Cognitive Neuropsychiatry[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Exploring the sociodemographic, clinical and neuropsychological factors associated with relational memory in schizophrenia.
Sousa AE, Ryan JD, Lepage M
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2023 Jan · PMID 36464633 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The Transverse Patterning (TP) task has been used to measure episodic relational memory (RM) deficits in clinical populations. Individuals with schizophrenia often fail to learn TP with standard, and someti...
INTRODUCTION: The Transverse Patterning (TP) task has been used to measure episodic relational memory (RM) deficits in clinical populations. Individuals with schizophrenia often fail to learn TP with standard, and sometimes extensive training. Identifying the differences between TP learners and non-learners can improve our understanding of successful TP performance and its underlying mechanisms, which may help improve interventions aimed at ameliorating RM performance. We investigated sociodemographic, clinical and neuropsychological factors associated with TP performance in schizophrenia. METHODS: Sixty-six participants with schizophrenia completed a semantically rich and a relational-binding dependent version of the TP task and reported on their task awareness and strategy use. RESULTS: Twenty-six participants failed to learn the task rules after extensive training. Learners had superior verbal, visual and working memory, executive functions and overall cognitive functioning compared to non-learners. Learners also had superior awareness of task rules and pairs relationships and used elaborated cognitive strategies more often. CONCLUSIONS: Our results support previous findings that some individuals with schizophrenia show RM impairment even with extensive TP training. We shed light on neuropsychological and metacognitive factors associated with TP performance. This knowledge could enhance interventions targeted to improve relational memory in schizophrenia when extensive training fails.
Executive functions in migraine patients: a systematic review with meta-analysis.
Kaiser Pinotti L, Castro ADS, de Oliveira Garcia GH … +5 more , Alvim PHP, Roza TH, Andrade FA, Kowacs PA, Massuda R
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2023 Jan · PMID 36420996 · Publisher ↗
Migraine, a common neurological disease, is known to impact the quality of life of individuals with this condition. We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to investigate the abnormalities associated with exe...
Migraine, a common neurological disease, is known to impact the quality of life of individuals with this condition. We performed a systematic review with meta-analysis to investigate the abnormalities associated with executive functions of migraineurs as compared with healthy controls. In addition, we investigated the differences between patients with and without aura. A total of 25 studies were included in the systematic review and 19 in the meta-analysis. Meta-analysis was conducted using random effects models, with the unit of analysis as the standardised mean difference (calculated as Hedges'g). Patients with migraine had worse performance in the trail making test A (g = 0.40; 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.05-0.74; = 0.0271) and B (g = 0.40; 95% CI 0.16-0.64; = 0.0026), and digit span backward test (g = -0.20; 95% CI - 0.31, - 0.09; = 0.0105). Subgroup analysis revealed no difference between migraine with and without aura. These results suggest that migraine patients may present worse performance for specific executive functional domains, including attention, working memory, and mental flexibility.
A comparative study of theory of mind in taxon-like clusters of psychometric schizotypes and individuals at genetic risk for schizophrenia.
Alfimova M, Plakunova V, Kaleda V … +2 more , Lezheiko T, Golimbet V
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2023 Jan · PMID 36382910 · Publisher ↗
Clinical and family studies suggest that alterations of theory of mind (ToM) represent a marker of genetic liability to schizophrenia. Findings regarding ToM in schizotypy are less consistent. The study aimed to explore...
Clinical and family studies suggest that alterations of theory of mind (ToM) represent a marker of genetic liability to schizophrenia. Findings regarding ToM in schizotypy are less consistent. The study aimed to explore whether this might be due to an insufficient account of the heterogeneity of schizotypy in prior research and/or the fact that in psychometric schizotypy ToM alterations could manifest as subtle peculiarities rather than overt errors of mentalising. Individuals without a family history of psychosis ( = 150) were assigned to low, positive, negative, and high mixed schizotypy classes based on a cluster analysis of 1322 subjects who completed the Schizotypal Personality Questionnaire. The classes were compared on their performance of faux pas tasks with 77 adult first-degree relatives of schizophrenia patients, who represent individuals at genetic risk for schizophrenia. Besides overt errors, subtle alterations in ToM were analysed using expert judgment. The relatives tended to make overt errors and demonstrated specific features of intentional reasoning. None of the schizotypal classes showed similar trends. The results complement the literature on the subjective-objective disjunction in psychometric schizotypes and did not provide evidence that ToM anomalies are a marker of genetic liability to schizophrenia in this cohort.
