Berliner Und Munchener Tierarztliche Wochenschrift[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
Influence of laxatives on gastric emptying in healthy warmblood horses evaluated with the acetaminophen absorption test.
Snyder A, Koeller G, Seiwert B … +2 more , Abraham G, Schusser GF
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 24693665
The use of laxatives is crucial in the treatment of horses with caecal or large colon impaction.To reach the large intestinal contents and resolve the impaction, laxatives must leave the stomach and pass through the smal...
The use of laxatives is crucial in the treatment of horses with caecal or large colon impaction.To reach the large intestinal contents and resolve the impaction, laxatives must leave the stomach and pass through the small intestine.The aim of this study was to prove whether isotonic solutions of saline cathartics do not affect gastric emptying rate in contrast to hypertonic solutions. Six, fasted, healthy, adult Warmblood horses were used in a randomized study design with 1.8% sodium sulfate (1.8% Na2SO4), 4.2% magnesium sulfate (4.2% MgSO4), 25% sodium sulfate (25% Na2SO4), 25% magnesium sulfate (25% MgSO4) and water at either 20 ml/kg BW (Water 20) or 4 ml/kg BW (Water 4), administered via nasogastric intubation. For indirect measurement of liquid-phase gastric emptying, the liquid-phase passage marker acetaminophen (20 mg/kg BW in 200 ml water) was added to each trial. Serum samples were collected at predetermined time points for pharmacokinetic analysis. The time to reach maximum serum concentration (Tmax) was considered as gastric emptying rate. Compared to Water 4, Tmax of 25% Na2SO4 and 25% MgSO4 was reached significantly later, the maximum serum concentration (Cmax) of acetaminophen was significantly lower and the area under the curve determined up to 90 min (AUC90) was significantly smaller. Isotonic solutions of saline cathartics (1.8% Na2SO4, 4.2% MgSO4) did not influence the gastric emptying rate. Hypertonic solutions of saline cathartics (25% Na2SO4, 25% MgSO4) significantly delayed the gastric emptying rate.
Some facts and issues related to livestock theft in Punjab province of Pakistan --findings of series of cases.
Abbas T, Muhammad Y, Raza S … +2 more , Nasir A, Höreth-Böntgen DW
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 24693664
Stock theft is an endemic crime particularly affecting deep rural areas of Pakistan. Analysis of a series of cases was conducted to describe features of herds and farmers who have been the victims of cattle and/buffalo t...
Stock theft is an endemic crime particularly affecting deep rural areas of Pakistan. Analysis of a series of cases was conducted to describe features of herds and farmers who have been the victims of cattle and/buffalo theft in various villages of Punjab in Pakistan during the year 2012. A structured interview was administered to a sample of fifty three affected farmers. The following were the important findings: i) incidents of theft were more amongst small scale farmers, ii) the rate of repeat victimization was high, iii) stealing was the most common modus operandi, iv) the majority of animals were adult, having high sale values, v) more cases occurred during nights with crescent moon, vi) only a proportion of victims stated to have the incident reported to the police, vii) many farmers had a history of making compensation agreements with thieves, viii) foot tracking failed in the majority of the cases, ix) all the respondents were willing to invest in radio frequency identification devices and advocated revision of existing laws. The study has implications for policy makers and proposes a relationship between crime science and veterinary medicine.
Prevalence of viral infections in cats in southwestern Poland in the years 2006 to 2010.
Rypuła K, Płoneczka-Janeczko K, Bierowiec K … +2 more , Kumala A, Sapikowski G
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 24693663
This study included data from 676 cats in southwestern Poland examined between 2006 and 2010. Examinations were performed to diagnose the following infections: feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus...
