Current Cardiology Reviews[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
Real-World Review of Adherence to Guideline-Directed Intravenous Iron Therapy in Heart Failure Patients: A Retrospective Observational Study from a Tertiary Care Hospital in Oman.
Shoaib M, Al Hashmi K, Al Alawi A … +10 more , Albusaidi S, Al Jaadi S, Al Shaidi Y, Al Naamani A, Alsaidi M, Al Jabri A, Al Attraqchi Y, Abdelmoaty A, Alzeedy K, Al Riyami A
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2025 Oct · PMID 41140084 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: International guidelines recommend intravenous (IV) iron replacement in patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced or mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF or HFmrEF) and iron deficiency (ID). IV iron...
INTRODUCTION: International guidelines recommend intravenous (IV) iron replacement in patients with heart failure (HF) with reduced or mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF or HFmrEF) and iron deficiency (ID). IV iron therapy remains underutilised despite growing evidence of its positive impact on hospitalisation rates, quality of life, and symptom control in HF. In this study, we aimed to explore the prevalence of ID and adherence to guideline-directed medical therapy (GDMT) for ID in HF patients. METHODS: It was a retrospective observational study performed at a tertiary hospital in Oman. All HF patients admitted between March 2022 and February 2024 were included. ID was defined as serum ferritin less than 100 μg/L or serum ferritin 100-299 μg/L with transferrin saturation (TSAT) of less than 20%. Patients in intensive care units, pregnant women, and those with HF with preserved LVEF (HFpEF) were excluded. RESULTS: Only 26% (n=97) of 376 patients with HFrEF/HFmrEF were screened for ID, and about half of them (n=52) were found to be iron deficient. ID was tested more often in patients with anemia compared to those without anemia (33.9% vs. 10.7%, p < 0.001). IV iron in the form of iron carboxymaltose (FCM) was administered in 19% of ID patients, but only 15% received the recommended dose of 1000 mg FCM. There was no statistically significant difference in patient demographics or comorbidities between patients with or without ID. CONCLUSION: Among 376 HF patients screened for ID, almost half were iron deficient. However, the compliance rate of IV FCM therapy remained quite low. Low screening rates and limited adherence to GDMT underscore the need for standardized hospital protocols for the management of ID in HF patients.
Adaptive Immune System in Hypertension: Implicating the Role of T Cells.
Varadarajan P, S SLJ, Krishnamurthy V … +1 more , Kanagarajan H
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2025 Oct · PMID 41121514 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Emerging scientific evidence supports the essential role of inflammation as one of the factors in the development of hypertension. The immune system plays a crucial role in the body's defense mechanism and...
INTRODUCTION: Emerging scientific evidence supports the essential role of inflammation as one of the factors in the development of hypertension. The immune system plays a crucial role in the body's defense mechanism and in promoting tissue regeneration after injury. When the immune system overreacts to an insult or injury, collateral damage can result in hypertension. METHODS: A comprehensive literature search was conducted to collect and analyse articles related to the role of the adaptive immune system, particularly T cells and their cytokines. It was conducted in scientific databases, including PubMed, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar, to identify relevant articles published between 2000 and 2024, ensuring an up-to-date collection of scientific evidence. The following keywords and Medical Subject Headings (MeSH terms) were used: hypertension, immune system, T cells, cytokines, IL-10, TNF-α, IL-17, IFN-γ, and renal inflammation. These keywords helped capture both basic mechanisms and clinical findings relevant to the immune-mediated mechanism of hypertension. Only peer-reviewed original research articles and review articles in English were included. Preference was given to articles focused on cytokine synthesis, expression, release, and their signalling pathways, as well as hypertension- related target organ damage, especially in the kidney and blood vessels. All the articles were thoroughly analysed to extract information on the involvement of T cell-derived cytokines in promoting immune activation, monocyte infiltration, sodium retention, vascular dysfunction, and endothelial impairment, which all contribute to the pathogenesis of hypertension. RESULTS: According to the reference articles, TNF-α, IL-17, and IFN-γ stimulate vascular inflammation, sodium retention, endothelial dysfunction, and renal inflammation. DISCUSSION: The roles of T cells and the associated cytokines in regulating blood pressure are thoroughly discussed. It can activate oxidative stress and result in renal sodium imbalance, as well as interaction with the RAAS system and oxidative stress pathway, culminating in the exacerbation of blood pressure. CONCLUSION: It is concluded that cytokines play a significant role in the development of hypertension, and targeting them might be a plausible pharmacological intervention for managing blood pressure.
Contemporary Review of Outcomes in Patients Undergoing Transcatheter Aortic Valve Replacement with Concomitant Mitral Stenosis.
Butt A, Echefu G, Geeslin D … +5 more , Ahmad L, Craig D, Ndubisi O, Nayyar M, Ibebuogu UN
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2025 Oct · PMID 41121513 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Multivalvular cardiac disease has been associated with increased mortality and morbidity as compared to isolated valve disease. The treatment of choice for combined degenerative aortic and mitral stenotic d...
