Photodiagnosis And Photodynamic Therapy[JOURNAL]
Sun
200 papers
A virtual-reality-based asynchronous dichoptic treatment for anisometropic amblyopia: A retrospective pilot clinical trial.
Wen J, Wenyao W, Huang X … +6 more , Nan Y, Blakemore C, Ng SS, Huang T, Li X, Pu M
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42082011 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To assess the safety and effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) head-mounted display-based asynchronous binocular visual stimulation for the treatment of children with anisometropic amblyopia. METHODS: This was a...
PURPOSE: To assess the safety and effectiveness of virtual reality (VR) head-mounted display-based asynchronous binocular visual stimulation for the treatment of children with anisometropic amblyopia. METHODS: This was a randomized clinical trial. A total of 40 children 4-9 years of age whose best-corrected visual acuity (VA) in the amblyopic eye (AE) before treatment was between 0.2 and 1.0 logMAR (logarithm of the minimum angle of resolution in minutes of arc) were randomly assigned to receive occlusion only or occlusion + VR. Children in the VR-only group were not randomly assigned to this group. INTERVENTIONS: Children in the control group were from the same cohort as those in the preceding study and received daily occlusion-only treatment. Children in the occlusion + VR group received daily occlusion and asynchronous visual stimulation. Children in the VR-only group received only asynchronous visual stimulation. Intention-to-treat, per-protocol, and as-treated analyses were performed to determine the outcomes of this clinical trial. RESULTS: Compared with the occlusion and occlusion + VR groups, the VR-only treatment group met the VA criterion for successful treatment (VA improvement ≥ 0.3 logMAR). These results suggest that the performance of the VR-only treatment was superior to that of the occlusion and occlusion + VR treatments. The benefits of asynchronous conditioning were maintained for at least one year. CONCLUSIONS: This study suggests that VR-only treatment is safe and effective. It can produce substantial and persistent improvements in VA. A larger-sample, double-blind, randomized controlled clinical trial is warranted to confirm the effects of binocular asynchronous visual treatment for amblyopia. TRIAL REGISTRATION: ChiCTR2200055848.
Efficacy and safety of sonidegib combined with photodynamic therapy in basal cell carcinoma: A retrospective case series of 7 patients.
Lai J, Li K, Xu M … +12 more , Zeng L, Li C, Li S, Zhong L, Liu W, Liang X, Zou J, He R, Shen W, Li M, Chen Y, Chen R
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42082010 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Management of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in cosmetically critical facial areas remains challenging when surgery is contraindicated or declined. Although Hedgehog pathway inhibitors (HHIs) and photodynamic the...
BACKGROUND: Management of basal cell carcinoma (BCC) in cosmetically critical facial areas remains challenging when surgery is contraindicated or declined. Although Hedgehog pathway inhibitors (HHIs) and photodynamic therapy (PDT) are established non-surgical options, monotherapies have limitations. Combining systemic targeted therapy with local treatment may improve outcomes. OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the efficacy and safety of short-course oral Sonidegib combined with fractional CO₂ laser-assisted 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT) for treating facial BCC unsuitable for surgery. METHODS: This retrospective case series involved 7 consecutive patients with histologically confirmed facial BCC unsuitable for or declined surgery. Patients received oral Sonidegib (200 mg daily for 6 weeks) combined with six sessions of ALA-PDT preceded by ablative fractional CO₂ laser pretreatment. Clinical responses were assessed at 1, 3, and 6 months using modified WHO criteria. RESULTS: All patients completed treatment. Complete response (CR) rates were 71.4% (5/7) at 1 month and 100% (7/7) at 3 and 6 months, with no recurrences. No typical systemic adverse events associated with long-term Sonidegib (e.g., muscle spasms, dysgeusia) occurred. PDT-related reactions were mild and transient, with no scarring or pigmentary changes. CONCLUSION: Short-course Sonidegib combined with fractional CO₂ laser-assisted ALA-PDT demonstrates high efficacy and favorable tolerability for facial BCC unsuitable for surgery, offering a durable non-surgical alternative warranting prospective validation.
Analysis of factors affecting lesion or HPV clearance rate after photodynamic therapy of persistent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1.
Luo M, Wu J, Duan Z … +3 more , Zhou D, Tao L, Jia Y
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42082009 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential influencing factors of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in patients with persistent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN1), and to provide a basis for improving the therapeuti...
OBJECTIVE: To investigate the potential influencing factors of photodynamic therapy (PDT) in patients with persistent cervical intraepithelial neoplasia grade 1 (CIN1), and to provide a basis for improving the therapeutic effect. METHODS: A retrospective study was conducted on patients with persistent CIN1 who had undergone PDT. Based on the reexamination results half a year after treatment, statistical analysis was performed on the human papillomavirus (HPV) clearance rate, histological regression rate, and the factors that might affect the therapeutic effect. RESULTS: In the multivariate analysis, normal cytological results before treatment were a positive influencing factor for post-treatment HPV clearance (P < 0.05); HPV subtype 52/16 infection was a negative influencing factor for HPV clearance (P < 0.05); and age ≥ 50 years was a negative influencing factor for the post-treatment histological regression rate (P < 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: PDT can effectively treat persistent CIN1. However, histological regression is affected by the patient's age, and infection with HPV subtypes 52/16 tends to delay the conversion of HPV status to negative.