This study included data from 676 cats in southwestern Poland examined between 2006 and 2010. Examinations were performed to diagnose the following infections: feline leukemia virus (FeLV), feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), feline coronavirus (FCoV), feline calicivirus (FCV), and feline herpesvirus (FHV). The presence of antibodies or antigens was assessed in samples from all cats. Among examined cats, 46.9% were positive for FCV, 50% for FHV, and 38.5% for FCoV. Retroviral infections were detected more rarely: FeLV in 6.4% and FIV in 4.3% of cases.
Prevalence of antibodies against bluetongue virus serotype 8 in bulk-tank milk samples from dairy cattle herds located in risk areas for bluetongue virus transmission after a vaccination programme in Switzerland.
Büchi M, Abril C, Vögtlin A … +1 more , Schwermer H
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 24693662
Switzerland had been affected by the bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) epidemic in Europe in the years 2007 to 2009. After three years of mandatory vaccination and comprehensive surveillance, Switzerland showed to be f...
Switzerland had been affected by the bluetongue virus serotype 8 (BTV-8) epidemic in Europe in the years 2007 to 2009. After three years of mandatory vaccination and comprehensive surveillance, Switzerland showed to be free of BTV-8 in 2012. In the future Elisa testing of bulk-tank milk (BTM) samples as a very sensitive and cost-effective method should be used for the surveillance of all serotypes of BTV. To determine the prevalence of seropositive herds, BTM from 240 cattle herds was sampled in July 2012. The results showed an apparent seroprevalence of 98.7% in the investigated dairy herds. Most plausible, the high prevalence was caused by the vaccination campaigns rather than by infections with BTV-8. In the outbreak the cumulative number of BTV-8 cases in Switzerland had been 75.Thus it is very likely that the used inactivated vaccines induced long-term antibody titres. Due to the high seroprevalence, investigating for BT-antibodies cannot be used for early recognition of a new introduction of BTV at the moment. Nonetheless, testing of BTM samples is appropriate for an annual evaluation of the seroprevalence and especially as an instrument for early recognition for incursions as soon as the antibody prevalence declines.To determine this decline the BTM testing scheme should be conducted each year as described in this work.
[Aspects seroepidemiological studies on Q fever in unvaccinated dairy cattle herds].
Hilbert A, Blaha I, Fröhlich A … +5 more , Hensler E, Reith P, Henning K, Conraths FJ, Miller T
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 24693661
Q fever is a zoonosis distributed worldwide and important in human as well as in veterinary medicine in Germany. In Baden-Wurttemberg, the pathogen is endemic. Usually Q fever is associated with infected sheep flocks. In...
Q fever is a zoonosis distributed worldwide and important in human as well as in veterinary medicine in Germany. In Baden-Wurttemberg, the pathogen is endemic. Usually Q fever is associated with infected sheep flocks. In contrast, however, in the animal disease reporting system (TSN) 88.1% of all listed Q fever infections during the last 12 years have been registered in cattle. Accordingly, in Baden-Württemberg and Freudenstadt 78.3 and, respectively, 62.5% of the Q fever cases were from cattle. Long term studies on appearance of Coxiella burnetii in normal herds of cattle are missing. Increasing vaccination of cattle herds against Q fever with the vaccine approved in Germany (no marker vaccine) complicates the future opportunities to gain data from serological studies. In the present study, a total of 1640 bovine sera taken from unvaccinated, clini- tion against C burnetii for analysis and comparison. The results show, depending on the test, a seroprevalence of 4.3% to 7.4%. Seasonal comparison revealed a significant increase of up to 9%.The month with the highest seroprevalence aver aged over three years was June with a prevalence of 24.7%. Overall, the findings of this study demonstrate that even the high number of entries does not fully capture the true prevalence of Q fever in cattle herds.
Prevalence of zoonotic Campylobacter spp. in rectal swabs from dogs in Slovakia: special reference to C. jejuni and C. coli.
Badlík M, Holoda E, Pistl J … +2 more , Koscová J, Sihelská Z
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 24693660
This work focused on the isolation of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in samples obtained from dog droppings. There were 135 samples collected and examined from both clinically healthy and diseased dogs from households,...