INTRODUCTION: Multivalvular cardiac disease has been associated with increased mortality and morbidity as compared to isolated valve disease. The treatment of choice for combined degenerative aortic and mitral stenotic disease is considered to be double valve surgery, but it is associated with poorer outcomes when compared to isolated valve surgical correction, especially in high-risk populations. There is considerable interest in utilizing transcatheter therapies in multivalvular disease. The prevalence and outcomes of patients undergoing transcatheter aortic valve replacement (TAVR) for aortic stenosis (AS) with concomitant mitral stenosis (MS) have not been studied extensively. Currently, there are no specific recommendations or guidelines for managing these patients. METHODS: A search of PubMed and Cochrane databases was performed for studies and metaanalyses of patients undergoing TAVR for severe AS with concomitant MS. RESULTS: Our research demonstrates that most patients undergoing TAVR for severe AS with concomitant mitral valve stenosis tend to be elderly with degenerative valve disease. Short-term outcomes, such as postoperative hospital stay, as well as long-term outcomes, such as 1-year mortality, are worse in TAVR with severe MS. TAVR in mild to moderate MS shows no significant differences in outcomes compared with TAVR for isolated severe AS. DISCUSSION: Most studies have shown that in subjects undergoing TAVR with concomitant MS, severe MS is associated with worse outcomes, while mild to moderate MS shows no significant difference compared with the absence of MS. Limitations of our study are mainly related to the small number of high-quality clinical trials examining TAVR in patients with combined AS and MS. CONCLUSION: With the aging population, TAVR has been a more attractive option for the treatment of severe symptomatic AS. The optimal treatment of patients with AS along with MS is not clear. Thus, further research is needed in this field.
Cavotricuspid Isthmus Line with a Variable-Loop Biphasic Circular Pulsed Field Ablation Catheter Integrated with a 3-Dimensional Mapping System - A Case Report.
Papakonstantinou PE, Murray P, O'Brien J
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2025 Oct · PMID 41088912 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) minimizes the risk of esophageal injury, pulmonary vein stenosis, and permanent phrenic nerve damage. However, when PFA is applied near coronary arteries, it has been associated wi...
BACKGROUND: Pulsed field ablation (PFA) minimizes the risk of esophageal injury, pulmonary vein stenosis, and permanent phrenic nerve damage. However, when PFA is applied near coronary arteries, it has been associated with the induction of coronary vasospasm, which is typically asymptomatic but occasionally results in ventricular arrhythmias. Pre-treatment strategy with intravenous nitroglycerin can significantly reduce the occurrence of this complication. CASE PRESENTATION: A 79-year-old male with cavotricuspid isthmus (CTI)-dependent atrial flutter and atrial fibrillation underwent catheter ablation after antiarrhythmic therapy failure. Following pulmonary vein and posterior wall isolation using a novel variable-loop biphasic circular pulsed field ablation (PFA) catheter integrated with a 3D mapping system (VARIPULSE catheter, CARTO mapping system, Johnson and Johnson, USA), CTI ablation was performed with the same system. Twenty-one applications resulted in sinus rhythm restoration and confirmed bidirectional block, with no complications. CONCLUSION: To our knowledge, this is the first real-world reported case of CTI-dependent atrial flutter successfully treated with the mapping-integrated PFA system, with clinical and rhythm follow-up extending to 6 months. Further studies are needed to assess its role in non-pulmonary vein ablation.
SGLT2 Inhibitors in Heart Failure with Reduced Ejection Fraction: A Retrospective Cohort Analysis of Sex-Specific Cardiovascular Outcomes.
Ibrahim R, Al-Asmar R, AlHammouri H … +9 more , Abdelnabi M, Forst B, Pham HN, Sarkis P, Lester SJ, Ayoub C, Lee K, Rosenthal J, Arsanjani R
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2025 Oct · PMID 41047672 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Sex-based differences in outcomes among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) remain underexplored. This study a...
INTRODUCTION: Sex-based differences in outcomes among patients with heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF) treated with sodium-glucose cotransporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2is) remain underexplored. This study aimed to evaluate sex-specific differences in cardiovascular outcomes in patients with HFrEF receiving SGLT2 inhibitors alongside guidelinedirected medical therapy (GDMT). METHODS: We conducted a retrospective cohort study using the TriNetX global research network. Adults with HFrEF treated with SGLT2is and GDMT were stratified by sex. Propensity score matching (PSM) was used to balance baseline demographics, comorbidities, medications, and laboratory data. Primary outcomes were all-cause mortality and acute heart failure (HF) events; secondary outcomes included hospitalizations, arrhythmias, renal outcomes, and advanced therapies. RESULTS: After PSM, 17,408 male and 17,408 female patients were analyzed. Male patients had lower odds of acute HF events (aOR: 0.949; 95% CI: 0.909-0.991), all-cause hospitalizations (aOR: 0.933; 95% CI: 0.895-0.973), and renal failure (aOR: 0.915; 95% CI: 0.870-0.962). No significant differences were observed in all-cause mortality (aOR: 1.003; 95% CI: 0.926-1.087) or heart transplantation, although LVAD use was more frequent in males (aOR: 1.416; 95% CI: 1.053-1.905). DISCUSSION: The findings highlighted potential sex-based disparities in outcomes for patients with HFrEF on SGLT2is. Differential prescribing patterns, comorbidity burden, or timing of therapy initiation may contribute to observed differences. CONCLUSION: Among HFrEF patients treated with SGLT2is, males experienced lower risks of HF events, hospitalizations, and renal failure compared to females, despite similar mortality. Further research is needed to understand and address sex-specific disparities in HFrEF management.
