Yakushigaku Zasshi. The Journal Of Japanese History Of Pharmacy[JOURNAL]
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200 papers
[Herbological studies on the Chinese crude drug ma-huang--part 2--on the confusion between ma-huang, Ephedrae Herba, and Equisetum plants in Medieval China and Japan].
Yoshizawa C, Kitade M, Mikage M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2006 · PMID 17153110
As we previously reported, ma-huang ([Chinese characters: see text], Ephedrae Herba) has been sometimes used together with mu-zei ([Chinese characters: see text], Equiseti Herba) in medieval China and Japan. We herbologi...
As we previously reported, ma-huang ([Chinese characters: see text], Ephedrae Herba) has been sometimes used together with mu-zei ([Chinese characters: see text], Equiseti Herba) in medieval China and Japan. We herbologically studied this confusion and found that, in China, the confusion was found in literature in the Song dynasty, and Li Shi-Zhen recorded in Ben-cao-gang-mu that both drugs were morphologically and medicinally the same in the Ming dynasty. Though the main reason why the plant of the genus Equisetum, especially E. ramosissimum Desf., had been substituted for Ephedra plants is thought to be their morphological similarity, the doctors who lived in the area where no Ephedra plants grew might have used Equisetum plants as ma-huang based on Li's description. Owing to this confusion in China, the plants of E. ramosissimum were sometimes imported to Japan as ma-huang, and it caused the tentative use of E. ramosissimum as ma-huang in the middle of the Edo era in Japan.
[Crude drugs for curing internal injury (NeiShang) caused by improper diet or fatigue in "NeiWaiShangBianHuoLun" and "PiWeiLun"].
Fuwa T, Tani T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2006 · PMID 17153109
In "NeiWaiShangBianHuoLun," written by LiGao in the 13th century, internal injury (NeiShang) caused by emotional strain, improper diet and overwork was compared against external injury (WaiShang) caused by exogenous path...
In "NeiWaiShangBianHuoLun," written by LiGao in the 13th century, internal injury (NeiShang) caused by emotional strain, improper diet and overwork was compared against external injury (WaiShang) caused by exogenous pathogenic factors. A combination of Aurantii Fructus Immaturus and A tractylodis Rhizoma is used for treating the feeling of stuffiness and fullness in the gastric region (Pi) due to improper diet. For treatment of general debility and lassitude due to emotional strain, improper diet and overwork, BuzhongYiqiTang was invented, in which the combination of Ginseng and Astragali Radix is used to activate and reinforce the Qi-deficiency of PiWei (vital energy or digestive function). LiGao recommended the combination of Bupleuri Radix and Cimicifugae Rhizoma for treating loose tissues due to Qi-deficiency, and to assist drugs for replenishing Qi such as Ginseng and Astragali Radix. These uses of crude drugs for curing internal injury (NeiShang) may be useful for treating modern deficiency syndrome in weak children with atopic disposition and persons with postoperative complications.
[Preparation of a "chronological table of main diseases in Japanese history" for pharmacy students of the 6-year program].
Okuda J, Iida K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2005 · PMID 17152837
A chronological table of the main diseases that have appeared throughout Japanese history was prepared for pharmacy students, especially for students of clinical pharmacy in the new 6-year system. In ancient times (even...
A chronological table of the main diseases that have appeared throughout Japanese history was prepared for pharmacy students, especially for students of clinical pharmacy in the new 6-year system. In ancient times (even in the 8th century), smallpox and measles prevailed in Japan. Japanese people prayed to gods and Buddha to cure the sick. New infectious diseases, like ruebella, pest, typhoid fever, dysentery, cholera, leprosy, etc., prevailed with the increasing exchange of culture from foreign countries. After the vaccines and the toxides were prepared, these infectious diseases were gradually stamped out in Japan early in the Meiji Era. While, public nuisances like the Minamata disease (CH3HgCl), Itaiitai disease (Cd), and atmospheric pollution with sulfurous acid gas, drug-induced suffering (Thalidomide, Sumon, AIDS, etc.) and toxin contaminations in foods have recently increased and produced new diseases. However, these diseases can be prevented if the workers in factories and government officers keep in mind the medical ethics and the ethics for pharmacists to protect the health of people from diseases. Today, cancer, diseases of cerebral vessels, heart diseases, and pneumonia are the four most important causes of death related to aging.
