Cognitive Neuropsychiatry[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Negative belief-updating bias for positive daily life events in individuals with schizophrenia and social anhedonia.
Hu HX, Jiang SY, Shan HD … +6 more , Chu MY, Lv QY, Yi ZH, Lui SSY, Cheung EFC, Chan RCK
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Jul · PMID 34895073 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Low-pleasure beliefs are found in both patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and individuals with high social anhedonia (SocAnh), and are associated with anhedonia. However, little is known about the development...
INTRODUCTION: Low-pleasure beliefs are found in both patients with schizophrenia (SZ) and individuals with high social anhedonia (SocAnh), and are associated with anhedonia. However, little is known about the development and maintenance of these low-pleasure beliefs in the clinical and subclinical populations. We investigated whether patients with SZ and individuals with high SocAnh have deficits in updating their beliefs, which may contribute to the understanding of the formation and maintenance of low-pleasure beliefs. METHODS: The Modified Belief Updating Task was administered to assess belief-updating patterns in a clinical sample (36 SZ patients and 30 matched controls) and a subclinical sample (27 individuals with high SocAnh and 30 matched controls). RESULTS: We found that compared with controls, SZ patients updated their beliefs to a greater extent and more frequently when receiving bad news for positive life events, but not for negative life events. Moreover, individuals with high SocAnh also exhibited similar patterns in updating their beliefs for positive life events after controlling depressive symptoms. CONCLUSIONS: Our findings suggest that negative belief-updating patterns for positive events may play an important role in the formation and maintenance of low-pleasure beliefs in patients with SZ and individuals with high SocAnh.
What is Capgras delusion?
Coltheart M, Davies M
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Jan · PMID 34890309 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Capgras delusion is sometimes defined as believing that close relatives have been replaced by strangers. But such replacement beliefs also occur in response to encountering an acquaintance, or the voice of...
INTRODUCTION: Capgras delusion is sometimes defined as believing that close relatives have been replaced by strangers. But such replacement beliefs also occur in response to encountering an acquaintance, or the voice of a familiar person, or a pet, or some personal possession. All five scenarios involve believing something familiar has been replaced by something unfamiliar. METHODS: We evaluate the proposal that these five kinds of delusional belief should count as subtypes of the same delusion. RESULTS: Personally familiar stimuli activate the sympathetic nervous system (SNS) much more strongly than unfamiliar stimuli. In Capgras delusion, this difference is absent, prompting the delusional idea that a familiar person is actually a stranger. We suggest this absence of an effect of familiarity on SNS response will occur in all five scenarios and will prompt the idea that the familiar has been replaced by the unfamiliar. CONCLUSIONS: We propose that: (a) all five scenarios be referred to as subtypes of Capgras delusion; (b) in all five, ideas about replacement are prompted by weakness of SNS responses to familiar stimuli; (c) this is insufficient to generate delusion. For a delusional idea to become a belief, a second factor (impaired hypothesis evaluation) must also be present.
Relationship between neurocognition and theory of mind as a function of symptomatic profile in schizophrenia: results from the national FACE-SZ cohort.
Rambeau S, Del Goleto S, Pignon B … +25 more , Lajnef M, Petrucci J, Szöke A, Fond G, Lançon C, Dorey JM, Rey R, Garbisson A, Capdevielle D, Leignier S, Dubreucq J, Mallet J, Dubertret C, Urbach M, Brunet-Gouet E, Aouizerate B, Misdrahi D, Zinetti-Bertschy A, Clauss J, Llorca PM, Chereau I, Members of the FACE-SZ group, Leboyer M, Roux P, Schürhoff F
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Jan · PMID 34882065 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Deficits in theory of mind (ToM) can vary depending on the predominant schizophrenia symptoms, and though most neurocognitive functions are involved in ToM, all may not be associated with the same symptoms....