The Heart of Psoriasis: Cardiovascular Alterations and Common Inflammatory Mechanisms.
Santillo E, Marini L, Cardinali L
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2025 Sep · PMID 41017089 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: This mini-review aims to investigate the shared pathophysiological mechanisms linking psoriasis to cardiovascular disease (CVD), with a particular emphasis on electrocardiographic and echocardiographic alte...
INTRODUCTION: This mini-review aims to investigate the shared pathophysiological mechanisms linking psoriasis to cardiovascular disease (CVD), with a particular emphasis on electrocardiographic and echocardiographic alterations in individuals affected by psoriasis. METHODS: A comprehensive search of PubMed and Google Scholar was conducted for studies published between January 1980 and June 2025. The search included clinical trials, observational studies, reviews, and meta-analyses. RESULTS: The pathogenesis of psoriasis shares several key features with CVD, particularly systemic inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. Psoriasis patients frequently exhibit electrocardiographic abnormalities, such as arrhythmias, including atrial fibrillation (AF), and structural heart changes, such as left ventricular diastolic dysfunction. These cardiovascular changes are often observed even in the absence of clinically evident heart disease. DISCUSSION: Psoriasis significantly contributes to cardiovascular risk, even in patients without manifest CVD. Chronic inflammation, endothelial dysfunction, and metabolic disturbances are key factors contributing to the increased cardiovascular risk observed in these individuals. Furthermore, the presence of psoriatic arthritis may exacerbate these associations, highlighting the multifaceted nature of the disease. CONCLUSION: Early detection and management of cardiovascular alterations in patients with psoriasis are essential for mitigating their long-term cardiovascular burden. Targeting shared inflammatory pathways holds promise as a therapeutic approach to improve both dermatological and cardiovascular health in this patient population.
Cardiopulmonary Remodeling In Nondiabetic Patients with Systolic Heart Failure Using Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 Inhibitors: An Updated Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials.
Chichagi F, Meftah E, Rahmati R … +4 more , Zarimeidani F, Tavasol A, Mardasi KG, Omidi N
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2025 Sep · PMID 40990276 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION: Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of antidiabetic drugs that have demonstrated cardiovascular risk improvement in patients with heart failure. Current evidence suggests that they...
INTRODUCTION: Sodium-Glucose Cotransporter 2 (SGLT2) inhibitors are a class of antidiabetic drugs that have demonstrated cardiovascular risk improvement in patients with heart failure. Current evidence suggests that they can also reduce mortality, hospitalization, and renal disease progression. In this study, we aimed to evaluate the cardiac reverse remodeling potential of SGLT2 inhibitors in nondiabetic heart failure patients with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF). METHOD: We systematically searched various databases, including Web of Science, Pub- Med/Medline, Scopus, Cochrane, and ProQuest. After screening, five randomized controlled trials were retrieved from the initial search (8442 citations). RESULTS: The meta-analysis revealed statistically significant and positive effects of SGLT2 inhibitors on left ventricular mass and function, cardiac matrix and cells, and cardiopulmonary fitness. DISCUSSION: SGLT2 inhibitor users experienced a reduction in left ventricular (LV) mass (mean difference (MD): -20.06 grams, confidence interval (CI) 95%: -24.94 to -10.18, p-value< 0.01), LV mass index (MD: -9.79 g/m2, CI 95%: -13.47 to -6.11, p-value < 0.01), LV end diastolic volume (MD: -17.42 ml, CI 95%: -29.00 to -5.83, p-value < 0.01), and LV end systolic volume (MD: -17.30 ml, CI 95%: -34.35 to -0.25, p-value: 0.05). Correspondingly, cardiac extracellular volume (MD: -1.47, CI 95%: -2.49 to -0.46, p-value < 0.01), cardiac cellular volume (MD: - 7.74, CI 95%: -12.30 to -3.19, p-value< 0.01), and cardiac matrix volume (MD: -5.33 ml, CI 95%: -8.33 to -2.33, p-value< 0.01) significantly decreased. Markers of cardiorespiratory fitness, including maximal oxygen consumption (VO2) (MD: 1.58 ml/kg/min, CI 95%: 0.60 to 2.55, pvalue< 0.01) and the minute ventilation (VE)/carbon dioxide consumption (VCO2) slope (MD: - 1.64, CI 95%: -3.18 to -0.09, p-value: 0.04), also improved. Moreover, LV ejection fraction indicated a statistically and clinically negligible rise (MD: 2.97 %, CI 95%: -0.24 to 6.19, p-value: 0.07). CONCLUSION: The meta-analysis supports the potential role of SGLT2 inhibitors in enhancing LV function and reducing LV mass in HFrEF patients. These drugs can benefit HFrEF patients by improving pulmonary function and oxygenation. Treatment with SGLT2 inhibitors may be effective for outcomes associated with pulmonary and left ventricular function.
Left Main Revascularization in Patients with Chronic Kidney Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.