[The history of development of glucuronic acid as medicine from 1994 to 1951].
Yamada M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2005 · PMID 17152836
Glucuronic acid (GA) was known to be a detoxifying agent in humans and excereted in urine as a conjugated type. Dr. Morizo Ishidate, Tokyo University, wished to separate GA and determine its metabolic system and role in...
Glucuronic acid (GA) was known to be a detoxifying agent in humans and excereted in urine as a conjugated type. Dr. Morizo Ishidate, Tokyo University, wished to separate GA and determine its metabolic system and role in living organisms. Dr. Tsuyosi Shimozawa studied the metabolic course of GA in rats during the period 1943-1944 under the leadership of Dr. Ishidate. Dr. Ishidate and Dr. Masasi Okada first succeeded in obtaining GA lacton in crystal form from glucose using chemical synthesis in 1950. Dr. Yuji Imai and Mr. Masao Ishihara succeeded to produce GA using a mass-production method in the laboratory of Heiwa Seiyaku Co., Ltd. in 1950. The Ministry of Health and Welfare approved GA as a medicine in 1951.
[Handwritings hung in the Hajime Hoshi Memorial Exhibit Hall].
Misawa M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2005 · PMID 17152835
The Hajime Hoshi Memorial Exhibit Hall is located at Hoshi University (Tokyo, Japan). There, over 100 articles left behind by Hajime Hoshi, the founder of Hoshi Pharmaceutical Company and Hoshi University, are on display...
The Hajime Hoshi Memorial Exhibit Hall is located at Hoshi University (Tokyo, Japan). There, over 100 articles left behind by Hajime Hoshi, the founder of Hoshi Pharmaceutical Company and Hoshi University, are on display. In this paper, references are made to handwritings written in Japanese sumi ink and hung in the Exhibit Hall. On the wall of the hall are hung four writings by Hajime Hoshi, one big writing by Shinpei Goto, vice premier and the mayor of Tokyo in the early 20th century, and two writings by Koki Hirota, premier executed after the end of World War II. The writings by the latter two were written for Hajime Hoshi. From the viewpoint of historical, literary and friendship aspects, analytical investigations of these handwritings were conducted.
[A gambir recipe brought by Ganjin, a Chinese buddhist dignitary].
Sugiyama S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2005 · PMID 17152834
It was customary both in China and Japan to serve medicinal teas before banquets, to which various spices and herbs including gambir, agalloch, and Saussureae radix were added, for the purpose of preparing the guest's ph...
It was customary both in China and Japan to serve medicinal teas before banquets, to which various spices and herbs including gambir, agalloch, and Saussureae radix were added, for the purpose of preparing the guest's physical condition before serving soups and entrees. Such medicinal teas were used as all-purpose remedies to cure upset stomach, intestinal disorders, bad temper, or melancholy. The author believes such usefulness is still valid even today, representing a gift introduced to Japan by Gangin. Gambir is sometimes substituted for tea in recipes; for example in Hoshintan from Kanazawa, but the reason for this is unclear now. Gambir was imported to Japan, as evidenced by an entry in a Japanese-Portuguese dictionary published in the 1590s in which gambir is referred to as "cacho" (cashew). At any rate, it is certain the recipe containing gambir, which Ganjin introduced to Japan, has helped improve people's health for 1,300 years.
[China-home of the tea drinking custom].
Sugiyama S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2005 · PMID 17152833
This paper summarizes how Gambir entered China. While the author attempts to explain how Gambir was replaced by tea in the area, there still appear to be many missing links, to which the author would like to welcome cons...
