Voprosy Pitaniia[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
[Analysis of dietary pattern in patients with non-alcoholic fatty liver disease].
Goncharov AA, Pilipenko VI, Isakov VA
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40937937 · Publisher ↗
Dietary characteristics are the most significant factor in the development and dynamics of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). of the research was to study the nutritional characteristics of patients with NAFLD c...
Dietary characteristics are the most significant factor in the development and dynamics of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). of the research was to study the nutritional characteristics of patients with NAFLD compared with the control group without NAFLD. . An analysis of a patient database (n=613) generated from 2021 to 2023 was conducted. A case-control study was carried out on 77 pairs of patients (NAFLD group and control group) matched by gender, age and body mass index. The assessment of the stage of liver steatosis and fibrosis was carried out using vibrationcontrolled liver elastometry. The nutrition of the patients was assessed by the frequency of food intake for the previous 1 mon. To analyze the diet of a particular person, the actual level of consumption was compared with the optimal level of the main food group consumption calculated in accordance with the calorie content of his diet according to the recommendations of the healthy eating pyramid, as well as with consumption according to dietary patterns associated with a reduced risk of NAFLD . When comparing the consumption of basic macronutrients and energy between the studied groups, a higher consumption of total fat, including saturated (SFA), monounsaturated (MUFA), polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFA) was found in patients with NAFLD. Patients with NAFLD consume more often foods from the «oils and fats» (1.5 [1.1; 2.3] vs 1.1 [0.9; 1.9] times per day; p=0.003) and the «vegetables and mushrooms» group (3.6 [2.6; 4.3] vs 3.0 [2.0; 4.0] times per day; p=0.046). Within the food groups, it was found that patients with NAFLD consume more sausages (0.8 [0; 6.7] vs 3.3 [0.4; 14.3] g/day, p=0.03), smoked meats (0 [0; 3.3] vs 2 [0; 7.1] g/day; p=0.03), hard cheeses (12.8 [4.3; 17.1] vs 17.1 [4.3; 30.0] g/day; p=0.02), eggs (25.7 [12 .8; 51.4] vs 25.7 [17.1; 51.4] g/day; p=0.03), greens (6.4 [2.9; 10.0] vs 10.0 [4.3; 20.0] g/day; p=0.03), onion (15.0 [4.3; 30.0] vs 25.7 [8.6; 50.0] g/day; p=0.04), dumplings (6.7 [1.2; 16.7] vs 13.3 [5.0; 28.5] g/day; p=0.01). At the same time, they consumed less dried fruits (3.6 [0.4; 21.4] vs 3.3 [0; 10.7] g/day; p=0.03), fermented dairy products (13.3 [0; 85.6] vs 0 [0; 28.5] g/day p=0.02). Both groups demonstrated eating habits that differed from those recommended by the healthy eating pyramid: consumption of fish and seafood, nuts and seeds amounted to 80%, milk and dairy products - 40%, legumes and vegetable oils - 20% of the optimal values. . The dietary pattern of patients with NAFLD is characterized by reduced consumption of food groups that are protective against the development of NAFLD: nuts, fish, vegetable oils, milk and fermented milk products.
[Ethnic aspects of obesity in adolescents: endogenous intoxication, activity of antioxidant enzymes, proteins' and DNA oxidative damage].
Darenskaya MA, Yuzvak NA, Rychkova LV … +4 more , Kolesnikov SI, Semenova NV, Prokhorova ZV, Kolesnikova LI
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40937936 · Publisher ↗
Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents create serious risks of metabolic disorders in adulthood. Exogenous-constitutional form of obesity (ECO) is associated often with chronic inflammation, accompanied by en...
Overweight and obesity in children and adolescents create serious risks of metabolic disorders in adulthood. Exogenous-constitutional form of obesity (ECO) is associated often with chronic inflammation, accompanied by endogenous intoxication and oxidative stress. Identification of ethnic differences of metabolic reactions in adolescents with ECO will contribute to the development of personalized approaches to the treatment and prevention of this pathology. of the study was to identify ethnic characteristics of the manifestation of ECO in adolescents. . The objects of the study were 203 adolescents aged 11-17 years, residents of the cities of Irkutsk and Ulan-Ude. The main group consisted of 86 children with ECO: 52 Caucasians (28 boys, 24 girls), 34 Mongoloids (18 boys, 16 girls). The control group included 117 adolescents without ECO: 62 Caucasians (29 boys, 33 girls), 55 Mongoloids (19 boys, 36 girls). The study employed spectrophotometric, enzyme immunoassay, and statistical research methods. . In Caucasian girls with ECO, an increase in the level of endogenous intoxication markers - medium molecular weight peptides (MMP) 280 (p=0.002), MMP 238 (p<0.001), as well as in the DNA oxidation index [8-Hydroxyguanosine (8-OHdG) level] (p=0.001) compared to the control has been noted. In Mongoloid girls there was an increase in MMP 280 (p=0.002) values compared to the control. Ethnic differences included lower values of MMP 238 (p<0.0001), MMP 254 (p<0.001), MMP 280 (p=0.013), glutathione-S-transferase (G-S-T) level (p=0.025), elevated levels of 8-OHdG (p<0.0001) and glutathione peroxidase (GPO) (p<0.0001) in Mongoloid girls with ECO relative to Caucasians. Caucasian boys with ECO had higher 8-OHdG level (p=0.025), advanced oxidation protein parameter (AOPP) (p=0.006), and lower GPO level (p=0.044) compared to the control. In Mongoloid young men with ECO, there were reduced values of AOPP (p=0.023) and higher GPO level (p=0.041) compared to the control. Ethnic differences among young men with ECO were represented by higher 8-OHdG level (p<0.0001) and reduced values of G-S-T (p<0.001), MMP 238 (p=0.002) and MMP 254 (p<0.001) in Mongoloid compared to Caucasians. . The study revealed higher values of endogenous intoxication indicators, imbalance in the glutathione enzyme system, and an increase in the level of DNA damage marker in adolescents with ECO regardless of gender and ethnicity. Ethnic differences in adolescents with ECO consisted of lower parameters of endogenous intoxication, increased values of DNA destruction indicator and activity of thiol-disulfide system enzymes in Mongoloid adolescents compared to Caucasians. The data obtained will allow us to expand our understanding of the etiopathogenesis of obesity and develop approaches to personalized correction of this condition in adolescence, taking into account the patient's ethnicity.
[Safety assessment of novel food raw materials derived from insects : results of complex biomedical research].
Tyshko NV, Shestakova SI, Nikitin NS … +4 more , Trebukh MD, Sadykova EO, Stankevich AA, Mustafina OK
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40937935 · Publisher ↗
The trend towards the use of non-traditional sources of food raw materials, in particular edible insects, which has been gaining momentum in recent years, predetermines the need to develop a methodology for research on s...