Gialamas I, Kalogeras K, Pantelidis P … +10 more , Zakynthinos GE, Lysandrou A, Katsianos E, Goliopoulou A, Gounaridi MI, Vythoulkas-Biotis N, Katsarou O, Oikonomou E, Siasos G, Vavuranakis M
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2025 Sep · PMID 40968418 · Publisher ↗
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis compares percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) as revascularization strategies for patients with left main c...
INTRODUCTION/OBJECTIVE: This systematic review and meta-analysis compares percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) as revascularization strategies for patients with left main coronary artery disease (LMCAD) and chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS: A comprehensive search of PubMed, Embase, and CENTRAL was conducted, with a pre-registered study protocol registered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42024496529). The primary endpoint was major adverse cardiac and cerebrovascular events (MACCE), a composite of allcause mortality, myocardial infarction (MI), stroke, or ischemia-driven revascularization. Secondary endpoints included each component of MACCE and 30-day all-cause mortality. RESULTS: Seven studies were analyzed, including five cohort studies and two subanalyses of randomized clinical trials, encompassing 3,475 patients. PCI was associated with a higher incidence of MACCE (hazard ratio [HR]: 1.50; 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.26-1.79), driven by allcause mortality (HR: 1.38; 95% CI 1.07-1.78), MI (HR: 1.75; 95% CI 1.17-2.62), and ischemiadriven revascularization (HR: 3.22; 95% CI 2.10-4.93). There were no differences in stroke rates (HR: 0.70; 95% CI 0.40-1.22) or 30-day all-cause mortality (odds ratio [OR]: 0.92; 95% CI 0.35-2.41). DISCUSSION: While previous studies have reported conflicting evidence regarding the noninferiority of PCI to CABG in patients with LMCAD, our pooled analysis demonstrates an increased incidence of MACCE in the PCI group, primarily driven by higher rates of all-cause mortality, myocardial infarction, and ischemia-driven revascularization. The findings suggest that CKD may play a role in clinical outcomes comparable to diabetes in multivessel disease and should be a key factor in revascularization decisions. CONCLUSION: CABG is associated with superior long-term outcomes compared to PCI in patients with LMCAD and CKD. However, dedicated randomized controlled trials stratified by CKD stage are essential to guide optimal treatment strategies in this high-risk population.
Pompe Disease: A Review of Diagnosis, Molecular Genetics, and Treatment Management.
Adadi N, El Brouzi MY
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 · PMID 40947720 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: Pompe disease, a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder, results from mutations in the GAA gene that lead to deficient acid alpha-glucosidase activity and glycogen accumulation in various tissu...
INTRODUCTION: Pompe disease, a rare autosomal recessive lysosomal storage disorder, results from mutations in the GAA gene that lead to deficient acid alpha-glucosidase activity and glycogen accumulation in various tissues. METHODS: This review employs the diagnostic approach to the disease, encompassing enzymatic assays and molecular genetics, with a focus on genotype-phenotype correlations and regionspecific mutations. RESULTS: Over 500 mutations in the GAA gene, including missense, nonsense, insertions, deletions, and splicing defects, contribute to varying levels of enzyme deficiency, accounting for the diverse clinical manifestations of Pompe disease. DISCUSSION: Current therapies, including Enzyme replacement therapy (ERT), are the cornerstone treatments for Pompe disease, utilizing recombinant human alpha-glucosidase to restore enzyme activity and reduce glycogen accumulation in lysosomes. While ERT significantly improves survival, cardiomyopathy, and respiratory function, its limited uptake in skeletal muscle and immunogenicity pose challenges. Innovations include immune tolerance protocols and nextgeneration enzymes to enhance skeletal muscle delivery. Gene therapy emerges as a promising alternative, leveraging viral vectors to deliver functional GAA genes, thereby enabling sustained endogenous enzyme production and addressing limitations of ERT. Preclinical and early-phase trials demonstrate efficacy, reduced immunogenicity, and enhanced skeletal muscle uptake; however, challenges, such as vector immunogenicity and cost, remain. Thus, genetic counseling is essential for family planning and managing emotional and psychosocial challenges related to this disease. CONCLUSION: This article highlights advances and challenges in the diagnosis, management, and treatment of Pompe disease, providing a comprehensive resource for clinicians and researchers.
The Narrative Review: Advancements in Heart Failure Diagnosis and Management using Artificial Intelligence: A New Era of Patient Care.
Brar SS, Yathindra MR, Arango JSA … +10 more , Gutierrez EA, Aldoohan F, Chahal PS, Youssef A, Narra MS, Tatineni MB, Saldaña JMA, Torres GR, Shekhawat P, Dave V
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2025 Sep · PMID 40947703 · Publisher ↗
Heart Failure (HF) is a prevalent medical illness worldwide that affects millions and is a substantial economic burden. Its epidemiological impact is on the rise due to factors such as the ageing of the population, incre...
