Berliner Und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
[Estimation of the transfer of ESBL-producing Escherichia coli to humans in Germany].
Sharp H, Valentin L, Fischer J … +3 more , Guerra B, Appel B, Käsbohrer A
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25872256
In 2011 EFSA has evaluated the risk for the consumer caused by ESBL-/AmpC-producing bacteria in food of animal origin and in livestock animals. Human-to-human transfer in hospitals.and in the community was considered as...
In 2011 EFSA has evaluated the risk for the consumer caused by ESBL-/AmpC-producing bacteria in food of animal origin and in livestock animals. Human-to-human transfer in hospitals.and in the community was considered as the most relevant route of transmission for ESBL-producing E. coli. ESBL-/AmpC-producing E. coli are in Germany, as in many other Member States of the European Union, widely spread in food of animal origin and in livestock animals. In an assessment of the relevance of livestock animals as reservoir for ESBL-/AmpC-producing E. coli as well as for ESBL-coding resistance genes the heterogeneity of the resistance genes, plasmids and bacteria in animals, foods and humans needs to be considered. In this context, both, the clonal spread of bacteria as well as horizontal transfer of resistance genes, e. g. by plasmids, have to be analyzed. Whereas studies in The Netherlands identified poultry as the most relevant reservoir, the transfer of ESBL-gene carrying plasmids from pigs to the farmers was demonstrated in Denmark. First attempts to quantify the relevance of livestock animals as reservoir for ESBL-producing E. coli in Germany showed, that the proportions of the most frequent ESBL-resistance genes are quite different between animal and human derived E. coli isolates. If in addition properties of the bacterial cells, e.g. resistance to several antibiotic classes are considered, only a small proportion of human isolates showed the same patterns as animal isolates. The results achieved so far demonstrate that certain ESBL-types are prevalent in all livestock populations investigated. Currently, the majority of cases of colonizations with ESBL-producing E. coli among humans cannot be directly linked to livestock and food-producing animals as reservoirs. This reflects that transmission routes are more complex and other reservoirs and sources including human-human interactions have to be taken into consideration.
Resistance plasmids in ESBL-encoding Escherichia coli isolates from humans, dogs and cats.
Falgenhauer L, Schmiedel J, Ghosh H … +5 more , Fritzenwanker M, Yao Y, Bauerfeind R, Imirzalioglu C, Chakraborty T
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25872255
We characterized ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolates from diseased dog, cat and human sources for their plasmid content. Plasmids with different Inc groups and combinations of resistance genes were detected in these...
We characterized ESBL-producing Escherichia coli isolates from diseased dog, cat and human sources for their plasmid content. Plasmids with different Inc groups and combinations of resistance genes were detected in these isolates. The pan-genome of the plasmid-associated genes was found to be large, indicating diversity of the gene pool among the plasmids. No commonly occurring plasmids with similar gene content in isolates from dog, cats and humans were detected.
[Epidemiology and clinical features of Acinetobacter baumannii infections in humans].
Wisplinghoff H, Seifert H
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25872254
Over the past 30 years, Acinetobacter (A.) baumannii has been increasingly recognized as an important human pathogen. In contrast to the "non-baumannii" Acinetobacter spp. which rarely cause diseases in humans, the membe...
Over the past 30 years, Acinetobacter (A.) baumannii has been increasingly recognized as an important human pathogen. In contrast to the "non-baumannii" Acinetobacter spp. which rarely cause diseases in humans, the members of the A. baumannii-group (A. baumannii, A. pittii and A. nosocomialis) are important nosocomial pathogens. A. baumannii itself has been implicated as a causative agent in various severe infections such as bloodstream infections, pneumonia, or meningitis, mainly in immunocompromised patients in the intensive care unit setting. The combination of intrinsic and increasing acquired resistance to various antimicrobial agents often limits the therapeutic options. Currently, none of the available antimicrobial agents with potential activity against Acinetobacter spp. such as, carbapenems, tigecycline, and colistin can be considered uniformly active against all A. baumannii strains. In addition, the incidence of multi- or panresistant A. baumannii-strains is increasing worldwide. Due to the unique combination of high resistance to adverse environmental conditions, the propensity for clonal spread and the extensive resistance to antimicrobial agents, A. baumannii is one of the most important bacterial pathogens of our time.
Multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in veterinary medicine--emergence of an underestimated pathogen?
Müller S, Janssen T, Wieler LH
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25872253
The proportion of multidrug resistant bacteria causing infections in animals has continuously been increasing. While the relevance of ESBL (extended spectrum beta-lactamase)-producing Enterobacteriaceae spp. and MRSA (me...
The proportion of multidrug resistant bacteria causing infections in animals has continuously been increasing. While the relevance of ESBL (extended spectrum beta-lactamase)-producing Enterobacteriaceae spp. and MRSA (methicillin resistant Staphylococcus aureus) is unquestionable, knowledge about multidrug resistant Acinetobacter baumannii in veterinary medicine is scarce. This is a worrisome situation, as A. baumannii are isolated from veterinary clinical specimens with rising frequency. The remarkable ability of A. baumannii to develop multidrug resistance and the high risk of transmission are known in human medicine for years. Despite this, data regarding A. baumannii isolates of animal origin are missing. Due to the changing role of companion animals with closer contact between animal and owner, veterinary intensive care medicine is steadily developing. It can be assumed that the number of "high risk" patients with an enhanced risk for hospital acquired infections will be rising simultaneously. Thus, development and spread of multidrug resistant pathogens is envisioned to rise. It is possible, that A. baumannii will evolve into a veterinary nosocomial pathogen similar to ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and MRSA. The lack of attention paid to A. baumannii in veterinary medicine is even more worrying, as first reports indicate a transmission between humans and animals. Essential questions regarding the role of livestock, especially as a potential source of multidrug resistant isolates, remain unanswered. This review summarizes the current knowledge on A. baumannii in veterinary medicine for the first time. It underlines the utmost significance of further investigations of A. baumannii animal isolates, particularly concerning epidemiology and resistance mechanisms.
[Increase in antimicrobial resistance of Salmonella from food to fluoroquinolones and cephalosporins--a review of data from ten years].
Tenhagen BA, Schroeter A, Szabo I … +4 more , Dorn C, Appel B, Helmuth R, Käsbohrer A
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25872252
Animal derived food is a relevant source of human infections with Salmonella enterica. In this paper we analyse the presence of Salmonella in meat with respect to the observed serovars and their resistance to the fluoroq...
Animal derived food is a relevant source of human infections with Salmonella enterica. In this paper we analyse the presence of Salmonella in meat with respect to the observed serovars and their resistance to the fluoroquinolone ciprofloxacin and 3rd generation cephalosporins in the years 2003 to 2012. Data originated from 8176 isolates that were isolated from meat, characterized in the National Reference Laboratory for Salmonella and tested for antimicrobial resistance in the National Reference Laboratory for antimicrobial resistance in this time period. The analysis reveals substantial differences in resistance patterns between isolates from different types of meat and different serovars. Frequent serovars were mostly associated with one type of meat, suggesting an additional influence of specific characteristics of the serovars besides the effect of selection pressure excerted by antimicrobial treatments. Results show a clear increase in resistance to fluoroquinolones and 3rd generation cephalosporins that was most prominent in isolates from poultry meat. Although the number of human infections with Salmonella in Germany decreased sharply in recent years, results indicate a substantial exposure of consumers to Salmonella that are resistant to important antimicrobials via meat.
Suspected nosocomial infections with multi-drug resistant E. coli, including extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing strains, in an equine clinic.
Walther B, Lübke-Becker A, Stamm I … +5 more , Gehlen H, Barton AK, Janssen T, Wieler LH, Guenther S
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25872251
Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli are common commensals as well as opportunistic and obligate pathogens. They cause a broad spectrum of infectious diseases in various hosts, including hospital-associated infect...