The trend towards the use of non-traditional sources of food raw materials, in particular edible insects, which has been gaining momentum in recent years, predetermines the need to develop a methodology for research on such products. Analysis of publications devoted to the problem of insect research reflects the accumulation of a very significant evidence base for their safety. Currently, 7 types of insect-derived products have been approved for food use in the European Union, and the results summarized in the materials of the European Food Safety Authority for each of them also indicate the safety of such products. Based on the considerable experience of the Russian Federation in the field of safety assessment of novel food, the design of complex toxicological studies was developed, including the study of reproductive function, pre- and postnatal development of offspring, to assess the safety of larvae of the Black soldier fly (Hermetia Illucens), included in the list of agricultural products by the decree of the Government of the Russian Federation dated 10.10.2023 No. 2761-r. of the research was to assess the safety of Black soldier fly (Hermetia Illucens) larvae dry biomass in toxicological and reprotoxicological studies on 4 generations of rats. . Comprehensive studies of Black soldier fly larvae dry biomass were conducted on 4 generations of Wistar rats (generations F0, F1, F2, F3). A total of 650 adult animals, 1975 pups and 1146 fetuses were used, the experiment duration was 485 days. Throughout the experiment animals of the control group F0-F3 received semi-synthetic casein diet (SCD), rats of the test group received SCD with dry biomass of Black soldier fly larvae. The biomass dose was 11 000-40 000 mg/kg body weight per day depending on age and sex. Ingredients of the diet of the test group were replaced taking into consideration the content of proteins, fats and carbohydrates in the administered product while observing the principle of isocalorie content. Reproductive function was evaluated by fertility of males and females F0, F1, F2, and by prenatal and postnatal development of offspring F1, F2, F3. Material for toxicological studies was taken on the 225th, 347th and 485th days of the experiment from males of F1, F2, F3 generations (age 143, 135 and 130 days, respectively), which received the investigated product throughout the whole period of ontogenetic development. Hematological, biochemical, morphological studies were carried out, indicators characterizing antioxidant status and apoptosis activity were studied. . The general condition of F0-F3 rats was satisfactory, the animals of the test group did not differ from the control in appearance, quality of hair coat and behavior. The efficiency of mating, physiological course of pregnancy, blood level of sex hormones in the pregnant females F0-F2 of both groups were within normal limits, indicating normal generative and endocrine function of reproductive glands of experimental animals fed with dry biomass of Hermetia illucens larvae. The study results of pre- and postnatal development of F1-F3 offspring indicate that there were no significant differences between animals fed dry biomass of Hermetia illucens larvae and standard diet. Physical development was within the normal range, survival rate of offspring in both groups corresponded to the optimal level for rats of this line, anomalies of formation of the main anatomical systems were not revealed. Toxicological studies on males of F1-F3 generations, during which gravimetric, hematological, biochemical, morphological parameters, antioxidant status and apoptosis activity were studied, did not reveal any negative effect of Hermetia illucens. . The complex analysis of data obtained in toxicological and reprotoxicological studies of Hermetia illucens larvae dry biomass in the experiment on 4 generations of rats did not reveal any toxic effect of Black soldier fly. All parameters were within the physiological norms typical for Wistar rats. Daily consumption of agravated amounts of Hermetia illucens biomass by several generations of rats had no effect on their physiological and biochemical status and on the offspring's development.
[Modification of the method for detection of bacteria of the genus Cronobacter in dry products for infant nutrition].
Polyanina AS, Markova YM, Efimochkina NR … +1 more , Sheveleva SA
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40937934 · Publisher ↗
Recently, there has been growing concern about contamination of dry foods for infants with the bacteria of the Cronobacter genus (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii), since its ingestion during feeding can lead to severe he...
Recently, there has been growing concern about contamination of dry foods for infants with the bacteria of the Cronobacter genus (formerly Enterobacter sakazakii), since its ingestion during feeding can lead to severe health problems, including disability in certain categories of this age group. The development of methods for Cronobacter spp. detection with high sensitivity and resolution is an urgent task due to the growing need for foods for infant artificial feeding. of the study was to compare methodological approaches to the detection of Cronobacter spp. in dry foods for the nutrition of infants and to propose an optimized scheme for the isolation and identification of the pathogen. . A comparative analysis of the literature and current methods (international and regional) for the detection of Cronobacter spp. (and in particular C. sakazakii) in dry foods for infants was carried out. The search was performed using the following databases: Russian Science Citation Index, PubMed, ScienceDirect, Google Scholar, the "TekhExpert" Russian information system, as well as on the websites of the International Organization for Standardization (ISO), U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), and European Food Safety Authority (EFSA) using the keywords: Cronobacter spp., Enterobacter sakazakii. . Methodological approaches have been substantiated that make it possible to conduct studies of dry foods for infant nutrition (including formulas) with a greater degree of efficiency and reliability for the presence of Cronobacter spp.: an increase in cultivation time at the stage of non-selective enrichment by 33%; the use of two differential diagnostic media and two temperature cultivation modes at the stage of culture isolation. . It is suggested that the use of the only one nutrient medium at the stages of selective cultivation and isolation, and incubation at elevated temperatures can lead to the loss of isolation of fastidious microorganisms that are present in the product in low concentrations. An optimized scheme for the microbiological testing of dry foods for infant nutrition for the presence of the Cronobacter genus bacteria based on a combination of cultural and/or PCR techniques has been proposed.
[Socio-economic factors and the dietary intake of the adult population of Russia].
Martinchik NA, Keshabyants EE, Martinchik EA … +1 more , Smirnova EA
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40937933 · Publisher ↗
The dietary intake of the population depends on a number of external socio-economic and individual behavioral factors. External factors, including physical and economic availability of food, are indicators of food securi...
