Berliner Und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
The first detection of PRRSV in wild boars in Slovakia.
Vilcek S, Molnar L, Vlasakova M … +1 more , Jackova A
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 25876282
PRRSV was confirmed by a nested RT-PCR in two out of 129 samples originating from wild boars from Eastern Slovakia. Virus isolates were genetically typed in ORF7 as PRRSV-1, EU-1 with 99.7% (sample 14WB) and 100% (sample...
PRRSV was confirmed by a nested RT-PCR in two out of 129 samples originating from wild boars from Eastern Slovakia. Virus isolates were genetically typed in ORF7 as PRRSV-1, EU-1 with 99.7% (sample 14WB) and 100% (sample 10WB) nucleotide sequence similarity to Lelystad reference strain and Porcilis PRRS vaccine strain, respectively. The origin of PRRSV in these wild boars is unclear but it is highly likely that virus was transmitted from vaccinated domestic pigs to wild boars.
Identification of bacteria isolated from veterinary clinical specimens using MALDI-TOF MS.
Pavlovic M, Wudy C, Zeller-Peronnet V … +7 more , Maggipinto M, Zimmermann P, Straubinger A, Iwobi A, Märtlbauer E, Busch U, Huber I
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 25876281
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has recently emerged as a rapid and accurate identification method for bacterial species. Although it has been successfully appl...
Matrix-assisted laser desorption/ionization time-of-flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF MS) has recently emerged as a rapid and accurate identification method for bacterial species. Although it has been successfully applied for the identification of human pathogens, it has so far not been well evaluated for routine identification of veterinary bacterial isolates. This study was performed to compare and evaluate the performance of MALDI-TOF MS based identification of veterinary bacterial isolates with commercially available conventional test systems. Discrepancies of both methods were resolved by sequencing 16S rDNA and, if necessary, the infB gene for Actinobacillus isolates. A total of 375 consecutively isolated veterinary samples were collected. Among the 357 isolates (95.2%) correctly identified at the genus level by MALDI-TOF MS, 338 of them (90.1% of the total isolates) were also correctly identified at the species level. Conventional methods offered correct species identification for 319 isolates (85.1%). MALDI-TOF identification therefore offered more accurate identification of veterinary bacterial isolates. An update of the in-house mass spectra database with additional reference spectra clearly improved the identification results. In conclusion, the presented data suggest that MALDI-TOF MS is an appropriate platform for classification and identification of veterinary bacterial isolates.
[Detection of the new influenza A subtype H1pdmN2 in a pig holding with severe respiratory symptoms].
Schneider-Bühl L, Polley B, Süss-Dombrowski C … +4 more , Müller S, Harder T, Hoferer M, Sting R
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 25876280
Early in 2012 fattening pigs in a pig holding in northern Baden-Württemberg developed serious respiratory disease. After detecting Influenza A specific RNA by Real time-RT-PCR in the lung of an euthanized pig, virus isol...
Early in 2012 fattening pigs in a pig holding in northern Baden-Württemberg developed serious respiratory disease. After detecting Influenza A specific RNA by Real time-RT-PCR in the lung of an euthanized pig, virus isolation was achieved in embryonated chicken eggs. The haemagglutination-inhibition (HI) test performed on this isolate showed a reaction with H1N1 specific serum, so the strain was initially characterised as subtype H1N1. However, serum samples from convalescent pigs of the same stock four and six weeks later did not show any antibodies to H1N1 in HI test. However, using an ELISA, selected serum samples showed positive reactions against the highly conserved nucleocapsid protein. Performing an HI test using the isolated virus as antigen, significantly positive titers between 1:80 and 1:160 were obtained. The virus isolate was finally identified by molecular methods as a subtype H1pdmN2, a reassortant between the human pandemic (pdm) subtype H1N1/2009 virus and a swine influenza virus of the subtype HxN2.
The effect of rubber flooring on displaying stereotypies in gilts.
Ostović M, Menčik S, Kabalin AE … +6 more , Gračner GG, Vučemilo M, Matković K, Vukičević TT, Grahovac J, Pavičić Z
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 25876279
The aim of the study was to assess the effect of rubber mats in service unit on displaying stereotypies in gilts. Four 28-day production cycles in all seasons were observed. Each cycle included 28 gilts housed in gestati...