INTRODUCTION: Deficits in theory of mind (ToM) can vary depending on the predominant schizophrenia symptoms, and though most neurocognitive functions are involved in ToM, all may not be associated with the same symptoms. With consideration to the relationships between symptoms, neurocognition and ToM, the aim of the present study is to identify the neurocognitive functions influencing ToM capacities according to symptomatic profile. METHODS: The study is based on a sample of 124 adults with schizophrenia from a French national cohort. Patients were divided into two groups according to their scores on the five Wallwork factors of the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale using hierarchical clustering before carrying out multivariable analyses. RESULTS: The "disorganised group" ( = 89) showed high scores on the disorganised factor, and had a ToM associated with , and . The "positive group" ( = 35) showed high scores on the positive and depressive factors, and had a ToM associated with . CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that neurocognitive predictors of ToM in schizophrenia are different according to the predominant clinical dimension, thus refining our knowledge of the relationship between symptoms, neurocognition and ToM, and acknowledging their status as important predictors of patients' functional status.
Thinking about hallucinations: why philosophy matters.
Wilkinson S, Green H, Hare S … +3 more , Houlders J, Humpston C, Alderson-Day B
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 · PMID 34874242 · Full text
Hallucinations research is increasingly incorporating philosophy or the work of philosophically trained individuals. We present three different ways in which this is successfully implemented to the enhancement of knowled...
Hallucinations research is increasingly incorporating philosophy or the work of philosophically trained individuals. We present three different ways in which this is successfully implemented to the enhancement of knowledge and understanding of hallucinations and related phenomena. We review contributions from phenomenology, philosophy of cognitive science, and philosophy of science and psychiatry. We demonstrate that these areas of philosophy make significant contributions to hallucinations research. Phenomenology gives us a sophisticated and critical understanding of the lived experience of hallucinations. Philosophy of cognitive science enables big-picture theorising and synthesis of ideas, as well as a critical engagement with new paradigms. Philosophy of science and psychiatry raises valuable and theoretically informed questions about diagnosis and categorisation. These contributions reflect both the methodological variety within philosophy and its relevance to the hallucinations researcher.
Decision-making, interoceptive awareness and mindful attention awareness in male patients with alcohol use disorder.
Avcu Meriç I, Sönmez MB
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Jan · PMID 34874230 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Decision-making deficits in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) may be partly related to their decreased interoceptive awareness (IA), which is associated with some aspects of mindfulness. METHODS:...
INTRODUCTION: Decision-making deficits in individuals with alcohol use disorder (AUD) may be partly related to their decreased interoceptive awareness (IA), which is associated with some aspects of mindfulness. METHODS: 52 abstinent male inpatients with AUD (current severity: moderate or severe) and 52 healthy male volunteers performed the heart rate tracking task and a computerised version of the Iowa gambling task (IGT). Trait mindfulness was evaluated with the mindful attention awareness scale (MAAS). RESULTS: Heartbeat perception (HBP), MAAS, and IGT scores of patients with AUD were significantly lower than those of healthy controls. The difference between groups with respect to IGT scores did not remain significant after controlling for the covariates, and HBP scores were linked significantly to the subjects' IGT performance. HBP scores significantly predicted IGT scores of both the overall sample and patients. MAAS scores did not correlate significantly with HBP and IGT scores in either the patient or control group. CONCLUSION: It is possible that IA plays a role in decision-making and decreased interoceptive accuracy is a predictor of impaired decision-making in individuals with AUD. More empirical data are needed to develop a better insight into the relationship between IA and multi-dimensional nature of mindfulness.
Increasing motivation in effort-based decision-making tasks: effects of salience and reward expectancy manipulations.
Renz KE, Pillny M, Lincoln TM
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Jan · PMID 34812121 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: A significant proportion of patients with affective and psychotic disorders show a marked reduction in goal-directed behaviour, which is also reflected in the behavioural outcomes of effort-based decision-mak...
BACKGROUND: A significant proportion of patients with affective and psychotic disorders show a marked reduction in goal-directed behaviour, which is also reflected in the behavioural outcomes of effort-based decision-making paradigms. The factors underlying this reduction are not yet fully understood. Reward salience and reward expectancy have been discussed as factors that potentially influence approach behaviour. The aim of this study was thus to test their effects on behaviour in an effort-based decision-making paradigm. METHODS: In two studies with community samples we applied a modified version of the Balloon Task. In study 1, we manipulated reward salience in a within-subject design ( = 32) by highlighting the monetary rewards. In study 2, we manipulated reward expectancy in a between-subject design ( = 72) by adding five practice trials with either positive or negative feedback prior to the task. RESULTS: The salience of rewards manipulation significantly increased effort expenditure and the allocation of effort to the level of rewards whereas the reward expectancy manipulation did not. CONCLUSIONS: The finding that increasing the salience of rewards increases motivated behaviour in an effort-based decision-making paradigm offers promising possibilities for intervention in disorders characterised by motivational deficits, such asaffective and psychotic disorders.
