BACKGROUND: The link between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and serum testosterone levels is still unclear. METHOD: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the 2015-2016 NHANES cycle and an independent polysomnograp...BACKGROUND: The link between obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) and serum testosterone levels is still unclear. METHOD: This cross-sectional study analyzed data from the 2015-2016 NHANES cycle and an independent polysomnography (PSG) cohort (validation cohort). We examined associations between OSA severity and risks of testosterone deficiency. Additionally, we quantified the capacity of BOADAI and apnea-hypopnea index to assess testosterone deficiency in OSA patients. RESULTS: The study included 2,359 participants from the NHANES cohort and 172 from the standardized PSG cohort. A negative correlation was identified between OSA and serum testosterone levels. After multivariable adjustment, OSA patients exhibited a 31% increased risk of testosterone deficiency (odds ratio [OR] = 1.31, 95% confidence interval [CI]: (1.02, 1.70), = 0.03). This risk escalated to 67% in severe OSA (OR = 1.67, 95% CI: (1.04-2.68), = 0.03) versus controls. The BOADAI showed stronger inverse correlation with testosterone(r = -0.37) and remained independently associated with testosterone deficiency (OR = 2.37, 95% CI:(1.12-5.32), = 0.01). CONCLUSIONS: This study provided evidence of a negative association between OSA and serum testosterone levels. The BOADAI, measurable at home a finger-clip oximeter, provides an effective and more convenient monitoring alternative for monitoring testosterone levels in OSA management.
BACKGROUND: The relationship between the composition of dietary macronutrient intake and male reproductive health (MRH) has been a topic of interest in public health. This study aimed to evaluate the causal effects of di...BACKGROUND: The relationship between the composition of dietary macronutrient intake and male reproductive health (MRH) has been a topic of interest in public health. This study aimed to evaluate the causal effects of dietary macronutrient composition on MRH. METHODS: Data on the four relative macronutrients intake and seven MRH outcomes were obtained from large genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and FinnGen Biobank. Multiple MR (Mendelian Randomization) methods were utilized in our study, including inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, weighted median (WM), and MR-pleiotropy residual sum and outlier (MR-PRESSO). RESULTS: Our results revealed that a higher relative intake of carbohydrates (RC) was associated with a reduced risk of erectile dysfunction [OR = 0.43; CI = 0.18-1.00; = 0.0049]. Additionally, a higher relative intake of fat was observed to be a risk factor for abnormal spermatozoa [OR = 19.98; CI = 1.16-345.25; = 0.039]. The relative intake of sugar (RS) was positively correlated with levels of bioavailable testosterone [OR = 1.23; CI = 1.03-1.47; = 0.022]. CONCLUSION: These findings contribute to the evidence of a causal relationship between four relative macronutrients intake and MRH. However, further confirmation of these causal effects through clinical trials is warranted.
PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of early pelvic floor rehabilitation bioelectrical stimulation (BES) in postpartum stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS: a total of 120 patients with post...PURPOSE: This study aimed to assess the efficacy and safety of early pelvic floor rehabilitation bioelectrical stimulation (BES) in postpartum stress urinary incontinence (SUI). METHODS: a total of 120 patients with postpartum SUI were divided into two groups: normal group and combined group. The normal group received conventional pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT), and the combined group received pelvic floor rehabilitation BES based on the normal group. International consultation on incontinence questionnaire short form, female sexual function index, pelvic floor muscle strength, and urine pad test were used. Pelvic floor function and urodynamic level were detected. Serum estradiol, luteinizing hormone, and progesterone were detected. RESULTS: The clinical effective rate of the normal group and the combined group was 68.3% and 96.7%, and the complication rate was 30.0% and 10.0%, respectively. Compared to the normal group, the female sexual function index score and pelvic floor muscle strength were significantly increased, and the urine leakage and incontinence questionnaire short form score were significantly decreased in the combined group 12 weeks later. CONCLUSION: PFMT plus rehabilitation BES can visibly improve the vaginal function, pelvic floor function, and urodynamics of patients with postpartum SUI.