This paper summarizes how Gambir entered China. While the author attempts to explain how Gambir was replaced by tea in the area, there still appear to be many missing links, to which the author would like to welcome constructive criticism. Lao-cai on the China-Vietnam border, where Acacia pads were produced up to the 16th century, can be read as Rakuju . A tribe that belongs to Hani in northern Laos also consumes these Acacia pads. It was Li Jichin who called tea Lau-nu. This was based on a historical fact that Oh Shuku pointed out to Emperor Kobun in the 5th century in Northern Wei that calling tea a slave of lactic products could not be considered appropriate.
[Herbological studies on Chinese crude drug Ma-huang. Part 1-On the botanical origin of Ma-huang in ancient China and the origin of Japanese Ma-huang].
Yoshizawa C, Kitade M, Mikage M
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2005 · PMID 17152832
The botanical origin of a Chinese crude drug Ma-huang in ancient China and the origin of Japanese Ma-huang were herbologically studied. The results showed that the plants of Ephedra sinica Stapf, E. intermedia Schrenk &...
The botanical origin of a Chinese crude drug Ma-huang in ancient China and the origin of Japanese Ma-huang were herbologically studied. The results showed that the plants of Ephedra sinica Stapf, E. intermedia Schrenk & C. A. Meyer and E. equisetina Bunge were used as Ma-huang in China, and the first species was considered to be of high quality. The characters of Mao-zhou Ma-huang and Tong-zhou Ma-huang printed in Tu-jing-ben-cao, published in the Song Dynasty in China, were identified as E. likiangensis Florin and E. intermedia, respectively, and both species were recognized as excellent Ma-huang in the Ming Dynasty. The word origin of Katsune-kusa, the Japanese name for Ma-huang in the Heian Era, was etymologically considered as meaning the plant having reddish brown roots. In Japan, the plant of Equisetum ramosissimum Desf. var.japonicum Milde, of the family Equisetaceae, was substituted for Ma-huang in the middle of Edo Era, and it was designated that this action was based on the confusion of Ephedra plants and Equisetum plants those days in China.
[The roots of Cha and Gambir].
Sugiyama S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2005 · PMID 17152831
This article attempts to trace the origin of tea. The author believes the ancient Chinese tea, "chia", is either Jicha (water extract from the pith of Acacia catechu that grows naturally in the mountainous border between...
This article attempts to trace the origin of tea. The author believes the ancient Chinese tea, "chia", is either Jicha (water extract from the pith of Acacia catechu that grows naturally in the mountainous border between the Yunnan province of China and southern Asian countries) or Jicha-Kagikazura (water extract from the young branches and leaves of Uncaris gambir, originally found in India/Sri Lanka). Both were pulverized after being kiln-dried and then mixed with water to produce a thick suspension, or tea. Although the drink is bitter and has an astringent property, it has a particular flavor with a refreshing after-taste. Its components with medicinal properties include tannin, catechin, and various flavonoids, making us believe it was worthwhile for the people at the time to consume the drink regularly. Generally speaking, tea cultivation in China flourished south of the Yangzi Jiang River including the present Zhejiang and Anhui provinces. Depending on the regions, there were words for tea in various languages, including the names of places where particular teas were grown. In addition to the names that appear in the famous Chajing book, it is interesting to note Da Fang pronounced tea as "TAH". Because the area south of the Yangzi Jiang has traditionally been active in foreign trade since the ancient and middle ages. People in this region consumed various foreign originated teas as well. This included Gambir, which was introduced to southern Asia (including present Malaysia and Indonesia) and was consumed as an herbal tea under names such as Guo Luo or Ju Luo teas. Paan, from India, also uses Gambir paste and was a popular chewing refreshment to prevent diseases caused by miasma as well as to keep one's mouth clean. The name A-sen-yaku used in Japan was taken from the plant name Acasia, and Gambir was used to dye Buddhist monks' Ke-Ra bags to a blackish yellow color. The Daikanwa dictionary states the Ra in the name, which means thin silk, was later replaced with "A". The official name for Ji-cha [Er Cha] in modern China is "Gaiji-cha", [Hal-Er Cha], which comes from the name of a variety of tea made by the Ai-Ni tribal subgroup of the ethnic Ha-Ni in Yunnan province. The [see character in text] character is pronounced "ni", which is a homophony of [character in text]. Based on these facts, "Ai-Ni" should be considered the same as "Hai-Ni". Because the ethnic groups in Yunnan province used primitive and tough tea leaves, which were eaten instead of being infused in water, the leaves were first fermented by being buried in the ground. Even today, people of these ethnic groups prefer fungus-fermented black tea with a particular flavor. In contrast, the ethnic Hans used and still use improved and softer young shoots of tea leaves to prepare mainly green tea. It has recently been discovered that Acapsia, as well as Gambir, has anti-oxidant properties, and that consumption over time is effective against many lifestyle-related adult diseases. It may be well worthwhile to cast fresh light upon ancient tea drinking customs.