A five-year follow-up of the verbal memory performance of individuals with bipolar disorder and schizophrenia: evidence of unchanging deficits under treatment.
Martins DS, Hasse-Sousa M, Reckziegel RFX … +6 more , Lapa CO, Petry-Perin C, Britto MJ, Remus IB, Gama CS, Czepielewski LS
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2023 Jan · PMID 36254742 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are chronic and heterogeneous mental disorders that present cognitive and functional impairments. Verbal memory is considered an important predictor of functioning...
OBJECTIVE: Bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia (SZ) are chronic and heterogeneous mental disorders that present cognitive and functional impairments. Verbal memory is considered an important predictor of functioning and a domain vulnerable to the aging process. However, only few studies investigate the progression of memory longitudinally in BD and SZ, especially in lower- and middle-income countries. Therefore, we aim to evaluate the course of verbal memory in individuals with BD and SZ. METHODS: We assessed 31 individuals with BD and 27 individuals with SZ under treatment at outpatient clinics at baseline and after five years. They were assessed through a sociodemographic questionnaire, memory and estimated IQ (eIQ) instruments, and clinical scales. RESULTS: Individuals with SZ showed worse verbal memory performance in comparison to BD, however, we did not observe changes over time within patient groups. Individuals with BD with higher eIQ showed a better verbal memory performance, while no effect of eIQ was found for subjects with SZ. CONCLUSION: Patients with SZ and BD showed different levels of verbal memory impairment, although they had similar unchanging trajectories after 5 years under psychiatric treatment. This finding indicates a relative stable cognitive course for both disorders.
Examining associations between social anhedonia and convergent thinking using the Remote Associates Test.
Spann DJ, Straub KT, Hua JPY … +2 more , Pellegrini AM, Kerns JG
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Nov · PMID 36166749 · Publisher ↗
Social anhedonia (SocAnh) predicts increased risk of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, with evidence that these disorders are associated with increased creativity. However, it is still largely unknown whether SocAnh is a...
Social anhedonia (SocAnh) predicts increased risk of schizophrenia-spectrum disorders, with evidence that these disorders are associated with increased creativity. However, it is still largely unknown whether SocAnh is associated with one central aspect of creative thinking, convergent thinking. In two studies, college students with either extreme levels of SocAnh ( = 44 and = 70) or controls with an average level of SocAnh ( = 111 and = 100) completed a convergent thinking task, the Remote Associates Test, and also completed measures of current affect. In the second study, participants also completed a divergent thinking task. In both studies, the SocAnh group had better performance than controls on the convergent thinking task. Further, this group difference remained after removing shared variance with current affect. In Study 2, groups did not differ on divergent thinking. Overall, consistent with research linking schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and creativity, the current research suggests that SocAnh is associated with increases in some aspects of creativity.
Cultural adaptation and validation of the Arabic version of the multidimensional cognitive attentional syndrome scale (MCASS).
Helmy M, Alenezi AF, Ashraf F … +8 more , Thomas K, Fekih-Romdhane F, Aldoseri R, Alhaj O, Souraya S, Bragazzi N, Jahrami H, Bardeen J
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2023 Jan · PMID 36148500 · Publisher ↗
The cognitive attentional syndrome (CAS) is a core concept within metacognitive theory. The premise of the CAS is related to metacognition, however its role in psychopathology is distinct. Due to the complex nature of th...