Measurement practices in hallucinations research.
Smailes D, Alderson-Day B, Hazell C … +2 more , Wright A, Moseley P
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 · PMID 34743653 · Full text
In several sub-fields of psychology, there has been a renewed focus on measurement practices. As far as we are aware, this has been absent in hallucinations research. Thus, we investigated (a) cross-study variation in ho...
In several sub-fields of psychology, there has been a renewed focus on measurement practices. As far as we are aware, this has been absent in hallucinations research. Thus, we investigated (a) cross-study variation in how hallucinatory experiences are measured and (b) the reliability of measurements obtained using two tasks that are widely employed in hallucinations research. In Study 1, we investigated to what extent there was variation in how the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale (LSHS) has been used across 100 studies. In Study 2, we investigated the reliability of the measurements obtained through source monitoring and signal detection tasks, using data from four recent publications. Materials/data are available at doi: 10.17605/osf.io/d3gnk/. In Study 1, we found substantial variation in how hallucinatory experiences were assessed using the LSHS and that descriptions of the LSHS were often incomplete in important ways. In Study 2, we reported a range of reliability estimates for the measurements obtained using source monitoring and signal discrimination tasks. Some measurements obtained using source monitoring tasks had unacceptably low levels of reliability. Our findings suggest that suboptimal measurement practices are common in hallucinations research and we suggest steps researchers could take to improve measurement practices.
Unusual experiences and their association with metacognition: investigating ASMR and Tulpamancy.
Palmer-Cooper E, McGuire N, Wright A
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 · PMID 34743647 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Unusual experiences in Tulpamancer and Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) communities are generally positive and sought after, unlike hallucinations and delusions in clinical populations. Metacogniti...
BACKGROUND: Unusual experiences in Tulpamancer and Autonomous Sensory Meridian Response (ASMR) communities are generally positive and sought after, unlike hallucinations and delusions in clinical populations. Metacognition, the ability to reflect on self-referential experiences, may aid sense-making around unusual experiences, reducing distress. This study investigated group differences in hallucination-proneness, delusion-proneness, and metacognition in these communities compared to controls, and whether metacognition predicted unusual experiences. METHODS: 243 participants reporting ASMR, Tulpamancy, or neither, with no history of psychosis, took part in an online observational study. Participants completed the Beck Cognitive Insight Scale, Metacognitions Questionnaire-30, and Brief Core Schema Scales to capture metacognition. A Tulpamancer+ (reporting ASMR) group was identified and included in analyses. ANCOVAs highlighted group differences in hallucination-proneness, with Tulpamancer+ scoring higher, and metacognitive beliefs, with Tulpamancers reporting lower metacognitive belief endorsement. There were no group differences in delusion-proneness, self-reflection, or self-schemas. Stepwise regression demonstrated metacognition does influence unusual experiences in the non-clinical population, and this influence varies across groups. CONCLUSIONS: In non-clinical populations, unusual sensory experiences are not associated with increased metacognitive beliefs, but having multiple unusual experiences is associated with higher hallucination-proneness. Results suggest improving metacognition in clinical groups may help reduce distress related to unusual sensory experiences.
Late-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder as the initial manifestation of possible behavioural variant Alzheimer's disease.
Ruggeri M, Ricci M, Gerace C … +1 more , Blundo C
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Jan · PMID 34713765 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: A late-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) might be a challenging diagnostic issue because of the overlapping with the dementia conditions more related to frontal lobe pathology. We aim to describe an...