[Verification for reform of the Japanese pharmaceutical education by some organizations in 60 years, after World War II].
Yamakawa K, Momose K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2005 · PMID 17152830
After World War II, the Japanese pharmaceutical education system was drastically changed on the advice of the general headquarters of the American occupational army. Two universities and 18 colleges were reformed in to n...
After World War II, the Japanese pharmaceutical education system was drastically changed on the advice of the general headquarters of the American occupational army. Two universities and 18 colleges were reformed in to new universities. Graduates from pharmaceutical universities were eligible to take the national pharmacist's license examination, which was conducted by the Ministry of Health and Welfare. New pharmaceutical departments within a university could be founded provided that they conformed to stringent standards set by the Ministry of Education, covering such aspects as location, building facilities, equipment, teaching administration, number of teachers and qualifications, and curriculum. From 1949 to 1983, seven national, three public and 31 private universities with pharmaceutical departments were established. Three departments, pharmacy, manufacturing pharmacy, and biological pharmacy, are present in several pharmaceutical universities. The number of students attending university pharmaceutical departments increased from 4,000 in 1940 to 8,000 in 1983. In 1973, the Japan Pharmaceutical Association proposed a six-year pharmaceutical education system. However, the Council of Deans of in the faculty of pharmaceutical sciences at the national university and the Ministry of Education were opposed. The plans to reform pharmaceutical education were thrown into confusion from 1983 to 1990. The Six Members Council for pharmaceutical education (Rokushakon), the Ministry of Education, the Ministry of Welfare, the Japan Pharmaceutical Association, the Japan Hospital Pharmaceutical Association, the Council of Deans in the faculty of pharmaceutical sciences at the national university, and the Association of Private Pharmaceutical Universities was reformed in 1999, and then the council carried out debate into 2004. The Six Members Council arrived at an agreement that requires six years of pharmaceutical educations, including six months of the practical pharmacy expensece in a hospital pharmacy or health insurance pharmacy, in 2003. Finally in 2004, the laws for school education and the laws for becoming a pharmacist were amended in the House of Representatives and the House of Councilors. The authors expess their opinions about pharmaceutical education, pharmacists, and the pharmaceutical industry in the second decade of the 21st century.
[Rosa Gallica var. Officinalis.].
Suzuki T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2005 · PMID 16217909
I planted a "pharmacist's rose" in my garden about five years ago. It is a red rose of the Lancaster of "Red War" variety. The red rose that Tsunenaga Hasekura brought to "Entsu-ji" in Matshima is drawn on the door. Addi...
I planted a "pharmacist's rose" in my garden about five years ago. It is a red rose of the Lancaster of "Red War" variety. The red rose that Tsunenaga Hasekura brought to "Entsu-ji" in Matshima is drawn on the door. Additionally, the crest used by the Imperial Household engraved by the balustrade. It turns out that it is the same as the one drawn on the ceiling as the "Rose War" monument. That is, the "pharmacist's rose" is a red rose of the Lancaster variety, and is expressed by the picture of an "Entsu-ji" rose.
[Fragments of information of Naoe Okamoto - the life of one of Japan's first female pharmacists.].