The cognitive attentional syndrome (CAS) is a core concept within metacognitive theory. The premise of the CAS is related to metacognition, however its role in psychopathology is distinct. Due to the complex nature of the CAS, a theoretically driven and psychometrically sound self-report measure of the CAS for the Arabic population is yet to be developed. We translated the Multidimensional Cognitive Attentional Syndrome Scale (MCASS) into the Arabic language and tested its structural validity. The MCASS was translated according to the standard guidelines of forward-translation followed by backward-translation. In Study 1, the MCASS was administered to a larger sample ( = 1027), selected from 22 Arabic-speaking countries in the Arab League countries, and exploratory factor analysis (EFA) was used to examine the factor structure of the measure. Those who participated in Study 1 were excluded from participating in Study 2. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used in Study 2 ( = 567) to assess the latent factor structure of MCASS, which supported a six-factor model. Results support multidimensional assessment of the CAS using the MCASS, and demonstrate suitability for use in Arab speaking samples. Implications of this study and recommendations for use of the Arabic version of MCASS are discussed.
Cotard delusion, emotional experience and depersonalisation.
Davies M, Coltheart M
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Nov · PMID 36112925 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Cotard delusion-the delusional belief "I am dead"-is named after the French psychiatrist who first described it: Jules Cotard. Ramachandran and Blakeslee proposed that the idea "I am dead" comes to mind whe...
INTRODUCTION: Cotard delusion-the delusional belief "I am dead"-is named after the French psychiatrist who first described it: Jules Cotard. Ramachandran and Blakeslee proposed that the idea "I am dead" comes to mind when a neuropathological condition has resulted in complete abolition of emotional responsivity to the world. The idea would arise as a putative explanation: if "I am dead" were true, there would be no emotional responsivity to the world. METHODS: We scrutinised the literature on people who expressed the delusional belief "I am dead", looking for data on whether such patients are reported as entirely lacking in emotional responsivity. RESULTS: In numerous cases, patients with Cotard delusion are described as experiencing emotions including anxiety, fear, guilt, distress, euphoria and worry. CONCLUSIONS: We conclude that complete absence of emotional responsivity cannot be what prompts the delusional idea that one is dead. We propose that, in at least some cases, the idea "I am dead" comes to mind in response to symptoms of depersonalisation or derealisation, often present in cases of Cotard delusion, and give examples of Cotard patients with abnormalities in various neural areas that could be responsible for the presence of such symptoms.
Attention-deficit/hyperactivity disorder persistence from childhood into young adult age: a 10-year longitudinal study.
Skogli EW, Orm S, Fossum IN … +2 more , Andersen PN, Øie MG
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Nov · PMID 36102071 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to estimate ADHD persistence in a European clinical sample of children diagnosed with ADHD and followed prospectively for 10 years into young adulthood. METHODS: We assessed 85 chi...
INTRODUCTION: The aim of this study was to estimate ADHD persistence in a European clinical sample of children diagnosed with ADHD and followed prospectively for 10 years into young adulthood. METHODS: We assessed 85 children with ADHD at baseline (= 11.6, SD = 2.1, 54% male) and re-assessed 59 at 10-year follow-up (= 21.4, SD = 2.3, 54% male). ADHD symptoms at baseline were assessed with a semi-structured clinical interview (Kiddie-Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia/Present and lifetime version) and parent rating scales (ADHD Rating Scale IV, Child Behavior Checklist). ADHD symptoms at 10-year follow-up were assessed with a semi-structured clinical interview (MINI-Plus) and self-report scales (ADHD Self-Report Scale version 1.1 screener, Adult Self Report). Functional impairment at 10-year follow-up was assessed with the Global Assessment of Functioning scale. RESULTS: At 10-year follow-up, 39% met ADHD symptom thresholds based on clinical evaluation using MINI-Plus or the ADHD Self-Report Scale version 1.1 screener or the Adult Self Report together with clinicians' rating of functional impairment. CONCLUSION: ADHD persistence rates in this European clinical sample match previous estimates and indicate that a significant proportion of those diagnosed with ADHD as children still exhibit clinical levels of ADHD symptoms in adulthood.
Mediating role for metacognitive processes in the relationship between schizotypy and anxiety and depression symptoms.