The dietary intake of the population depends on a number of external socio-economic and individual behavioral factors. External factors, including physical and economic availability of food, are indicators of food security of the population, the absence of which increases the risk of malnutrition. The importance of the cost of food in combination with the income of an individual or family is an significant factor in food choice, affecting the quality of the diet. of this study was to examine the most significant socio-economic and demographic factors that could affect the nature and quality of diets of the adult population of the Russian Federation. . The work processed and analyzed the primary data obtained by the Federal State Statistics Service during the implementation of the program «Sample monitoring of diets of the population» in 2023 based on a random representative sample of 45 thousand households in all constituent entities of the Russian Federation. The actual food consumption of adult household members was studied using the 24-hour recall method in 70,995 respondents aged 19 years and older (40.2% men, 59.2% women). The basic socioeconomic variable of the analysis was the quintile distribution of average monthly per capita monetary income in households, calculated by the State Statistics Service based on data for each subject of the Federation, and not for the country as a whole. . The distribution of the adult population by the level of average monthly income is characterized by pronounced differentiation in the analyzed socio-demographic groups. The most of the adult population (78.4%) is concentrated in the first three income quintiles and only 21.6% are in the 4th and 5th quintiles. Differences in gender distribution are revealed only in the 5th quintile, which includes 7.5% of men and 5.6% of women. The minimum share in the 5th quintile is represented by the age group over 65 years. Significant differences in the distribution of adults by income depending on the level of education were revealed: the share of people with minimal income is the lowest with higher education. More than 50-60% of the population of the Federal Districts (FDs) are included in the 2nd and 3rd income quintiles, and the smallest share of the adult population in all FDs is concentrated in the 5th income quintile. The energy value of the diets of the population on average in Russia increases linearly with the growth of quintiles of average per capita household income. Data for five FDs indicate a linear direct dependence of the energy intake on the income level. However, data for the Far Eastern, Ural, and North Caucasian FDs show a more complex dependence of energy consumption on income level. In all FDs, with the exception of the North Caucasian FD, energy consumption in the 5th income quintile is higher than at lower incomes. Energy consumption in the 5th income quintile is lower than in the other quintiles only in the North Caucasian FD. In Russia as a whole, the average daily consumption of energy and most nutrients, with the exception of the sum of carbohydrates and their fractions, is significantly higher in adults with high incomes (5th quintile) compared to the 1st quintile. Consumption of protein, fat, saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, i.e. nutrients of animal origin, as well as vitamins C, B2, PP, A, beta-carotene, and mineral elements (calcium, iron, sodium, potassium, magnesium) is significantly increased in the 5th quintile. A direct dependence of the % of energy of fat, saturated fatty acids and protein on the value of the average per capita income was established. On the other hand, a statistically significant inverse dependence of the consumption of the sum of all carbohydrates, polysaccharides, and added sugar on the income level was shown. Thus, the economic station of the family in terms of per capita monetary income is reflected not only in the quantitative indicators of energy and nutrient consumption, but also significantly affects the basic parameters of the diet structure in terms of macronutrient energy, which are a consequence of changes in the structure of the food set. With an increase in the per capita family income, the consumption of animal products - meat, dairy, fish and seafood, as well as sugary confectionery products increases, although the consumption of added sugar with a high income was lower than with lower incomes. With an increase in income, the consumption of vegetables and fruits also elevates. An inverse dependence on income was established for grain products (the sum of bread, flour, cereals, pasta) and flour confectionery products (pastry), the consumption of which is higher with low incomes. Assessing the structure of the food set of the «poor» part of adults (1st income quintile), it should be noted that they consume lower amounts of dairy products and animal meat, which is reflected in the daily intake of vitamins A and B2, calcium and iron. The dependence of the nutritional value and food set of daily food rations on the share of family expenditure on food is also shown: with an increase in the share of food expenditure, the structure of the diet is formed, resembling that of low quintiles of per capita monetary income, which is explained by a higher share of food expenditure in low-income groups. . The study of the dietary intake and the quality of the diet of adults based on representative national data made it possible to demonstrate a significant impact of the per capita income of the household (family) on the actual consumption of energy and nutrients, as well as on the structure of the food set of the diet of adult household members. Conditionally called «poor» diet with low household incomes is characterized by a higher consumption of grain products and flour confectionery (pastry), which is reflected in an increase in the % of energy of the sum of carbohydrates and polysaccharides (starch). Accordingly, at high incomes, the consumption of these dietary factors is lower than at low incomes. However, with an increase in income, the consumption of fat, saturated fatty acids and cholesterol, the so-called critical nutrients of animal origin, increases, which cannot be assessed as a positive feature of a "rich" diet.
[Hygienic assessment of salt intake by the adult population of the Omsk region: epidemiological monitoring data (2006-2023)].
Glagoleva ON, Vilms EA, Turchaninov DV … +3 more , Turchaninova MS, Menshchikova YV, Brusentsova AV
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40937932 · Publisher ↗
An analysis of the nutrition structure of the Russian population shows that the diet of the majority of citizens contains an excessive amount of dietary salt. According to the official statistics, the average daily salt...
An analysis of the nutrition structure of the Russian population shows that the diet of the majority of citizens contains an excessive amount of dietary salt. According to the official statistics, the average daily salt intake is 10-11 g, which is twice the WHO recommended level (no more than 5 g/day) and makes it one of the main risk factors for chronic non-communicable diseases. Excessive salt intake, first of all, leads to an increase in blood pressure, as a result of which diseases of the cardiovascular system and kidneys can develop. Studying the regional characteristics of the nutrition structure allows timely adjustment of preventive measures, which is also important in the context of evaluating the effectiveness of the federal project "Strengthening public Health" of the national project "Demography" implemented in 2018-2023. of the study was to provide a hygienic assessment of the level, structure, and dynamics of salt consumption of the adult population of the Omsk region in 2006-2023. . A descriptive observational epidemiological study of the actual nutrition, eating habits and dietary preferences of the adult population of the Omsk region in dynamics for 2006-2023 was conducted (four observation points: 2006, 2013, 2018 and 2023, the sample at each stage included from 228 to 241, in 2023 - 506 adult residents aged 18 to 85 years). The values of the actual consumption of dietary salt were estimated by analyzing the frequency of food intake. The calculation of the amount of salt consumed was carried out in accordance with WHO recommendations based on the calculation of sodium intake. The collection of the information about eating habits and preferences was carried out by means of an active questionnaire. . The median daily intake of dietary salt in the population of the Omsk region in 2006 was 10.67 [7.66; 13.50] g, in 2023 - 8.61 [6.55; 10.82] g, which significantly exceeded the level recommended by WHO. The proportion of the adult population of the Omsk region with adequate salt intake in 2023 was 11.5%. The intake of dietary salt in men was higher than in women (8.63 [7.10; 11.34] vs 8.42 [6.31; 10.46] g/day, respectively; p=0.0247), as well as in the age group 65 years and older (8.72 [7.11; 11.72] g/day; p=0.0059). The main sources of salt were dishes and products that were consumed most frequently: bread (11.2%) and various soups (9.9%), as well as processed meat products (12.8%) and canned food (5.7%). Residents of the region showed a positive trend in changing their own eating habits towards a healthy lifestyle: 49.9±2.1% tried to use less salt in their diet in 2023 (compared to 33.0±3.0% in 2006; p<0.001). . Although a significant decrease in dietary salt consumption has been established over the period from 2006 to 2023, exceeding the recommended levels is still typical for 88.5% of the adult population of the region, which creates an increased risk of developing chronic non-communicable diseases. Despite some positive changes in dietary practices, there was an increase in salt consumption in 2018-2023. The established sources of salt in the diet and trends in changing eating habits make it possible to concentrate preventive measures, including in the direction of correcting educational programs in the field of healthy nutrition in the region, implemented both by the Federal Service for Supervision of Consumer Rights Protection and Human Well-being.
[Everything for the front, everything for Victory: food at the front and in the rear (dedicated to the 80th anniversary of the Great Victory and the 95th anniversary of the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety)].
Tutelyan VA
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40937931 · Publisher ↗
This year, the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety (formerly the Institute of Nutrition) celebrates its 95th anniversary. All these years, its main focus has been on the quality and safety...
This year, the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety (formerly the Institute of Nutrition) celebrates its 95th anniversary. All these years, its main focus has been on the quality and safety of food, which affects our health to the greatest extent of all environmental factors. Nutrition was of great importance during the Great Patriotic War. The Institute of Nutrition contributed to its development and organization at the front and in the rear. Currently, the Federal Research Centre of Nutrition, Biotechnology and Food Safety continues to deal with nutrition aspects for special contingents (military personnel, astronauts, etc.), as well as the search for noval food sources, nutrition epidemiology, the development of foods for special dietary uses for various population groups, etc.
[The influence of dietary pattern on the production of volatile organic compounds in patients with hydrogen-producing small intestinal bacterial overgrowth syndrome].
Pilipenko VI, Perova IB, Eller KI … +3 more , Morozov SV, Isakov VA, Bezrukov EV
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40418139 · Publisher ↗
Antibacterial therapy of the small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is not effective enough and has a high relapse rate after treatment. Diet is a well-modifiable factor that plays a major role in shaping the compos...