Takahashi F, Kobayashi K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2005 · PMID 16217908
It has generally been believed that Naoe Okamoto of Fukui Prefecture, who was licensed to open a pharmacy in December 1885, was Japan's first female pharmacist. However, there has been no way to confirm this because the...
It has generally been believed that Naoe Okamoto of Fukui Prefecture, who was licensed to open a pharmacy in December 1885, was Japan's first female pharmacist. However, there has been no way to confirm this because the pharmacists' registry held by the Ministry of Internal Affairs was destroyed by the Great Kanto Earthquake in 1923. This paper describes a hazy picture of her life, which we traced based on fragments of information from the Tokyo University Pharmacy and Life Science (TUPLS), pharmaceutical journals of her time, and two residents of Fukui City who met her when they were children. Naoe Okamoto was born in Asuwakamicho, Fukui City, in 1870, as the eldest daughter of a druggist operating since the Edo Era. Born in a socially and economically privileged family, Naoe went to Tokyo and entered Tokyo Pharmacists School (currently TUPLS) in 1883 or 1884. After two-years' study, she passed the pharmacist certification examination held by the Tokyo Prefecture Government in the autumn of 1885 and received a license to open a pharmacy from the Minister of Internal Affairs. In 1886 or 1887, she overtook the family business and married a doctor. She got divorced shortly thereafter, but continued to manage the family business although she had a younger brother. She died in 1941 at the age of 71. Her house and all articles left by her were burned to ashes after an air raid by the US Army Air Corps in July 1945 during the Second World War. Naoe left her small native city in Fukui Prefecture to study pharmacy in the capital at the beginning of the Meiji Era, when it was extremely difficult for women to pursue a professional career. She obtained the license to operate a pharmacy and pursued her career as a pharmacist through the Meiji, Taisho and Showa Eras. Her life offers great courage and lessons to today's 139,000 female pharmacists in Japan. Naoe Okamoto should be remembered as a pioneer of female pharmacists at this turning point when the 6-year pharmacy education system is about to start.
[Historical and pharmalogical study of Citrus hassaku.].
Kubo M, Matsuda H, Tomohiro N … +1 more , Harima S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2005 · PMID 16217907
The original plant of Citrus hassaku Hort. Tanaka was found at the Jyoudo Temple in Inno-shima, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan by Ekei Shounin in the Edo Era. Citrus hassaku has been called "jagada" when it was first discov...
The original plant of Citrus hassaku Hort. Tanaka was found at the Jyoudo Temple in Inno-shima, Hiroshima Prefecture, Japan by Ekei Shounin in the Edo Era. Citrus hassaku has been called "jagada" when it was first discovered. Since this fruit was seasoned for eating around "hassaku" (August 1st of the lunar calendar), it was given the scientific name as "C. hassaku." Today, the fresh raw fruits of C. Hassaku are cultivated as a seasonal food, and the most famous producing district of C. hassaku fruit is Wakayama Prefecture, representing about 60% of the Japanese output. The immature fruits of C. hassaku and its three main flavanone glycosides (naringin, neohesperidin and narirutin) was found to shown inhibitory activities on a compound 48/80 induced histamine released from mast cells, and anti-allergic effects on dinitrofluorobenzen (DNFB)-induced triphasic skin reactions in mice. The contents of the three flavanone glycosides in the immature fruits were higher than those in mature fruits. The application of extracts from the immature fruits of C. hassaku to skin care for patients with atopitic dermatitis has resulted in improving effects for 76% of the patients. Similar efficacy was obtained for patients pollinosis.
[Historical study of the moth repellent, "Fujisawa Camphor" (7) - selling price and packaging.].
Hattori A
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2005 · PMID 16217906
The selling price of "Fujisawa Camphor" has increased 1,000-fold in the 100 years since it first went on sale. This 1,000-fold increase is not high at all. The price of "Fujisawa Camphor" was not low in the 1980s, one of...