Enterobacteriaceae such as Escherichia coli are common commensals as well as opportunistic and obligate pathogens. They cause a broad spectrum of infectious diseases in various hosts, including hospital-associated infections. In recent years, the rise of extended spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL)-producing E. coli in companion animals (dogs, cats and horses) has been striking. However, reports on nosocomial infections are mostly anecdotic. Here we report on the suspected nosocomial spread of both ESBL-producing and non-ESBL-producing multi-drug resistant E. coli isolates in three equine patients within an equine clinic. Unlike easy-to-clean hospitalization opportunities available for small animal settings like boxes and cages made of ceramic floor tiles or stainless steel, clinical settings for horses are challenging environments for infection control programs due to unavoidable extraneous material including at least hay and materials used for horse bedding. The development of practice-orientated recommendations is needed to improve the possibilities for infection control to prevent nosocomial infections with multi-drug resistant and other transmissible pathogens in equine clinical settings.
Extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL)/AmpC beta-lactamases-producing Escherichia coli in German fattening pig farms: a longitudinal study.
Von Salviati C, Friese A, Roschanski N … +5 more , Laube H, Guerra B, Käsbohrer A, Kreienbrock L, Roesler U
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25868169
The presence of ESBL/AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in healthy livestock, such as pigs, was frequently reported worldwide in the last years. The development and potential spread of these resistant microorganisms in fa...
The presence of ESBL/AmpC-producing Enterobacteriaceae in healthy livestock, such as pigs, was frequently reported worldwide in the last years. The development and potential spread of these resistant microorganisms in farm animals is discussed critically. Therefore, the main objectives of this longitudinal study were to determine potential sources and prevalence dynamics of ESBL/AmpC-producing Escherichia coli in seven German ESBL/AmpC-positive conventional fattening pig farms in the course of the fattening period. Samples tested were taken at three different times within one finishing fattening period and included 20 individual faeces samples as well as various samples of the animals' housing environment such as pooled faeces, boot swabs, dust and environmental swabs. In individual faeces average carriage levels of 45%, 29% and 36% at the three sampling times were accompanied by decreasing faecal counts from 2.97 x 10(4) cfu/g at the first to 2.17 x 10(3) cfu/g at the third visit. In the animals' housing environment 47.6% of pooled faeces and boot swab samples respectively and 5.9% of environmental swabs but none of the dust samples were tested positive. Altogether 228 E. coli isolates were analysed by combination disc tests, PCR and partly via sequencing.Thereby, a novel gene bla(TEM-206) was detected. This study shows different detection levels of ESBL/AmpC-producing E. coli amongst the different farms and in the course of the fattening period. Pooled faeces and boot swab samples but not dust samples seem to be appropriate to assess the herd status of pigs with respect to ESBL/AmpC-producing Escherichia coli.
[On the occurence of extended-spectrum- and AmpC-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli in livestock: results of selected European studies].
Hille K, Fischer J, Falgenhauer L … +9 more , Sharp H, Brenner GM, Kadlec K, Friese A, Schwarz S, Imirzalioglu C, Kietzmann M, Von Münchhausen C, Kreienbrock L
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25868168
Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-encoded cephamycinase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia (E.) coli in livestock farms have recently been matter of growing scientific and public concern. This article summar...
Extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase (ESBL) and plasmid-encoded cephamycinase (pAmpC) producing Escherichia (E.) coli in livestock farms have recently been matter of growing scientific and public concern. This article summarises selected European studies which focus on the prevalence and risk factors associated with the presence of such resistant E. coli isolates in livestock farms. Due to the different methodologies used in these studies, they cannot be compared directly; nonetheless, the overall prevalence found is very high. The prevalence found in broiler farms was higher than 40% and the individual animal prevalence was ca. 30%. The prevalence was more variable in pigs, with reports of pig farms showing prevalence of 1 to 80% and reports of individual animal prevalence of 15 to 100% In studies on cattle farms the production type as well as the age of animals had an influence on the number of positive samples. The highest prevalence was found with calves after birth and in the first weeks, whereas with older cattle the numbers of positive samples were considerably lower. Samples taken from dairy cows were positive more often after calving than before calving. According to the livestock species different risk factors may be assessed for the occurrence of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli isolates. In some studies an association between the occurrence of ESBL-producing E. coli and factors like the use of antimicrobial agents or management factors, as the duration of the fattening period and the acquisition of animals from different origins, were identified. At the moment, there is a lack of systematic and standardised transnational epidemiological investigations on the occurrence of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli in livestock. To control the further spread of ESBL/pAmpC-producing E. coli and the effectiveness of preventive measures, comprehensive monitoring and surveillance systems with harmonised methods are essential. Modern typing methods, in particular the sequence-based methods, can provide more information to clarify transmission pathways.