INTRODUCTION: A late-onset obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD) might be a challenging diagnostic issue because of the overlapping with the dementia conditions more related to frontal lobe pathology. We aim to describe and investigate how this condition might represent the isolated long-lasting symptomatology of a frontal Alzheimer's disease (AD). METHODS: An elderly woman with normal cognitive status showed a subacute onset of OCD with contamination obsession and washing compulsion. We conducted neuropsychological assessments and neuroimaging examinations at the onset and at 3-years follow-up. RESULTS: At 3-years follow-up, the patient developed cognitive deterioration, frontal behavioural disorders and improvement of OCD. Cognitive assessment showed impairments of executive functions, episodic memory, and constructional apraxia, according to the involvement of fronto-mesial, temporal and parietal regions at neuroimaging. A clinical diagnosis of possible behavioural variant AD was assigned. CONCLUSION: A typical OCD might be the long-lasting initial manifestation of a possible behavioural variant AD due to dysfunctions of the anterior cingulate network.
Arts-based methods for hallucination research.
Melvin K, Rollins CPE, Cromby J … +4 more , Crossley J, Garrison JR, Murray GK, Suckling J
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 · PMID 34708671 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Neurocognitive models of hallucinations posit theories of misattribution and deficits in the monitoring of mental or perceptual phenomena but cannot yet account for the subjective experience of hallucinatio...
INTRODUCTION: Neurocognitive models of hallucinations posit theories of misattribution and deficits in the monitoring of mental or perceptual phenomena but cannot yet account for the subjective experience of hallucinations across individuals and diagnostic categories. Arts-based research methods (ABRM) have potential for advancing research, as art depicts experiences which cognitive neuropsychiatry seeks to explain. METHODS: To examine how incorporating ABRM may advance hallucination research and theories, we explore data on the lived experiences of hallucinations in psychiatric and neurological populations. We present a multiple case study of two empirical ABRM studies, which used participant-generated artwork and artist collaborations alongside interviews. RESULTS: ABRM combined with interviews illustrated that hallucinations were infused with sensory features, characterised by embodiment, and situated within lived circumstances. These findings advance neurocognitive models of hallucinations by nuancing their multimodal nature, illustrating their embodied feelings, and exploring their content and themes. The process of generating artworks aided in disclosing difficult to discuss hallucinations, promoted participant self-reflection, and clarified multimodal details that may have been misconstrued through interview alone. ABRM were relevant and acceptable for participants and researchers. CONCLUSION: ABRM may contribute to the development of neurocognitive models of hallucinations by making hallucination experiences more visible, tangible, and accessible.
Depression and anxiety increase the odds of developing delirium in ICU patients; a prospective observational study.
Arbabi M, Dezhdar Z, Amini B … +2 more , Dehnavi AZ, Ghasemi M
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 Jan · PMID 34676803 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Delirium is prevalent among hospitalised patients, especially in critically ill patients. Preventing delirium by recognising its modifiable risk factors could improve life quality, decrease mortality and rest...
BACKGROUND: Delirium is prevalent among hospitalised patients, especially in critically ill patients. Preventing delirium by recognising its modifiable risk factors could improve life quality, decrease mortality and restrain its devastating consequences. METHOD: We investigated 50 patients who had been hospitalised in the general ICU and monitored them for developing delirium. We employed CAM and CAM-ICU Scales to assess delirium, RASS score to determine the consciousness level, HADS questionnaire for anxiety and depression, and the demographic data questionnaire. RESULTS: We found that 20% of ICU patients developed delirium and found a meaningful correlation between the incident delirium, older ages, visual impairment, and higher anxiety and depression scores (HADS) of first and second days of hospitalisation. By utilising logistic regression, we found that older ages, visual impairment, higher anxiety and depression scores (HADS) of the first day of hospitalisation were statistically significant to predict the risk model of developing delirium. CONCLUSION: Depressive and anxiety symptoms were associated with higher odds of transitioning to delirium; so, at the admission time, it may be useful to screen patients for the symptoms of affective disorders, particularly, who are at higher risks for developing delirium.
The Relational Trip Task, a novel ecological measure of relational memory: data from a schizophrenia sample.
Sousa AE, Pochiet G, Ryan JD … +1 more , Lepage M
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2021 Nov · PMID 34633280 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Relational memory (RM) is severely impaired in schizophrenia. Unitisation can circumvent RM impairments in clinical populations as measured by the transverse-patterning (TP) task, a well-established measure...