Antibacterial therapy of the small intestine bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is not effective enough and has a high relapse rate after treatment. Diet is a well-modifiable factor that plays a major role in shaping the composition, diversity, metabolic activity and stability of the intestinal microbiota. Intestinal bacteria ferment undigested food residues to form species-specific carbon-chain volatile organic compounds (VOCs). of this research was to study possible correlations between dietary variables and the level of stool VOCs in patients with hydrogen-producing SIBO. . The material of the study was the data of 100 patients referred for a hydrogen-methane breath test with lactulose in case of suspected presence of SIBO. Excessive bacterial growth of hydrogen-producing flora in the small intestine was determined by changes in the content of hydrogen and methane in exhaled air after consuming a portion of lactulose using the GastroCheck Gastrolyzer apparatus. The assessment of actual nutrition at home was carried out by 24-hour dietary recall. The determination of VOCs in patients' feces was carried out using gas chromatographymass spectrometry (a gas chromatograph equipped with a vapor-phase autosampler in combination with a triple quadrupole mass spectrometer). . Of the 100 patients examined, 41 were found to have a overgrowth of hydrogen- producing flora, 15 had an excess of methanogenic flora, and 10 had an excess of both hydrogen-producing and methanogenic flora. No signs of SIBO were found in 34 patients and they formed a control group. When comparing dietary parameters expressed in absolute values, significant differences were found only in relation to dietary fiber: patients with SIBO differed in a lower level of their consumption (19.8±9.1 vs 25.5±12.3 g/ day, p=0.023). At the same time, the index of healthy nutrition HEI-2020 in the control group was significantly higher (52.9±11.1 vs 44.4±14.4%, p=0.003). Due to the high variability of VOC levels, no significant differences between the groups for individual VOCs have been established. The results of the analysis of the structure of correlations between 84 variables of the nutrition assessment of the studied participants and 80 VOCs in their stool showed significant interdependence differences between patients of the studied groups. In patients with SIBO, the metabolic activity of the microbiota changed most significantly when eating leafy greens, berries, oatmeal and sausages, and in the control group when eating potatoes, tropical fruits, buckwheat and eggs. . Thus, significant differences in the structure of correlations between dietary variables and the level of stool VOCs in patients with SIBO and the control group have been established.
[Evaluation of quality indicators of gluten-free flour confectionery intended for dietary nutrition].
Khodyreva ZR, Vaytanis MA, Schetinina EM … +2 more , Vyun OG, Vrzhesinskaya OA
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40418138 · Publisher ↗
Currently, there is an increase in gluten-associated diseases. The range of food for such patients is currently quite limited. In this regard, the development of new gluten-free products, including those popular among co...
Currently, there is an increase in gluten-associated diseases. The range of food for such patients is currently quite limited. In this regard, the development of new gluten-free products, including those popular among consumers of flour confectionery, is relevant. of the research was to develop a formulation and to evaluate the quality indicators of gluten-free biscuits intended for special dietary uses. . To prepare prototypes of gluten-free biscuits, corn flour, green buckwheat, steamed buckwheat and rice flour were used instead of wheat flour of the highest grade, along with unsalted butter, salt, baking soda, and white sugar. The experimental products were evaluated according to organoleptic (on a five-point scale), physical and chemical (mass fraction of moisture, alkalinity, wetness) and sanitarymicrobiological parameters with calculation of nutritional and energy value. . When developing gluten-free biscuits for the formation of various flavor profiles, wheat flour was 100% replaced with gluten-free flour: corn, rice, steamed buckwheat and green buckwheat. According to the results of an organoleptic assessment and analysis of physical, chemical, microbiological parameters, biscuits with green buckwheat flour, as well as a mixture of corn and rice flour (1:1) were selected. The calculation of the nutritive value showed that one serving of the product (30 g) allows to cover the daily requirement for protein, fats and carbohydrates by 3.0-5.5%, dietary fiber - by about 3%. Despite the slightly increased content of micronutrients in the developed biscuits, they cannot serve as their significant source. Only biscuits with green buckwheat flour can cover the need for phosphorus, iron and vitamins B1 and PP by 5% or more in 1 serving. . The developed biscuits with green buckwheat flour for special dietary uses for people with gluten intolerance can serve a source of such micronutrients as phosphorus, iron, vitamins B1 and PP.
[Study of the role of biomarkers in determining the course of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease in children with obesity].
Lebedeva AM, Pavlovskaya EV, Bagaeva ME … +5 more , Taran NN, Zubovich AI, Matinyan IA, Kiselnikova EA, Strokova TV
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40418137 · Publisher ↗
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases in the world, especially among children. Studying the role of biomarkers in determining the course of NAFLD in obese children wil...
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common chronic liver diseases in the world, especially among children. Studying the role of biomarkers in determining the course of NAFLD in obese children will make it possible to identify the disease at an early stage, assess the risks of progression and select individual approaches to therapy. of the research was to study the diagnostic role of noninvasive biomarkers in determining the severity of liver steatosis and fibrosis in obese children. . 78 children from 11 to 17 years of age with exogenous constitutional obesity were examined. The children were divided into two groups: group 1 (n=59) - children with obesity and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), group 2 (n=19) - children without NAFLD; in group 1, subgroups of children with simple liver steatosis (n=45) and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) were identified (n=14). The study of lipid metabolism (total cholesterol, HDL, LDL, triglycerides), carbohydrate metabolism (glucose, insulin, HOMA-IR), blood serum level of fibroblast growth factor-21 (FGF-21), cytokeratin-18 (СK18), apoptosis factor associated with the FAS ligand (FASL), and visfatin has been conducted. All patients underwent ultrasound examination of the abdominal organs and liver elastography to determine the degree of liver fibrosis on the METAVIR scale and the degree of steatosis using a controlled attenuation parameter (CAP). . The level of the biomarkers CK-18 and FASL were significantly higher in children from Group 1 compared to those without NAFLD (1.26 [0.44; 1.57] vs 0.47 [0.43; 0.59] ng/mL, p=0.008 and 36.33 [25.57; 45.94] vs 22.55 [20.27; 26.41] pg/mL, respectively). Moreover, these levels increased with the degree of obesity. In patients with NASH, FASL levels showed a positive correlation with the degree of obesity (r=0.40), CK-18 with the stage of liver fibrosis (r=0.50), and visfatin with transaminase activity (r=0.65), fibrosis (r =1.0), and hepatic steatosis degree (r=0.60). FGF-21 demonstrated only weak correlations with the other studied biomarkers. The HIS and APRI indices were significantly higher in patients with NASH (46.46 [40.75; 53] vs 42.11 [36.88; 47.09], p=0.0006 and 0.25 [0.18; 0.36] vs 0.18 [0.15; 0.21], p=0.04 in patients with hepatic steatosis; and vs 40.02 [36.4; 44.85] and 0.16 [0.12; 0.22] in patients from Group 2, respectively). All patients had PNFI>9, indicating the presence of significant fibrotic changes. Correlation analysis showed that HIS and APRI indices were strongly associated with the degree of steatosis, alanine aminotransferase activity, and right liver lobe size. . The use of biomarkers makes it possible to complement ultrasound diagnostics of NAFLD, providing more complete information about the severity of the disease without invasive procedures. The development and application of noninvasive methods for the diagnosis and prediction of NAFLD will in some cases avoid liver biopsy.
[Evaluation of the combined effect of platensis biomass phycyanin concentrate and soy protein on male Wistar rats fed a high-fat diet with added cholesterol].
