Voprosy Pitaniia[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
[The role of dietary aluminum exposure in disturbances of micronutrient metabolism and expression of metal transporter genes].
Usmanova EN, Karimov DO, Valova YV … +5 more , Smolyankin DA, Daukaev RA, Allayarova GR, Adieva GF, Afonkina SR
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 41263352 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: The widespread use of aluminum in industry, medicine and everyday life is associated with the risk of its bioaccumulation and toxic effects, including neurotoxicity, trace element metabolism disorders and ost...
UNLABELLED: The widespread use of aluminum in industry, medicine and everyday life is associated with the risk of its bioaccumulation and toxic effects, including neurotoxicity, trace element metabolism disorders and osteopathy. Cooking and storing food in aluminum cookware, especially with acidic products, promotes metal migration into food matrices. Despite the proven role of aluminum in the induction of oxidative stress and cellular damage, the mechanisms of its influence on the expression of metal transporter genes and subclinical effects remain poorly understood. The aim of the research was to study the effect of oral administration of various doses of aluminum hydroxide on biochemical parameters, gene expression and homeostasis of essential elements in experimental animals. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A prospective study was conducted on 40 white outbred rats with an initial body weight of 180-200 g, which received aluminum hydroxide orally at doses of 0, 0.015, 0.15, 1.5, and 15 mg per 1 kg of body weight for 120 days. The content of elements in the kidneys, liver, brain, and blood was determined using atomic absorption spectrometry. Gene expression was analyzed by real-time polymerase chain reaction. The activity of aspartate aminotransferase (AST), alanine aminotransferase (ALT), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), and alkaline phosphatase in blood serum was measured using test kits on a semi-automated biochemical analyzer. RESULTS: The study revealed a dose-dependent effect of oral administration of aluminum hydroxide on the rats' organism, simulating alimentary intake. Aluminum accumulation was found mainly in the brain and blood, which confirms its neurotropic properties. Violation of element homeostasis was characterized by a two-phase change in calcium levels: its increase in the liver and kidneys under the influence of low doses and a decrease in blood under the influence of high doses. In addition, an imbalance of magnesium (increased level in the brain) and iron (increased concentration in the blood) was observed. The expression of metal transporter genes (ZIP8, Mt1a, Mt2a) was activated even at minimal doses of aluminum hydroxide, which indicates their role in adaptation to toxic effects. Traditional biochemical markers (AST, ALT) did not show significant changes, in contrast to LDH, the activity of which increased at high oral doses of aluminum hydroxide. CONCLUSION: Regular intake of aluminum with food can lead to its bioaccumulation, especially in the nervous tissue, and provoke subclinical disturbances in the homeostasis of minerals and trace elements, oxidative stress and cellular adaptive responses. The identified changes in gene expression (ZIP8, Mt1a, Mt2a) are proposed as early biomarkers of toxic effects. The findings highlight the need for stricter control over the use of aluminum-containing materials in the food industry and the development of preventive strategies for vulnerable populations.
[Body composition and morphometric parameters of rats at the different provision levels with macroand micronutrients].
Tyshko NV, Nikitin NS, Stankevich AA … +3 more , Shestakova SI, Sadykova EO, Trebukh MD
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 41263351 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: The modern trend to the food industry's resource base expanding requires continuous improvement of safety assessment approaches of the novel food sources and the exploring of toxicological and allergological...
UNLABELLED: The modern trend to the food industry's resource base expanding requires continuous improvement of safety assessment approaches of the novel food sources and the exploring of toxicological and allergological research updated algorithms, the development of in vivo, in vitro and in silico models, as well as the formation of specific biomarkers profiles and the establishment of physiological fluctuations ranges for the studied indicators. To increase the information content of toxicological studies and identify hidden negative effects associated with the novel food consumption, in vivo models of reducing the adaptive potential of laboratory animals were developed. The analysis of the data obtained in experiments using these alimentary models demonstrated the need to determine the norm boundaries of individual morphofunctional parameters. The purpose of the study was to investigate the body composition and some morphometric parameters in rats against the background of key macro- and micronutrients' deficiency in the diet. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The experiment lasting 64 days was carried out on 80 male Wistar rats with an initial body weight of 134.7±3.8 g. The animals were divided into 5 groups of 16 rats each: the control group received a standard semi-synthetic casein diet, the 1st-4th test groups were fed diets with a deficiency of protein, fat, carbohydrates and some micronutrients (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, iron and magnesium salts), respectively. Within the experiment gravimetric and morphological (histological and morphometric) studies of the liver, heart, kidneys, and testes were performed, so as the dynamics of the body's component composition (by quantitative magnetic resonance using the EchoMRI 500 tissue analyzer) were studied. RESULTS: Dietary fat deficiency had the least effect on the weight and body composition of growing animals (the differences between the studied indicators and the control values were no more than 1%), carbohydrate deficiency led to a decrease in body weight by 11.4%, fat mass by 39.7%, lean mass and total water by 9.4%; micronutrient deficiency led to a decrease in body weight by 53.3%, fat mass by 96.4%, lean mass and total water by 51.0%; protein deficiency led to a decrease in body weight by 74.8%, fat mass by 97.0%, lean mass and total water by 73.5%, respectively (p<0.05). The sizes of the structural elements of the liver, heart, kidneys, and testes under diet deficiency of fat differed from the control by 1-9%; of carbohydrate - by 2-7%; micronutrients - by 8-56%, protein - by 14-65%, respectively. The most pronounced changes in body weight and composition, as well as the size of the structural elements of internal organs, were found in animals kept on diets deficient in protein and micronutrients. CONCLUSION: Based on the data analysis the influence degree of the nutrients on the studied parameters was established. The most pronounced changes in body weight and composition, the mass of internal organs, as well as the size of the liver, heart, kidneys, and testes structural elements were found in animals kept on protein-deficient diet. The lack of micronutrients (vitamins B1, B2, B3, B6, iron and magnesium) was on the second place in terms of the impact degree on these indicators. The lack of fat and carbohydrates in the diet had virtually no effect on body composition and the microstructure of internal organs. Thus, the availability of protein and micronutrients plays a primary role for the complete morphogenesis of mammals at both the micro and macro levels.