The aim of the study was to assess the effect of rubber mats in service unit on displaying stereotypies in gilts. Four 28-day production cycles in all seasons were observed. Each cycle included 28 gilts housed in gestation stalls with slatted concrete floor, which was covered with adjusted mats for 14 gilts (experimental group), while the remaining 14 gilts served as controls. Display of stereotypies and other behaviours observed, mat manipulation and postural behaviours were estimated by direct 1-hour observation of gilts at 2-minute intervals after morning feed supply on days 1, 8, 15 and 28 of each cycle. During the study period, displaying stereotypies was significantly less frequent (P < 0.05) in experimental group as compared with control group. The rate of particular forms of stereotypies, i.e. vacuum chewing, bar biting and teeth grinding, was also significantly lower (P < 0.05 all) in experimental group throughout the study period. A significant negative correlation (P <.05) was found between the service unit air temperature and frequency of displaying stereotypies in control group, which could be attributed to the significantly more common standing posture (P < 0.05) in control gilts in the conditions of lower air temperature. During the cold period, experimental gilts took a lying position significantly more frequently (P < 0.05). In the experimental group of gilts there was no significant correlation (P > 0.05 all) between the frequency of displaying stereotypies and the frequency of lying and other postures observed, as well as between the stereotypy display and the air temperature. There was no significant correlation (P > 0.05 all) between the frequency of mat manipulation and displaying stereotypies in total or its particular forms, suggesting that the less pronounced stereotypy display in experimental gilts may have been influenced by factors other than those observed in the present study.
[Salmonella spp. prevalence and contamination risk factors in broiler and broiler meat of Gallus gallus in Germany and the European Union].
Maurischat S, Rossow M, Ellerbroek L … +2 more , Pichner R, Malorny B
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 25876278
In order to reduce the prevalence of the Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis as a main causative agent of human salmonellosis originating from poultry flocks and products, the EU regulations 2160/200...
In order to reduce the prevalence of the Salmonella enterica serovars Typhimurium and Enteritidis as a main causative agent of human salmonellosis originating from poultry flocks and products, the EU regulations 2160/2003 and 2073/2005 and the German Hühner-Salmonellen-Verordnung were established ten years ago. A literature review shows that this aim could be reached to a large extend in many areas of the food production chain, e.g. in breeding and husbandry facilities in most EU member states including Germany. Nevertheless some exceptions exist, and there are other S. enterica serovars which have a human pathogenic potential comparable to S. Typhimurium and S. Enteritidis. Furthermore recent publications show, that especially processes in transport and slaughter of poultry can prevent successful husbandry sanitation measures. Especially in these areas a reasonable potential for hygiene improvements still exists. Based on the prevalence data obtained between 1996 and 2011 this review summarizes recent knowledge concerning possible risks of Salmonella cross contamination and suggests potential starting points for their mitigation.
Prevalence, virulence gene distribution and genetic diversity of Arcobacter in food samples in Germany.
Lehmann D, Alter T, Lehmann L … +3 more , Uherkova S, Seidler T, Gölz G
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 25876277
This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in food samples in Germany. In addition, the presence of putative virulence genes and the genetic diversity was tested for Arcobacter (A.) butzler...
This study was carried out to determine the prevalence of Arcobacter spp. in food samples in Germany. In addition, the presence of putative virulence genes and the genetic diversity was tested for Arcobacter (A.) butzleri strains isolated during this study. The prevalence of Arcobacter spp. was 34% in fish meat, 26.8% in poultry meat and 2% in minced meat (beef and pork). All investigated A. butzleri isolates carried the genes cadF, ciaB, cj1349, mviN and pldA. The gene tlyA was detectable in 97.5% of the strains. Lower detection rates were observed for hecA (47.5%), hecB (45%), iroE (40%) and irgA (35%). Genotyping by ERIC-PCR demonstrated a high genetic diversity of A. butzleri strains from different foods. In conclusion, this study shows that about one third of fish meat and poultry meat samples contained Arcobacter spp. These data highlight the need to strengthen our effort to elucidate the importance ofArcobacter on veterinary public health.