The selling price of "Fujisawa Camphor" has increased 1,000-fold in the 100 years since it first went on sale. This 1,000-fold increase is not high at all. The price of "Fujisawa Camphor" was not low in the 1980s, one of grounds for setting the price was the damage caused by moths to expensive Japanese clothes and curios. For packaging in the Edo era, being wrapped in paper was the mainstream form, but modern-age packaging shifted to a cardboard box. As for "Fujisawa Camphor", a beautiful design was created for the cardboard.
[The development of the Japanese pharmaceutical industry (Part 8) - the change of opium alkaloid opioid analgesics in Japanese pharmaceutical companies.].
Takehara J
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2005 · PMID 16217905
After the Japan-England Friendship and Commercial Treaty of 1858 (Ansei 5), narcotic drugs have been strictly regulated by laws. The production of opium alkaloid analgesics, mainly morphine, became active in Japan after...
After the Japan-England Friendship and Commercial Treaty of 1858 (Ansei 5), narcotic drugs have been strictly regulated by laws. The production of opium alkaloid analgesics, mainly morphine, became active in Japan after World War I (1918, Taisho 7). Having released the "Cancer Pain Relief" guideline by the WHO in 1986 (Showa 61) and the morphine sulfate controlled-release tablet "MS Contin" in 1989 (Heisei 1) in Japan, the demand for morphine in Japan expanded remarkably. Today, several more kinds of strong opioid analgesics are available for cancer pain treatment in Japan. An increase in the use of strong opioid analgesics is expected in the future.
[Pharmacological action of Gambir.].
Sugiyama S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2005 · PMID 16217904
Gambir, which is called Asen-yaku in Japan, is mainly used as a stegnotic as well as an antiflatuent agent. The above data suggests, however, Gambir may also have anti-aging properties against the metabolic syndrome (MS)...
Gambir, which is called Asen-yaku in Japan, is mainly used as a stegnotic as well as an antiflatuent agent. The above data suggests, however, Gambir may also have anti-aging properties against the metabolic syndrome (MS) that has recently attracted concerns in the health community. While eating in moderation and appropriate exercise are naturally important in minimizing the MS, Gambir can play a role in improving each of the factors Prof. Kawamori presented as indicators of MS, including: 1. Improvement of visceral obesity, 2. Anti-hyperlipidemic activity including reduction of triglycerides and cholesterols, 3. Normalization of blood glucose level, and 4. Normalization of blood pressure.
[Historical study of moth repellent, "Fujisawa Camphor" (6) - manufacturing and selling of "Fujisawa Camphor" during World War II.].
Hattori A
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2005 · PMID 16217903
During World War II, the amount of camphor production did not decrease, since it was used for munitions. At that time, camphor was not use for moth repellents, are not a life supporting necessity. The factory that took c...
During World War II, the amount of camphor production did not decrease, since it was used for munitions. At that time, camphor was not use for moth repellents, are not a life supporting necessity. The factory that took charge of camphor production was busy producing medicine for military use. Due to the war, an abnormal situation in the factory arose when the procurement department requested supplementation because of reinforcement of a lack of materials. Additionally, in the home, the use of moth repellent for clothing was not a concern. Of importance where was ensuring sufficient food to survive. The supply of "Fujisawa Camphor" for home use started in the post-war days, 1947.
[Use of crude drugs in "PiWeiLun" in comparison to those used in "NeiWaiShangBianHuoLun".].
Fuwa T, Kosoto H, Tani T
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2005 · PMID 16217902
PiWeiLun (Hi-i-ron in Japanese) is a traditional Chinese medical formulary written in the 13th century that discusses endogenous disease. For curing endogenous diseases (Naisho) caused by functional deficiency of pi- and...