BACKGROUND: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is associated with metabolic disorders like hypertension and diabetes. The lipid accumulation product (LAP), a marker of visceral fat and dyslipidemia, has not been well studied in r...BACKGROUND: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is associated with metabolic disorders like hypertension and diabetes. The lipid accumulation product (LAP), a marker of visceral fat and dyslipidemia, has not been well studied in relation to ED in these populations. This study examined the relationship between LAP and ED. METHODS: A cross-sectional analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2001-2004 data included 756 men with hypertension or diabetes. Weighted multivariable logistic regression and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analysis evaluated LAP-ED associations, with subgroup analysis for effect modification. RESULTS: ED prevalence was 43.65% (330/756). LAP correlated positively with ED risk (continuous: = 1.005, 95%:1.000-1.005). Highest vs lowest LAP quartile (Q4 vs Q1) showed 2.92-fold higher ED risk ( = 2.92, 95%:1.21-7.06). RCS analysis indicated linear association ( for non-linearity = 0.290). Subgroup analysis showed no significant interactions. CONCLUSION: This study demonstrates a positive correlation between LAP and ED in men with diabetes or hypertension; further studies are needed to confirm findings and explore mechanisms.
OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the causal relationship between air pollution and erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS: This study was evaluated by the method of double sample Mendelian random grouping (MR). The exposure data were...OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the causal relationship between air pollution and erectile dysfunction (ED). METHODS: This study was evaluated by the method of double sample Mendelian random grouping (MR). The exposure data were from the GWAS data set of British biological bank ( = 461). Results the data were integrated into three cohorts (223805 healthy controls and 6175 ED patients). Inverse variance weighted (IVW) analysis was mainly used, supplemented by Mr egger regression, weighted median and Cochran's Q test. One analysis was reserved for quality control, and Bonferroni correction was used for multiple tests. RESULTS: The increase of PM2.5 predicted by gene was significantly correlated with the increased risk of ED (IVW or = 1.65, 95% CI = 1.12 - 2.43, = 0.010), which was still significant after Bonferroni correction ( < 1.67 × 10) After adjusting for confounding factors, multivariate MR analysis confirmed that PM2.5 had an independent causal effect on ed. Mr egger regression showed no horizontal pleiotropy (intercept > 0.05), and no heterogeneity or abnormal single nucleotide polymorphisms were found. CONCLUSION: This is the first genetic evidence that PM2.5 is an independent risk factor for ED. it is emphasized that air pollution control is the key public health strategy for global ed prevention.
AIM: To evaluate the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) for predicting outcomes in elderly long-term care patients. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study analyzed health records of 172 hospitalized patients (aged ≥60) from...AIM: To evaluate the Charlson Comorbidity Index (CCI) for predicting outcomes in elderly long-term care patients. METHODS: A retrospective cohort study analyzed health records of 172 hospitalized patients (aged ≥60) from Rumailah Hospital's Geriatrics and Long-term Care Department, Qatar. CCI weights were updated using hazard ratios. Logistic regression and C-statistics assessed mortality outcomes. RESULTS: Of the 172 patients, 61.5% were male, and 42% were Qatari. Diabetes without complications was the most common comorbidity (42.5%), while AIDS/HIV was absent. In-hospital or 30-day mortality was 6.3%, and 1-year mortality was 26.4%. Updated CCI weights improved risk prediction for diabetes (weight 6), renal disease (weight 4), and malignancies (weight 6), with myocardial infarction assigned zero weight due to low mortality risk. The revised model achieved a C-statistic of 0.9 for both in-hospital and 1-year mortality, surpassing the original CCI's scores (0.8-0.9). CONCLUSIONS: The updated CCI, tailored for Qatar's long-term care population, improves mortality prediction for conditions such as diabetes and renal disease. This context-specific tool improves risk stratification, underscoring the need for tailored prognostic models in Qatar's evolving healthcare system.