[Adherent-invasive Escherichia isolated from a Crohn's disease patient exhibits colonization capacity and pro-inflammatory effects in the murine intestine].
Trusov NV, Pobeguts OV, Galyamina MA … +12 more , Smirnov IP, Silakov NM, Nikitin NS, Ivanov VA, Timonin AN, Balakina AS, Mikhailycheva MV, Urazaeva DR, Eremeev AV, Gorbachev AY, Kravchenko LV, Tutelyan VA
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 41263350 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: The role of gut microbiota composition in the initiation and/or perpetuation of intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly in Crohn's disease (CD) patients, is currently under a...
UNLABELLED: The role of gut microbiota composition in the initiation and/or perpetuation of intestinal inflammation in inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), particularly in Crohn's disease (CD) patients, is currently under active investigation. This study aimed to establish optimal conditions for modeling gut inflammation induced by an adherent-invasive Escherichia coli (E. coli) (AIEC) strain isolated from a CD patient in an in vivo experiment. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was conducted using three groups of male C57Black/6 mice (6 mice per group). Group 1: water-control, group 2 - propionate-control, group 3 - BL2K2-propionate. After an 8-day quarantine, mice in groups 2 and 3 received 20 mM sodium propionate solution instead of drinking water. On the 4th day, 24 h prior to bacterial inoculation, all mice were orally gavaged with 20 mg streptomycin in 100 μL phosphate buffer. The following day, experimental mice (group 3) were inoculated with the AIEC strain E. coli BL2K2 (isolated from a CD patient) in 100 μL phosphate buffer, while control mice (groups 1 and 2) received phosphate buffer alone. Tissue samples (blood, small intestine, cecum, and colon) were collected at 21, 28, and 35 days post-inoculation. Lysates were obtained from intestinal compartments, some of which were used for plating on selective E. coli media, obtaining individual colonies, and then performing whole-genome sequencing to confirm BL2K2 colonization of different intestinal compartments. The remaining lysates were used for cytokine content determination by ELISA and proteomic analysis. RESULTS: The CD-associated AIEC strain successfully colonized the murine gut under these conditions, with colonization persisting for 35 days and inducing significant histopathological changes in the colon, small intestine, and cecum. Elevated levels of TNF-α and IL-6 were detected in colon lysates. Comparative proteomic analysis of colon tissue revealed activation of bacterial infection response pathways with increased levels of immunoglobulins, T-cell response activators, FimH (type I pili receptor), secreted lectins, TLR-mediated regulators, and bactericidal proteins, as well as activation of processes associated with the accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM) with upregulation of collagens, collagen fibril assembly regulators, and integrins, alongside downregulation of ECM degradation proteins, suggesting fibrotic changes which is one of the signs of an inflammatory process. The CD-associated AIEC strain colonization lead to disrupted lipid metabolism and reduced energy metabolism in colon tissue. CONCLUSION: We developed a ready-made system to study AIEC involvement in the initiation and maintenance of intestinal inflammation, providing a platform for further investigation of AIEC's role in this process.
[Hyperammonemia and metabolic-associated fatty liver disease: a complex relationship].
Deeva TA, Okovityy SV, Shulpekova YO
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 41263349 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Non-alcoholic or metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (NAFLD/MAFLD) is a non-infectious pandemic of the 21st century, affecting about a third of the adult population worldwide. According to epidemiologica...
UNLABELLED: Non-alcoholic or metabolic-associated fatty liver disease (NAFLD/MAFLD) is a non-infectious pandemic of the 21st century, affecting about a third of the adult population worldwide. According to epidemiological studies in the Russian Federation, the prevalence of NAFLD based on the Fatty Liver Index (FLI) is 39.2%. With MAFLD, the activity of ornithine (urea) cycle enzymes may decrease, potentially leading to hyperammonigistia (excessive accumulation of ammonia in tissues) and hyperammonemia. Both conditions have multiple negative effects on different cell and tissue types. The aim of the research was to evaluate the role of ammonia as a potential pathogenic factor in the progression of MAFLD and the development of comorbidity. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The analysis was based on publications sourced from Russian and international databases (eLibrary, PubMed, Google Scholar), using the following keywords: «non-alcoholic fatty liver disease», «metabolically associated fatty liver disease», «ammonia», «hyperammonemia», «urea cycle», «ornithine cycle». All studies related to NAFLD/MAFLD and hyperammonemia, which may contribute to disease progression and multi-organ injury, were included in the review. RESULTS: There is still limited understanding of the exact mechanisms underlying comorbid pathology in MAFLD and its transition from mild steatosis to steatohepatitis, liver cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma. It is the accumulation of fat in the liver that can lead to a decrease in the function of urea cycle enzymes and the development of hyperammonemia. When ammonia level increases, complex biochemical processes in the liver are initiated (apoptosis, inflammation, epigenetic modifications, increased expression of the p53 protein and accelerated cellular aging, etc.), which can induce the transition from mild steatosis to steatohepatitis and further fibrosis and cirrhosis. Hyperammonemia may be an unspecified pathogenic factor contributing to multi-organ disorder and disease progression in MAFLD. CONCLUSION: In MAFLD, the activity of urea cycle enzymes may decrease due to epigenetic DNA alterations and accelerated hepatocyte aging (increased p53 expression as an indicator of cellular aging), resulting in hyperammonemia. Hyperammonigistia and hyperammonemia may have negative effects on multiple cell and tissue types (e.g., liver, brain, muscles, cardiovascular and immune systems), contributing to comorbid pathology and a wide range of adverse outcomes. Measuring ammonia levels in patients with MAFLD, especially at advanced stages, and applying measures to reduce them may represent a promising direction in disease management to prevent progression and the development of comorbidity. The mechanisms underlying multi-organ injury in MAFLD, its transition from mild steatosis to steatohepatitis, cirrhosis, and hepatocellular carcinoma, as well as the role of elevated ammonia, require further investigation.
[Chlorella (Chlorella sp.): composition, cultivation technologies and food safety].
Bagryantseva OV, Mazo VK, Kochetkova AA … +2 more , Khotimchenko SA, Petrov NA
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 41263348 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Currently, production of food components, including proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and other bioactive compounds, from microalgae, including the use of the unicellular algae chlorella (Chlo...