Biryulina NA, Sidorova YS, Zorin SN … +4 more , Petrov NA, Guseva GV, Mazo VK, Kochetkova AA
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40418136 · Publisher ↗
One of the approaches to the prevention and dietary correction of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders is the development of new functional foods with the ingredients containing bioactive compounds with hypolipide...
One of the approaches to the prevention and dietary correction of carbohydrate and lipid metabolism disorders is the development of new functional foods with the ingredients containing bioactive compounds with hypolipidemic and hypoglycemic properties. Soybean protein and biomass of Arthrospira platensis cyanobacteria containing phycobiliproteins (C-phycocyanin and allophycocyanin) are the sources of such bioactive compounds. of the research was to evaluate the combined effect of phycocyanin concentrate (in two dosages of 30 and 300 mg/kg body weight) and soy protein (50% of the protein in the diet) on disorders, induced in Wistar male rats by consumption of high-fat diet with 2% cholesterol. . A 108-day study was performed on 60 growing male Wistar rats. Animals of the control group K1 received a standard semi-synthetic diet. Disturbances in rats of the experimental group G2 were caused by increasing the proportion of the fat component in the diet (up to 29%), adding 2% cholesterol and replacing 20% of cornstarch with sucrose. In experimental groups G3, G4, and G5, 50% of casein in the high-fat diet was replaced with soy protein isolate. Additionally, phycocyanin concentrate was added to the diets of rats in groups G4 and G5 in quantities of 30 and 300 mg/kg of body weight (in terms of phycocyanin), respectively. In all animals, insulin resistance test was conducted, body composition was measured using magnetic resonance relaxometry, blood serum biochemical parameters of protein, lipid, purine metabolism and liver function, and the triglyceride and cholesterol liver levels were determined by spectrophotometric methods using a biochemical analyzer; leptin, ghrelin, C-peptide, insulin, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), glutathione peroxidase and hydroperoxides were determined in blood serum using enzyme immunoassay. . The inclusion of only soy protein isolate into the high-fat diet with cholesterol had a hypoglycemic effect, preventing the development of insulin resistance, and led to a reliable decrease in blood level of lipid peroxides (p=0.011) compared to G2 group. The combined introduction of phycocyanin concentrate at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight and soy protein into the diet significantly reduced blood levels of cholesterol (p=0.022), lipid peroxides (p=0.001) and ALT activity (p=0.032) compared to G2. At the same time, animals of both these groups retained disorders in hormonal status (increased leptin and ghrelin level), antioxidant status (elevated level of MDA and SOD) at the same level as for animals consuming high-fat diet with 2% cholesterol. Phycocyanin concentrate at a dosage of 30 mg/kg body weight together with soy protein in the diet prevented the development of insulin resistance (p=0.049) and reduced serum glucose level (p=0.025); exerted an antioxidant effect, normalizing the level of lipid peroxides (p=0.047), MDA (p=0.015) and SOD (p=0.038), significantly reduced the level of leptin (p=0.037) and ghrelin (p=0.028) compared to animals consuming a high-fat diet with 2% cholesterol. . The results characterizing the absence of a beneficial effect of phycocyanins at a dose of 300 mg/kg body weight indicate their possible prooxidant effect, what requires further experimental research. The data on the beneficial effects of a low dose (30 mg/ kg body weight) of phycocyanins in combination with soy protein on lipid and carbohydrate metabolism may be of interest for the development of functional food ingredients with hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic properties.
[Protective аction of ginseng root extract on myofibril apoptosis and immune response in rats after exhausting physical exercise. Part II. Effect of ginseng root extract on immunity and regulation of energy metabolism].
Trushina EN, Rieger NA, Mustafina OK … +5 more , Timonin AN, Aksenov IV, Krasutsky AG, Tutelyan VA, Nikityuk DB
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40418135 · Publisher ↗
The quest for new bioactive compounds with an immune-oriented focus, as well as the study of the mechanisms of immunotropic action of the plant adaptogens used to restore and strengthen the immune system in athletes afte...
The quest for new bioactive compounds with an immune-oriented focus, as well as the study of the mechanisms of immunotropic action of the plant adaptogens used to restore and strengthen the immune system in athletes after intense physical exertion is a priority area of the research in sports medicine. of the study was to investigate the effect intragastric administration of ginseng root extract (GRE) (ginsenosides) on immunity and regulation of energy metabolism in rats after exhausting physical exercise (EPE). . The study was conducted on 5 groups of male Wistar rats with an initial body weight of ≈250 g. Animals of the control (the 1st) and experimental groups were placed on a treadmill for 20 min 3 times a week for 2 weeks, after the training was completed, an EPE test was performed (except for the control). 30 min before the training and EPE, rats of groups 3-5 were intragastrically administered GRE in physiological solution at doses of 2.7, 13.5 and 27.0 mg per 1 kg of body weight in terms of ginsenosides, respectively; animals of groups 1 and 2 - physiological solution. Animals were withdrawn from the experiment within 30 min after the cessation of EPE. Expression of CD45R, CD3, CD4, CD8a, CD161 receptors on rat peripheral blood lymphocytes was determined by direct immunofluorescence staining of whole blood cells using a panel of monoclonal antibodies on an FC-500 flow cytometer. A basic commercial kit was used to determine the levels of cytokines: interferon γ (IFN-γ), interleukin 1β (IL-1β), IL-4, IL-6, IL-10, IL-17A and tumor necrosis factor α (TNF-α), hormones leptin and ghrelin. Measurements were performed on a Luminex 200 multiplex analyzer using xMAP (multianalyte profiling) technology and Luminex xPONENT Version 3.1 software. . EPE in rats caused changes in the composition of lymphocyte subpopulations, manifested in an increase in the relative content of CD8+ cytotoxic lymphocytes in the peripheral blood with a decrease in the immunoregulatory index (СD4+/CD8+). Increased plasma levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-17A and TNF-α) found in group 2 rats after EPE indicate the presence of inflammatory processes in damaged organs and tissues, including skeletal muscles. Intragastric administration of ginseng root extract to rats had a dose-dependent protective effect, as evidenced by normalization of the composition of lymphocyte subpopulations, a decrease in the levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines, an increase in the activity of Treg (regulatory T-lymphocytes) and Th2 (T-helpers type 2) with an increase in the production of IL-10 and IL-4, positive modulation of the IL-10/ IL-17A ratio and restoration of the overall cytokine profile to control values. Ginseng root extract also has a positive effect on energy metabolism, in which regulation leptin and ghrelin participate. Administration of the maximum dose of ginseng root extract (27 mg/kg body weight) to rats induced activation of innate immunity, as evidenced by an increase in the relative content of NK and NKT cells in the peripheral blood. . The obtained results confirm the regulatory and normalizing effect of ginseng root extract (ginsenosides) on the immune status and energy metabolism of Wistar rats after EPE, which indicates the prospect of its use in stressful situations caused by physical overexertion in humans.
[Hygienic assessment of the levels of β-cryptoxanthine intake from food sources].
Kirpichenkova EV, Korolev AA, Nikitenko EI … +3 more , Denisova EL, Fanda EA, Onishchenko GG
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40418134 · Publisher ↗
β-Cryptoxanthin, along with β-carotene and α-carotene, is a precursor to vitamin A, which plays an important physiological role in the body. β-Cryptoxanthin is found in significant amounts in a limited number of dietary...