[MRSA and ESBL in outpatient: development from 2008 up to 2012 and socio demographic differences].
Eckmanns T, Richter D, Feig M
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25868167
Data on resistance from ambulatory care are rarely available, since surveillance systems cover mostly isolates come from inpatient care. The outpatient setting is of interest, however, since it is where hospitalized pati...
Data on resistance from ambulatory care are rarely available, since surveillance systems cover mostly isolates come from inpatient care. The outpatient setting is of interest, however, since it is where hospitalized patients with resistant pathogens are also treated as outpatients, and where patients are seen who have resistant pathogens from other sources, such as food. In addition, 85% of the antibiotics used in human medicine, are used in ambulatory care. Using data from the Antibiotic Resistance Surveillance System (ARS), we show the development of resistance of Staphylococcus aureus to oxacillin and of Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae to cefotaxime in outpatient care between 2008 and 2012 and corresponding socio-demographic differences in the resistance rate. According to our analyses, the proportion of MRSA in S. aureus since 2009 in the outpatient sector decreased (all materials: 2009 11.5%, 2012 9.8%), which is similar to inpatient care, while the proportion of ESBL in E. coli (2008 2.7%, 2012 5.6%), and K. pneumoniae (2008 2.7%, 2012 6.6%) increased over the total period. At the same time resistance for the three pathogens in both sexes over the age groups continuously increased, women still hold a lower proportion of resistance than men. The resistance levels of S. aureus and K. pneumoniae in ambulatory care are reflected at a lower level than in hospital care. In contrast, the high proportion of resistant E. coli in children suggests another source in ambulatory care.
The impact of zoonotic MRSA colonization and infection in Germany.
Köck R, Ballhausen B, Bischoff M … +13 more , Cuny C, Eckmanns T, Fetsch A, Harmsen D, Goerge T, Oberheitmann B, Schwarz S, Selhorst T, Tenhagen BA, Walther B, Witte W, Ziebuhr W, Becker K
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25868166
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes colonization and infection both in animals and humans. In Germany, cases of MRSA colonization among humans, w+hich affect 0.5-1.5% of the general population and 1...
Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) causes colonization and infection both in animals and humans. In Germany, cases of MRSA colonization among humans, w+hich affect 0.5-1.5% of the general population and 1.0-2.5% of patients at hospital admission, are still mostly associated with previous healthcare contact and defined epidemic clonal lineages. However, MRSA is also distributed in livestock production in Germany, mostly without causing infections in the animals. These MRSA predominantly belong to the clonal complex (CC) 398, but also to CC9 and CC97. Zoonotic transmission of MRSA CC398 from livestock to humans occurs predominantly in people with occupational livestock contact. Spread of MRSA CC398 to household members of these persons is also frequently observed, but dissemination in the general population is limited so far However, especially in areas with intensive livestock husbandry, about 20-38% of MRSA CC398 cases among humans cannot be epidemiologically linked to direct livestock contact, indicating other transmission pathways. MRSA CC398 currently causes about 2% of all human MRSA infections (wound infections, pneumonia, sepsis) in Germany, but up to 10% in regions characterized by a high density of livestock-farming. The burden of MRSA in companion animals was demonstrated to range between 3.6-9.4% within wound samples obtained from dogs, cats and horses, respectively. In contrast to livestock and horses, MRSA distributed in pet animals are mostly associated with MRSA clonal lineages that are also prevalent in human healthcare facilities. Overall, zoonotic exchange of MRSA between humans and animals has relevant impact on the epidemiology of MRSA in Germany.