Differential posterior pole morphology in pediatric myopia in Chinese children: An ultra-widefield OCT analysis of retinal curvature.
Chang L, Fu C, Jian W … +2 more , Duan J, Li D
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42070647 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To characterize the spatial distribution of retinal curvature (RC) and its determinants in Chinese children across various refractive states, and to explore the morphological remodeling patterns associated with...
PURPOSE: To characterize the spatial distribution of retinal curvature (RC) and its determinants in Chinese children across various refractive states, and to explore the morphological remodeling patterns associated with early myopic progression. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 155 eyes from 155 participants (aged 5 to 18 years), categorized into emmetropia (n = 52) and low/moderate myopia (n = 103) groups. RC was measured in seven concentric zones (RC Ⅰ - Ⅶ, 1-18 mm diameter) using ultra-widefield swept-source optical coherence tomography. Ocular parameters including axial length (AL), spherical equivalent (SE), and retinal and choroidal thickness were analyzed. Data were analyzed using SPSS version 24.0. RESULTS: Myopic eyes exhibited a distinct central steepening and peripheral flattening pattern compared to emmetropic eyes. RC was significantly higher (steeper) in central zones (RC Ⅰ - Ⅳ) but lower (flatter) in peripheral zones (RC Ⅵ - Ⅶ) (all p < 0.001), with RC Ⅴ (12 mm) serving as a morphological inflection point. Multivariable linear regression indicated that central foveal curvature was independently associated with older age, more myopic SE, longer AL, and thinner inner retinal and subfoveal choroidal thickness (Adjusted R² = 0.389). Notably, peripheral RC showed a stronger correlation with AL elongation than central RC. CONCLUSIONS: Pediatric myopia is characterized by a non-uniform posterior pole remodeling. The observed differential changes in RC, particularly the stable flattening of the peripheral retina, may provide more sensitive quantitative biomarkers than traditional central metrics for monitoring the biomechanical impact of axial elongation.
The foveal microvasculature of adult offspring of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration.
Kılınç Hekimsoy H, Şekeroğlu MA, Ateşoğlu Hİ … +1 more , Doğuizi S
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42069034 · Publisher ↗
AIM: To assess the foveal microvasculature in adult offspring of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) who exhibit no clinical or imaging signs of AMD, and to compare these parameters with tho...
AIM: To assess the foveal microvasculature in adult offspring of patients with neovascular age-related macular degeneration (nAMD) who exhibit no clinical or imaging signs of AMD, and to compare these parameters with those of healthy controls without a family history of AMD. METHODS: This cross-sectional study included 82 adult offspring of patients with nAMD and 85 age- and sex-matched controls. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) was used to evaluate vessel densities of the superficial and deep capillary plexuses (SCP and DCP), the foveal avascular zone (FAZ), outer retinal flow, and choriocapillaris (CCP) flow area. RESULTS: There were no significant differences in demographic or visual parameters between groups, nor in FAZ area, perimeter, or acircularity index. However, vessel densities in all SCP and DCP zones, as well as outer retinal and CCP flow areas, were significantly reduced in the nAMD offspring group (all p < 0.05). CONCLUSION: Subclinical microvascular alterations in SCP, DCP, and CCP were identified in clinically unaffected adult offspring of patients with nAMD. These findings suggest a potential heritable vascular component in early AMD pathogenesis and support the use of OCTA as a tool for risk stratification.
Association between sleep quality and corneal microstructural alterations in patients with dry eye disease: An in vivo confocal microscopy study.
Li Y, Zhu D, Ding N
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42069033 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: This hospital-based cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep quality and microstructural alterations of the cornea, specifically focusing on the subbasal nerve plexus (SNP) and d...