Analysis of in vitro and in vivo effects of probiotics against Campylobacter spp.
Bratz K, Gölz G, Janczyk P … +2 more , Nöckler K, Alter T
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 25876276
Campylobacter (C.) spp. are well recognised as the leading cause of bacterial food-borne diarrheal disease worldwide, with C. jejuni and C. coli as the most important species: C. coli is highly abundant in pigs and pork...
Campylobacter (C.) spp. are well recognised as the leading cause of bacterial food-borne diarrheal disease worldwide, with C. jejuni and C. coli as the most important species: C. coli is highly abundant in pigs and pork meat has often been implicated as a source for human infection. Intestinal colonisation of C. coli in pigs plays a role in carcass contamination during slaughter. Different pre-harvest intervention measures are proposed to reduce the C. coli burden in the porcine intestine. Among others, the use of probiotics to prevent or reduce the colonisation of intestinal pathogens is discussed. One aim of this study was to screen a variety of probiotics to evaluate their inhibitory activity against Campylobacter spp. in vitro. Therefore, cell-free culture supernatants of Lactobacillus spp., Bifidobacterium spp., Enterococcus (E.) faecium NCIMB 10415, and Escherichia coli Nissle 1917 were tested against C. jejuni and C. coli by a well-diffusion agar assay. Seven out of eleven Lactobacillus strains showed an inhibitory activity against at least one of the three tested Campylobacter strains. This antagonistic activity against Campylobacter spp. was caused by the production of organic acids that lowered the pH. Application with pH neutralised cell-free culture supernatants abolished this inhibitory effect. Other tested strains with probiotic properties showed no inhibitory activity against any Campylobacter spp. strain. The strain E. faecium NCIMB 10415 was chosen to test its inhibitory activity against C. coli in vivo. Twenty weaned piglets were allocated into two groups, a probiotic group and a control group.The diet of the probiotic group was supplemented with E. faecium NCIMB 10415 (10(9) cfu/kg feed, Cylactin) since weaning, whereas the control group received no probiotic treatment. All piglets were naturally colonised with C. coli. The excretion load of C. coli was monitored for 28 days. The results indicate that dietary supplementation of E. faecium NCIMB 10415 did not significantly affect C. coli excretion levels in pigs. In this study, E. faecium NCIMB 10415 showed no antagonistic activity against C. coli in vitro and in vivo and had no impact on the growth performance of weaned piglets.
[Genetics of Campylobacter phages].
Hammerl JA, Jäckel C, Hertwig S
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 25876275
The application of virulent (lytic) bacteriophages isa promising tool to reduce the number of Campylobacter along the food chain. However, only little is known aboutthe genetics of Campylobacter phages. To date, the nucl...
The application of virulent (lytic) bacteriophages isa promising tool to reduce the number of Campylobacter along the food chain. However, only little is known aboutthe genetics of Campylobacter phages. To date, the nucleotide sequences of nine virulent Campylobacter phages have been published.The analysis of the sequences indicated that at the nucleotide level, phages of the same group (group II or group III) are closely related, but that similarities between the groups only exist at the protein level. Both groups of phages are distantly related to T4-like phages. The genomes of the studied Campylobacter phages contain numerous genes for homing endonucleases and transposases as well as repetitive sequences. These elements could be important for genomic rearrangements.
Development of transient phage resistance in Campylobacter coli against the group II phage CP84.
Orquera S, Hertwig S, Alter T … +3 more , Hammerl JA, Jirova A, Gölz G
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 25876274
Recently, there is a growing interest in the use of bacteriophages for pre- and post-harvest applications to reduce foodborne pathogens (including Campylobacter) along the food chain. Quantitative Campylobacter reduction...