Webster L, Norman C, Jones G … +1 more , Marriott M
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Nov · PMID 35975632 · Publisher ↗
Depression and anxiety symptoms are highly prevalent in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and are commonly associated with schizotypy in non-clinical samples. However, it remains unclear what factors could be contributing...
Depression and anxiety symptoms are highly prevalent in schizophrenia-spectrum disorders and are commonly associated with schizotypy in non-clinical samples. However, it remains unclear what factors could be contributing to the relationships between schizotypy and anxiety and depression symptoms. Using path analysis, we explored the complex interplay between schizotypy, metacognitive beliefs, cognitive insight, and symptoms of emotional distress. Self-report data of schizotypy, metacognitive beliefs, cognitive insight, depression, and anxiety symptoms were collected from 344 participants from a predominantly student sample. Path analysis confirmed unique associations between schizotypy dimensions, metacognitive beliefs, and cognitive insight. Furthermore, negative beliefs about worry mediated the link between the schizotypy dimensions, unusual experiences, cognitive disorganisation, and introvertive anhedonia and both depression and anxiety symptoms. Lack of cognitive confidence also mediated the relationship between cognitive disorganisation and depression symptoms. Finally, the cognitive insight subcomponent self-reflectiveness mediated the relationship between unusual experiences and cognitive disorganisation and anxiety. This study significantly furthers our understanding of the complex relationship between schizotypy, metacognitive processes, and emotional distress. Our findings also provide support for interventions which modify metacognitive beliefs and self-reflectiveness, which may prove beneficial for treatment in clinical settings.
Subjective cognitive functioning, depressive symptoms, and objective cognitive functioning in people with treatment-resistant psychosis.
Zumrawi D, Glazier BL, Leonova O … +6 more , Menon M, Procyshyn R, White R, Stowe R, Honer WG, Torres IJ
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Nov · PMID 35930314 · Publisher ↗
Relationships between subjective cognitive functioning (SCF), objective cognitive functioning (OCF), and depressive symptoms are poorly understood in treatment-resistant psychosis (TRP). This study (a) compares SCF in TR...
Relationships between subjective cognitive functioning (SCF), objective cognitive functioning (OCF), and depressive symptoms are poorly understood in treatment-resistant psychosis (TRP). This study (a) compares SCF in TRP using positively and negatively worded scales, (b) assess these scales' accuracy, and (c) explores the association between these scales and depressive symptoms. We hypothesised that both SCF scales would be highly correlated, minimally associated with OCF, and similarly associated with depressive symptoms. Archival clinical data from 52 TRP inpatients was utilised. OCF composite scores were derived from a broad neuropsychological battery. SCF was assessed using the norm-referenced PROMIS 2.0 Cognitive Abilities (positively worded) and Concerns (negatively worded) subscales. A depressive symptom score was derived from the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale. SCF ratings were higher in patients than OCF. There was a small but significant correlation between PROMIS subscales ( = .30). Neither PROMIS subscale was associated with OCF ( = -.11, = .01). Depressive symptoms were correlated with the positively ( = -.29) but not negatively worded scale ( = -.13). Individuals with TRP inaccurately rate their cognitive functioning and tend to overestimate their ability. Positively and negatively worded SCF scales associate variably with depressive symptoms, indicating they may not be used interchangeably in TRP.
Familial aggregation of synaesthesia with autism (but not schizophrenia).
Nugent M, Ward J
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Sep · PMID 35797185 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: This study determines whether there is a familial aggregation between synaesthesia and two neuropsychiatric conditions (autism and schizophrenia). METHOD We examined the prevalence of autism and schizophren...
INTRODUCTION: This study determines whether there is a familial aggregation between synaesthesia and two neuropsychiatric conditions (autism and schizophrenia). METHOD We examined the prevalence of autism and schizophrenia among synaesthetes and non-synaesthetic controls, and among their first-degree relatives. RESULTS: As predicted, autism occurred at elevated levels among synaesthetes and-we document for the first time-amongst their relatives. This was not found for schizophrenia, where a link may be expected, or in a control condition (type 1 diabetes) where we had no a priori reason to assume a link. Synaesthetes, compared to controls, were also more likely to have other synaesthetes in their family. People with three or more types of synaesthesia were more likely (compared to synaesthetes with fewer types) to have synaesthetic relatives and to report autism in themselves. People with two or more types of synaesthesia (compared to synaesthetes with only one type) were more likely to report familial autism. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest a shared genetic predisposition between synaesthesia and autism, and more extreme synaesthetes may tend to hail from more neurodiverse families.