β-Cryptoxanthin, along with β-carotene and α-carotene, is a precursor to vitamin A, which plays an important physiological role in the body. β-Cryptoxanthin is found in significant amounts in a limited number of dietary sources. The highest levels of β-cryptoxanthin are found in yellow, orange and red vegetables and fruit (persimmons, papaya, sweet peppers, tangerines, corn, peaches, oranges, etc.). of this study was to perform a hygienic assessment of β-cryptoxanthin intake levels, identify its main food sources in young adults in the summer-autumn period. . An online questionnaire was developed to establish β-cryptoxanthin intake levels from dietary sources. The questionnaire contained a list of products containing β-cryptoxanthin and common in the Russian food market. Respondents indicated the portion of food consumed the day before the survey. Data collection was carried during the period from June to October 2023. The study involved 214 respondents (173 women and 41 men) aged 18-35 years (mean age 23.4±5.2 years). . The average β-cryptoxanthin intake was 0.58±0.63 (Me=0.21 [0.03; 0.66]) mg/ day. At the same time, only 15.4% of respondents had an intake more than 1.0 mg/day, which was ensured both by a variety of food sources in the diet (from 3 to 6 items) and by inclusion individual products with high content of β-cryptoxanthin. The preferred sources of β-cryptoxanthin for the majority of respondents in groups with high dietary levels (more than 1.5 mg/day) were sweet red peppers, peaches, watermelon, tangerines and orange juice. In groups with low and minimal levels of β-cryptoxanthin (less than 1.0 mg/day), along with the indicated products, its intake was due to the consumption of red pepper and paprika spices, dried cilantro, yellow and green sweet peppers, hot pepper sauce, canned jalapeno peppers, corn, oranges, apricots, nectarines, plums, peach and watermelon juices, canned peaches, dried papaya, potato chips. Despite the diversity of dietary sources, low and minimal levels of β-cryptoxanthin intake were due to both insufficient intake and selection of foods with low β-cryptoxanthin content per serving. . In 15.4% of respondents, the daily intake of β-cryptoxanthin was more than 1.0 mg/day, in 65.4% of respondents it was less than 1.0 mg/day, and in 19.2% of participants there were no sources of β-cryptoxanthin in the diet. More often than others, sweet red pepper, orange juice, and paprika and red pepper spices were present in the diet of respondents, regardless of the level of β-cryptoxanthin intake, but their contribution to the intake of β-cryptoxanthin was determined by the volume of a single serving, and therefore spices cannot be considered priority sources.
[Genetics of lactase deficiency in Russia].
Kovalenko EV, Vergasova EO, Shoshina OO … +6 more , Sheludchenko MS, Popov IV, Kim AA, Plotnikov NA, Rakitko AS, Volokh OI
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40418133 · Publisher ↗
The ability to digest lactose in adulthood is caused by a genetic mutation that emerged following the domestication of cattle approximately 10 000 years ago. However, many adults retain primary lactase deficiency - the a...
The ability to digest lactose in adulthood is caused by a genetic mutation that emerged following the domestication of cattle approximately 10 000 years ago. However, many adults retain primary lactase deficiency - the ancestral phenotype characterized by a decline in lactase enzyme activity after weaning. While the global prevalence of this condition is well-documented, reliable large-scale population data for Russia have been lacking so far. Microarray genotyping of genetic markers now enables high-quality, up-to-date research covering representative samples from diverse ethnic groups across Russia's regions. of the research was to compare the frequency of GG genotype in rs4988235 (13910 C/T) in the regulatory region (MCM6) of the lactase enzyme gene LCT, which determines the genetic risk of lactase insufficiency manifestation, in populations living in Russia and evaluate the differences between Russian regions. . The largest multi-ethnic genetic study on lactase deficiency in Russia was conducted on a sample of 24,439 individuals in 56 populations. The percentage of an individual belonging to each ethnic group was estimated by calculating the ancestral contribution to an individual's genetic makeup. In addition, we calculated the frequency of the rs4988235 GG genotype in regions of Russia using information on the individual's current location and place of birth. . The prevalence of lactase deficiency by GG genotype rs4988235 in the Russian population was 45.2 and 42.8% (95% confidence interval 42.1-43.4) in the East Slavs group. The study revealed a significant variability (22.8-83.2%) in the regional prevalence of lactase deficiency by GG rs4988235 genotype. The dependence of the regional prevalence of lactase deficiency on the current place of residence is supported by the geographical features of the Russian territory and the history of pastoralism in different regions. . The findings may be useful for developing regional nutrition recommendations and optimising the Russian market for lactose-free and low-lactose products, and justify the importance of genetic testing for diagnosis, highlighting the interdisciplinary relevance of the study.
[Somatotyping according to the Heath-Carter scheme - the relationship between body type and gender, age and level of physical activity].
Vybornaya KV, Nikityuk DB
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40418132 · Publisher ↗
In order to navigate the research results when determining the somatotype profile, it is necessary to know certain patterns that the somatotype undergoes during growth and development, as well as the features of body typ...
In order to navigate the research results when determining the somatotype profile, it is necessary to know certain patterns that the somatotype undergoes during growth and development, as well as the features of body type formation depending on gender, age, race and the level of physical activity. of the research was to identify the main patterns of somatotype formation and dynamics during ontogenesis depending on gender, age, race, the level and nature of physical activity. . 40 literature sources were analyzed, searches by keywords "Heath-Carter scheme", "Sheldon scheme", "somatotype", "sports somatotyping", "children's somatotyping" were performed in the PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science Elsevier, eLibrary databases. . There are no differences in the distribution of somatotypes between boys and girls aged 1-4 years. After 5 years, the somatotype profile of boys shifts towards a higher mesomorph score, and the somatotype profile of girls - towards higher endomorph and ectomorph scores, which reflects a typical adolescent restructuring, expressed in masculinity of boys and endomorph changes of girls. This divergence of somatotypes continues until the age of 18. Further, in the subgroups of adult men and women, the somatotype undergoes the same changes regardless of gender, expressed by an increase in the score values of the endomorph and mesomorph components up to the age of 60. The differences in the somatotype profile depending on ethnicity and place of residence (rural or urban residents) are associated with different physical activity, eating habits, diet and genetic hereditary factors. The score values of the somatotype components in athletes differ from those in persons with sedentary lifestyle, and athletes of various sports specializations differ from each other in somatotype profile. . Along with the assessment of morphological parameters and body composition, somatotyping is one of the methods for a comprehensive assessment of the level of physical development, expanding the understanding of the ratio of muscle and fat components of body mass. The existing data on the prevalence of various somatotypes in the a conditionally healthy population are indicative for a comparative assessment of newly examined individuals, since on the one hand the somatotyping results depend to a certain extent on the method of obtaining data; and on the other hand the somatotype profile changes during ontogenesis, and is influenced by gender, age, ethnicity, as well as the level of physical activity and even sports specialization.
[Small intestinal bacterial overgrowth in gastrointestinal diseases - a consequence or a cause of progression?].
Chernogorova MV, Medvedeva EA, Yurenev GL … +2 more , Maryin GG, Tomenko TE
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40418131 · Publisher ↗
The prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is increasing worldwide, especially in countries with high rates of urbanization. The growth of pathogenic and/or opportunistic bacteria in the small intesti...