INTRODUCTION: Relational memory (RM) is severely impaired in schizophrenia. Unitisation can circumvent RM impairments in clinical populations as measured by the transverse-patterning (TP) task, a well-established measure of RM capacity. We compared memory performance on a new ecological RM measure, the Relational Trip Task (RTT), to that of TP at baseline and examined the effects of a unitisation intervention in RTT performance. RTT involves learning relational information of real-life stimuli, such as the relationship between people and places or objects. METHODS: TP and RTT performances were examined in 45 individuals with schizophrenia. TP-impaired participants ( = 22) were randomised to either the intervention or an active control group. TP and RTT were administered again after unitisation training. Task validity and reliability were assessed. Intervention group's pre- and post-RTT accuracies were compared and contrasted to that in the control group. RESULTS: RTT and TP were moderately correlated. TP non-learners had inferior performance in RTT at baseline. Improvement in RTT performance after unitisation training was observed in the intervention group; no pre-post improvement was observed in the control group. CONCLUSION: RTT has an acceptable criterion validity and excellent alternate-form reliability. Unitisation seemed to be successfully generalized to support associations of real-life stimuli.
The role of prepotent response inhibition and interference control in depression.
Li FF, Chen XL, Zhang YT … +2 more , Li RT, Li X
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2021 Nov · PMID 34617501 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: The ability to suppress inappropriate prepotent response and to overcome the interference of irrelevant information are two important components of inhibitory control. Little is known, however, about the re...
INTRODUCTION: The ability to suppress inappropriate prepotent response and to overcome the interference of irrelevant information are two important components of inhibitory control. Little is known, however, about the relevant contributions in these two components of inhibitory control to depression. The aim of the present study was to assess the prepotent response inhibition and interference control simultaneously in a group of patients diagnosed with major depression disorder (MDD). METHODS: A clinical group of patients with MDD ( = 41) and a control group of healthy volunteers ( = 39) were recruited and assessed using the stop-signal task and the Flanker task respectively. RESULTS: The results showed longer stop-signal reaction time in patients with MDD in the stop-signal task. Regarding the interference control function, the analysis showed the response accuracy under the incongruent condition was significantly lower in patients with MDD than healthy individuals. CONCLUSIONS: In conclusion, patients with MDD showed impairments both in prepotent response inhibition and interference control. The present findings provide a better understanding of the mechanism of depression-related deficits in inhibition and have great implications for the development of cognitive training programmes to remediate cognitive dysfunction in depression.
I want to believe: delusion, motivated reasoning, and Bayesian decision theory.
Rigoli F, Martinelli C, Pezzulo G
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2021 Nov · PMID 34558392 · Publisher ↗
Several arguments suggest that motivated reasoning (occurring when beliefs are not solely shaped by accuracy, but also by other motives such as promoting self-esteem or self-protection) is important in delusions. However...
Several arguments suggest that motivated reasoning (occurring when beliefs are not solely shaped by accuracy, but also by other motives such as promoting self-esteem or self-protection) is important in delusions. However, classical theories of delusion disregard the role of motivated reasoning. Thus, this role remains poorly understood. To explore the role of motivated reasoning in delusions, here we propose a computational model of delusion based on a Bayesian decision framework. This proposes that beliefs are not only evaluated based on their accuracy (as in classical theories), but also based on the cost (in terms of reward and punishment) of rejecting them. The model proposes that, when the values at stake are high (as often it is the case in the context of delusion), a belief might be endorsed because rejecting it is evaluated as too costly, even if the belief is less accurate. This process might contribute to the genesis of delusions. Our account offers an interpretation of how motivated reasoning might shape delusions. This can inspire research on the affective and motivational processes supporting delusions in clinical conditions such as in psychosis, neurological disorders, and delusional disorder.
Impaired test performance yet spared neurocognitive functioning in individuals with obsessive-compulsive disorder: the role of performance mediators.
Moritz S, Xie J, Lion D … +2 more , Penney D, Jelinek L
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2021 Nov · PMID 34431448 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Although most studies report neurocognitive deficits in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), important exceptions exist, highlighting the possible role of mediators (e.g., poor motivation). Th...