Recently, there is a growing interest in the use of bacteriophages for pre- and post-harvest applications to reduce foodborne pathogens (including Campylobacter) along the food chain. Quantitative Campylobacter reductions of up to three log10 units have been achieved by phage application. However, possible phage resistance might limit this approach. In Campylobacter (C.) jejuni, phage resistance mechanisms have been described in detail but data on these mechanisms in C. coli are still missing. To study phage resistance in C. coli, strain NCTC 12668 was infected with the lytic phage CP84, belonging to group II of Campylobacter phages. Resistant and sensitive clones were analysed using phenotypic and genotypic assays. C. coli clones acquired only transient resistance against CP84. The resistance led to cross-protection to one out of five other group II phages tested. Phage resistance was apparently neither caused by large genomic rearrangements nor by a CRISPR system. Binding assays demonstrated that CP84 could not adsorb to resistant C. coli clones suggesting a bacterial phage receptor to be involved in resistance. However, phage resistant C. coli clones did not reveal an altered motility or modified flaA sequence. Considering the loss of binding capacity and the reversion to a phage sensitive phenotype we hypothesize that acquired resistance depends on temporal phase variable switch-off modifications of the phage receptor genes, even though the resistance mechanism could not be elucidated in detail. We further speculate that even closely related phages of the same group use different bacterial receptors for binding on C. coli.
Mitigation strategies for Campylobacter spp. in broiler at pre-harvest and harvest level.
Klein G, Jansen W, Kittler S … +1 more , Reich F
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 25876273
In contrast to other foodborne zoonotic agents an elimination of Campylobacter spp. from animal production, especially poultry production, seems not to be feasible. Therefore mitigation strategies focus on reduction of t...
In contrast to other foodborne zoonotic agents an elimination of Campylobacter spp. from animal production, especially poultry production, seems not to be feasible. Therefore mitigation strategies focus on reduction of the Campylobacter spp. concentration in primary production and further minimalisation during processing. In primary production biosecurity measures (incl. hygiene barriers and restricted access) are the methods applied most commonly and most effectively so far. Experimental approaches and few field trials also showed that bacteriophages, electrolyzed oxidizing water, organic acids or medium chain fatty acids (applied via drinking water) are also effective in reducing Campylobacter prevalence and/or concentration However this reduction cannot be transferred in all cases to the situation in the slaughterhouse. Therefore additional measures have to be taken in account in the slaughterhouse to prevent cross-contamination. Logistic or scheduled slaughter can prevent cross-contamination but cannot further reduce Campylobacter concentration. Process parameters like elevated scalding temperature can contribute to such a reduction, but may also alter the product quality. Therefore no single pre- or harvest measure is sufficient for the reduction of Campylobacter concentration, but a combination of measures in both production levels is needed.
Campylobacter detection along the food chain--towards improved quantitative risk analysis by live/dead discriminatory culture-independent methods.
Stingl K, Buhler C, Krüger NJ
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 25876272
Death, although absolute in its consequence, is not measurable by an absolute parameter in bacteria. Viability assays address different aspects of life, e. g. the capability to form a colony on an agar plate (CFU), metab...
Death, although absolute in its consequence, is not measurable by an absolute parameter in bacteria. Viability assays address different aspects of life, e. g. the capability to form a colony on an agar plate (CFU), metabolic properties or mem- brane integrity. For food safety, presence of infectious potential is the relevant criterion for risk assessment, currently only partly reflected by the quantification of CFU. It will be necessary for future improved risk assessment, in particular when fastidious bacterial pathogens are implicated, to enhance the informative value of CFU. This might be feasible by quantification of the number of intact and potentially infectious Campylobacter, impermeable to the DNA intercalating dye propidium monoazide (PMA). The latter are quantifiable by the combination of PMA with real-time PCR, although thorough controls have to be developed for standardization and the circumvention of pitfalls. Under consideration of differ- ent physiological states of the food-borne pathogen, we provide an overview of current and future suitable detection/quantification targets along the food chain, including putative limitations of detection.
[Cultural detection of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. in food--potentials and limitations of diagnostic tools in the context of official food control].
Messelhäusser U, Thärigen D, Fella C … +3 more , Schreiner H, Busch U, Höller C
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 25876271
Thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. rank among the most important foodborne pathogens in Germany. Therefore a necessity for rapid and routinely useable detection methods exists also in the area of food microbiology. A reli...
Thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. rank among the most important foodborne pathogens in Germany. Therefore a necessity for rapid and routinely useable detection methods exists also in the area of food microbiology. A reliable, cultura qualitative, but also quantitative detection of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. pose a challenge, at least concerning special food matrices, especially because in the context of official food control the cultural detection of thermotolerant Campylobacter spp. is needed. This was the reason, why different cultural detection methods, beside the standard procedure of ISO 10272:2006, in combination with molecular and immunological screening methods were tested at the Bavarian Health and Food Safety Authority (LGL) during the last years for the use in routine diagnostic using different food matrices of animal and plant origin. The results of the comparative studies showed clearly that no enrichment broth tested gave completely satisfactory results for an only culture-based detection the combination with a screening method is therefore recommended for a rapid and reliable detection. But in this case the user should take into account that the sensitivity of such molecular and immunological methods is normally so high that in some cases, depending on the food matrix and processing step, the isolation of the pathogen would not be possible in samples, which were positive in the screening methods.
The signalling molecule Autoinducer-2 is not internalised in Campylobacter jejuni.
Adler L, Alter T, Sharbati S … +1 more , Gölz G
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 25876270
Bacteria recognise and constantly adjust to changing situations by sensing environmental and self-produced signals. Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) is a signal molecule, found in many bacterial species and thus proposed to enable i...
Bacteria recognise and constantly adjust to changing situations by sensing environmental and self-produced signals. Autoinducer-2 (AI-2) is a signal molecule, found in many bacterial species and thus proposed to enable interspecies com- munication. Two classes of AI-2 receptors have been identified so far. One class of AI-2 receptors sense AI-2 by a two component signalling system.The other class, the LsrB family, internalises and phosphorylates AI-2. Campylobacter (C.) jejuni is known to produce AI-2, but no AI-2 receptor in C. jejuni has been found yet.Therefore, all research on AI-2 dependent phenotypes has been conducted with AI-2 synthase (luxS) mutants. This mutation also leads to a disruption of the activated methyl cycle. Most studies lack sufficient complementation result- ing in not knowing whether phenotypes of luxS mutants depend on disrupted metabolism or lack of AI-2. All this contributes to an intensive discussion, about the exact role of AI-2 in C. jejuni. Our previous study showed altering phenotypes (growth and motility) of the Cjejuni NCTC 11168ΔluxS mutant in contrast to wild type, which could be complemented with synthetic AI-2. To assess how AI-2 induces the altering phenotypes during complementation assays, we performed an AI-2 uptake assay. Our data show, that AI-2 is not internalised by C. jejuni.These data suggest, that yet unknown AI-2 receptors are present on the cell surface of C. jejuni. Therefore further search of AI-2 receptors in C. jejuni should focus on two component signalling systems and not on transporter systems.
Changes within the intestinal flora of broilers by colonisation with Campylobacter jejuni.
Sofka D, Pfeifer A, Gleiss B … +2 more , Paulsen P, Hilbert F
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 25876269
In most European countries human campylobacteriosis is the most important bacterial zoonotic foodborne infection. Chicken meat is considered the main source of infection. Since most strategies assessed so far, in reducin...
In most European countries human campylobacteriosis is the most important bacterial zoonotic foodborne infection. Chicken meat is considered the main source of infection. Since most strategies assessed so far, in reducing Campylobacter colonization in chickens or in the reduction of human disease, have not been very effective, new knowledge regarding Campylobacter's interaction with the host is needed. In this study we analysed fecal and cecal samples of five chicken flocks of different Austrian farms for the occurrence of Cjejuni and C. coli, and analysed the intestinal microbiota by PCR-SSCP, cultural detection of lactic acid bacteria, Enterococci, Staphylococci, Enterobacteriaceae, E. coli, and total aerobic colony counts. Furthermore ten chicken samples of cecal content of a flock during colonization with Campylobacter spp. was analysed by high throughput sequencing. With all three methods used we could detect a change within the microbiota caused by Cjejuni. Enumeration of different bacteria was significantly lower in fecal samples positive for C. jejuni, pointing out that a higher water content and thus, a preliminary stage of diarrhea might appear during Campylobacter colonization. By PCR-SSCP analysis the microbiota composition differed between colonized and non-colonized chicken fecal samples. This could also be detected in community analysis by high throughput sequencing, but this difference was only a tendency and not statistically significant. It can be concluded that C. jejuni is interacting with the intestinal microflora in their respective hosts and hence, this has to be taken into account when providing new strategies to combat Campylobacter colonization and disease.