Heart Failure (HF) is a prevalent medical illness worldwide that affects millions and is a substantial economic burden. Its epidemiological impact is on the rise due to factors such as the ageing of the population, increasing rates of diabetes and hypertension, and better survival post-myocardial infarction. Some limitations in HF management include diagnostic challenges, sudden progression of the disease, and rising rates of readmission. Continuous monitoring and limited therapeutic interventions add further complexity to care. Artificial Intelligence(AI) is essential in health care and has provided solutions for improving HF management. Techniques like machine learning and deep learning enhance clinical decision-making and patient care. AI helps physicians diagnose HF more precisely through the analysis of imaging and electrocardiograms. Additionally, the patients' risk is calculated using various AI algorithms to develop personalized treatments for each individual. AI will help healthcare providers identify problems early and select appropriate therapies, leading to better outcomes. Further areas for improvement include enhanced data integration, predictive accuracy, patient engagement, data privacy and ethics, as well as integration with clinical workflows. AI technologies will continue to evolve in managing and treating HF; ongoing exploration and development are crucial for its optimization. This review outlines the current progress and potential of AI in the future to ensure better patient care and healthcare practices.
Enhanced Echocardiographic Assessment of the Aortic Root Structure: A Comparative Study of the Application of CT-3D Printing and Traditional Methods in the Teaching Context.
Hu G
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 · PMID 40910246 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: Echocardiographic assessment of the aortic root structure is critical with regard to efforts to diagnose and manage aortic valve diseases. However, traditional teaching methods often fail to provide the nec...
INTRODUCTION: Echocardiographic assessment of the aortic root structure is critical with regard to efforts to diagnose and manage aortic valve diseases. However, traditional teaching methods often fail to provide the necessary depth and practical experience for residents. This study addresses this knowledge gap by exploring the value of applying computed tomography 3-dimensional (CT-3D) printing in the context of teaching echocardiographic assessment of the aortic root structure. METHODS: Between January 1, 2022, and November 30, 2024, thirty residents in the Ultrasound Department of our hospital were recruited and randomly divided into a 3D printing group and a traditional teaching group. Participants in the 3D printing group used CT-3D printed aortic root models, whereas those in the traditional teaching group relied on standard methods. The theoretical knowledge and operational skills of participants in both groups were evaluated. RESULTS: Participants in the two groups did not differ significantly in terms of their theoretical knowledge. However, participants in the 3D printing group outperformed those in the traditional teaching group in terms of their operational skills; the 3D printing group also exhibited higher levels of teaching effectiveness satisfaction (all p<0.05). DISCUSSION: Our results revealed that the use of CT-3D printed models can result in improved operational skills and increased teaching satisfaction, echoing the findings reported by other studies that have revealed enhanced learning outcomes as a result of the integration of 3D printing into medical education. CONCLUSION: The use of CT-3D printed models significantly improved operational skill training and teaching satisfaction in the context of education in the echocardiographic assessment of the aortic root structure.
Assessing the Protective Effects of Pioglitazone on Radiation-Induced Cardiac Injury in an Model: A Biochemical and Histopathological Investigation.
Amiri FT, Jalali-Zefrei F, Zamani E … +7 more , Mohamed AH, Sourati A, Shourmij M, Majdayeen M, Salari A, Souri Z, Farzipour S
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 · PMID 40814881 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: RIHD is a significant complication in cancer radiotherapy, caused by oxidative stress and tissue damage. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of PGZ pretreatment against RIHD by assessing oxid...
INTRODUCTION: RIHD is a significant complication in cancer radiotherapy, caused by oxidative stress and tissue damage. This study aimed to evaluate the protective effect of PGZ pretreatment against RIHD by assessing oxidative stress markers, enzyme levels, biochemical parameters, and cardiac tissue changes in a mouse model. MATERIALS AND METHODS: 72 BALB/c mice were randomly divided into eight groups: control, PGZ (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg), IR (8 Gy), and IR + PGZ (at three doses). PGZ was administered daily for 10 days before exposure to RT on Day 11. 24 hours post-irradiation, cardiac tissues were analyzed for MDA levels, GPX and GSH concentrations, and serum markers including LDH and CPK. Histopathological examination was performed at 1 week and 1 month after irradiation to evaluate early inflammatory changes and late fibrosis. RESULTS: Results showed GPX activity increased by 28.2% and 48.4%, and GSH levels rose by 37.6% and 52.9% at doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg PGZ. MDA levels decreased by 40.35% and 52.63% at doses of 20 and 30 mg/kg, respectively. Serum LDH was reduced by 36.2% at 30 mg/kg. Tissue damage was significantly mitigated, with reductions of 88.9% at one week and 91.2% at one month. Fibrosis reduction was 23.5%, 41.5%, and 53.3% for 10, 20, and 30 mg doses. DISCUSSION: The findings highlight PGZ's potential to protect against RIHD via antioxidant enhancement; however, further clinical validation and exploration of long-term safety are essential. CONCLUSION: PGZ shows promise in reducing RIHD by enhancing antioxidants and decreasing tissue damage, warranting further clinical investigation.
The Association between β-Thalassemia Major (β-TM) and Cardiac Complications: Recent Insights.
Taneera J, Huwaijah HS, Qannita R … +10 more , Alalami A, Dib A, AlHajji A, Alhajji A, El-Tahrawi R, Saleh MA, Ramadan MM, Ibrahim AS, Ahmad F, Hamad M
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 · PMID 40785179 · Full text
β-thalassemia Major (β-TM) is a severe hereditary disorder characterized by insufficient synthesis of β-globin chains, resulting in chronic anemia and lifelong dependence on regular blood transfusions. Despite advancemen...