UNLABELLED: Currently, production of food components, including proteins, fats, carbohydrates, vitamins, minerals and other bioactive compounds, from microalgae, including the use of the unicellular algae chlorella (Chlorella sp.) are increasing. The purpose of the article was to analyze the composition and biological properties of food ingredients obtained from chlorella, as well as to assess the effect of various biotechnological methods of producing this microalga on the safety of food manufactured using it. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The article presents the analysis of data from preclinical and clinical studies and reviews published over the past 10 years in peer-reviewed journals included in the international databases PubMed, Google Scholar, Web of Science and Semantic Scholar, reports of international organizations, regulatory and legislative documents of countries which substantiating the use of bioactive components of chlorella in the production of food, as well as data on the possible risks of using food from chlorella biomass obtained using various biotechnological methods. RESULTS: Available information on the list of nutrients and bioactive compounds contained in chlorella biomass indicates the potential for its use in the food industry, including the production of fortified and specialized food. In the process of growing chlorella, various biotechnological methods are currently used (cultivation in open water bodies, in fermenters and photobioreactors, as well as the use of mutant and genetically modified strains). Each of these methods is characterized by certain advantages and risks to consumer health, which requires additional risk assessments in relation to previously unregulated indicators of quality and safety of food obtained from chlorella biomass, as well as an assessment of the possible safe use of mutant and genetically modified (GM) strains of these microorganisms. CONCLUSION: Data on the risks of possible contamination of Chlorella sp. biomass which have been obtained using various biotechnological methods with substances of biological origin, as well as the use of mutant and GM-strains previously not used in the food industry, indicate the need for additional risk assessments and management regulation in the field of public health risks associated with the use of food made from chlorella.
[Prebiotic properties and application of galactooligosaccharides].
Ryabtseva SA, Shpack MA, Anisimov GS … +3 more , Sazanova SN, Skorokhodova MV, Romakhova VY
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 41263347 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are known prebiotics, they are produced in large volumes and used in the production of various foods. The purpose of the work was to systematize and analyze information on the cl...
UNLABELLED: Galactooligosaccharides (GOS) are known prebiotics, they are produced in large volumes and used in the production of various foods. The purpose of the work was to systematize and analyze information on the classification, physiological effects and areas of application of GOS as prebiotics. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The search was performed in the PubMed, Scopus, Elsevier, RSCI databases, mainly for the last 10 years, using the following keywords: galactooligosaccharides, prebiotics, types, effect on microbiota, effect on intestinal epithelium, physiological effects, application. A total of 80 articles from peer-reviewed journals, mostly with a high citation index, were selected for analysis. RESULTS: GOS are oligosaccharides mainly consisting of galactose residues with a degree of polymerization from 2 to 10, the chemical structure of which varies in chain length, branching, and glycosyl bonds. It has been shown that the most studied and widely used are β-GOS obtained from lactose, although other types of GOS (α-GOS, fructoGOS) also exhibit prebiotic properties. It has been established that the structure of GOS significantly affects their physiological activity mediated by the effect on the intestinal epithelium, immune, nervous and endocrine systems of humans, but not all mechanisms of such an effect are clear. Confirmation of bifidogenic and other health-promoting properties of GOS has been obtained in experimental models and in clinical settings, due to which they have a generally recognized status of safe and effective prebiotics. Data on clinical studies, including the composition and dosage of the GOS and placebo for comparison, the health status and age of the participants are heterogeneous, which complicates a metaanalysis of the effectiveness of adding GOS. CONCLUSION: GOS have found application in infant formulas, various dairy products, bakery and confectionery products, and beverages. Given the data of existing studies on the safety and effectiveness of GOS, as well as the need to ensure technological sovereignty in the field of functional nutrition, it is advisable to supplement regulatory documents with requirements for the composition and properties of this type of prebiotics and organize the production of GOS in Russia.
[Risk of relative energy deficiency in sport due to low energy availability: A nutritional concern among adolescent team sport athletes].
Thulasi Raman DR, Chandrasekara Pandiyan R, Shanmugam A … +7 more , Narayanan H, Sabapathy SP, Sanil Ushakumari S, Sridhar MK, Rajesh Kumar VK, Joseph E, Muthyapwar V
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40955490 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Adolescence is a critical period for growth, bone development, and hormonal regulation which are profoundly influenced by nutritional status and energy balance. In the context of competitive sports, young fem...
UNLABELLED: Adolescence is a critical period for growth, bone development, and hormonal regulation which are profoundly influenced by nutritional status and energy balance. In the context of competitive sports, young female athletes face increasing pressure to perform, often under dietary restrictions or high training loads that compromise their health. Low Energy Availability (LEA), a precursor to Relative Energy Deficiency in Sport (REDs), remains a silent but significant threat in this population. Despite its global relevance, research on LEA and REDs in adolescent athletes, particularly in developing nations like India, is scarce. This study addresses a vital gap by exploring these conditions in adolescent team sports athletes. This study aimed to assess the prevalence of LEA and the risk of REDs among female adolescent athletes participating in team sports. MATERIAL AND METHODS: A cross-sectional study was conducted among 203 female athletes aged 12-17 years (mean age 14.9±1.6 years) training for the KHELO India Youth Games. Inclusion criteria included ≥5 years of training (mean 5.91±0.87 years), ≥10 hours of physical activity per week (mean 15.14±4.31 h), and post-menarcheal status. Screening tools used were the low energy availability in females questionnaire (LEAF-Q), cumulative risk assessment (CRA), calculated energy availability (EA), and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry (DEXA). EA was determined from dietary intake and exercise energy expenditure. Bone mineral density (BMD) and fat-free mass (FFM) were assessed via DEXA using Z-scores. RESULTS: LEAF-Q identified 79.3% of athletes at risk for LEA, with basketball players showing the highest proportion of severe risk - 8.2% versus 0-6.9% among representatives of other sports (volleyball, hockey, football, kabaddi, kho-kho) (p=0.050). CRA indicated that 35.0% of athletes were restricted from sport, while 37.4% received full clearance (p=0.718). Mean EA was 23.46±7.23 kcal/kg FFM, reflecting a significant energy deficit. Low BMD (Z-score <-2.0) was found in 34.5% of athletes (p=0.926). CONCLUSION: This study revealed that adolescent female team sports players had a high prevalence of LEA and REDs risk. Importantly, the findings suggest a new direction regarding the way coaches, nutritionists, parents, and governing bodies approach adolescent athlete welfare, prioritizing health, growth, and long-term performance over short-term success. This study serves as an important indication to prioritize energy balance and athlete education as the foundations of long-term sports performance.