The use of the "highest priority critically important antimicrobials" in 75 Austrian pig farms--evaluation of on-farm drug application data.
Trauffler M, Obritzhauser W, Raith J … +2 more , Fuchs K, Köfer J
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25868165
The World Health Organization lists antimicrobial substances which are essential for the treatment of specific infections in humans as "highest priority critically important antimicrobials" (HPCIAs): macrolides, fluoroqu...
The World Health Organization lists antimicrobial substances which are essential for the treatment of specific infections in humans as "highest priority critically important antimicrobials" (HPCIAs): macrolides, fluoroquinolones, 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins as well as glycopeptid antibacterials. The use of these substances in livestock husbandry should be restricted in order to minimise the risk of antimicrobial resistance. To date, there is little knowledge about the amounts of HPCIAs used in animal husbandry and the different animal species and diagnoses these antimicrobials are prescribed for. In a retrospective study, drug application data recorded from 2008 until 2011 from 75 conventional pig farms were evaluated. Data were assessed directly by the farmer at farm-level. The annual antimicrobial consumption was expressed in "weight of active substance(s) in [mg]" and "number of Daily Doses". Results were referred to the animal biomass, evaluated per pig age class (piglets, weaners, fattening pigs < 60 kg biomass; fattening pigs > 60 kg biomass, sows, boars) and broken down to some variables such as the substance class and the therapy indication. The focus was especially laid on the HPCIAs. The total usage of the HPCIAs in the study population was on average 3.0 mg/ kg/year; 1.1 UDD(kg)/kg/year; 0.2 ADD(kg)/kg/year and 0.6 PrDD(kg)/kg/year. This represents about 9%, 22%, 12% and 22% of total antimicrobial consumption, respectively, depending on the unit of measurement. Fattening farms showed the highest consumption of the named substances. The main part of the HPCIAs (nADD(kg)/year) was applied to weaners, piglets and fattening pigs < 60 kg. They played an important role in the therapies of piglets (approximately 40% of the total antimicrobial consumption in piglets). Macrolides played the major role within the HPCIAs and were mainly used for digestive tract diseases. A not negligible portion of macrolides was prescribed for metaphylactic and prophylactic measures.
[Antibiotic usage and antibiotic sales in Germany in 2011--the situation of drug usage in veterinary medicine].
van Rennings L, von Münchhausen C, Hartmann M … +4 more , Ottilie H, Honscha W, Käsbohrer A, Kreienbrock L
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25868164
To appreciate the significance of sales data of antibiotics, data on antibiotic consumption (which were collected for selected food-producing animals within the representative VetCAb pilot study in Germany in 2011) were...
To appreciate the significance of sales data of antibiotics, data on antibiotic consumption (which were collected for selected food-producing animals within the representative VetCAb pilot study in Germany in 2011) were extrapolated for the total German animal population, and subsequently compared to the antibiotic sales data, which were collected throughout Germany in 2011 for the first time and which were published by the Federal Office of Consumer Protection and Food Safety (BVL). The extrapolation was realized based on the average dosage and the number of treatment units determined in the VetCAb pilot project for each active ingredient and animal species. It was extrapolated that 1302 tons of antimicrobial substances were consumed for treating cattle, pigs and broilers--this amount is accompanied by the amount of 1706 tons sold for all animal species. In Germany, tetracyclines and beta-lactams are the most commonly used and sold antimicrobial drugs. In third place are the potentiated sulfonamide, in fourth and fifth place, macrolides and polypeptides. To describe and evaluate the antibiotic usage for the several food-producing animals, detailed information is needed. Therefore, the number of treatments per active ingredient per animal and per day (treatment unit), and the number of treatment days per active ingredient per animal (treatment frequency) were calculated in the VetCAb project. These values represent scientifically collected orientation values for the treatment frequency of food-producing animal with antimicrobial substances in Germany. For example, a fattening pig is treated at 4.2 days (median) with one active ingredient within its 115-day fattening period. A dairy cow is treated at 3.5 days with one active ingredient within one year. A broiler is treated at 10 days with one active ingredient within its 39-day production period.
