care hospital.
Ramalingam G, Muthukumar A, Aridass D … +2 more , Subramani K, Ganesan ST
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Aug · PMID 40785726 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Scrub typhus, caused by , is a significant zoonotic illness in the Asia-Pacific region. Timely diagnosis is crucial, but overlapping symptoms and limitations of traditional diagnostic methods p...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Scrub typhus, caused by , is a significant zoonotic illness in the Asia-Pacific region. Timely diagnosis is crucial, but overlapping symptoms and limitations of traditional diagnostic methods pose challenges. This study evaluates the diagnostic accuracy and utility of IgM ELISA, RT-PCR, and Rapid Card test for Scrub typhus, focusing on sensitivity, specificity, and practical applicability in endemic regions. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted on 192 patients with suspected Scrub typhus at a tertiary care hospital from June to November 2024. Diagnostic tests included Rapid Card, IgM ELISA, and RT-PCR. Sensitivity, specificity, positive predictive value (PPV), negative predictive value (NPV), and accuracy were calculated, along with clinical and demographic data. RESULTS: IgM ELISA had the highest sensitivity (96.30%) and specificity (100%), followed by Rapid Card (sensitivity: 93.55%, specificity: 99.38%) and RT-PCR (sensitivity: 92.86%, specificity: 99.44%). Common symptoms included fever (99.4%) and headache (95.8%). Positive cases were mostly males (56.7%-64.3%) and individuals aged 21-40 years. CONCLUSION: IgM ELISA shows high sensitivity and specificity for Scrub typhus, while RT-PCR aids early detection. The Rapid Card offers a quick field alternative. Combining molecular and serological methods can enhance diagnostic accuracy.
The prevalence of pediatric nosocomial fungal infections.
Badiee P, Jafarian H
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Aug · PMID 40785725 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify the incidence of nosocomial fungal infections in pediatric patients and evaluate the etiological agents, risk factors, and sites of infections. MATERIALS A...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: The aim of this study was to identify the incidence of nosocomial fungal infections in pediatric patients and evaluate the etiological agents, risk factors, and sites of infections. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Clinical samples were cultured to assess fungal colonization. When fungal nosocomial infections were suspected according to the European Organization for Research and Treatment of Cancer criteria, clinical samples were evaluated using direct microscopic, culture, and molecular methods. Susceptibility patterns of the isolates were evaluated according to the Clinical and Laboratory Standard Institute. RESULTS: From the 1450 patients, 190 cases (5.5%) were evaluated for nosocomial fungal infections. colonization was observed in 35 (18.4%) patients. The rate of nosocomial fungal infections in pediatrics was 2.69% (12 cases with proven and 27 cases with probable infections, 39/1450). Bloodstream and lungs were the frequent infected sites of patients' body. species ( and ), species () and Mucorales were the etiologic agents of infections. Caspofungin and luliconazole were effective antifungal agents for isolated fungi. The rate of mortality in infected patients suffering from proven and probable infections was 15.4% (6/39 cases). CONCLUSION: Due to the high mortality rates of fungal infections in pediatrics, it is essential to identify modifiable risk factors, and implement control measures along with early detection techniques in pediatric populations.
Exploring novel amides as efflux pump inhibitors for overcoming antibiotic resistance in multidrug-resistant .