BACKGROUND: Exercise prescription can promote the rehabilitation of patients with prostate cancer (PCa). However, the effect of exercise intervention onserum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and testosterone rem...BACKGROUND: Exercise prescription can promote the rehabilitation of patients with prostate cancer (PCa). However, the effect of exercise intervention onserum levels of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) and testosterone remains unclear. METHODS: The primary outcome was the effect of exercise prescription on PSA level. The secondary outcome was the effect of exercise training on testosterone level. The pooled standardized mean difference (SMD) with 95% confidence interval (CI) was selected as the indicator. Meta-regression was conducted to assess the relationship between covariates and outcomes. Publication bias was evaluated using funnel plots and Egger's test. RESULTS: The data of 594 patients from 8 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) were included and analyzed. Pooled effect of exercise intervention on PSA was 0.13 (95% CI: -0.04 to 0.29, = 0.0%, = 0.984), while the pooled effect on testosterone was 0.19 (95% CI: -0.00 to 0.39, = 0.0%, = 0.435). The meta-regression showed there was no significant association of age, body mass index, and the exercise duration with PSA or testosterone. No significant publication bias was detected in meta-analysis. CONCLUSIONS: Although many benefits were documented, exercise intervention have no significant effect on PSA and testosterone levels in PCa patients.
BACKGROUND: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is on the rise globally, affecting people's lives. This article uses Mendelian randomization (MR) to analyze the causal relationship between clinical indicators and ED, and explores...BACKGROUND: Erectile dysfunction (ED) is on the rise globally, affecting people's lives. This article uses Mendelian randomization (MR) to analyze the causal relationship between clinical indicators and ED, and explores the potential metabolic mechanisms involved. METHOD: Two-sample MR analysis was performed to analyze the causal relationships between 1,400 metabolites and clinical data and ED for revealing its potential metabolic mechanisms using GWAS (Genome-wide association studies) data. The stability of MR analysis was assessed using sensitivity analysis. We then used clinical data to confirm the MR analysis results. RESULTS: The research results indicated that elevated lymphocyte count (LC) can lead to ED risks. To confirm that LC and ED are causally related, we gathered clinical data. We further revealed potential metabolic mechanisms and found that LC can not only reduce the metabolite 4-methylcatechol sulfate levels, lowering the metabolite 4-methylcatechol sulfate levels to increase the risk of ED, and can also increase the metabolite X-24801 levels, raising the metabolite X-24801 levels to increase the risk of ED. CONCLUSIONS: A rise in LC could raise the risks of ED by negatively regulating the metabolite 4-methylcatechol sulfate levels and positively controlling the metabolite X-24801 levels.HighlightsThis article uses Mendelian randomization analysis to determine the causal relationship between lymphocyte count and erectile dysfunction, and uses sensitivity analysis to determine its stabilityRevealed the potential mechanism by which lymphocyte count increases the risk of erectile dysfunctionCollecting clinical data validated the results of Mendelian randomization analysisAt present, the methods and efficacy of treating erectile dysfunction in clinical practice are limited. This study provides new ideas for clinical diagnosis and treatment of erectile dysfunction.
BACKGROUND: Clinical observational studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), indicating a significant comorbidity between the two conditions....BACKGROUND: Clinical observational studies have demonstrated a high prevalence of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) in patients with atrial fibrillation (AF), indicating a significant comorbidity between the two conditions. This study applies transcriptome data to investigate shared molecular mechanisms underlying AF and OSA comorbidity and develops a robust diagnostic model to evaluate OSA risk in AF patients. METHODS: Transcriptomic datasets for AF (GSE79768) and OSA (GSE135917) were retrieved from the the Gene Expression Omnibus(GEO) database. Differentially expressed genes (DEGs) associated with OSA and AF comorbidity were identified using weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA). Protein-protein interaction (PPI) networks were constructed using Cytoscape, and hub genes were identified with the CytoHubba plug-in. A diagnostic model was then built based on these hub genes, and its performance was evaluated using receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves in both the test and validation datasets. Immune cell infiltration analysis was conducted using CIBERSORT. RESULTS: A total of 1,462 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified for the comorbidity of AF and OSA. Five hub genes were selected: IFNG, IL4, IL15, CD19, and FASLG. Immunoassay infiltration analysis revealed elevated levels of activated macrophages in both OSA and AF samples. The diagnostic model we developed demonstrated excellent predictive performance in the validation set. CONCLUSION: We identified five hub genes common to both OSA and AF: IFNG, IL4, IL15, CD19, and FASLG. Moreover, a diagnostic model based on these five hub genes can predict the risk of OSA in patients with AF.