[Energy and macronutrient requirements of female athletes engaged in synchronous skating].
Vybornaya KV, Radzhabkadiev RM, Shurova ZM … +3 more , Seledkova YA, Mangushev TA, Nikityuk DB
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40955489 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: The athletes' energy and nutrient requirements are calculated based on individual energy expenditure and body composition indicators. This takes into account the different ratios of proteins, fats and carbohy...
UNLABELLED: The athletes' energy and nutrient requirements are calculated based on individual energy expenditure and body composition indicators. This takes into account the different ratios of proteins, fats and carbohydrates recommended for sports with different physical activity levels, as well as the changing ratio of macronutrients depending on the physical activity coefficient. The purpose of the research was to assess the energy and nutrient requirements of female athletes involved in synchronized skating based on the results of assessing morphological indicators and daily energy expenditure. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study involved female athletes (n=22, age 21.4±4.5 years) specializing in synchronized skating, who were divided into three groups according to their sports ranks (8 candidates for master of sports, 10 masters of sports of Russia and 4 masters of sports of Russia of international class). Overall dimensions were assessed using anthropometry, body composition and basal metabolic rate were assessed using bioimpedancemetry, resting metabolic rate was assessed using indirect calorimetry, a dosed load test was performed on a bicycle ergometer, daily heart rate monitoring was performed, and athletes' daily activity was recorded using self-registration. RESULTS: Changes in morphological indices were revealed that occur when female athletes move from one athletic skill group to another, higher one. With the growth of athletic skill, female athletes become taller and more massive, their indices of metabolically active tissues (lean and skeletal-muscular) increase while maintaining the level of fat mass. In general, the basal metabolic rate of female athletes in the group was 1426 [1382; 1486] kcal/day, daily energy expenditure was 3177 [2788; 3507] kcal/day. Daily energy expenditure varied significantly and depended on both the training and non-training activities of the athletes. The calculation of the need for nutrients and energy complies with the requirements of MR 2.3.1.0253-21, as well as recommendations for the ratio of macronutrient shares in the diet of female athletes in complex coordination anaerobic sports, and with a Physical Activity Coefficients (PA Values) of 2.4, 2.6 and 2.8 was made based on the principle of not exceeding the need for macronutrients per 1 kg of body weight: in proteins - no more than 1.96 g/kg body weight; in fats - no more than 1.66 g/ kg body weight; in carbohydrates - on a residual basis. CONCLUSION: For athletes whose requirements exceed the regulated norms with PA Values of more than 2.2 (according to MR 2.3.1.0253-21), when calculating the need for proteins, fats and carbohydrates, and their share contribution to the calorie content of the diet, the percentage ratio of macronutrients should be changed depending on the need in grams per 1 kilogram of body weight.
[IgG levels to food antigens depend on nutrition and levels of general inflammation in healthy persons and individuals with metabolic syndrome].
Shtaborov VA, Patrakeeva VP, Samodova AV
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40955488 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: The intestinal mucosa selectively passes food antigens, which are foreign agents but do not provoke an immune response in the intestine. The increased permeability of the intestinal barrier is affected by chr...
UNLABELLED: The intestinal mucosa selectively passes food antigens, which are foreign agents but do not provoke an immune response in the intestine. The increased permeability of the intestinal barrier is affected by chronic sluggish inflammation, deficiency of IgA, impaired paracellular transport and the frequency of food consumption. The aim of the study was to provide a comparative quantitative assessment of IgG class antibodies to food antigens in patients with metabolic syndrome and practically healthy people, depending on the type of diet and levels of general inflammation. MATERIAL AND METHODS: In the prospective cohort study in 230 people, including 110 patients with metabolic syndrome (average age 33.9±1.1 years), clinical and biochemical parameters: total cholesterol, low and high density lipoproteins, triglycerides and glucose, cytokines: IL-1b, IFN-γ, IL-10, C-reactive protein, levels of apoptosis and necrosis of lymphocytes, catecholamines: adrenaline, noradrenaline, dopamine, serotonin, as well as levels of specific IgG to food antigens in blood serim have been compared. The analysis of personal data on the nutrition (frequency of food consumption) and hereditary predisposition to metabolic syndrome was carried out. RESULTS: It was found that the parents of the examined individuals with metabolic syndrome are twice as likely to hav e obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (correspondingly in 73.3 and 36.4% vs 36.7 and 23.3% in healthy persons, p<0.05). The diet of people with metabolic syndrome is characterized by more frequent consumption of foods containing refined carbohydrates, salt, saturated and trans-isomers of fatty acids, with low levels of plant products, dietary fiber, polyunsaturated fatty acids and complex carbohydrates. A 3-fold increase in IgG levels to food antigens in patients with metabolic syndrome was associated with a higher (p<0.05) blood serum level of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1β - 8.99±1.05 vs 1.99±0.30 pg/ml in healthy persons, IFN-γ - 22.21±6.50 vs 7.59±0.96 pg/ml), IL-10 (13.90±1.96 vs 5.03±0.81 pg/ml), C-reactive protein (1.96±0.31 vs 4.47±0.61 mg/ml), noradrenaline (168.4±6.8 vs 131.3±2.8 ng/ml), which was not compensated by adrenaline (52.3±9.3 vs 54.3±2.4 ng/ml). CONCLUSION: Against the background of impaired glucose and lipid homeostasis in metabolic syndrome and higher levels of general inflammation, epithelial dysfunction is formed, resulting in increased permeability to antigens through the intestinal barrier. Changes in the level of antibodies to food antigens in metabolic syndrome are non-specific, which is reflected in an increase in IgG levels for all food groups independent from the frequency of their consumption.
[Analysis of the body composition of patients with impaired carbohydrate metabolism].
Sazonova OV, Gavryushin MY, Hamtsova RV … +1 more , Manakhova SS
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40955487 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: The prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance, associated with the global obesity pandemic, makes modern healthcare necessary to improve diagnost...