This work focused on the isolation of thermophilic Campylobacter spp. in samples obtained from dog droppings. There were 135 samples collected and examined from both clinically healthy and diseased dogs from households, clinics, rehabilitation centres and dog shelters in eastern Slovakia. The isolation of the Campylobacter spp. was achieved by the use of combined selective cultivation methods, followed by confirmation and species identification of the isolates using the PCR method.The overall prevalence of Campylobacter in dogs was 30.4%. Statistically significant differences were recorded (P < 0.05) within the age groups of all dogs examined: 40.6% of the older dogs (> or = 1 year) tested positive, compared to 19.7% of the younger ones (< 1 year). There was no significant difference in relation to dog gender. The most frequently isolated species was Campylobacter (C.) jejuni, present in 51.2% of all positive samples. Campylobacter coli was present in 9.8% of the samples. The remaining positive samples (39%) were confirmed as C upsaliensis, based on phenotypic traits. The highest prevalence of Campylobacter was found in samples from shelters (50%) and the lowest in those from households (11.5%), with samples from rehabilitation centres (42.3%) and clinics (18.8%) coming in second and third place.The high prevalence of Campylobacter confirms the hypothesis that dogs, mainly the ones kept in groups, are a source of Campylobacter spp. Further investigation is required to determine to what extent infected dogs may be a potential source of infection in humans.
Comparison of the phenotypic antimicrobial resistances and spa-types of methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates derived from pigs in conventional and in organic husbandry systems.
Buntenkoetter V, Blaha T, Tegeler R … +4 more , Fetsch A, Hartmann M, Kreienbrock L, Meemken D
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 24693659
The purposes of this study were to identify differences in the phenotypic resistance to antimicrobials and in the spa-types between 273 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates derived from conventiona...
The purposes of this study were to identify differences in the phenotypic resistance to antimicrobials and in the spa-types between 273 methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) isolates derived from conventional (n = 21) versus organic pig farms (n = 10) located in Germany. The susceptibility of the isolates against 19 antimicrobial agents was tested and then compared between the two different husbandry systems. A statistically significant difference was observed between the MRSA strains isolated on conventional and on organic pig farms for the antimicrobials tilmicosin (61.8% vs. 40.0%; OR: 2.42), clindamycin (63.5% vs. 45.7%; OR: 2.06), gentamicin (14.7% vs. 34.3%; OR: 0.33), apramycin (3.8% vs. 22.9%; OR: 0.13) and enrofloxacin (13.9% vs. 34.3%; OR: 0.31). Finally, the results of the susceptibility testing were analysed in order to determine the resistance pattern per isolate. Among the tested isolates a kind of"basic resistance pattern of MRSA"to penicillin, ampicillin and tetracycline was identified. The predominant spa-types in both groups were t011 and t034. Less frequently detected spa-types were t1430, t1197, t2510, t779, t1451 and t1250.
[The importance of wildlife as reservoir of antibiotic-resistant bacteria in Bavaria--first results].
Meyer C, Heurich M, Huber I … +3 more , Krause G, Ullrich U, Fetsch A
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 24693658
The use of antimicrobial agents is responsible for the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Nevertheless, multiresistant bacteria have been found in animals that have never been exposed to antimicrobial...