Murine infection models for the investigation of Campylobacter jejuni--host interactions and pathogenicity.
Heimesaat MM, Bereswill S
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 25876268
Despite the socioeconomic burden of campylobacteriosis, our insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying Campylobacter (C.) jejuni-induced intestinal immunopathogenesis are limited.The absence and the ban of conveni...
Despite the socioeconomic burden of campylobacteriosis, our insights into the molecular mechanisms underlying Campylobacter (C.) jejuni-induced intestinal immunopathogenesis are limited.The absence and the ban of convenient murine infection models caused fundamental restrictions in Campylobacter research. The development of novel and modified murine infection models in the last years has greatly contributed to our knowledge in Cjejuni--host interactions and pathogenicity. Novel findings revealed that the colonization resistance of mice against C. jejuni infection can be overcome by modification of the intestinal microbiota. In particular C. jejuni infected infant mice harbouring a conventional microbiota and Interleukin-10-deficient mice rendered gnotobiotic by antibiotic treatment develop lipooligosaccharide mediated inflammation and specific T-cell responses--both key features of campylobacteriosis in humans. This short review focuses on the major progress in this growing research field and intends to summarize some of the most important findings.
Campylobacter jejuni: components for adherence to and invasion of eukaryotic cells.
Lugert R, Gross U, Zautner AE
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 25876267
Campylobacter (C.) jejuni is the most important reported cause for bacterial diarrhoea. The infection can be accompanied by fever and abdominal cramps and in rare cases the Guillain-Barré syndrome or reactive arthritis c...
Campylobacter (C.) jejuni is the most important reported cause for bacterial diarrhoea. The infection can be accompanied by fever and abdominal cramps and in rare cases the Guillain-Barré syndrome or reactive arthritis can develop as a post-infection complication. Several biological properties of Cjejuni, e. g. motility and chemotaxis, contribute to the biological fitness of the pathogen. For this, deficiencies in the function of these features clearly reduce the pathogenicity of C. jejuni without being a virulence factor per se. Opposing to this, there are two essential requirements to determine the virulence of C. jejuni which represent the adherence to, and the invasion of host cells. Thereby, adherence, as a virulence factor, is mediated by many different bacterial-derived components like proteins but also by several oligo- and polysaccharide structures that are linked to surface proteins but also to the flagella. In addition, several invasion-relevant features of C. jejuni have been detected so far. Whereas some of them are described functionally to modulate cytoskeleton arrangement of the host cell, others are only described as invasion relevant. Indeed, investigations with respect to the pathogenic potential of some adherence- and invasion-relevant components did not give identical results indicating that their relevance might depend on the interplay of the respective C. jejuni strains used in these studies with the corresponding host cells. This review summarizes the C. jejuni components for adherence to and invasion of host cells together with their particular mode of action if known.
Editorial.
Bereswill S, Alter T
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2015 · PMID 25876266
Abstract loading — click title to view on PubMed.
[The search for novel antibiotics--strategies and current approaches].
Schmid P
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25872259
The emergence and increasing prevalence of resistant pathogens primarily in intensive care units demand the discovery and development of new antimicrobial agents and new therapeutic approaches. This review provides an ov...
The emergence and increasing prevalence of resistant pathogens primarily in intensive care units demand the discovery and development of new antimicrobial agents and new therapeutic approaches. This review provides an overview of new antibacterial agents that are currently in research and development pipelines. Data were collected from published literature, meeting abstracts, public government and company websites. Well-known antibacterial classes like beta-lactams, quinolones, macrolides, tetracyclines, and pleuromutilins are represented by new molecules with enhanced antibacterial or pharmacological properties. Furthermore, compounds acting on targets not previously exploited are in various stages of research and development. Targeting bacterial virulence is an alternative approach to antibacterial therapy. Neutralizing bacterial toxins by using antibodies is an established anti-virulence strategy which encourages increased research into other virulence targets. Certain virulence factors have already been shown to be meaningful targets for small molecules.