UNLABELLED: The prevalence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders, such as type 2 diabetes mellitus and insulin resistance, associated with the global obesity pandemic, makes modern healthcare necessary to improve diagnostic tools aimed at early detection and further evaluation of the effectiveness of therapeutic measures. Bioimpedance is a modern diagnostic tool in dietetics and endocrinology. Differences in body composition, as well as the accumulation of fat mass in patients with impaired carbohydrate metabolism, become an urgent issue to study. The purpose of the study was to conduct a comparative analysis of the body composition of patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM2) and insulin resistance (IR). MATERIAL AND METHODS: The analysis of medical records of 1003 patients who received individual consultations from a dietitian and an endocrinologist at the bases of medical, preventive and diagnostic organizations in Samara has been carried out. The patients were divided into three groups depending on the disease history: with diagnosed DM2 (288 people); with clinically established IR (319 people) and without carbohydrate metabolism disorders (396 people). The data of the morbidity history and the results of bioimpedance have been analyzed. RESULTS: A significant difference in the component composition between patients with DM2, insulin resistance and without impaired carbohydrate metabolism was revealed in all parameters, except for active cellular and musculo-skeletal mass in kilograms and basal metabolism in women and except for the percentage of fat mass in men. DM2 patients were found to have the highest median values of body weight and body mass index (BMI), fat mass, total body water, and the lowest values of active cellular and skeletal muscle mass relative to lean body mass, as well as the current metabolic rate (specific basal metabolic rate and phase angle). The results of the component composition in patients of different sexes had a statistically significant difference (p<0.001) in patients with IR and DM2 for all indicators except body fat mass in kilograms and BMI. At the same time, in the group of patients without carbohydrate metabolism disorders, statistically significant differences were not found for any of the indicators, except for the phase angle and fat mass in kilograms, which may indicate the presence of certain gender-specific characteristics of the influence of carbohydrate metabolism disorders on the component composition of the body. Significant differences in fat mass and proportion of fat mass were found for patients with and without carbohydrate metabolism disorders depending on the body mass index. There were also significant differences in fat mass and the fat mass available for patients with and without impaired carbohydrate metabolism, depending on BMI. CONCLUSION: Bioelectrical impedance analysis as a method of analyzing the body structure and nutritional status of patients is an effective and easy-to-use tool capable of detecting abnormalities in the accumulation of adipose tissue and metabolic processes in patients with impaired carbohydrate metabolism. Differences in the fat component of body composition in individuals with excess body weight and obesity in the presence and absence of DM2 and IR confirm the need to assess the body composition in patients of dietary and endocrinological profiles for early detection of these disorders and their control in view of the diabetogenic effect of adipose tissue.
[Evaluation of biomarkers of intestinal permeability and inflammation in food allergies].
Revyakina VA, Mukhortykh VA, Korotkova TN … +3 more , Larkova IA, Vorozhko IV, Kuvshinova ED
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40955486 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: The digestive tract performs an important barrier function, protecting the internal environment of the organism from excessive intake of various macromolecules, especially of food origin. Despite numerous wor...
UNLABELLED: The digestive tract performs an important barrier function, protecting the internal environment of the organism from excessive intake of various macromolecules, especially of food origin. Despite numerous works devoted to the study of the mechanisms of development of food allergy (FA), many aspects of its pathogenesis require further interpretation and research. This is necessary for the introduction of effective diagnostic methods and new therapies. The purpose of the research was to determine the diagnostic and pathogenetic significance of markers of increased intestinal permeability and inflammation in children with FA. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The criteria for inclusion in the research were the age of children from 3 to 7 years old; patients with a diagnosis of FA. 45 children with FA were examined, the clinical marker of which was atopic dermatitis (AtD) associated with underlying disease (AtD + FA). The control group consisted of 20 practically healthy children. The levels of zonulin, calprotectin, eosinophilic neurotoxin and secretory immunoglobulin A (sIgA) in coprofiltrates, total immunoglobulin E (IgE), specific IgE antibodies to food allergens and eosinophilic cationic protein in the blood serum were determined for all children. RESULTS: The examined children with AtD + FA showed high levels of blood total IgE 273.89 [157.2; 597.2] IU/L, hypersensitivity to a number of foods (cow's milk, egg, fish, wheat), eosinophilia (6.90±1.15%). Zonulin levels were increased (p<0.05) in patients with moderate FA compared with mild FA and amounted to 84.3 [67.8; 93.5] and 26.5 [17.5; 62.3] ng/ml, respectively, versus 21.5 [13.2; 30.9] ng/ml in healthy children. The amount of calprotectin in the stool was within the normal range. The sIgA content in feces was reduced in all patients, amounting to 32.3 [1.66; 50.7] μg/g versus 61.4±3.2 μg/g in children from the control group (p<0.05). The amount of eosinophilic neurotoxin in feces (1025.65 [327.96; 1739.54] ng/g) and eosinophilic cationic protein in blood serum (35.23 [30.12; 39.78] ng/ml) was increased, unlike in children of the control group (610.4 [300.25; 1101.97] ng/g and 29.67 [25.43; 32.75] ng/ml respectively, p<0.05). CONCLUSION: The study revealed the signs of increased intestinal permeability, eosinophilic inflammation, and impaired mucosal immunity in children with AtD + FA. Patients with moderate disease severity showed increased intestinal barrier permeability, as evidenced by high levels of zonulin in coprofiltrates, as well as activation of eosinophilic inflammation, as indicated by elevated levels of eosinophilic neurotoxin and cationic protein. In addition, a decrease in mucosal immunity was detected, as evidenced by low values of secretory IgA, which indicates a disruption of the barrier function of the gastrointestinal mucosa. These findings suggest an important role of intestinal permeability and eosinophilic inflammation in the pathogenesis of moderate forms of AtD + FA, which may have significant implications for the development of new therapeutic approaches.
[Hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic activities in vivo of polyphenols - popular components of dietary supplements].
Frolova AS, Vesnina AD, Fedorova AM … +3 more , Milentyeva IS, Prosekov AY, Zaushintsena AV
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40955485 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Polyphenols such as rutin (RUT), quercetin (KVC) and tras-cinnamic acid (TKR-k) are sought-after components of dietary supplements and functional foods for the prevention of metabolic diseases due to their bi...