Ullah F, Ali M, Niaz F … +7 more , Khan IA, Khan SW, Khan M, Ishaq R, Manan A, Yu Y, Ilyas M
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Aug · PMID 40785724 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: , a multidrug-resistant bacterium, represents a considerable risk in healthcare environments owing to its capacity to induce various infections. The resistance of is frequently linked to efflu...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: , a multidrug-resistant bacterium, represents a considerable risk in healthcare environments owing to its capacity to induce various infections. The resistance of is frequently linked to efflux pumps that actively remove antibiotics from the bacterial cell. This study investigates novel amide compounds as potential alternatives to address isolates exhibiting multidrug resistance mediated by efflux pumps. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Gram staining and biochemical assays revealed thirty-three multi-drug-resistant isolates from a tertiary care hospital Peshawar. After antibiotic susceptibility testing, efflux pumps were detected using Ethidium Bromide (EtBr) agar cartwheel technique and UV transilluminator. Novel amides were tested for efflux pump and anti-pseudomonal action against efflux pump-positive isolates utilizing agar well diffusion and micro broth dilution, including synergy with ciprofloxacin and gentamicin. RESULTS: Three high efflux pump activity isolates were chosen using ETBr agar cartwheel technique. Novel amides (ITC, ITD, ITE, DEP) block efflux pump, although TEM-cu is very antimicrobial. TEM-cu, DEP, ITC, and ITE have 0.19, 0.78, and 0.78 mg/ml MICs. Effectiveness against efflux pump-expressing is lowest with ITE (1.56 mg/ml). Together with ciprofloxacin and gentamicin, TEM-cu and DEP improved antimicrobial effectiveness. CONCLUSION: TEM-cu is highly effective against efflux pump-positive , while amides like ITC, ITD, ITE, and DEP block these pumps. With significant reductions, DEP and TEM-cu improve ciprofloxacin and gentamicin efficacy. This method may help overcome efflux pump-mediated resistance.
A review on fungal surgical site infections: epidemiology, risk factors, main fungal agents, and prevention.
Shirani K, Seifi A, Assadi A … +2 more , Mortazavi A, SeyedAlinaghi S
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Aug · PMID 40785723 · Full text
Fungal surgical site infections (SSIs) may be less common than bacterial SSIs but are a significant clinical issue due to their challenging diagnosis, higher morbidity, and rising incidence, particularly in immunocomprom...
Fungal surgical site infections (SSIs) may be less common than bacterial SSIs but are a significant clinical issue due to their challenging diagnosis, higher morbidity, and rising incidence, particularly in immunocompromised patients. The epidemiology, risk factors, prevalent fungal pathogens, and prevention of SSIs caused by fungi are discussed in this narrative review. Systematic literature search for the period 2000 to 2024 was conducted on top databases using relevant MeSH keywords. The most frequent solitary pathogens were spp., followed by and spp., especially in transplant, cardiac, and GI infections. The greatest challenge is extended length of hospital stay, broad-spectrum antibiotics, immunosuppression, and invasive interventions with prosthetic device or shunts. While it creates added burden, fungal SSIs go unnoticed by clinical practice and are rarely included in SSI prevention strategies. The review declares the significance of enhanced clinical vigilance and tailored antifungal prophylaxis in high-risk exposure surgical procedures. The review, based on the integration of existing information, provides clinicians and infection control practitioners with a framework of fungal SSIs so that they can be better equipped to assess risk, detect infection sooner, and focus prevention efforts.
Investigation of virulence factors and genes associated with biofilm and protease in isolates in Bushehr, Iran.
Shadvar N, Yousefi F, Barazesh A … +1 more , Tajbakhsh S
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Aug · PMID 40785722 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the virulence factors and genes associated with biofilm and protease in in Bushehr, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-seven isolates (67 clinical and 20 envi...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to investigate the virulence factors and genes associated with biofilm and protease in in Bushehr, Iran. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-seven isolates (67 clinical and 20 environmental isolates) were studied. The isolates were assessed for the production of virulence factors including several enzymes and biofilm. To detect 868 bp, 1621 bp, and genes, PCR and sequencing were performed. RESULTS: All isolates (100%) produced DNase, hemolysin, protease, lipase, and hyaluronidase. Seventy-eight (89.7%) isolates were gelatinase producers, and 85 (97.7%) isolates were lecithinase producers. All isolates were biofilm producers: 79 (90.8%) isolates produced strong biofilm, 5 (5.7%) isolates produced moderate biofilm, and 3 (3.5%) isolates produced weak biofilm. The frequency of and was 93.1%, 86.2%, 26.4%, and 59.8%, respectively. The frequency of protease genes including 868 bp, 1621 bp, and was 12.6%, 41.4%, and 18.4%, respectively. CONCLUSION: Our findings revealed a high frequency of isolates that produce DNase, hemolysin, protease, gelatinase, lipase, lecithinase, hyaluronidase, and biofilm. All isolates that harbored or or both genes were strong biofilm producers. Notably, the presence of isolates that lacked and genes but produced strong biofilm indicates that in addition to these two genes, other genes or factors may play a role in the production of strong biofilm. Based on this research, in our area possesses the capability to produce several factors that could play roles in pathogenicity.