Analysis of the distribution of veterinary antimicrobial products to veterinarians in Germany in 2011 and 2012.
Hauck R, Römer A, Reimer I … +4 more , Bender A, Haas C, Heberer T, Wallmann J
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25868163
For the implementation of risk management measures against the development and spread of antimicrobial resistances it is important to gain a quantitative insight into the use of veterinary antimicrobial agents. Since 201...
For the implementation of risk management measures against the development and spread of antimicrobial resistances it is important to gain a quantitative insight into the use of veterinary antimicrobial agents. Since 2011, all pharmaceutical companies and wholesalers in Germany are required to report their sales data of veterinary antimicrobial products (VAPs). In 2011, 1706 t of antimicrobially active substances were sold to veterinarians registered in Germany, in 2012 the amount decreased to 1619 t. Tetracyclines and penicillins had the largest shares in both years, followed by sulfonamides, macrolides and polypeptides. Amoxicillin alone accounted for more than a quarter of the total amounts of all sold antimicrobials. In regard to AMR it is most important to limit the use of critically important antimicrobials, namely fluoroquinolones and 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins. While in both years these groups accounted for less than 1% of the amount of sold antimicrobials, this does not reflect adequately their use, since they are used in much lower doses. Furthermore, it is worrying that the sales of fluoroquinolones and 3rd generation cephalosporins increased by 26% and 14%, respectively, between 2011 and 2012, while the sales of 4th generation cephalosporins decreased only by 2%. More than 95% of the active substances were contained in VAPs intended for oral application; only fluoroquinolones, 3rd and 4th generation cephalosporins as well as fenicols were primarily or even exclusively applied by injection.
[Statistical methods for description of phenotypic susceptibility data].
Ruddat I, Kadlec K, Schwarz S … +1 more , Kreienbrock L
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25868162
This paper summarizes statistical methods to describe susceptibility data. A frequent data basis in resistance studies are minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), measured for different antimicrobial agents. In the sta...
This paper summarizes statistical methods to describe susceptibility data. A frequent data basis in resistance studies are minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs), measured for different antimicrobial agents. In the statistical context these (semi) quantitative MIC values are ordinal scaled. Therefore, they should be analysed with statistical tools appropriate for ordinal data. The resistance situation for each antimicrobial agent is often described using frequency distributions of MIC values. Resistance patterns can be described by frequencies of resistance profiles. More detailed insights into appearance and changes of simultaneous resistance against different agents are provided by a systematic analysis of dependency structure in susceptibility data. Furthermore, the calculation of differences between resistance profiles using appropriate distance measures enables the application of common methods of multivariate statistic for description and more complex analysis of susceptibility data. To improve the comparability of study results, it is desirable to present as much information as possible in a uniform way.
[Antimicrobial resistance, ESBL and MRSA--definitions and laboratory diagnostics].
Michael GB, Freitag C, Fessler AT … +8 more , Wendlandt S, Eidam C, Entorf M, Lopes GV, Riesenberg A, Blodkamp S, Schwarz S, Kadlec K
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25868161
In the light of frequent discussions about the correct performance of in vitro susceptibility testing and the interpretation of the results obtained, the aim of the present report is to summarize basic facts that may fac...
In the light of frequent discussions about the correct performance of in vitro susceptibility testing and the interpretation of the results obtained, the aim of the present report is to summarize basic facts that may facilitate the understanding of this complex topic. For this, the terms "antimicrobial resistance", "ESBL", and "MRSA" are defined. Besides the statements on antimicrobial resistance, information on intrinsic and acquired resistance properties as well as basic rules for the correct performance of antimicrobial susceptibility testing in routine diagnostics are presented. Moreover, the two groups of interpretive criteria--clinical breakpoints and epidemiological cut-off values--including their applications are explained in detail. Furthermore, currently valid diagnostic procedures--as published by the European Committee on Antimicrobial Susceptibility Testing (EUCAST) and the Clinical and Laboratory Standards Institute (CLSI)--for the screening of ESBL-producing Enterobacteriaceae and MRSA as well as for the confirmation of suspicious isolates are presented and compared. Based on the information given, it becomes obvious that the correct performance of the diagnostic tests, which includes strict following the performance standards and the detailed information given therein, is an indispensable prerequisite for a standardized and harmonized in vitro susceptibility testing and--as a consequence--for the determination of valid and reliable susceptibility data in routine diagnostics. This is of utmost importance since the susceptibility data based on the use of clinical breakpoints often represent the basis for therapeutic interventions.