The use of antimicrobial agents is responsible for the emergence and spread of antibiotic resistant bacteria. Nevertheless, multiresistant bacteria have been found in animals that have never been exposed to antimicrobial agents. Wild animals that are carriers of methicillin-resistant organisms represent a hazard since they can transmit their bacteria to other animals and to humans. In the hunting season 2009/2010 nasal swabs of 98 red deer and 109 wild boars were examined for the presence of methicillin-sensitive and methicillin-resistant staphylococci. From each wild boar methicillin-susceptible staphylococci (Staphylococcus aureus in 28% and Staphylococcus spp. in 72% of the animals) were isolated. In red deer the detection rate of Staphylococcus (S.) aureus and methicillin-susceptible staphylococci was 49% and 17%, respectively. The occurrence of S. aureus was significantly higher (p < 0.05) in red deer than in wild boars. Methicillin-resistant staphylococci were not found. However, in one third of the red deer, methicillin-resistant bacteria of the genus Enterococcus spp. and Bacillus spp. were isolated. The results of the present study indicate that wildlife, especially red deer are an important reservoir for S. aureus and that the upper respiratory tract of red deer is regularly colonised with methicillin-resistant bacteria such as Bacillus spp. and Enterococcus spp. Primarily, commensal bacteria are harmless to human health, however, red deer may be a reservoir for antibiotic-resistant bacteria.
Fatty acid composition of Yersinia ruckeri isolates from aquaculture ponds in northwestern Germany.
Huang Y, Ryll M, Walker C … +3 more , Jung A, Runge M, Steinhagen D
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 24693657
Enteric Redmouth Disease (ERM), caused by Yersinia (Y.) ruckeri is one of the most important diseases in salmonid aquaculture. Outbreaks of ERM were controlled by vaccines directed against motile strains of the bacterium...
Enteric Redmouth Disease (ERM), caused by Yersinia (Y.) ruckeri is one of the most important diseases in salmonid aquaculture. Outbreaks of ERM were controlled by vaccines directed against motile strains of the bacterium, until recently nonmotile vaccine-resistant strains evolved and caused severe outbreaks. Non-motile isolates were found widespread in aquaculture populations in north-western Germany. In the present study, 82 Y. ruckeri isolates were isolated from trout hatcheries in North Rhine Westfalia, Lower Saxony and Hessen and only 20% of them were motile. In order to further characterise the Y. ruckeri isolates from fish aquaculture populations in north-western Germany, the fatty acid compositions of 82 Y. ruckeri field isolates from this area and of the Y. ruckeri reference strain DSM 18506 were analysed by gas chromatography. All Y. ruckeri isolates exhibited 15 major fatty acids, including 12:0, 13:0, 13.957 (equivalent chain length, ECL unknown), 14:0, 14.502 (ECL unknown), 15:0, 16:1omega5c, 16:0, 17:1omega8c, 17:0 CYCLO, 17:0, 16:1 2OH, 18:1omega9c, 18:1omega7c and 18:0. From a dendrogram, all isolates were close to one another, clustering together; while slight differences were detected among the isolates and the reference strain DSM 18506. Compared to their epidemiological and biochemical characteristics, there was no relationship found between the fatty acid profiles, API 20E profiles, motility and geographic distribution. Our results show that the fatty acid composition of Y. ruckeri isolates from north-western Germany is highly homogenous.
First report of a Brucella suis infection in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus).
Sting R, Schwabe I, Oehme R … +2 more , Elschner MC, Melzer F
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 24693656
In the present case report the detection of Brucella (B.) suis biovar 2 in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) is described for the first time. The roe deer fawn was found emaciated and moribund in a hunting ground in the dis...
In the present case report the detection of Brucella (B.) suis biovar 2 in roe deer (Capreolus capreolus) is described for the first time. The roe deer fawn was found emaciated and moribund in a hunting ground in the district Hohenlohe in Baden-Württemberg, Germany, in February 2013. A post-mortem examination revealed particularly a high-grade fibrinous pleurisy caused by the pathogen which could be multiplied in a dense growth on sheep blood agar and confirmed and differentiated subsequently by PCR.
[Pathologic-anatomical changes in newborn goats caused by an intrauterine Schmallenberg virus infection].
Wagner H, Eskens U, Nesseler A … +6 more , Riesse K, Kaim U, Volmer R, Hamann HP, Sauerwald C, Wehrend A
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 24693655
A complex of various malformations in newborns was observed to an increased extent in sheep farms in the 2011/2012 lambing season. An intrauterine Schmallenberg virus (SBV) infection was identified as the cause of these...