β-thalassemia Major (β-TM) is a severe hereditary disorder characterized by insufficient synthesis of β-globin chains, resulting in chronic anemia and lifelong dependence on regular blood transfusions. Despite advancements in therapeutic modalities, cardiac complications, including atrial fibrillation, cardiomyopathy, and pulmonary hypertension, continue to be significant contributors to morbidity and mortality among β-TM patients. These persistent cardiovascular risks underscore the urgent need for early, accurate detection and the implementation of personalized assessment strategies to improve patient outcomes. The prevalence of cardiac complications is notably high, with studies reporting affected individuals in up to 71% of the β-TM population. This highlights cardiac pathology as a predominant clinical concern in this population. The primary underlying mechanism is iron overload, predominantly resulting from chronic transfusional therapy. Excess iron accumulates in the myocardium, leading to myocardial siderosis, the development of dilated cardiomyopathy, and an increased risk of life-threatening arrhythmias. Cardiac magnetic resonance imaging (cMR), particularly T2* imaging, remains the gold standard for quantifying myocardial iron deposition and guiding therapeutic interventions. Emerging biomarkers, such as Growth Differentiation Factor-15 (GDF-15) and galectin-3, have shown potential for early detection of cardiac involvement and risk stratification, with the prospect of improving clinical outcomes through timely and targeted interventions. This review aims to discuss the prevalence and pathophysiology of cardiac complications in β-thalassemia major (β-TM), delineate risk factors, including serum ferritin levels, iron chelation therapy, age, genetic predispositions, and splenectomy, and evaluate current diagnostic and monitoring strategies. Furthermore, the utility of novel biomarkers, including follistatin and other emerging candidates, for early detection and prognosis is discussed, highlighting their potential to facilitate personalized management approaches that may reduce cardiac morbidity and mortality. In conclusion, integrating advanced imaging modalities such as cMR, novel biomarker profiling, and individualized risk stratification, considering ferritin levels, genetic factors, and splenectomy status, may significantly enhance early detection and intervention strategies, ultimately mitigating the burden of cardiac complications in β-TM.
A Rare Presentation of Left Ventricular False Tendon Across the Mitral Valve Connecting the Left Atrium and Ventricle: A Case Report.
Ansari F, AlFakhori A, Al Smady MN … +2 more , Kasem M, Hassan AA
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 · PMID 40770468 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: Cardiac False tendons are anatomical variants of fibromuscular structures that generally should not exist in the heart. The left ventricular tendon, which crosses the left ventricular cavity, is typically s...
INTRODUCTION: Cardiac False tendons are anatomical variants of fibromuscular structures that generally should not exist in the heart. The left ventricular tendon, which crosses the left ventricular cavity, is typically seen in most cases of false cardiac tendons; however, our case differs from other cardiac false tendons. This case involves a fibrous tendon that spans the mitral valve, connecting the left atrium and ventricle. This unusual presentation has only been documented once. Based on our knowledge and research, this is the first documented occurrence in the United Arab Emirates and the second incident worldwide. CASE PRESENTATION: A 12-year-old girl presented to an outpatient clinic with palpitations as her main complaint. After transthoracic echocardiography, it was suggested that a false tendon was passing through the mitral valve to connect the left atrium and left ventricle. We performed a transesophageal echo to confirm the diagnosis, and the results were identical to those of the transthoracic echocardiography. Since the uncommon false tendon only caused mild symptoms, an extensive multidisciplinary meeting was held, and we opted to manage the patient conservatively and monitor them annually at the outpatient cardiology clinic. CONCLUSION: In this uncommon case presentation, accurately diagnosing the condition and establishing a treatment and follow-up plan are crucial for understanding similar cases in the future. This variant of false tendons across the mitral valve appears to be a benign anatomical structural variant, comparable to other false tendons in the heart. Currently, there is insufficient evidence to link false tendons to increased cardiac morbidity and mortality.
Cancer-associated Marantic Endocarditis and Direct Oral Anticoagulants: Case Report and Systematic Review.
Donato G, Castor F, Fernandes JVA … +3 more , de Arruda Lacerda EC, Macedo AVS, Melo M
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 · PMID 40770467 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) involves sterile vegetations on heart valves due to systemic hypercoagulability, often linked to malignancies. It is frequently underdiagnosed and presents signif...
INTRODUCTION: Nonbacterial thrombotic endocarditis (NBTE) involves sterile vegetations on heart valves due to systemic hypercoagulability, often linked to malignancies. It is frequently underdiagnosed and presents significant clinical management challenges, often manifesting as thromboembolic events like ischemic stroke. We aim to report the first case of cancerassociated NBTE that showed a positive response to rivaroxaban as a maintenance anticoagulant, with 3D echocardiographic evidence of vegetation reduction, and to evaluate the performance of direct oral anticoagulants (DOACs) in treating cancer-associated NBTE through a systematic review of case reports. METHODS: A case study and a systematic review of case reports on the use of DOACs in the setting of cancer-associated non-valvular atrial fibrillation were presented. Electronic databases were searched, and relevant studies were selected based on predefined eligibility criteria. Data were extracted and analyzed qualitatively, focusing on demographics, clinical presentation, anticoagulation and anticancer therapies, and outcomes (surgery, NBTE resolution, thromboembolic events, and mortality). RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: In addition to our case, thirty-three studies were included in the systematic review. Most patients were already on DOAC therapy before the NBTE diagnosis. Lung and pancreatic cancers were the most common primary neoplasms. The aortic and mitral valves were most frequently affected. Anticoagulation therapy often shifted from DOACs to heparin upon NBTE diagnosis, with low-molecular-weight heparin showing better outcomes in vegetation resolution and thromboembolic event prevention. DISCUSSION: This study reinforces the suggestion that heparins are more appropriate for treating cancer-associated NBTE. However, satisfactory DOAC outcomes warrant further research. CONCLUSION: Effective NBTE management with DOACs appears to be strongly associated with the successful control of the underlying neoplasm.