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the potential associations between asprosin, Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), and metabolic parameters related to appetite regulation in elderly individual...BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES: This study aimed to evaluate the potential associations between asprosin, Macrophage inhibitory cytokine-1 (MIC-1), and metabolic parameters related to appetite regulation in elderly individuals with and without type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). MATERIALS AND METHODS: Eighty-six elderly patients (44 with T2DM, 42 non-diabetics) were evaluated. Appetite was assessed using the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire (TFEQ), and serum levels of asprosin and (MIC-1) were measured using ELISA. RESULTS: Asprosin and MIC-1 levels were significantly lower in T2DM patients ( = 0.032 and < 0.001, respectively; compared to non-diabetics. In the diabetic group, uncontrolled eating was positively associated with waist circumference and ferritin levels, while emotional eating showed a positive correlation with systolic blood pressure and an inverse correlation with vitamin D levels, based on multivariate regression analysis. Among non-diabetics, triglyceride levels were negatively associated with emotional eating ( = 0.019). No statistically significant associations were found between appetite scores and serum levels of asprosin or MIC-1. CONCLUSION: Metabolic and circulatory factors, including waist circumference, serum ferritin, vitamin D [25(OH)D], triglycerides, and systolic blood pressure, appear to influence appetite regulation in elderly individuals. Despite reduced levels of asprosin and MIC-1 in T2DM patients, their independent roles in appetite regulation were not evident. Further studies to clarify these relationships.
BACKGROUND: The 5-repetition sit-to-stand (5STS) test, a common physical performance measure, has been associated with various health outcomes, but its relationship with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk warrants further...BACKGROUND: The 5-repetition sit-to-stand (5STS) test, a common physical performance measure, has been associated with various health outcomes, but its relationship with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk warrants further investigation. OBJECTIVES: This study examined the association between 5STS test duration and CVD risk in middle-aged and elderly Chinese adults. METHODS: Data were from the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Cross-sectional and longitudinal analyses using linear and logistic regression models assessed the relationship between 5STS duration and CVD risk. Subgroup analyses and restricted cubic spline models explored effect modifiers and non-linear trends. RESULTS: Longer 5STS duration was independently associated with higher CVD risk. Each additional second increased CVD odds (cross-sectional: OR = 1.03, 95% CI: 1.02-1.04; longitudinal: OR = 1.04, 95% CI: 1.02-1.06). A graded association was observed, with the highest quartile demonstrating approximately 1.5 times the risk compared to the lowest. Restricted cubic spline analysis indicated a steep risk increase at approximately 9.81 s. CONCLUSIONS: The 5STS test is a potential non-invasive predictor of CVD risk and may be useful for early detection in clinical settings. Further research across diverse populations is needed.
Introduction To compare the effects of different pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) modes on improving iatrogenic stress urinary incontinence (SUI) recovery in prostate cancer (PCa) patients after radical prostatectomy...Introduction To compare the effects of different pelvic floor muscle training (PFMT) modes on improving iatrogenic stress urinary incontinence (SUI) recovery in prostate cancer (PCa) patients after radical prostatectomy (RP). Methods PCa patients who underwent RP were prospectively enrolled and randomized into standard PFMT (S-PFMT) group, somatosensory interactive PFMT (SI-PFMT, an enhanced PFMT) group, and standard PFMT combined with magnetic stimulation (S-PFMT+MS) group. SUI status was evaluated through the International Consultation on Incontinence Questionnaire-Urinary Incontinence Short Form (ICIQ-UI SF) scores and 1-hour pad test. Results 101 subjects were enrolled, including 48 in S-PFMT group, 39 in SI-PFMT group, and 14 in S-PFMT+MS group. All groups showed significant ICIQ-UI SF score improvement at 3 and 6 months post-RP compared with baseline (all < 0.001). At 6 months post-RP, significant improvement of 1-hour pad test result was observed ( = 0.012). Compared with those in the other two groups, patients in the S-PFMT+MS group exhibited significantly better SUI improvement ( = 0.033 . S-PFMT; = 0.011 . SI-PFMT) at 6 months. Bayesian survival analysis revealed the superior efficacy of the S-PFMT+MS intervention over an extended period. Conclusions: PCa patients may benefit from magnetic stimulation in addition to standard PFMT for post-RP SUI recovery. CLINICAL TRIAL REGISTRATION: HKUCTR-3029, https://www.hkuctr.com/.
BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) and assess its associations in a large cohort of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) prior to initiating and during th...BACKGROUND: This study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of erectile dysfunction (ED) and assess its associations in a large cohort of patients with metastatic renal cell carcinoma (mRCC) prior to initiating and during therapy. METHODS: In this prospective multicenter study, male patients with clear-cell mRCC were assessed. Erectile function was evaluated using the 5-item International Index of Erectile Function (IIEF-5), and general health status was assessed using the Functional Assessment of Cancer Therapy-Kidney Symptom Index (FKSI-19). Associations between clinical factors and IIEF-5 scores were analyzed using multiple regression models. RESULTS: Among 357 patients (median age 62.9 years), 69% reported negative changes in sexual life, and 77.8% had some degree of ED. 62% of patients reported no sexual activity. Although older age, poor or intermediate IMDC risk, and greater symptom severity were associated with lower IIEF-5 scores in univariate analyses, age was not an independent predictor of ED. Instead, ECOG performance status, hemoglobin levels, and FKSI-19 scores significantly predicted ED level. CONCLUSIONS: ED is highly prevalent among patients with mRCC and appears to be more strongly associated with general health and disease burden rather than age. These findings highlight the importance of evaluating sexual health in oncology settings, irrespective of age.
INTRODUCTION: Hypogonadism, while common, can be devastating with long-term ramifications. There are multiple treatment options, but most are burdensome leading to poor compliance. Administration of testosterone (T) pell...INTRODUCTION: Hypogonadism, while common, can be devastating with long-term ramifications. There are multiple treatment options, but most are burdensome leading to poor compliance. Administration of testosterone (T) pellets offers consistent blood levels based on the implantation of pellets that dissolve over months. Guidelines for pellet dosing has been absent and often men are overdosed with T. The goal of the study was to evaluate the effect of pellet dose versus surface area on blood levels over 3 months in healthy men. METHODS: One group of men were administered small individual pellets that resulted in higher surface than the other group, but at a lower dose. RESULTS: Within 2 weeks the T levels had risen over two times the baseline level in both groups, but the cohort administered the lowest T dose (but highest surface area) had the greatest response whether calculated as peak change or when analyzed according to age-adjusted values. Increasing the pellet surface area resulted in fewer extrusions, no adverse events, and higher serum T levels compared to subjects that received a higher dose with a lower surface area. CONCLUSION: Presently there appears to be no negative consequences of administering T pellets using methods that maximize the total pellet surface area.
BACKGROUND: The association between preventive aspirin use and urinary incontinence (UI) among male adults remains poorly understand. METHODS: In this study, we analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examin...BACKGROUND: The association between preventive aspirin use and urinary incontinence (UI) among male adults remains poorly understand. METHODS: In this study, we analyzed data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) collected in the 2011 ∼ 2018 cycle among US male adults, with aspirin use was defined as individuals self-reported use of aspirin. Multi-variable adjusted logistic regression models were used to analysis the association between aspirin use and UI. RESULTS: A total of 6844 male participants were evaluated in the study. Compared to participants without aspirin use, the individuals on aspirin with or without coronary heart disease (CVD), respectively, had higher incidences of urinary dysfunction including UI, urgent micturition, and nocturia. In addition, in multivariable logistic adjusted models, the risk of UI (OR = 2.44; 95%CI = 2.10-2.83; -value = 0.0000) and urgent micturition (OR = 1.57; 95% CI = 1.35-1.83; -value = 0.0000) in use participants was significantly greater versus the reference those who not taken aspirin. CONCLUSIONS: The results of this study suggest that men who took aspirin were more likely to report symptoms of UI and urgent micturition. Therefore, reasonable use of aspirin may support the prevent and prevention of UI.