PiWeiLun (Hi-i-ron in Japanese) is a traditional Chinese medical formulary written in the 13th century that discusses endogenous disease. For curing endogenous diseases (Naisho) caused by functional deficiency of pi- and wei qi (Hi-I-Ki-Kyo), PiWeiLun was recommended for QingShuYiQi-Tang (Seisho-ekki-to), Ban-XiaBaiZhuTianMaTang (Hange-byakuju-tsu-tenma-to) and BuZhongYiQiTang (Ho-chu-ekki-to), which are described in NeiWaiShangBianHuoLun (Naigaisho-benwa-ku-ron).A characteristic of PiWeiLun is that it discusses combining the use of Phellodendri Cortex with sweet Qi-tonics (Hoki-yaku) as Ginseng and Atractylodis Macrocephalae Rhizome for improving false heat syndrome (Kyo-netsu) due to yin-deficiency (In-kyo). In PiWeiLun Cimicifugae Rhizome, Angelicae Radux and Atractylodes Rhizome are more frequently used than in NeiWaiShangBianHuoLun.The use of drugs presented in PiWeiLun may be useful to devise new crude drug formulations good for modern deficiency syndrome experienced by persons having post-operative complications.
[Historical study on the introduction and cultivation of medicinal plants in the Edo-era. 1. A paper on the cultivation of 12 medicinal plant species.].
Kitamura Y, Matsuo S
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2005 · PMID 16217901
This article describes a two-page response written by a translator in 1721, in which a reply is given regarding an inquiry made on October 5 to a Chinese person related to the cultivation of 12 medicinal plant species im...
This article describes a two-page response written by a translator in 1721, in which a reply is given regarding an inquiry made on October 5 to a Chinese person related to the cultivation of 12 medicinal plant species imported to Japan from China. One page, dated October 7, describes the cultivation method for seven species and the other page, dated October 10, describes the cultivation method for the other five species. These plants were imported to Japan for the purpose of domestic propagation as important materials for Chinese medicine at the Jyuzengi Medicinal Plant Garden in Nagasaki, and some of them were apparently sent to Koishikawa Medicinal Plant Garden in Edo (Tokyo). This is a historical document concerning when and which plants were imported for cultivation.
[The evolution of pharmaceutical schools in Toyama Prefecture since the Meiji era.].
Ohashi K
Yakushigaku Zasshi · 2005 · PMID 16217900
In this paper, the author attempts to generalize the evolution of pharmaceutical schools in Toyama since the Meiji Era. The copy of a petition drafted by pill peddlers of Toyama in 1873 suggests that there were expectati...
In this paper, the author attempts to generalize the evolution of pharmaceutical schools in Toyama since the Meiji Era. The copy of a petition drafted by pill peddlers of Toyama in 1873 suggests that there were expectations that a "Semi (chemicals)" school was going to be established; however, this was not realized. In 1877, the Ishikawa Prefectural Government established a small-scale pharmaceutical school associated with the public hospitals of Kanazawa, Toyama and Kukui. In 1883, Toyama Prefecture became isolated from Ishikawa Prefecture, and the above-mentioned pharmaceutical school continued operations until 1887, when the government closed it due to financial problems. Persuaded through a lecture given by Dr. Keizo Tampa, a professor of Tokyo University, volunteers in Toyama Prefecture established an independent pharmaceutical school in 1894. However, student enrollment was too low to maintain operation, and the administration started planning to relocate the school to the city of Toyama. This was realized in 1897. In 1900, a massive fire burnt down much of the city, severely damaging the school building and much of the equipment inside. Restoration would be costly. As a solution to the problem, the administration of the school was transferred from Toyama City to Toyama Prefecture. With money from the prefecture, the school facilities were repaired and teaching staff recruited. In 1909, the school ranking was promoted to college status, and it became one of the first academic institutions to issue a pharmacist licence to graduates without requiring them to take the national examination (i.e., with the exception of medical colleges). Subsequently, in 1920, the administration of the college was transferred from the Toyama Prefectural Government to Japan's Central Government, at which time the facilities were improved and a wider range of education subjects were introduced.The college was again relocated to the city suburbs, where the facilities included the building, a herbs garden and surrounding grounds. This successful move is known to be attributable to Dr. Nagayoshi Nagai, Professor of Tokyo University, as his enthusiasm aroused the interests of people in Toyama and other concerned authorities. The college was named Toyama Pharmaceutical Academy, and has since attracted many qualified applications from throughout the country. It has turned out prominent graduates for various occupations, and continues to remain well-known for its quality education.
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