UNLABELLED: Polyphenols such as rutin (RUT), quercetin (KVC) and tras-cinnamic acid (TKR-k) are sought-after components of dietary supplements and functional foods for the prevention of metabolic diseases due to their bioactivity. Studies devoted to the evaluation of the complex effect of mixtures of these polyphenols are very few. The aim of this research was to evaluate mixtures consisting of different amounts of RUT, KVC and TKR-k isolated from plant cells in vitro, to exhibit hypoglycemic and hypocholesterolemic potential in vivo. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The objects of the study were mixtures of bioactive compounds (mixture No. 1 - RUT : KVC : TKR-k in a weight ratio of 1:1:1; mixture No. 2 - in a weight ratio of 2:1:1; mixture No. 3 - in a weight ratio of 1:2:1; mixture No. 4 - in a weight ratio of 1:1:2). To determine hypoglycemic activity, Wistar rats weighing 250±15 g were used as a model organism. After 12 hours of fasting, they were orally administered a mixture of bioactive compounds (100 mg/kg body weight), and then, 1 hour later, they were orally given glucose at a dose of 2000 mg/kg. Then, after 30 min, 1, 1.5, 2, 4 and 6 hours, blood plasma glucose and total cholesterol (TC) levels were estimated. To determine hypocholesterolemic activity, C57Bl/6 mice were used, which were orally administered a mixture of bioactive compounds (100 mg/kg body weight) daily for 14 days, and hypocholesterolemia was created using poloxamer P407 (three times a week intraperitoneally at a dose of 400 mg/kg). At the end of the experiment, blood plasma levels of glucose, TC, low-density lipoproteins (LDL) and triglycerides were estimated. RESULTS: In the hypoglycemic load experiment, mixture No. 3 reduced blood glucose level (р<0.05). In the hypocholesterolemic load experiment, all mixtures reduced blood glucose levels (р<0.10). Only mixture No. 4 caused a reliable decrease in the level of TC (2 fold lower compared to the control group, р<0.01) and LDL (1.72 times lower compared to the control group, р<0.10). CONCLUSION: The relationship between the ratio of bioactive compounds in mixtures and their activity has not been established. According to in vivo experiments, it is advisable to use mixture No. 3 to normalize glucose levels, and mixture No. 4 to normalize glucose and cholesterol levels.
[The relationship between eating in the morning (breakfast) and insulin resistance in a group of the Iraqi population].
Mahdi SS, Abdulghani HS, Shaheed HS
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40955484 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: Human cells primarily utilize glucose as an energy source, and its uptake into cells is largely dependent on insulin. Therefore, insulin signaling is crucial for glucose homeostasis in insulin-sensitive tissu...
UNLABELLED: Human cells primarily utilize glucose as an energy source, and its uptake into cells is largely dependent on insulin. Therefore, insulin signaling is crucial for glucose homeostasis in insulin-sensitive tissues. Disruption of various molecular pathways can lead to a decrease in insulin sensitivity, a condition known as insulin resistance (IR). AIMS: In this study, we focus on IR and examine how its markers respond to the presence or absence of breakfast intake, regardless of the nutritional composition of the meals consumed. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The study was performed on 40 healthy Iraqi participants (both females and males) aged range (20-50 years with) a BMI of 21-35 kg/m2 recruited into this study and divided into two groups, the first group (20 participants) took normal breakfast, the second one that skips the meal. Anthropometric parameters and biochemical parameters (fasting glucose level, and serum insulin level) were measured, Index of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) was determined. RESULTS: We found that levels of fasting blood glucose (85.6±4.4 mg/dl), serum insulin (5.61±1.69 IU/mL), and HOMA-IR (1.18±0.37) of persons who eat in the morning showed a highly significant decrease (p<0.01) in comparison to the breakfast skippers (97.8±8.4 mg/dl, 14.20±2.82 IU/mL and 3.46±0.83, respectively). Also the BMI was reliably higher (p<0.01) among the breakfast skipping group (33.4±4.3 vs 23.1±3.4 kg/ m²). CONCLUSION: The study supports the hypothesis that breakfast eating is associated with lower insulin resistance. However, the non-randomized sampling and the significant BMI differences between groups limit the ability to isolate breakfast as an independent factor. Further studies with matched cohorts or randomized controlled designs are needed to confirm these associations and to clarify causality. Nonetheless, the findings reinforce the potential metabolic risks of irregular eating patterns and support public health messaging promoting regular, balanced meals.
[Microencapsulated (liposomal) forms of micronutrients: stability and effectiveness for eliminating deficiency].
Kodentsova VM, Zhilinskaya NV
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40955483 · Publisher ↗
UNLABELLED: The effectiveness of micronutrient-enriched foods depends on the preservation of the micronutrients introduced into the product and the food matrix into which the micronutrient is introduced over the entire s...
UNLABELLED: The effectiveness of micronutrient-enriched foods depends on the preservation of the micronutrients introduced into the product and the food matrix into which the micronutrient is introduced over the entire shelf life. Microencapsulation of micronutrients, i.e. enclosing them in a polymer coating layer (shell), protects sensitive to oxidation and photodegradation molecules when exposed to high temperatures, light or oxygen, increases stability, masks taste and ensures micronutrient controlled release, especially from matrices in which these substances could not otherwise be included. The purpose of the study was to evaluate the effectiveness of using encapsulated (liposomal) forms of vitamins and minerals to improve its preservation during food fortification and correct micronutrient deficiencies. MATERIAL AND METHODS: The literature review in recent years was carried out using the RSCI, PubMed databases, as well as Google Scholar systems. RESULTS: The development of liposomal micronutrient forms is a complex multi-stage technology that requires special equipment, control over the size and properties, which increases the cost and complicates scaling up production. Microencapsulation improves the preservation of vitamins in fortified foods. Most studies are devoted to assessing the effect of liposomal application on the effectiveness of vitamin D and iron to correct deficiency. Comparison of pharmacokinetic parameters showed that liposomal forms of vitamin D, calcium and sodium ascorbates are absorbed faster than in conventional forms. Intake of liposomal vitamin-mineral formulations affects individual pharmacokinetic profiles of micronutrients. Intake of individual liposomal vitamins (C, D) by healthy volunteers on an empty stomach resulted in higher maximum blood plasma level and total area under the concentration-time curve. However, the interpretation of these results is ambiguous. Higher plasma levels may indicate that the micronutrient is not absorbed into tissues as quickly, while lower levels may indicate that redistribution into tissues occurs more quickly. In clinical studies, the effectiveness of iron status correction over 4-12 weeks in terms of hemoglobin levels with liposomal iron forms was comparable to the effectiveness of other forms of this trace element. CONCLUSION: Micronutrient microencapsulation technology is in demand in the food industry to improve the safety of fortifying additives. Additional research is needed to confirm the benefits of liposomal forms of micronutrients in eliminating vitamin and mineral deficiencies.