Multi-resistant bacteria--recent trends in emerging zoonotic agents.
Kreienbrock L, Wieler LH
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25868160
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[Metastasizing epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma (Mycosis fungoides) in two guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus)].
Heuer L, Stötter M, Eydner M … +2 more , Puff C, Kleinschmidt S
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25080828
Two guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were presented with a clinical history of a chronic, unresponsive skin disorder with scaling, itching and alopecia. After clinical differential diagnoses (e. g. ectoparasitosis, dermatom...
Two guinea pigs (Cavia porcellus) were presented with a clinical history of a chronic, unresponsive skin disorder with scaling, itching and alopecia. After clinical differential diagnoses (e. g. ectoparasitosis, dermatomycosis, endocrinopathy or allergy) had been ruled out, a skin biopsy revealed an epitheliotropic lymphoma (Mycosis fungoides). The pathohistological examination of the skin showed focal intraepidermal accumulations of tumorous lymphocytes also known as pautrier microabscesses. A full necropsy displayed also metastases in lymph nodes, and additionally tumor cells within skeletal muscle, heart, lung, liver and kidney in one animal. Immunohistochemically, neoplastic cells were characterized by an expression of the T-cell receptor CD3. Generally epitheliotropic T-cell lymphomas are rare neoplasms of unknown cause and reports in guinea pigs are scarce. The most frequent neoplasms of the skin in this species are lipomas and trichofolliculomas. Initially a neoplasm was not suspected in both cases presented here. An epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma should be considered as differential diagnosis in any case of unresponsive or recurrent scaling, itching and erythematous skin changes with alopecia, especially if the skin disorder is accompanied by weight loss and a poor general condition. In such cases the epitheliotropic T-cell lymphoma is easily diagnosed by using cutaneous biopsy samples. With those cutaneous biopsy samples the definitive diagnosis of an epitheliotropic lymphomas was made in both cases.
[Dry matter intake of South American camelids and its effects on the composition of feed rations].
Stölzl AM, Lambertz C, Moors E … +2 more , Stiehl J, Gauly M
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25080827
The number of South American camelids (SAC) is increasing in Germany since decades. Due to a lack of scientifically based publications the knowledge about feeding SACs is still poor. Therefore, the aim of this study was...
The number of South American camelids (SAC) is increasing in Germany since decades. Due to a lack of scientifically based publications the knowledge about feeding SACs is still poor. Therefore, the aim of this study was to estimate the dry matter intake (DMI) of SACs as a basis for calculations of feed rations. Previous studies proposed a DMI of up to 3% of the body weight (BW) (Vaughan und Gauly, 2011). In the present study, eight llamas (Llama glama) were allocated to two groups of four animals each. The two groups were fed with hay of different qualities over a total period often weeks, which was divided into two runs of five weeks each. During the first run, group 1 was fed with hay 1 (15.1% crude protein; 8.5% crude ash; 3.1% crude fat; 52.6% NDF per kg DM) and group 2 with hay 2 (6.6% crude protein; 6.2% crude ash; 2.1% crude fat; 64.3% NDF per kg DM). After five weeks the groups were changed and group 1 received hay 2 and group 2 received hay 1. BW was measured at the start and end of each run (week zero, five and ten). The hay quality affected the DMI, but the animals did not compensate a lower feed quality with an increased DMI. The total DMI was 1.26% and 0.89% of the BW for hay 1 and hay 2, respectively, which was lower than expected in both groups. In conclusion, calculations of feed rations for SACs should be adjusted to the present findings of a lower DMI capability.