A complex of various malformations in newborns was observed to an increased extent in sheep farms in the 2011/2012 lambing season. An intrauterine Schmallenberg virus (SBV) infection was identified as the cause of these malformations. To date, a detailed pathological description of the deformity complex has only been given for bovine and ovine newborns.The aim of this study was therefore to provide a description of pathologic-anatomical congenital malformations in goat kids caused by intrauterine SBV infection. To this end, pathologic-anatomical and molecular biological investigations by PCR were carried out on 37 goat kids and 457 lambs from 238 sheep and goat farms in order to carry out an interspecies comparison. Of the 37 goat kids dissected, it was possible to identify a SBV infection in twelve animals (32.4%) by RT-PCR. In nine animals (24.3%) displaying pathological-anatomical malformations SBV could not be detected by PCR. The following malformations were observed: athrogryposis, deformation of spinal column, torticollis, asymmetry of the skull, brachygnathia inferior, cerebellar hypoplasia, cerebellar aplasia and internal hydrocephalus. Arthogryposis was the most common malformation, both in animals with positive PCR results and those with negative PCR results. This study documents congenital malformations caused by an intrauterine SBV infection for the first time on a large number of newborn goats.
Labour time required for piglet castration with isoflurane-anaesthesia using shared and stationary inhaler devices.
Weber S, Das G, Waldmann KH … +1 more , Gauly M
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 24693654
Isoflurane-anaesthesia combined with an analgesic represents a welfare-friendly method of pain mitigation for castration of piglets. However, it requires an inhaler device, which is uneconomic for small farms. Sharing a...
Isoflurane-anaesthesia combined with an analgesic represents a welfare-friendly method of pain mitigation for castration of piglets. However, it requires an inhaler device, which is uneconomic for small farms. Sharing a device among farms may be an economical option if the shared use does not increase labour time and the resulting costs. This study aimed to investigate the amount and components of labour time required for piglet castration with isoflurane anaesthesia performed with stationary and shared devices. Piglets (N = 1579) were anaesthetised with isoflurane (using either stationary or shared devices) and castrated.The stationary devices were used in a group (n = 5) of larger farms (84 sows/farm on an average), whereas smaller farms (n = 7; 32 sows/farm on an average) shared one device. Each farm was visited four times and labour time for each process-step was recorded. The complete process included machine set-up, anaesthesia and castration by a practitioner, and preparation, collection and transport of piglets by a farmer. Labour time of the complete process was increased (P = 0.012) on farms sharing a device (266 s/piglet) compared to farms using stationary devices (177 s/ piglet), due to increased time for preparation (P = 0.055), castration (P = 0.026) and packing (P = 0.010) when sharing a device. However, components of the time budget of farms using stationary or shared devices did not differ significantly (P > 0.05). Cost arising from time spent by farmers did not differ considerably between the use of stationary (0.28 Euro per piglet) and shared (0.26 Euro) devices. It is concluded that costs arising from the increased labour time due to sharing a device can be considered marginal, since the high expenses originating from purchasing an inhaler device are shared among several farms.
Endoscopic findings of the external ear canal in a group of clinically normal horses and horses with head shaking or vestibular disease.
Blanke A, Fischer ML, Fuchs M … +1 more , Schusser GF
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 24693653
Since there is a lack of information about the normal appearance or pathological findings of the equine external ear canal (EEEC) and tympanic membrane (TM), we aimed to find a practical way to perform the otoscopic exam...