The prevalence of small intestinal bacterial overgrowth (SIBO) is increasing worldwide, especially in countries with high rates of urbanization. The growth of pathogenic and/or opportunistic bacteria in the small intestine can cause clinical symptoms and digestive and absorption disorders. of the review was to analyze available literature on SIBO in various gastrointestinal pathologies. . A literature search was conducted for the last 10 years using the library platforms PubMed, Medscape by keywords: "small intestinal bacterial overgrowth", "SIBO". A total of 1112 scientific papers were found, of which 124 English-language and 28 Russian-language publications were subject to analysis. Of these, 41 articles (including 5 Russian-language ones) corresponding to the topic of this review were included in the review. . The article presents data reflecting the pathophysiology and factors contributing to the development of SIBO. It is shown that irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) and a number of organic and functional diseases of the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) are closely associated with SIBO. The features of the pathogenesis of SIBO in gastrointestinal diseases (IBS, IBD, functional dyspepsia, celiac disease, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, chronic pancreatitis, etc.) and its influence on the course of gastrointestinal pathology are described. . It is impossible to unambiguously assess the influence that SIBO and various types of gastrointestinal pathology have on each other, since, on the one hand, SIBO can develop as a result of gastrointestinal diseases, and on the other hand, it can serve a predictor of the deterioration of these diseases. Most likely, we are talking about the emergence of a vicious circle, to break which it is necessary to eradicate the microorganisms that cause SIBO. This can be achieved both through drug treatment and by adjusting the diet of patients. An important element of non-specific prevention of SIBO is also timely rational treatment of gastrointestinal diseases that contribute to the development of this syndrome.
[The combined effects of sublingual immunotherapy and Lactobacillus acidophilusproducing extract on cedar pollinosis symptoms].
Hirobumi I, Sasuga Y
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40214689 · Publisher ↗
. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), in which standardized cedar pollen extract solution is administered, has been used to treat cedar pollinosis, but SLIT is problematic because it takes a long time to become effective, a...
. Sublingual immunotherapy (SLIT), in which standardized cedar pollen extract solution is administered, has been used to treat cedar pollinosis, but SLIT is problematic because it takes a long time to become effective, and some cases are ineffective even after long-term treatment. It has also been reported that lactobacillus acidophilus extract (LEX), a food-derived ingredient, alleviates various allergic symptoms. This study examined the usefulness of LEX as a treatment for cedar pollinosis in comparison with SLIT. We also examined whether the combined use of SLIT and LEX could have an early-onset of therapeutic effect on cedar pollinosis. We also examined the usefulness of LEX as a salvage therapy for patients who failed to respond to SLIT. Subjects and methods. Fifteen patients with cedar pollinosis were divided into three groups. The three groups were: three patients in the standardized cedar pollen extract group (S group), seven patients in the lactobacillus-producing extract group (L group), and five patients in the combination group of standardized cedar pollen extract and lactobacillus-producing extract (SL group). The subjects were treated for three years, corresponding to the three scattering seasons of cedar pollen, and observed according to the evaluation items. The evaluation items were severity score based on examination findings, subjective symptom score (QOL score) based on the Japanese Standard QOL Questionnaire for Allergic Rhinitis ( JRQLQ No. 1) questionnaire, nonspecific IgE level measurement by blood test, and cedar pollen-specific IgE level measurement. . After three years of observation, there were no significant differences in severity score and nonspecific IgE levels among the three groups, while QOL score decreased significantly between the first and third years of treatment in the L group. Cedar pollenspecific IgE levels in the S and SL groups showed an increase in the first year and a gradual decrease in the second and third years of treatment compared to the pre-treatment period. In group L, no increase was observed in the first year, and a significant decrease was observed in the second and third years during the cedar pollen dispersal period. . The results of severity and quality of life scores indicated that it took three years of treatment for the S and SL groups to show efficacy, while the L group showed improvement in quality of life scores and cedar pollen-specific IgE levels from the first year, suggesting that LEX is useful as a treatment for cedar pollinosis. The efficacy of combination therapy with SLIT and LEX was not clear, but since the effect of LEX was observed from the early stage of treatment, it was thought that the combination therapy with LEX intake from the early stage of treatment may be effective in reducing the incidence of ineffective cases. The combination therapy of SLIT and LEX may also be useful as a salvage therapy. : otolaryngology, allergy/immunology, integrative/complementary medicine.
[The effect of phycocyanins from Arthrospira platensis on the efficacy of immunization with an anti-coronavirus vaccine ].
Shipelin VA, Kholina AV, Zamyatina AV … +2 more , Mazo VK, Nikityuk DB
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40214688 · Publisher ↗
The creation of food for special dietary use designed to increase the resistance of the human immune system to viral infections is an vital section of modern nutrition science. Phycocyanins (PC) of the Arthrospira platen...
The creation of food for special dietary use designed to increase the resistance of the human immune system to viral infections is an vital section of modern nutrition science. Phycocyanins (PC) of the Arthrospira platensis food cyanobacterium possess potential immunomodulatory properties. The study of the possibility of using PC as oral immunostimulants and/or immunoadjuvants in vaccination scenarios is of significant interest. of this research was to study the ability of PC concentrate and PC complex with egg protein (Module) to influence the state of cell-mediated and humoral immunity in laboratory rodents - BALB/c mice on the developed model of attenuated vaccination with Sputnik-V. . The experiment involved 34 male BALB/c mice with an initial body weight of 20.0±1.0 g at the age of 4-5 weeks. 5 groups were formed: "Control", "PC-200", "PC-420", "Module-200" and "Module-420". The PC concentrate and the Module were administered orally daily for 49 days at doses of 200 and 420 mg/kg body weight (in terms of PC). The Sputnik-V vaccine for the prevention of human SARS-CoV-2 coronavirus infection was administered to all animals on days 29 and 50. When studying the immunoadjuvant potential of PC concentrate and Module on days 49, 57, 64, 141 and 171, IgG levels to SARS-CoV-2 were assessed by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. On days 28, 31 and 51, immunostimulating properties were evaluated by cytometry by means of immunophenotyping blood lymphocytes. At the end of the experiment, integral, hematological, and biochemical (blood serum) parameters were evaluated on day 190. . When evaluating the immunoadjuvant properties of PC concentrate and Module on day 64, a significant increase in IgG titers to 1/115 000 and 1/128 000 was observed in Module-200 and Module-420 groups, respectively. In the Module-200 group, on day 141, the concentration of antibodies was almost 2 fold higher than the control ones. From days 141 to 171, increased antibody titers were observed in all experimental groups compared with the control. When studying the immunostimulating properties of the surveyed objects on the 31st day of the experiment, an increase in the number of cytotoxic T-cell subpopulations by 29 and 42%, respectively, was found in the Module-200 and Module- 420 groups. At the end of the experiment, minor shifts in blood biochemical parameters were revealed, there were no changes in hematological parameters; an 11.7% increase in heart mass was found in the Module-420 group. . The experiment demonstrated the presence of immunoadjuvant properties in PC concentrate and Module, especially expressed in the Module-200 group. The Module had immunostimulating effect on cell-mediated immunity. The manifestation of the Module effects, in contrast to the PC concentrate, is apparently due to its better stability in the gastrointestinal tract environment. Further studies of the secretory activity of immunocompetent cells are needed, which may shed light on the nature of the effect of PC on key parts of the immune system.