[Infection control and hygiene management in equine hospitals].
Walther B, Janssen T, Gehlen H … +5 more , Vincze S, Borchers K, Wieler LH, Barton AK, Lübke-Becker A
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25872258
With the rising importance of nosocomial infections in equine hospitals, increased efforts with regard to biosecurity and infection control are necessary. This even more since nosocomial infections are often associated w...
With the rising importance of nosocomial infections in equine hospitals, increased efforts with regard to biosecurity and infection control are necessary. This even more since nosocomial infections are often associated with multi-drug resistant pathogens. Consequently, the implementation of targeted prevention programs is essential. Since nosocomial infections are usually multifactorial events, realization of only a single measure is rarely effective to overcome nosocomial spread in clinical practice. Equine patients may be colonized at admission with multi-drug resistant pathogens such as methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) and/or extended spectrum beta lactamase-producing (ESBL-) Enterobacteriaceae. Regardless of their individual resistance properties, these bacteria are common and usually unnoticed colonizers of either the nasopharynx or the intestinal tract. Also viral diseases caused by equine herpesvirus 1 (EHV-1) and EHV-4 may reach a clinic by patients which are latently infected or in the incubation period. To prevent nosocomal outbreaks, achieve an interruption in the infection chain and to eradicate infectious agents from the hospital environment, a professional hospital management is necessary. This should be adapted to both the wide range of pathogens causing nosocomial infections and the individual needs of equine patients. Amongst others, this approach includes a risk classification of equine patients at admission and information/enlightenment of the animal owners at discharge. An efficient management of inpatients, a targeted hygiene management and clear responsibilities with respect to biosecurity together with a surveillance of nosocomial infections form the cornerstone of infection control in equine hospitals.
Effects of carry-over of fluoroquinolones on the susceptibility of commensal Escherichia coli in the intestinal microbiota of poultry.
Scherz G, Stahl J, Glünder G … +1 more , Kietzmann M
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25872257
Due to the frequent use of antibacterials in veterinary medicine as well as in human medicine the occurrence of antibacterial resistance rises worldwide. But independent of the usage of antimicrobials the microbiota from...
Due to the frequent use of antibacterials in veterinary medicine as well as in human medicine the occurrence of antibacterial resistance rises worldwide. But independent of the usage of antimicrobials the microbiota from animals as well as from humans already harbour a diversity of resistance genes. As a consequence of manufacturing animal production the treatment of livestock in case of illness is carried out via feed or drinking water. This automatically implies several risks. It has been demonstrated that an antibiotic treatment of livestock via feed or drinking water cause an accumulation of antibiotics and their metabolites in the direct environment of animals. This can lead to a carry-over or rather a resumption of the antimicrobials and their metabolites. Thus, the aim of this study was to determine the influence of carry-over of enrofloxacin as a representative of the fluoroquinolones on the development of bacterial resistance of commensal E. coli in the intestinal microbiota of poultry. Therefore four different treatment groups were provided and the minimal inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of commensal E. coli were measured: One group acted as untreated control, another one was therapeutically treated with the recommended dosage. The third and fourth group were exposed to different "carry-over dosages" for three weeks, 3% of the recommended dosage were applied to the third and 10% to the fourth group. To determine the influence of a therapeutic treatment on a prestressed microbiota, both groups were treated with the recommended dosage for five days. The present study demonstrates that every kind of exposure of the commensal microbiota of poultry with enrofloxacin leads to an amplification and selection of resistant E. coli, which persist in the commensal microbiota. A long-term exposure of gut microbiota, which already harbour non-wild type E. coli, with high levels of carry-over of fluoroquinolones may lead to a development of high-level clinically resistant E. coli in the commensal microbiota. It has to be investigated to which extent antimicrobial leftovers occur in animal production.
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