Since there is a lack of information about the normal appearance or pathological findings of the equine external ear canal (EEEC) and tympanic membrane (TM), we aimed to find a practical way to perform the otoscopic examination in standing, sedated horses. Therefore, we worked with common veterinary video endoscopes, which are normally used for gastroscopy or bronchoscopy. Both ears each of 38 randomly selected, chemically restrained horses were otoscopically examined. 33 of those horses had no history or signs of potentially ear-associated diseases. However, two horses with vestibular disease and three horses with head shaking were included in the otoscopic examinations. We created references of the normal appearance of the EEEC and TM on the basis of the characteristic anatomical landmarks, degree of debris, amount of keratin scales, shape of the intersection between the cartilaginous (CEEC) and osseous (OEEC) portion of the external ear canal, shape of the OEEC, formation of the keratin layer and its integrity, epithelium colour of the OEEC, and complexion of the TM. With this information, we were able to visualise tympanosclerosis in two equine eardrums, as well as low-grade to severe external otitis in three horses. Severe bilateral external otitis combined with temporohyoid osteoarthropathy (THO) was found in one of those horses. A foreign body was found in one OEEC. This study shows that otoscopic examination is a basic, easy to perform and beneficial diagnostic procedure for a complete work-up of ear-related diseases, such as THO, facial nerve paralysis, vestibular disease, head-shaking or head trauma. Plus, regarding animal welfare, well being of horses is highly influenced by noise exposure. Therefore research on equine audiological aspects needs to be promoted. The standardized otoscopic examination provides an important basis for further research on aural diseases.
[Qualitative study of the acceptance and the requirements of a clinical skills lab at a university of veterinary medicine].
Rösch T, Schaper E, Tipold A … +2 more , Fischer MR, Ehlers JP
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2014 · PMID 24693652
In the education of veterinary medicine undergraduate students are taught theoretical knowledge and practical clinical skills in order to become practically trained professionals. A possibility to teach practical skills...
In the education of veterinary medicine undergraduate students are taught theoretical knowledge and practical clinical skills in order to become practically trained professionals. A possibility to teach practical skills is a center for clinical skills ("Clinical Skills Lab"). Students can train skills and gain experience through frequent repetitions of exercises. To respect animal welfare and introduce alternative methods to animal testing simulators and models are used in such a skills lab. In the current study the demands for a center for clinical skills and its equipment should be identified. The hypothesis should be proven, that students and teachers of veterinary medicine are highly motivated to enhance the education in practical skills. Focus group interviews were conducted with students, veterinarians (private practitioners), lecturers of veterinary medicine and experts for simulation of clinical skills. Needs and requirements of students participating in skills lab classes were identified.The interviews were conducted in individual or in group interviews. Many opinions, topics and needs were expressed, from which great benefit for the development of the skills lab can be drawn. The hypothesis that a skills lab is supported by all participants had to be rejected. Especially students were afraid of this new lab, because no former experience existed. In the interviews many needs and requirements were raised. However, they could easily be summarized to formulate an accurate list of requirements for the Clinical Skills Lab. A Skills Lab planned taking into consideration the results of this qualitative study will have a positive impact on veterinary medical education and teaching. According to empirical values of experts from other Skills Labs a widespread acceptance by the users can be expected on a long-term basis.
[Animal Health Law-- the National Animal Health Act and the European Animal Health Law].
Bätza HJ, Mettenleiter T
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2013 · PMID 24511828
The Animal Health Act that replaces the Animal Disease Act, which is currently in force, creates a regulatory framework in order to not only, as has been the case so far, control animal diseases that had already broken o...
The Animal Health Act that replaces the Animal Disease Act, which is currently in force, creates a regulatory framework in order to not only, as has been the case so far, control animal diseases that had already broken out, but in order to already prevent in advance possible outbreaks of animal diseases by means of preventive measures. The instruments to this effect are described here. At European level, too, the idea of prevention is set to play a greater role in the future, with the draft EU legal instrument on animal health, that has to date only been discussed at Commission level, also contributing to a simplification and easier implementation by the persons subject to law by harmonising the currently fragmented Community law. It remains to be seen when the deliberations in the Council and European Parliament will begin.
[Hantaviruses in Germany: threat for zoo, pet, companion and farm animals?].