Seeing minds - a signal detection study of agency attribution along the autism-psychosis continuum.
Lisøy RS, Biegler R, Haghish EF … +3 more , Veckenstedt R, Moritz S, Pfuhl G
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Sep · PMID 35579601 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Diametrically aberrant mentalising biases, namely hypermentalising in psychosis and hypomentalising in autism, are postulated by some theoretical models. To test this hypothesis, we measured psychotic-like...
INTRODUCTION: Diametrically aberrant mentalising biases, namely hypermentalising in psychosis and hypomentalising in autism, are postulated by some theoretical models. To test this hypothesis, we measured psychotic-like experiences, autistic traits and mentalising biases in a visual chasing paradigm. METHODS: Participants from the general population (= 300) and psychotic patients (=26) judged the absence or presence of a chase during five-second long displays of seemingly randomly moving dots. Hypermentalising is seeing a chase where there is none, whereas hypomentalising is missing to see a chase. RESULTS: Psychotic-like experiences were associated with hypermentalising. Autistic traits were not associated with hypomentalising, but with a reduced ability to discriminate chasing from non-chasing trials. Given the high correlation ( = .41) between autistic traits and psychotic-like experiences, we controlled for concomitant symptom severity on agency detection. We found that all but those with many autistic and psychotic traits showed hypomentalising, suggesting an additive effect of traits on mentalising. In the second study, we found no hypermentalising in patients with psychosis, who performed also similarly to a matched control group. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that hypermentalising is a cognitive bias restricted to subclinical psychotic-like experiences. There was no support for a diametrically opposite mentalising bias along the autism-psychosis continuum.
The association of momentary sad moods, concurrent productive behaviour, and global functional outcomes: a 30-day ecological momentary assessment study of people with bipolar illness.
Harvey CD, C Moore R, Depp CA … +3 more , Ackerman RA, Pinkham AE, Harvey PD
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Sep · PMID 35499098 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Previous weekly sampling studies found that persistent sad moods are associated with disability in bipolar illness. However, those data were collected retrospectively. We examined the momentary quality of act...
BACKGROUND: Previous weekly sampling studies found that persistent sad moods are associated with disability in bipolar illness. However, those data were collected retrospectively. We examined the momentary quality of activities (productive, unproductive, and passive recreation) in an ecological momentary assessment (EMA) study and related sadness at each survey to quality of momentary activities and overall everyday functioning. METHODS: Participants with bipolar illness ( = 91) were sampled three times per day for 30 days. Each survey queried participants as to where they were, with whom, what they were doing, and their mood state. Activities were characterised according to predetermined criteria and related to momentary sadness. Observer ratings of everyday functioning were related to daily reports of sadness and activities. RESULTS: Sadness was associated with the quality of activities. Momentary reports of unproductive activities were associated with the most sadness ( < .001), followed by passive recreation, and productive activities. Momentary sadness and momentary unproductive activities correlated with observer ratings of competence in work, everyday activities, and social outcomes ( < .001). Using both predictors led to the best model. CONCLUSIONS: This study on the course of sad moods in people with bipolar illness to EMA found that momentary sadness correlatesdwith the quality of concurrent activities and that both sadness and the quality of everyday activities predicted observer ratings of everyday functioning. Although we cannot determine the causal direction, these findings support the hypothesis that momentary sadness leads to reductions in productive activities and impairments in everyday functioning.
What is the Korsakoff syndrome? - a paper in tribute to Prof Alwyn Lishman.
Kopelman MD
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Jul · PMID 35477346 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Alwyn Lishman was interested in how memory research could be applied to clinical psychiatry. After a brief review of his major contributions, this paper will focus on his research on the alcoholic Korsakoff...