Cytomegalovirus infection in patients attending a tertiary care hospital - single center experience.
Fomda BA, Aman M, Wani S … +5 more , Haq IU, Qadri U, Altaf I, Imtiyaz S, Bhat NA
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Aug · PMID 40785721 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Human cytomegalovirus infection poses an important public health issue. This issue in India has not received enough attention. The majority of research workers have highlighted the seroprevalen...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Human cytomegalovirus infection poses an important public health issue. This issue in India has not received enough attention. The majority of research workers have highlighted the seroprevalence of human cytomegalovirus. Hence this study was conducted to find out true magnitude of human cytomegalovirus disease. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Samples from 181 patients with suspected human cytomegalovirus disease were analyzed for human cytomegalovirus. DNA extraction was followed by real-time PCR. Human cytomegalovirus DNA-specific probes, fluorophore FAM™ and fluorophore JOE™ were utilized to detect human cytomegalovirus specific DNA and internal control at the same time. After completion of the assay, fluorescent growth curves were examined, and the response growth curves passing the threshold line in less than 36 cycles were deemed to be positive. All relevant clinical, demographic, and epidemiological information of the patients was also recorded. RESULTS: The most common clinical presentation was meningitis/meningoencephalitis. Out of the total samples, human cytomegalovirus infection was detected in 21% of the samples. Most positive samples were from infants (18.2%), followed by post-renal transplant cases (2.7%). Human cytomegalovirus was detected in urine samples (17.1%) followed by serum (3.8%). Four out of the 14 CSF samples were tested for other viruses as well, and they were positive for EBV (n=1, 7%), enterovirus (n=2, 14%), and varicella zoster virus (n=1, 7%). CONCLUSION: PCR has a significant role in the detection of human cytomegalovirus disease at an early stage to avoid irreversible sequelae of late diagnosis.
Pattern and trend of bacterial resistance in neonatal sepsis in infants admitted to the neonatal intensive care unit, from 2016 to 2021.
Naddaf A, Ansari Nasab M, Shariat M … +5 more , Sadeghi-Moghaddam P, Salarvand S, Omidi Z, Kosari NS, Sahebi L
Iran J Microbiol · 2025 Aug · PMID 40785720 · Full text
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neonatal septicemia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Understanding the patterns of antibiotic resistance and pathogen prevalence is cr...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: Neonatal septicemia is a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in neonatal intensive care units (NICUs). Understanding the patterns of antibiotic resistance and pathogen prevalence is crucial for effective treatment. MATERIALS AND METHODS: This cross-sectional study was conducted from 2016 to 2022 in the NICU of Vali-Asr Hospital in Tehran. All neonates diagnosed with septicemia were included. Data were collected using the hospital's registry system. RESULTS: A total of 477 infants were hospitalized with sepsis, with 71.7% classified as early-onset sepsis (EOS) and 28.3% as late-onset sepsis (LOS). The most common pathogens were coagulase-negative (22.1%), (14.9%), and (14.3%). The highest antibiotic resistance was observed for erythromycin (89.8%), clindamycin (80.6%), gentamicin (66.1%), and ciprofloxacin (63.5%), while vancomycin showed the lowest resistance (11.2%). Significant associations were found between antibiotic resistance with low birth weight and chest tube intervention. Trends in antibiotic resistance varied over the study period, with a notable decrease in resistance in 2021. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the high prevalence of antibiotic resistance in neonatal sepsis, emphasizing the need for continuous monitoring and tailored antibiotic stewardship programs. The findings underscore the importance of individualized treatment approaches to improve outcomes for neonates with sepsis.
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