Ulrich RG, Imholt C, Krüger DH … +4 more , Krautkrämer E, Scheibe T, Essbauer SS, Pfeffer M
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2013 · PMID 24511827
Hantaviruses are so-called "emerging" and "re-emerging" viruses because of the new and sudden nature of their appearance. Human infections can lead to two distinct disease patterns, the Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Synd...
Hantaviruses are so-called "emerging" and "re-emerging" viruses because of the new and sudden nature of their appearance. Human infections can lead to two distinct disease patterns, the Haemorrhagic Fever with Renal Syndrome and the Hantavirus Cardiopulmonary Syndrome. All known human pathogenic hantaviruses are transmitted through rodent hosts. There are three rodent-associated hantaviruses in Germany. The bank vole-associated Puumala virus (PUUV) is responsible for most of the human hantavirus infections. The Dobrava-Belgrade virus (DOBV) associated with the striped field mouse is causing hantavirus disease in the North and Northeast of Germany. The human pathogenicity of Tula virus (TULV) is still controversially discussed--the virus has been mainly associated with the common vole as the reservoir, but was molecularly detected also in the field and the water vole. More recently, two shrew-borne hantaviruses were described in Germany, i. e. Seewis virus in the common shrew and Asikkala virus in the pygmy shrew. Systematic studies about hantavirus infections of zoo, pet, companion and farm animals are still lacking. Hence, the aim of this review article is to summarise the current knowledge on this topic and raise the attention of veterinarians to potentially overlooked clinical disease patterns.
[Bats, viruses and humans: coronaviruses on the rise?].
Winter C, Herrler G
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2013 · PMID 24511826
The outbreak of the SARS coronavirus in 2002/2003 and the recent disease cases with a new human coronavirus (originally designated EMC-CoV, recently renamed MERS-CoV) have put the focus onto the virus family Coronavirida...
The outbreak of the SARS coronavirus in 2002/2003 and the recent disease cases with a new human coronavirus (originally designated EMC-CoV, recently renamed MERS-CoV) have put the focus onto the virus family Coronaviridae. Both viruses appeared to have managed to jump over the species barrier from a bat reservoir to the human population. Bats are considered to serve as a natural reservoir for coronaviruses infecting mammals. An important factor for crossing the species-barrier is the adaptation to a new receptor on cells of the new host species. During evolution coronaviruses have developed a large diversity of binding specificities demonstrating the high flexibility of the coronaviral spike protein, which is responsible for binding to target cells.
Influenza A virus infections in marine mammals and terrestrial carnivores.
Harder TC, Siebert U, Wohlsein P … +1 more , Vahlenkamp T
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2013 · PMID 24511825
Influenza A viruses (IAV), members of the Orthomyxoviridae, cover a wide host spectrum comprising a plethora of avian and, in comparison, a few mammalian species. The viral reservoir and gene pool are kept in metapopulat...
Influenza A viruses (IAV), members of the Orthomyxoviridae, cover a wide host spectrum comprising a plethora of avian and, in comparison, a few mammalian species. The viral reservoir and gene pool are kept in metapopulations of aquatic wild birds. The mammalian-adapted IAVs originally arose by transspecies transmission from avian sources. In swine, horse and man, species-adapted IAV lineages circulate independently of the avian reservoir and cause predominantly respiratory disease of highly variable severity. Sporadic outbreaks of IAV infections associated with pneumonic clinical signs have repeatedly occurred in marine mammals (harbour seals [Phoca vitulina]) off the New England coast of the U.S.A. due to episodic transmission of avian IAV. However, no indigenous marine mammal IAV lineages are described. In contrast to marine mammals, avian- and equine-derived IAVs have formed stable circulating lineages in terrestrial carnivores: IAVs of subtype H3N2 and H3N8 are found in canine populations in South Korea, China, and the U.S.A. Experimental infections revealed that dogs and cats can be infected with an even wider range of avian IAVs. Cats, in particular, also proved susceptible to native infection with human pandemic H1N1 viruses and, according to serological data, may be vulnerable to infection with further human-adapted IAVs. Ferrets are susceptible to a variety of avian and mammalian IAVs and are an established animal model of human IAV infection. Thus, a potential role of pet cats, dogs and ferrets as mediators of avian-derived viruses to the human population does exist. A closer observation for influenza virus infections and transmissions at this animal-human interface is indicated.