[Sources and iodine intake levels in countries of the WHO European Region: adaptation to changes in diet and lifestyle (an abridged translation of selected sections of the WHO European report)].
Gerasimov GA
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40955482 · Publisher ↗
This review is an abridged translation of selected chapters of the report "Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in the WHO European Region: adapting to changing diets and lifestyles", published by the WHO Regional...
This review is an abridged translation of selected chapters of the report "Prevention and control of iodine deficiency in the WHO European Region: adapting to changing diets and lifestyles", published by the WHO Regional Office for Europe and the Iodine Global Network (IGN) in 2024. It presents data on the main sources and iodine intake levels, as well as the production and use of iodized salt in 54 European WHO countries. Along with iodized salt, milk and dairy products are also important sources of iodine in many countries of western and central Europe, especially for children, but salt iodization remains the main strategy to ensure adequate iodine intake in the WHO European Region. In addition to the use of iodized salt in households, the use of iodized salt in industrially produced foods (IPF) plays an important role, as they are the main sources of salt in the Region. Lifestyle choices and dietary trends, including increased use of IPF and a shift to plant-based diets, contribute to the persistence and, in some countries, to the increase of iodine deficiency. Mandatory salt iodization in WHO European countries ensures adequate iodine intake in all population groups, with the exception of a few countries where these programs are poorly implemented.
[Main milestones in the development of nutrition science (on the 95th anniversary of the Federal Research Center for Nutrition and Biotechnology and the anniversary of the journal Voprosy Pitaniia)].
Tutelyan VA, Nikityuk DB
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40955481 · Publisher ↗
This year marks the 95th anniversary of the Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety (formerly the Institute of Nutrition) and the 93rd anniversary of the founding of the journal "Voprosy Pitan...
This year marks the 95th anniversary of the Federal Research Center of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety (formerly the Institute of Nutrition) and the 93rd anniversary of the founding of the journal "Voprosy Pitaniia". The main areas of activity were the study of the chemical composition of the diet, the nutritional epidemiology in various groups of the Russian population (children, pregnant and lactating women, the elderly, athletes), food and noval food safety, as well as the development of therapeutic diets for various diseases and food for special dietary uses for different groups of the population. Throughout all these years, the latest scientific achievements of the Institute's staff and other outstanding specialists in the field of optimal and therapeutic nutrition have been published in the journal "Voprosy Pitaniia".
[A study on nutrition habits and weight loss practice methods in wrestlers].
Canbolat E, Cakiroglu FP
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40937941 · Publisher ↗
Today, the use of dietary supplements and unhealthy weight loss methods is becoming increasingly common, particularly among athletes who compete in weight-class sports like wrestling. of this study was to investigate th...
Today, the use of dietary supplements and unhealthy weight loss methods is becoming increasingly common, particularly among athletes who compete in weight-class sports like wrestling. of this study was to investigate the eating habits and weight cutting methods of wrestlers. . The descriptive and cross-sectional study was conducted in 96 male wrestlers between the ages of 18-30 years who have been wrestling for at least 3 years. The participants' dietary habits, fluid consumption, nutritional supplement use, pre- and post-training eating habits and weight cutting methods were collected by faceto- face interview method with a questionnaire form. . Most participants (70.8%) consumed three main meals a day, but only 37.5% had one snack a day. The reasons for skipping meals were lack of time (41.8%) and lack of habit (19.0%). Among the wrestlers, 33.3% used nutritional supplements and usually due to the influence of the coach (50.0%) or their own will (46.9%). In addition, 61.5% of the athletes practiced certain weight cutting methods, and the most common methods were excessive activity (43.8%), low-calorie diet (37.5%) and sweating in sauna/ham (36.5%). Although the use of nutritional supplements and weight cutting methods was more common in wrestlers who were in the national team and had a ranking (more successful wrestlers), the differences were not statistically significant (p>0.05). . Since regular and balanced nutrition and the application of healthy methods of weight reduction not only maintain the health and performance of athletes, but also reduce the risk of injury, it is essential to educate athletes in terms of nutrition and health.
[Liposomal technologies and the prospect of their use for creation of foods for special dietary uses].
Mufteeva KA, Latypova GM, Kataev VA … +2 more , Fedotova AA, Tutelyan VA
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40937940 · Publisher ↗
The most effective and expedient way to improve the supply of the population with the essential nutrients is additional enrichment of food and the use of functional food, food for special dietary uses and dietary supplem...
The most effective and expedient way to improve the supply of the population with the essential nutrients is additional enrichment of food and the use of functional food, food for special dietary uses and dietary supplements in nutrition. One of the micronutrient delivery systems is liposome - microscopic phospholipid vesicle. of the review was to characterize the methods of obtaining liposomal forms of nutrients, to analyze the range of liposomal forms of nutrients of domestic and foreign production. . Literature data were searched using library platforms PubMed, eLIBRARY, scholar.google mainly for the last 5 years, by keywords: liposomes; liposomal dietary supplements. E-commerce platforms (pharmacy aggregators Apteka.ru, Yuteka, marketplaces Amazon, ebay) have been analyzed. . The review describes classification, methods of obtaining liposomal forms of nutrients. Foreign manufacturers produce liposomal forms of individual vitamins (D3, B12, C) and their combinations, mineral elements (magnesium, iron), as well as coenzyme Q10, peptides. Liposomal forms of individual vitamins (A, B9, C), iron, vitamin B complex, glutathione had been registered in the Russian Federation as dietary supplements. There are evidences of a faster increase in serum calcidiol level compared to the oil form when taking vitamin D3 in liposomal form and improved correction of iron deficiency in patients when using liposomal forms of iron. . The creation of liposomal forms of micronutrients is a promising direction for the production of foods for special dietary uses.