Methodical aspects of blood coagulation measurements in birds applying commercial reagents--a pilot study.
Guddorf V, Kummerfeld N, Mischke R
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25080826
The aim of this study was to examine the suitability of commercially available reagents for measurements of coagulation parameters in citrated plasma from birds. Therefore, plasma samples of 17 healthy donor birds of dif...
The aim of this study was to examine the suitability of commercially available reagents for measurements of coagulation parameters in citrated plasma from birds. Therefore, plasma samples of 17 healthy donor birds of different species were used to determine prothrombin time (PT), activated partial thromboplastin time (aPTT) and thrombin time (TT) applying various commercial reagents which are routinely used in coagulation diagnostics in humans and mammals. A PT reagent based on human placental thromboplastin yielded not only shorter clotting times than a reagent containing recombinant human tissue factor (median 49 vs. 84 s), but also showed a minor range of distribution of values (43-55 s vs. 30-147 s, minimum-maximum, n = 5 turkeys). An aPTT reagent containing kaolin and phospholipids of animal origin delivered the shortest clotting times and the lowest range of variation in comparison to three other reagents of different composition. However, even when this reagent was used, aPTTs were partially extremely long (> 200 s). Thrombin time was 38 s (28-57 s, n = 5 chicken) when measured with bovine thrombin at a final concentration of 2 IU thrombin/ ml. Coefficients of variation for within-run precision analysis (20 repetitions) of PT was 8.0% and 4.7% for aPTT measurements using selected reagents of mammalian origin. In conclusion, of the commercially available reagents tested, a PT reagent based on human placental thromboplastin and an aPTT reagent including rabbit brain phospholipid and kaolin, show some promise for potential use in birds.
Establishment of gastro-intestinal helminth infections in free-range chickens: a longitudinal on farm study.
Wongrak K, Daş G, Moors E … +2 more , Sohnrey B, Gauly M
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 25080825
The objective of this study was to monitor establishment and development of gastro-intestinal helminth infections in chickens over two production years (PY) on a free-range farm in Lower Saxony, Germany. The data were co...
The objective of this study was to monitor establishment and development of gastro-intestinal helminth infections in chickens over two production years (PY) on a free-range farm in Lower Saxony, Germany. The data were collected between July 2010 and June 2011 (PY1) and July 2011 and January 2013 (PY2), respectively. During PY1, Lohmann Brown classic (LB classic, N = 450) was tested, while in PY2 two different genotypes (230 LB classic, 230 LB plus) were used. The hens were kept in two mobile stalls that were moved to a new position at regular intervals. In both PY1 and PY2, 20 individual faecal samples per stall were randomly collected at monthly intervals in order to calculate the number of internal parasite eggs per gram of faeces (EPG). At the end of the laying periods, approximately 10% (N = 42) or more than 50% (N = 265) of hens were subjected to post-mortem parasitological examinations in PY1 and PY2, respectively. No parasite eggs were found in the faecal samples during PY1, whereas almost all of the hens (97.6%) were infected with Heterakis gallinarum (36 worms/hen) at the end of the period. In PY2, nematode eggs in faeces were found from the third month onwards at a low level, increasing considerably towards the final three months. There was no significant difference between the two genotypes of brown hens neither for EPG (P = 0.456) or for overall prevalence (P = 0.177). Mortality rate ranged from 18.3 to 27.4% but did not differ significantly between genotypes or production years. Average worm burden was 207 worms/hen in PY2. The most prevalent species were H. gallinarum (98.5%) followed by Ascaridia galli (96.2%) and Capillaria spp. (86.1%). Furthermore, three Capillaria species, C. obsignata, C. bursata and C. caudinflata were differentiated. In conclusion chickens kept on free-range farms are exposed to high risks of nematode infections and have high mortality rates with no obvious link to parasite infections. Once the farm environment is contaminated with the nematode eggs, establishment and further spread of nematodes to the hens is a matter of time. This will latest be the case in the second production period, even if the hens are kept in a rotation system and in small herd sizes. This underlines the importance of nematode infections in all free-range systems.
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