This is the inaugural recommendation for the management of the Aging Male with Klinefelter Syndrome (KS), a demographic characterized by primary hypogonadism in the presence of one or more supernumerary X-chromosomes wit...This is the inaugural recommendation for the management of the Aging Male with Klinefelter Syndrome (KS), a demographic characterized by primary hypogonadism in the presence of one or more supernumerary X-chromosomes with irregular gene-inactivation, and metabolic dysregulation, contributing a component of functional hypogonadism as aging in these men progresses. The unique constellation of symptoms spanning multiple organ systems and health domains necessitates specialized diagnostic and therapeutic strategies. Neglecting the specific needs of this population can precipitate a considerable decline in quality of life and overall health outcomes. Our recommendations advocate for a multidisciplinary approach involving endocrinologists, urologists, geneticists, mental health professionals, and other specialists, to address the complex interplay of hormonal imbalances, metabolic disorders, cardiovascular risk factors including arrhythmia, bone health concerns, psychological and sexual challenges, ophthalmological problems, and dental issues. By providing a structured framework for comprehensive and individualized care, these recommendations aim to bridge existing healthcare gaps, optimize well-being, and enhance the overall quality of life for aging men with KS.
BACKGROUND: Elevated serum LH levels have been identified in both men and women between the ages of 40 and 70. In previous studies LHCG receptor was detected in the mouse and human penis both in corpus cavernosum penis a...BACKGROUND: Elevated serum LH levels have been identified in both men and women between the ages of 40 and 70. In previous studies LHCG receptor was detected in the mouse and human penis both in corpus cavernosum penis and corpus spongiosum penis and in the mouse vulva. There is no information about the expression of LHCG receptor in the human vulva up to now. The aim of this study is to examine the expression of the LHCG receptor in the human vulvar tissue to determine whether LH could have an effect on the vulva. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Vulva tissue was obtained from three patients (ages 68, 76 and 71) undergoing surgery due to squamous cell carcinoma of the vulva. Immunohistochemistry was used for the detection of the LHCG receptor. RESULTS: Positive immunoreaction for LHCG receptor was detected in the different cell types of the human vulva. CONCLUSIONS: This study provides clear evidence of LHCG receptor expression in various cell types within the human vulva. These findings reinforce the idea that elevated postmenopausal gonadotropin levels may directly impact vulvar tissue. Further studies are indicated.
OBJECTIVE: Peyronie's disease and hypogonadism are believed to have a linear association; however, research has yielded conflicting results. This is the first histopathological study on this topic. METHODOLOGY: This stud...OBJECTIVE: Peyronie's disease and hypogonadism are believed to have a linear association; however, research has yielded conflicting results. This is the first histopathological study on this topic. METHODOLOGY: This study randomly assigned 40 three-month-old male Sprague-Dawley rats to five groups. We established Peyronie's model by injecting intratunical TGF-beta and 3% disodium phosphate dihydrate into four groups. One group received intratunical saline. The control group for the Peyronie's disease model was one group. In the other groups, the first had castration orchiectomy. The second group was the Peyronie's disease model control. The third group received intratunical saline injections. The fourth group received intraperitoneal testosterone injections, while the fifth received 0.5 mg of 5-alpha reductase inhibitor orally daily. We excised penile tissue for histopathology after a 30-day follow-up. Masson's trichrome staining found collagen and smooth muscle, picro-sirius staining found collagen III and collagen I, and hematoxylin and eosin staining found fibrosis. RESULTS: Histopathological examination revealed significant differences in fibrosis, smooth muscle/collagen ratios, and collagen III/collagen I ratios. Comparing groupings without a control group revealed no statistically significant differences. CONCLUSION: This study explored testosterone's effect on Peyronie's disease in rats. Fibrosis was analyzed, but no significant changes were observed.