[Evaluation of the effect of dietary soluble corn fiber on metabolic activity and colonic microbiota composition in patients with dysbiosis and obesity].
Zaletova TS, Feofanova TB, Zainudinov ZM … +3 more , Zavistyaeva TY, Korotkova TN, Solovyeva SY
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40937939 · Publisher ↗
The gut microbiome is critically important for human health. Intestinal bacteria are involved in nutrient metabolism, immune modulation, maintaining intestinal barrier integrity, and protecting against pathogenic bacteri...
The gut microbiome is critically important for human health. Intestinal bacteria are involved in nutrient metabolism, immune modulation, maintaining intestinal barrier integrity, and protecting against pathogenic bacteria. Soluble corn fiber (SCF) has been shown to possess prebiotic properties, improve intestinal peristalsis, affect blood glucose and insulin levels, improve calcium absorption and reabsorption in bone tissue. of the research was to evaluate the effectiveness of incorporating soluble corn fiber into a low-calorie diet (LCD) in obese patients with dysbiosis, and its effect on the metabolic activity and composition of the colonic microbiota. . 48 patients with reduced amounts of Bifidobacterium and/ or Lactobacillus in their stool, who were included in the study, were divided into 2 groups - the main group and the control group. They followed LCD for 28 days. Patients in the main group, in addition to the LCD, received soluble corn fiber (1.8%) at the dose 7 g 3 times daily (dissolved in 200 ml of liquid). Drug therapy was administered according to standard regimens for therapeutic diseases and was not adjusted during the study. The groups were compared using clinical and functional methods (assessment of actual nutrition, determination of body composition, a stool change assessment scale, a scale for assessing the organoleptic properties of dishes), and laboratory methods (biochemical blood serum analysis, microbiological stool diagnostics by cultural method). . After the course of diet therapy, all patients showed a statistically significant decrease in body weight, but in patients of the main group it occurred due to skeletal muscles and lean mass decrease (p<0.005), while against the background of the SCF intake, a statistically significant decrease in body fat mass (p=0.015) was noted with a tendency to decrease skeletal muscle mass and lean mass (p<0.10). After the course of diet therapy, the number of Bifidobacterium in the feces of patients in the main group statistically significantly increased from 8.75±0.61 to 9.04±0.20 lg CFU/g (p=0.035), while in patients from the control group, on the contrary, the number of these bacteria was significantly lower upon repeated examination (7.96±1.12 versus 8.46±0.78 lg CFU/g, p=0.046). The inclusion of SCF in the LCD was accompanied by a significant decrease in the number of individuals with reduced levels of Bifidobacterium and Lactobacillus, a positive effect on the populations of commensal and transient (opportunistic) representatives of the microbiota and an improvement in stool characteristics. Upon repeated examination, patients in both groups showed a statistically significant decrease in the levels of total cholesterol, low- and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. . Therefore, SCF can be used in dietary therapeutic and preventive nutrition as a source of soluble dietary fiber. It can be used as part of a diet for direct consumption after pre-dissolving in water, juice, or fermented milk drinks, and can be used as an ingredient in the production of foods enriched with soluble dietary fiber.
[Application of nonparametric methods of planning multifactorial analysis in the study of the dose-dependent effect of polyunsaturated fatty acid intake on fatty acids in erythrocyte in patients with atopic dermatitis].
Tarmaeva NA, Revyakina VA, Bessonov VV … +2 more , Makarenko MA, Timonin AN
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40937938 · Publisher ↗
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic skin diseases, which is a serious medical and social problem and requires an integrated approach to treatment and prevention due to its high prevalence and tendenc...
Atopic dermatitis (AD) is one of the most common chronic skin diseases, which is a serious medical and social problem and requires an integrated approach to treatment and prevention due to its high prevalence and tendency to progressive course in most patients. of the study was to analyze the dose-dependent effect of polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) consumption on erythrocyte fatty acid composition in AD patients using nonparametric multifactorial analysis. . The study included 65 patients (aged 18 to 59 years) with AD of varying severity (28 moderate and 37 severe). For 30 days, patients received ω-3 PUFAs in addition to the main diet: 19 patients - with 3.6 g of fish oil (200 mg of eicosapentaenoic acid and 240 mg of docosahexaenoic acid), 46 patients - with 0.72 g of fish oil. Erythrocyte fatty acids were determined by gas chromatography with flame-ionisation detection (GC-FID). There were used nonparametric methods of multifactor planning. The main methods of this study were: the Kruskal-Wallace criterion (H-criterion), as well as the Fisher z-transformation of dependent variables. . Significant differences in the content of some fatty acids in erythrocytes were revealed between the groups. In the group with the 2:1 ratio, a statistically significant decrease in the content of saturated (6:0, 8:0, 10:0, 20:0, 22:0, 24:0), monounsaturated fatty acids (15:1 10-cis, 16:1 9-cis, 17:0, 17:1, 18:1 trans, 22:1 13-cis), ω-3 PUFA (18:3 ω-3 all cis 9,12,15) and elaidic acid (18:2 9-cis, 12-trans) was noted compared to the 10:1 group. In the 2:1 group, there was an increase in the content of 20:1 11-cis and 22:6 ω-3 all cis 4,7,10,13,16,19. Three-way analysis of the data showed significant changes in the fatty acid profile depending on the severity of AD, mainly in patients with a severe course, characterized by both a decrease (15:1 10-cis, 16:1 9-cis, 17:1, 18:2 9-cis, 12 trans, 18:3 ω-3, 22:6 ω-3) and an increase (8:0, 10:0, 17:0, 22:1 13-cis) of certain fatty acids. In women with AD, a decrease in the level of short-chain saturated fatty acids (6:0, 8:0, 10:0) was found. . The obtained results indicate that PUFA intake positively affects the lipid profile of red blood cells in patients with AD. The identified changes may be associated with a potential impact on the course of the disease, but further studies, including an assessment of the AD clinical manifestations and long-term observations, are needed to confirm this hypothesis.
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