Supersaturated Oxygen Delivery & Acute MI: Current Evidence, Practical Issues, and Future Research.
Pingili A, Vadiyala MR, Mylavarapu M … +4 more , Bilal M, Akula NV, Banala M, Katukuri N
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 · PMID 40770466 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: Acute myocardial infarction is a significant global health issue, with a high mortality rate. Early intervention, specifically coronary angiography, has been shown to improve patient outcomes significantly....
INTRODUCTION: Acute myocardial infarction is a significant global health issue, with a high mortality rate. Early intervention, specifically coronary angiography, has been shown to improve patient outcomes significantly. Recent technological advances have introduced novel therapeutic interventions like Supersaturated Oxygen (SSO) Therapy, which promises enhanced recovery post-ischemia. To evaluate the efficacy and potential benefits of SSO therapy in improving post-ischemic outcomes, including left ventricular function, myocardial scarring, and overall cardiac morphology. METHODS: This review synthesizes findings from early clinical trials and pre-clinical animal studies focusing on the application of SSO. The therapy involves delivering oxygen at ten times the normal level directly to the infarcted artery to facilitate high oxygen diffusion before restoring downstream flow. RESULTS AND DISCUSSION: Pre-clinical studies demonstrate that SSO therapy enhances Left ventricular ejection fraction (LVEF), increases mean arterial PaO2, reduces myocardial apoptosis, and decreases myocardial scarring and infarct sizes. Clinical trials, including the Acute Myocardial Infarction with Hyperoxemic Therapy (AMIHOT I and AMIHOT II), have shown improvements in echocardiographic regional wall motion and have helped in preventing myocardial dilatation and remodeling. CONCLUSION: SSO therapy presents a promising advance in the treatment of myocardial infarction. While early results are favorable, indicating significant improvements in cardiac function and tissue preservation, long-term follow-up studies are necessary to determine the impact on mortality rates, recurrence of ischemic events, and healthcare resource utilization.
Cardiac Repair and Mesenchymal Stem Cells: Exploring New Frontiers in Regenerative Medicine.
Nazir S, Maqbool T, Savas S
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 · PMID 40760749 · Full text
Cardiovascular diseases, especially myocardial infarction, remain the prominent causes of death globally, necessitating the exploration of innovative therapeutic strategies. Medical and surgical available treatments main...
Cardiovascular diseases, especially myocardial infarction, remain the prominent causes of death globally, necessitating the exploration of innovative therapeutic strategies. Medical and surgical available treatments mainly manage disease symptoms and prevent deterioration, but do not focus on the repair of lost cardiomyocytes. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have emerged as a promising tool for heart repair and regeneration after injury, as they possess unique properties, such as the potential for differentiation into cardiomyocytes and vascular endothelial cells, immunomodulation, the release of mediators, and paracrine effects. This review focuses on the latest understanding of MSC therapies for cardiac repair, specifically addressing their properties, mechanism of action, preclinical and clinical studies, problems and prospects, and future strategies. MSCs can be isolated from various tissues, including bone marrow and adipose tissue, each with its own advantages and disadvantages in cardiac repair. Many preclinical studies conducted concluded that MSCs could differentiate into cardiomyocytes. MSCs involve multiple factors that enhance angiogenesis, promote the survival of existing myocardium and cardiomyocytes, reduce fibrosis, modulate the immune response, activate existing cardiac stem cells, and facilitate tissue remodeling; all of these processes are crucial in myocardial repair after MI. Although preclinical studies have promising outcomes, the application of MSC therapy in clinical trials has faced many challenges. Clinical trials conducted so far have yielded variable outcomes, with some showing marked improvements and others producing no promising results, indicating less improvement in cardiac function and mortality. This variability may be due to multiple sources, including MSCs, delivery methods, culture conditions, the timing of administration after MI, and patient-dependent factors, such as disease severity, overall patient well-being, and other comorbid conditions. The review concluded that although MSCs have a significant role in cardiac repair, further research is essential for overcoming current challenges to unlocking the maximum regenerative potential of these cells.
Metabolic Risk-attributable Burden of Peripheral Arterial Disease across Socioeconomic Regions: Insights from the Global Burden of Disease Study 2021.
Sheng C, Chen S, Yang P … +1 more , Wang W
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 · PMID 40760748 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a significant contributor to global morbidity, with regional burdens exhibiting considerable heterogeneity. The PAD burden attributable to metabolic risks across regions...