INTRODUCTION: Alwyn Lishman was interested in how memory research could be applied to clinical psychiatry. After a brief review of his major contributions, this paper will focus on his research on the alcoholic Korsakoff syndrome. It will consider how his findings relate to contemporary debates, particularly on how the syndrome should be defined, and its relationship to broader alcohol-induced cognitive impairments. METHODS: A review of the contribution of Alwyn Lishman, Robin Jacobson and colleagues to our knowledge of Korsakoff's syndrome, together with a review of the pertinent recent literature. RESULTS: Lishman and colleagues followed earlier authors in defining the Korsakoff syndrome in terms of disproportionate memory impairment, but they also noted a variable degree of IQ, frontal-executive, and timed visuo-spatial impairment in their cases. More recent authors have included such features in their definitions of the syndrome. Lishman also argued for a specific "alcoholic dementia". The present paper argues that recent definitions of the Korsakoff syndrome confound its core and associated features, and also fail to recognise the multifactorial basis of alcohol-related brain damage. CONCLUSIONS: Korsakoff's syndrome is best defined in terms of disproportionate memory impairment, and more widespread cognitive impairment is best encompassed within "alcohol-related brain damage".
Editorial: new directions in hallucination research.
Urwyler P, Begemann M, Bell V
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 · PMID 35403572 · Publisher ↗
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
Towards a neural network hypothesis for functional cognitive disorders: an extension of the Overfitted Brain Hypothesis.
Larner AJ
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Jul · PMID 35306961 · Publisher ↗
Whilst the empirical understanding of functional cognitive disorders (FCD) has advanced in recent years, theoretical and conceptual models have evolved more slowly. Existing frameworks for FCD are based on models of othe...
Whilst the empirical understanding of functional cognitive disorders (FCD) has advanced in recent years, theoretical and conceptual models have evolved more slowly. Existing frameworks for FCD are based on models of other functional neurological disorders or of metacognitive processes and are recognised to lack mechanistic precision. In this article, a novel application to FCD of Hoel's Overfitted Brain Hypothesis of the evolved function of dreaming is attempted. This posits that the empirically observed sleep disturbance in FCD entails impaired dreaming which causes the brain to be overfitted and hence unable to generalise appropriately, producing mismatch between memory expectations and memory performance. This formulation of FCD is based on considerations derived from the study of neural networks and shares commonalities with Bayesian models of functional neurological disorders. Additionally, it has implications for future hypothesis-driven research in FCD and suggests a pragmatic basis for management strategies.
Alwyn Lishman's contribution to the neuropsychiatry of head injury (traumatic brain injury); two key papers.
Raymont V, Fleminger S
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Jul · PMID 35253617 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Alwyn Lishman appreciated that if we are to understand the psychological consequences of cerebral disorder we must study the interaction between organic disease and psychological processes. METHODS: We have...
INTRODUCTION: Alwyn Lishman appreciated that if we are to understand the psychological consequences of cerebral disorder we must study the interaction between organic disease and psychological processes. METHODS: We have reviewed Lishman's two major publications on the neuropsychiatry of head injury, published in 1968 and 1988, and considered their conclusions in the light of current knowledge. RESULTS: In his 1968 paper on the psychiatric sequelae of open head injuries sustained in World War II Lishman demonstrated associations between the type of psychiatric sequelae and the location of the injury. He also found that those with "somatic complaints", such as fatigue or sensitivity to light, showed less evidence of organic injury. In his 1988 paper, he attempted to explain why a mild head injury may be followed by long-lasting symptoms. He suggested that in the absence of complications early, organic, symptoms (physiogenesis) should recover quickly. However, this healthy recovery could be jeopardised by psychological factors (psychogenesis), resulting in long-lasting symptoms. This model of physiogenesis and psychogenesis remains relevant today. CONCLUSIONS: The ideas Lishman developed in these two papers were the basis for his huge contribution to the field of neuropsychiatry, and remain relevant today.
Understanding self-report and neurocognitive assessments of cognitive flexibility in people with and without lifetime anorexia nervosa.