[Descriptive summary of the classical swine fever control in wild boar in Germany since 2005].
Staubach C, Höreth-Böntgen D, Blome S … +5 more , Fröhlich A, Blicke J, Jahn B, Teuffert J, Kramers M
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2013 · PMID 24511824
Classical swine fever (CSF) in wild boar repeatedly appeared in different federal states of the Federal Republic of Germany since 1995, from which it has been successfully eradicated sometimes fast, sometimes in a more t...
Classical swine fever (CSF) in wild boar repeatedly appeared in different federal states of the Federal Republic of Germany since 1995, from which it has been successfully eradicated sometimes fast, sometimes in a more time taking way using oral immunization as a main element of control. Since 2005 the cases focused solely on North Rhine-Westphalia and Rhineland-Palatinate. In the present study, therefore, the situation of CSF in wild boar has been closely investigated concerning the period 2005 to 2012 in these two regions. It is noteworthy that in this period two different variants of the virus subtype 2.3 occurred in two regionally defined areas of the "Eifel" and "Westerwald" as well as in the "Pfalz". The two Federal States have undertaken extensive oral vaccination campaigns and surveillance activities, which enabled an assessment of the existing virus prevalence and serological prevalence in the different regions. After an initial high serological prevalence, caused probably by interaction of infection and vaccination, the serological levels stabilized seasonally adjusted in a range from 50 to 60% in almost all areas. The vaccination campaigns have been maintained by both Federal States over a period of at least 2.5 years after virus has been detected for the last time. In consequence Germany as a whole has been recognized for the first time to be officially free from CSF in wild boar. By genotyping of virus isolates it has been demonstrated that the virus changed over time and played a role in the outbreak area "Westerwald".
[Possibilities and limitations in veterinary vaccine development using the example of classical swine fever].
Blome S, Gabriel C, Beer M
Berl Munch Tierarztl Wochenschr · 2013 · PMID 24511823
The use of vaccines is still one of the most effective tools to control infectious diseases. Up to now, conventional vaccines are employed in the majority of cases. Drawbacks of these established vaccines include the lac...
The use of vaccines is still one of the most effective tools to control infectious diseases. Up to now, conventional vaccines are employed in the majority of cases. Drawbacks of these established vaccines include the lack of differentiability of infected from vaccinated animals (DIVA or marker strategy), limitations in the efficacy spectrum, and constraints and restrictions in production. For this reason, new vaccines, which do not show these disadvantages, are under development, especially for notifiable diseases such as classical swine fever (CSF). In principle, the following modern vaccine types can be differentiated: recombinant attenuated vaccines, recombinant inactivated vaccines or subunit vaccines, vector vaccines, and DNA/ RNA vaccines. During the last years, especially attenuated deletion vaccines or chimeric constructs have shown potential. Under field conditions, all marker vaccines have to be accompanied by a potent test system. Particularly this point often shows weaknesses. Alternative vaccine candidates are so far only prototypes and licensing is only a medium term possibility. Moreover, most of these vaccines are genetically engineered and can be problematic in terms of licensing and the public's acceptance. In conclusion, conventional vaccines still present the standard, especially in terms of efficacy. Yet, only vaccines with DIVA properties are feasible for the control of CSF. Thus, development and assessment of alternative vaccines is of paramount importance. The present overview summarizes concepts and vaccine types using the example of classical swine fever. It also recapitulates their advantages and disadvantages as well as their limitations.
About
- Frequency
- Sun
- Papers found
- 200
- RSS feed
- Subscribe