INTRODUCTION: Peripheral arterial disease (PAD) is a significant contributor to global morbidity, with regional burdens exhibiting considerable heterogeneity. The PAD burden attributable to metabolic risks across regions with varying socioeconomic levels has yet to be adequately characterized. METHODS: This study analyzes PAD burden attributable to metabolic risks across different socioeconomic regions using data from the Global Burden of Disease (GBD) 2021 study. We analyzed data on PAD attributable to metabolic risks, including high systolic blood pressure (SBP), high fasting plasma glucose (FPG), kidney dysfunction (KD), and high body mass index (BMI), across four health systems, four world bank income levels, five socio-demographic index (SDI) levels, and 21 GBD regions, from 1990 to 2021. We presented age-standardized mortality rates (ASMR), age-standardized disability-adjusted life year rates (ASDR) and estimated annual percentage changes (EAPC) to assess burden and trends. RESULTS: In 2021, the burden of PAD due to metabolic risks remained high in regions with higher socioeconomic levels, though it showed a declining trend. Conversely, the burden in regions with lower socioeconomic levels was also high but exhibited an increasing trend. High FPG has become a significant factor in the burden of PAD, particularly in higher socioeconomic regions. Gender disparities in the burden of PAD attributable to metabolic risks were evident, with males exhibiting higher ASMR and ASDR, although females in middle-income regions had slightly elevated ASDRs. Finally, an inverted "U" relationship was observed between SDI and burden, with regions around an SDI of 0.75 exhibiting a higher burden of PAD attributable to metabolic risks. DISCUSSION: These findings underscore the urgent need to tailor region-specific public health strategies that account for socioeconomic disparities in metabolic risk exposures contributing to the PAD burden. CONCLUSIONS: Effective public health interventions targeting these metabolic risks are urgently needed, especially in low-socioeconomic regions where the burden remains disproportionately high. Enhanced blood glucose control and early intervention strategies should be prioritized to mitigate the growing impact of PAD globally.
Assessing ECG Findings in Pediatric COVID-19 Patients: A Comprehensive Analysis.
Naghibi M, Ghiasi SS, Raesi R … +1 more , Rahimpour F
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 · PMID 40755108 · Full text
INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 can be associated with varying degrees of cardiac involvement in children, such that myocardial damage can be caused directly by the COVID-19 virus itself or systemic inflammation caused by the inf...
INTRODUCTION: COVID-19 can be associated with varying degrees of cardiac involvement in children, such that myocardial damage can be caused directly by the COVID-19 virus itself or systemic inflammation caused by the infection. The present study was conducted with the aim of evaluating ECG findings in children with COVID-19. METHODS: This is a prospective cross-sectional study that was conducted by census method on 764 children with COVID-19 in hospitals related to Mashhad University of Medical Sciences in 2022. The data were extracted using a checklist including clinical information and medical records of the patients and analyzed using descriptive and statistical tests. RESULTS: 764 children with COVID-19 were examined, of which 385 (51%) were male. The studied patients included MISC (25.9%), Kawasaki-like disease (0.3%), pulmonary (12.7%), and gastrointestinal (2%) involvements. More than half of the patients (58%, 444 patients) showed changes in echocardiography findings, including mitral valve insufficiency, dilation of one or more cardiac chambers, and pericardial effusion. 98.8% of patients had NAX. AVB grade I was found in 26 patients (3.4%). Abnormal ST-T segments were observed in 25 patients (3.3%). The prevalence rate of S wave fragmentation was 2.8% (21), and fragmented R waves were found in 13 patients (1.7%). DISCUSSION: Patients hospitalized in the intensive care unit (ICU) had a higher amount of disorder for each parameter change. Additionally, a significant association was found between the higher occurrence of AV node block and arrhythmia with clinical status (p<0.05), with the same higher rate in patients kept in the ICU. CONCLUSION: ECG findings can be used to predict the presence or absence of myocardial involvement as well as its severity. Furthermore, patients with changes in ST-T fQRS and PR interval are more likely to experience cardiac involvement, which could result in a poorer prognosis.
The Role of Anthocyanins in Cardiovascular Health: A Review.
Yadav S, Sharma A, Bishnoi S … +3 more , Gaur M, Tomar D, Kumar A
Curr Cardiol Rev · 2026 · PMID 40696558 · Full text
Anthocyanins are natural polyphenols found in various fruits and vegetables, offering numerous health benefits. Clinical studies suggest that anthocyanin supplementation may regulate blood pressure, improve lipid profile...
Anthocyanins are natural polyphenols found in various fruits and vegetables, offering numerous health benefits. Clinical studies suggest that anthocyanin supplementation may regulate blood pressure, improve lipid profiles, reduce triglycerides (TG), thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS), cytokines, and platelet aggregation, while also reducing arterial stiffness. The multiple pathways, including the downregulation of proinflammatory markers and suppression of the nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells (NF-κB) pathway, prevention of lipoprotein oxidation, enhancement of nitric oxide (NO) bioavailability, improvement of endothelial function, and modulation of the gut microbiota, collectively contribute to managing cardiac health. However, some clinical studies have found no significant positive impact of anthocyanins on cardiovascular disease, possibly due to the varied form, stability, dosage, and study duration. Therefore, future research should investigate anthocyanin stability, establish standardised therapeutic strategies, and conduct large-scale longitudinal studies to elucidate the impact of anthocyanin consumption on cardiovascular health and quality of life.
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