INTRODUCTION: Although most studies report neurocognitive deficits in patients with obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD), important exceptions exist, highlighting the possible role of mediators (e.g., poor motivation). This study investigated neurocognitive functioning and potential influences affecting performance in OCD. METHODS: Forty-three participants (13 OCD patients, 30 healthy controls) were assessed using a battery of neurocognitive tests. During the assessment, the examiner completed the Impact on Performance Scale (IPS) which measures variables that may impact neurocognitive performance. RESULTS: Pooled neurocognitive performance was lower in OCD patients versus healthy controls at a moderate effect size. Patients performed more poorly on the IPS, particularly the subscale. Performance differences across the two groups were attenuated to a non-significant small-to-medium effect when the IPS was entered as a covariate. A total of 34% of patients showed scores greater than one standard deviation below the mean compared to 9.63% in healthy individuals. Yet, when a conservative impairment criterion (≥2 standard deviations below the mean) was applied, less than 10% of patients displayed deficits. CONCLUSIONS: Neurocognitive impairment in OCD is likely exaggerated. In addition to considering important mediators researchers should report the percentage of participants displaying performance deficits rather than mean group differences alone; the latter obscures the high percentage of patients without impairment and thus may unduly foster stigma in this population.
The effect of voice content and social context on shame: a simulation and vignette paradigm to evaluate auditory verbal hallucinations.
Bortolon C, Dorahy MJ, Brand R … +3 more , Dondé C, Slovak S, Raffard S
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 · PMID 34353237 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Recent theoretical models and preliminary data suggest that shame is a central emotion in the context of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH or voice-hearing). Nevertheless, all previous studies were correl...
INTRODUCTION: Recent theoretical models and preliminary data suggest that shame is a central emotion in the context of auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH or voice-hearing). Nevertheless, all previous studies were correlational. Thus, the present study sought to explore whether simulated AVH experiences can trigger shame using an experimental design. METHODS: 346 participants from the general population were randomised to one of 6 conditions. They had to read a vignette describing a character who was either in a situation alone or with a close friend. While reading the vignettes, participants also heard either negative or neutral simulated voices or non-voice neutral sounds. Subsequently, participants completed different measures, including shame. RESULTS: Our results showed that both the negative and neutral simulated voice-hearing triggered higher levels of shame, but also other negative emotions when compared to ambient sound, regardless of the social context. Participants in the simulated voice-hearing conditions reported higher levels of maladaptive coping strategies and negative beliefs about voices than in the ambient sound condition. CONCLUSIONS: The simulation of neutral and negative voices trigger similar levels of subjective shame, indicating the effect is not specific to negative voices but rather associated with the experience . Nevertheless, it can also trigger other negative emotions.
Cognition, hallucination severity and hallucination-specific insight in neurodegenerative disorders and eye disease.
Montagnese M, Vignando M, Collerton D … +5 more , Ffytche D, Mosimann UP, Taylor JP, daSilva Morgan K, Urwyler P
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 · PMID 34338592 · Publisher ↗
Hallucinations occur across neurodegenerative disorders, with increasing severity, poorer cognition and impaired hallucination-specific insight associated with worse outcomes and faster disease progression. It remains un...
Hallucinations occur across neurodegenerative disorders, with increasing severity, poorer cognition and impaired hallucination-specific insight associated with worse outcomes and faster disease progression. It remains unclear how changes in cognition, temporal aspects of hallucinations, hallucination-specific insight and distress relate to each other. Extant samples of patients experiencing visual hallucinations were included in the analyses: Parkinson's Disease ( = 103), Parkinson's Disease Dementia ( = 41), Dementia with Lewy Bodies ( = 27) and Eye Disease ( = 113). We explored the relationship between factors of interest with Spearman's correlations and random-effect linear models. Spearman's correlation analyses at the whole-group level showed that higher hallucination-specific insight was related to higher MMSE score ( = 0.39, < 0.001) and less severe hallucinations ( = -0.28, < .01). Linear mixed-models controlling for diagnostic group showed that insight was related to higher MMSE ( < .001), to hallucination severity ( = 0.003), and to VH duration ( = 0.04). Interestingly, insight was linked to the distress component but not the frequency component of severity. No significant relationship was found between MMSE and hallucination severity in these analyses. Our findings highlight the importance of hallucination-specific insight, distress and duration across groups. A better understanding of the role these factors play in VH may help with the development of future therapeutic interventions trans-diagnostically.
The cross-lagged relationship between loneliness, social support, and psychotic-like experiences in young adults.
Tan M, Barkus E, Favelle S
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2021 Nov · PMID 34325614 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Individuals with psychotic disorders often report feelings of loneliness, fewer social contacts and less satisfaction with their social support prior to diagnosis. However, temporal relationships between thes...