[Protective action of ginseng root extract on myofibril apoptosis and immune response in rats after exhausting physical exercise. Part I. Effect of ginseng root extract on myofibril apoptosis in rats' gastrocnemius muscle].
Trushina EN, Mustafina OK, Aksenov IV … +3 more , Krasutsky AG, Tutelyan VA, Nikityuk DB
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40214687 · Publisher ↗
Intense psychophysical loads in athletes are the pathogenetic basis for the development of immune dysfunction, hormonal imbalance, oxidative stress and activation of the process of apoptosis of cells in various organs an...
Intense psychophysical loads in athletes are the pathogenetic basis for the development of immune dysfunction, hormonal imbalance, oxidative stress and activation of the process of apoptosis of cells in various organs and tissues, including myofibrils of skeletal muscles. Adaptogens of plant origin, including bioactive compounds (BAC) of ginseng, have long been used by professional athletes to enhance the body's resistance to stress and improve physical performance. All mechanisms of the adaptogenic effect of ginseng BAS have not been established yet. Of particular relevance is the issue of the effect of ginseng BAC on the damaged structure of skeletal muscle myofibrils and the activity of their regeneration after intense physical exertion in athletes. of the research was to investigate the effect of intragastric administration of the ginseng root extract (ginsenosides) on the apoptosis of myofibrils in the gastrocnemius muscle of rats after exhausting physical exercise (EPE). . The study was conducted on 5 groups of male Wistar rats with an initial body weight of ≈250 g. The rats received a complete semi-synthetic diet and water ad libitum. After the preparatory stage (1 week of quarantine and 1 week of acclimation to the treadmill), animals of the control (the 1st) and experimental (the 2, 3, 4 and 5th) groups were placed on a treadmill for 2 weeks (3 times a week) according to the training program (running duration - 20 min, speed 25 cm/s, treadmill inclination angle 10o), after the completion of which (except for the control group) a test for EPE was carried out. Thirty minutes before the start of training and EPE, rats of experimental groups 3-5 were intragastrically administered ginseng root extract (GRE) in saline in doses: 2.7 (group 3), 13.5 (group 4), and 27.0 (group 5) mg per kg body weight in terms of ginsenosides; animals of groups 1 and 2 were given saline. Within 30 minutes after EPE cessation, rats were withdrawn from the experiment by decapitation, followed by collection of a sample of the gastrocnemius muscle. The intensity of apoptosis of gastrocnemius muscle myofibrils was studied on the day of slaughter by the flow cytometry method. Myofibrils were stained with annexin V conjugated with fluorochrome and 7-aminoactinomycin vital dye with subsequent detection on an FC-500 flow cytometer. . EPE in rats of the 2nd group lead to a decrease in the relative content of intact (live) myofibrils of the gastrocnemius muscle (80.51±1.41 vs 88.39±1.04% in the control, p<0.05) and an increase in the proportion of myofibrils in apoptosis (20.06±1.62 vs 11.16±1.14% in the control, p<0.05). Intragastric administration of GRE provided positive dynamics (p<0.05) of an increase in the relative content of intact myofibrils in rats of the 4th and 5th groups (85.75±1.22 and 84.60±1.11% respectively) compared with the indicator in rats of the 2nd group that didn't receive GRE. The total number of myofibrils in apoptosis in rats of the 2, 3 and 5th groups after EPE exceeded (p<0.05) the indicator in control rats. GRE administration to the animals of the 4th (13.5 mg/kg body weight) and the 5th (27 mg/kg body weight) groups ensured a decrease (p<0.05) of the total number of apoptotic myofibrils compared to rats of the 2nd group. The minimum dosage of GRE used in rats of the 3rd group (2.7 mg/kg body weight) did not have a reliable effect on the studied apoptosis indices. . A dose-dependent anti-apoptotic effect of the GRE BAC on the myofibrils of skeletal muscles has been demonstrated on the EPE model in rats. The most pronounced effect was observed with GRE administration at a daily dose of 13.5 mg/kg body weight (in terms of ginsenosides). When using the minimum and maximum GRE dosage (2.7 and 27 mg/kg body weight), the proportion of myofibrils in apoptosis remained elevated relative to the control group. Thus, the data obtained confirm the concept that one of the mechanisms of the adaptogenic effect of ginseng BAC is a decrease in the apoptosis activity in skeletal muscle myofibrils induced by EPE.
[Management with micronutrient composition of entomoproducts by edible insects' feeding schedule optimisation].
Tyshko NV, Timoshenko KA, Shestakova SI … +1 more , Zotov VA
Vopr Pitan · 2025 · PMID 40214686 · Publisher ↗
The trend to the modern food industry's reorientation into the manufacturing of food with increased nutritional density, enriched, among other things, with complete protein, leads to the need to expand the raw material b...
The trend to the modern food industry's reorientation into the manufacturing of food with increased nutritional density, enriched, among other things, with complete protein, leads to the need to expand the raw material base and search for non-traditional protein sources, among which insects are considered to be a very promising resource. The insects species composition, the food use of which is approved in countries that previously had no tradition of using such raw materials, is represented by ubiquitous synanthropic organisms that have accompanied mankind for thousands of years - the mealybug (Tenebrio molitor), house cricket (A. domesticus) and others. In particular, A. domesticus belongs to polyphagous species that feed both plant and animal substrates, producing their own complete protein. Based on the results of our own research and analysis of literature data, the chemical composition of arthropods potentially used for food purposes requires careful control due to the possible risk of excessive content of mineral components. Both regulation of feed composition and feeding schedule of insects, taking into consideration their age and species affiliation, can be considered as risk management methods. of the research was the investigation of the influence of feeding schedule on the micronutrient (mineral) composition of house cricket A. domesticus biomass. . The A. domesticus house cricket produced by ONTO LLC was used for this research. Elemental analysis of 8 insect samples was carried out. The content of potassium, sodium, calcium, magnesium, manganese, cobalt, chromium, nickel, iron, copper, zinc, lead and cadmium in insect biomass samples was determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. The element composition of cricket biomass (age of the 6th moult and adults) obtained under different feeding schedule was assessed from the view point of the possibility for using insects as a source of relevant mineral substances, for which the element content in biomass was compared with the norms of physiological requirements for humans. . In insect samples kept under conditions of stable feed supply, the content of calcium, iron, copper, zinc and manganese increased with insect growth, reaching a maximum level at the stage of the 6th moult and decreasing when the adult age was reached. At all stages of insect growth, incubation without food for 24 hours resulted in a 45% decrease in the content of copper and zinc, a 33% decrease in calcium and manganese, and a 15% decrease in iron. No effect of insect feeding schedule on the content of potassium, sodium, magnesium, and chromium, as well as lead and cadmium in biomass was revealed. . House crickets can serve a source of minerals and trace elements in the human diet, and there is a risk of excessive intake of mineral elements when using raw materials from A. domesticus in food. In spite of the fact that the results of the conducted studies indicate the possibility of adjusting the elemental composition of cricket biomass by changing the feed formulation and feeding regimes, when developing hygienic (sanitary and chemical) standards for novel objects of technical regulation - raw materials and food derived from insects, it is necessary to take into consideration the variability of mineral composition and include manganese, copper, zinc and chromium in the list of controlled indicators.
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