Miles S, Nedeljkovic M, Sumner P … +1 more , Phillipou A
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Sep · PMID 35142252 · Publisher ↗
: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious eating disorder associated with several cognitive difficulties including poor cognitive flexibility (i.e. difficulties in effectively adapting to changes in the environment and/or cha...
: Anorexia nervosa (AN) is a serious eating disorder associated with several cognitive difficulties including poor cognitive flexibility (i.e. difficulties in effectively adapting to changes in the environment and/or changing task demands). AN research has primarily assessed cognitive flexibility using neurocognitive tests, and little is known about the differences or similarities between self-report and neurocognitive assessments of cognitive flexibility. This study investigated the relationship between self-report and neurocognitive assessments of cognitive flexibility in people with no history of an eating disorder ( = 207) and people with a self-reported lifetime diagnosis of AN ( = 19). Participants completed self-report and neurocognitive assessments of cognitive flexibility through an online study. No significant correlations were found between self-report and neurocognitive assessments of cognitive flexibility for either group of the sample, suggesting that these assessments may evaluate different aspects of cognitive flexibility. Further, negative mood and self-reported eating disorder symptoms were found to significantly relate to self-reported cognitive flexibility, but were not associated with performance on neurocognitive tests of cognitive flexibility.: To provide a comprehensive understanding of perceived and objective cognitive flexibility in AN, future research and clinical assessments should include both self-report and neurocognitive assessments.
The fabricated past: intentionally fabricated autobiographical memories in Alzheimer's disease.
El Haj M, Robin F
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Jul · PMID 35125060 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: We investigated intentionally fabricated autobiographical memories in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). METHOD: We invited AD patients and control participants to construct real events as well as fabricated events des...
OBJECTIVE: We investigated intentionally fabricated autobiographical memories in Alzheimer's Disease (AD). METHOD: We invited AD patients and control participants to construct real events as well as fabricated events describing fictitious personal events that occurred in the past. RESULTS: Results demonstrated slower retrieval time for intentionally fabricated memories than for real ones in both AD patients and control participants. The analysis also showed similar vividness for intentionally fabricated memories and real ones in AD patients but lower vividness for intentionally fabricated memories than for real ones in control participants. CONCLUSIONS: The slow retrieval time of intentionally fabricated memories may be attributed to the cognitive effort required to retrieve elements from autobiographical memory and edit them to construct a new memory. We suggest that the vividness of intentionally fabricated memories observed in AD may induce confusion with real memories. In addition to the experimental approach of our study, we offer a theoretical rationale for intentionally fabricated autobiographical memories by situating them in the wider context of different facets of false memories in AD (e.g. confabulations, source monitoring errors).
Eliciting false auditory perceptions using speech frequencies and semantic priming: a signal detection approach.
Laloyaux J, Hirnstein M, Specht K … +2 more , Giersch A, Larøi F
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Jul · PMID 35118930 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Individuals experiencing auditory hallucinations (AH) tend to perceive voices when exposed to random noise. However, the factors driving this tendency remain unclear. The present study examined the interact...
INTRODUCTION: Individuals experiencing auditory hallucinations (AH) tend to perceive voices when exposed to random noise. However, the factors driving this tendency remain unclear. The present study examined the interaction of a top-down (expectations) and bottom-up (type of noise) process to better understand the mechanisms that underlie AH. METHODS: Fifty-two healthy individuals (29 with high proneness and 23 with low proneness to AH) completed a signal detection task, in which they listened to pre-recorded sentences. The last word was either masked by noise or only noise was presented without the word. Two types of noise existed (speech-related versus speech-unrelated frequencies) and words were characterised by either high or low levels of semantic expectation. RESULTS: Participants with high proneness to AH showed a more liberal decision bias (i.e., they were more likely to report having heard a word) and poorer discrimination ability as compared to participants with low proneness to AH - but only when the word was masked by speech-related noises and the level of expectation was high. Further, the more liberal decision bias correlated negatively with the tendency to experience AH. CONCLUSION: This novel paradigm demonstrated an interaction between top-down (level of expectation) and bottom-up (type of noise) processes, supporting current theoretical models of AH.
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