BACKGROUND: Individuals with psychotic disorders often report feelings of loneliness, fewer social contacts and less satisfaction with their social support prior to diagnosis. However, temporal relationships between these variables remain unclear. The primary aim of this study was to examine whether subjective and objective social factors predict, or are predicted by, psychotic-like experiences (PLEs) in healthy young adults. METHODS: 196 undergraduates completed baseline and 3-month follow-up assessments for PLEs, loneliness, social support size, and satisfaction. Cross-lagged panel models were conducted to investigate the temporal relationships between these variables. RESULTS: Higher loneliness scores, fewer social contacts, and being less satisfied with social support at both time points were significantly associated with higher endorsement of PLEs. Furthermore, after controlling for baseline levels, cross-lagged analyses revealed that individuals who reported feeling more lonely and having less social support at baseline, predicted higher PLEs three months later but not vice versa. No cross-lagged effect was found between the satisfaction of social support and PLEs. CONCLUSION: The study highlights the significant relationships between loneliness, social support and PLEs. Higher levels of loneliness and smaller social support networks predicted future PLEs. These findings need to be given full consideration in future clinical practice and intervention for young adults with PLEs.
Using 360° immersive videos to assess paranoia in a non-clinical population.
Della Libera C, Quertemont E, Laloyaux J … +2 more , Thonon B, Larøi F
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2021 Sep · PMID 34284703 · Publisher ↗
For the past two decades, virtual reality (VR) has proven to be an innovative approach for the assessment of state paranoia. However, the use of VR remains costly, and avatars are still far from realistic in terms of fac...
For the past two decades, virtual reality (VR) has proven to be an innovative approach for the assessment of state paranoia. However, the use of VR remains costly, and avatars are still far from realistic in terms of facial and bodily expressions. The present study aimed to test the validity of three 360° immersive videos (360IVs) as an accessible and realistic alternative for the assessment of non-clinical state paranoia. Three 360IVs were created (a Lift, a Library and a Bar) and included actors behaving naturally. One hundred and fifty healthy students were assessed in terms of their proneness towards trait paranoia, were then exposed to one of the three 360IVs, and finally completed measures of state paranoia, sense of presence and cybersickness. Results revealed the presence of various interpretations about the actor's attitudes in the three 360IVs. Also, paranoid thoughts were predicted by proneness towards trait paranoia in two out of the three 360IVs. Furthermore, moderate levels of sense of presence and low levels of cybersickness were observed for each 360IV. The present study provides evidence in favour of the use of 360IVs as a new accessible, realistic, and standardised tool to assess state paranoia in non-clinical samples.
The perceived salience of vocal emotions is dampened in non-clinical auditory verbal hallucinations.
Amorim M, Roberto MS, Kotz SA … +1 more , Pinheiro AP
Cogn Neuropsychiatry · 2022 · PMID 34261424 · Publisher ↗
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are a cardinal symptom of schizophrenia but are also reported in the general population without need for psychiatric care. Previous evidence suggests that AVH may reflect an imbalance...
Auditory verbal hallucinations (AVH) are a cardinal symptom of schizophrenia but are also reported in the general population without need for psychiatric care. Previous evidence suggests that AVH may reflect an imbalance of prior expectation and sensory information, and that altered salience processing is characteristic of both psychotic and non-clinical voice hearers. However, it remains to be shown how such an imbalance affects the categorisation of vocal emotions in perceptual ambiguity. Neutral and emotional nonverbal vocalisations were morphed along two continua differing in valence (anger; pleasure), each including 11 morphing steps at intervals of 10%. College students (= 234) differing in AVH proneness (measured with the Launay-Slade Hallucination Scale) evaluated the emotional quality of the vocalisations. Increased AVH proneness was associated with more frequent categorisation of ambiguous vocalisations as 'neutral', irrespective of valence. Similarly, the perceptual boundary for emotional classification was shifted by AVH proneness: participants needed more emotional information to categorise a voice as emotional. These findings suggest that emotional salience in vocalisations is dampened as a function of increased AVH proneness. This could be related to changes in the acoustic representations of emotions or reflect top-down expectations of less salient information in the social environment.
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