PURPOSE: This hospital-based cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the relationship between sleep quality and microstructural alterations of the cornea, specifically focusing on the subbasal nerve plexus (SNP) and dendritic cell (DC) activity, in patients diagnosed with dry eye disease (DED). METHODS: A total of 60 adult participants were enrolled and divided into two cohorts based on their Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) scores: a Sleep Disorder group (PSQI > 5) and a Control group (PSQI ≤ 5). Comprehensive clinical assessments included the Ocular Surface Disease Index (OSDI), Schirmer I test (SIT), tear break-up time (BUT), and meibomian gland evaluation. In vivo confocal microscopy (IVCM) was utilized to quantify corneal nerve fiber density (CNFD), nerve tortuosity, and DC density. The Insomnia Severity Index (ISI) was further employed to grade sleep disturbance severity. RESULTS: DED patients with sleep disorders exhibited significantly higher OSDI scores and lower SIT results compared to the control group (P < 0.05). IVCM analysis revealed a marked reduction in CNFD (11.05 ± 1.65mm/mmvs. 13.05±1.44mm/mm) and a significant elevation in DC density (median 45 vs. 28.5 cells/mm²) in the sleep disorder group (P < 0.05). Correlation analysis indicated that CNFD was negatively correlated with both PSQI (r = -0.27) and ISI (r = -0.41), while DC density showed a strong positive correlation with these sleep indices (P < 0.001). Furthermore, multivariate linear regression identified SIT as a positive predictor for CNFD and the ISI score as an independent risk factor for increased DC density. CONCLUSION: Sleep disturbances are significantly associated with reduced tear secretion, loss of corneal nerve fibers, and increased immune cell infiltration in DED patients. These findings suggest that systemic sleep quality is a critical determinant of the corneal microenvironment and should be integrated into the comprehensive management of dry eye disease.
Cost-effectiveness analysis of transurethral resection of bladder tumor with photodynamic diagnosis with 5-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride for non-muscle invasive bladder cancer.
Akiyama T, Fukuhara H, Hagiwara Y … +4 more , Fukata S, Matsuyama Y, Inoue K, Oba K
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42069032 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD)-assisted transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is effective for preventing recurrence in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, the cost of P...
OBJECTIVE: Photodynamic diagnosis (PDD)-assisted transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT) is effective for preventing recurrence in patients with non-muscle invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC). However, the cost of PDD-TURBT is higher than that of standard white-light TURBT (WL-TURBT), given the use of photodynamic devices and 5-aminolevulinic acid hydrochloride (ALA). Accordingly, we evaluated the cost-effectiveness of PDD-TURBT with ALA. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study included patients with NMIBC who underwent TURBT at Kochi University Hospital (2010‒2021), categorized by their initial TURBT into the PDD-TURBT and WL-TURBT groups. We evaluated cost-effectiveness and quality-adjusted life years (QALYs) using survival analysis with a multistate model, which defined six health states: disease-free, first recurrence, second recurrence, three or more recurrences, total bladder removal, and death. Quality of life (QOL) values for each state were adopted from previous studies. RESULTS: Overall, 303 patients were analyzed (PDD-TURBT, n = 111; WL-TURBT, n = 192). The mean age was 73.3 years, and 232 (76.6%) were male. Adjusted 3-year disease-free survival rates were 0.60 and 0.40 in the PDD-TURBT and WL-TURBT groups, respectively. The incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) for PDD-TURBT was ¥309,812 per 1-year of disease-free time and ¥802,192 per 1-life year. Assuming a QOL of 0.87, the ICER was ¥922,060 (£5,123) per QALY, below the recommended threshold of "£20,000 to £30,000/QALY" suggested by the National Institute for Health and Care Excellence (NICE). CONCLUSIONS: Our analysis demonstrated that the cost of PDD-TURBT is lower than the NICE-recommended £20,000-£30,000/QALY and is cost-effective compared with WL-TURBT.
Postnatal passive smoking and risk of myopia in children and adolescents: A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies.
Yuan C, Song X, Tan R … +3 more , Zhang M, Sun J, Liu C
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42069031 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVES: The relationship between postnatal passive smoking (secondhand smoke, SHS) and myopia in children remains uncertain, with inconsistent findings across studies and concerns regarding exposure measurement and c...
OBJECTIVES: The relationship between postnatal passive smoking (secondhand smoke, SHS) and myopia in children remains uncertain, with inconsistent findings across studies and concerns regarding exposure measurement and confounding. This meta-analysis was performed to systematically evaluate the above association and role of potential confounding factors. METHODS: PubMed, Embase, Web of Science, Wanfang, and CNKI were searched for relevant studies. Random-effects models were applied to pool odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS: Eleven studies were included. Overall, passive smoking was not significantly associated with myopia (OR = 1.00, 95% CI 0.82-1.20; I² = 81%). However, cohort studies showed a significant association (OR = 2.13, 95% CI 1.09-4.17; I² = 7%), whereas cross-sectional studies did not (OR = 0.95, 95% CI 0.78-1.14; I² = 83%; p for subgroup difference = 0.02). Regional differences were observed, with a nonsignificant trend toward increased risk in Asian populations and an inverse association in non-Asian studies. No significant effect modification was detected by age, refraction method, adjustment status, or study quality. Notably, exposure assessment relied predominantly on parental self-report, and adjustment for key confounders (e.g., outdoor time, near-work, parental myopia) was inconsistent across studies. CONCLUSIONS: Overall, the available evidence does not support a consistent association between passive smoking and myopia. However, findings from cohort studies-which are more appropriate for risk inference due to their longitudinal design-suggest a potential association that cannot be excluded. Given the limited number of such studies, these results should be interpreted cautiously and considered hypothesis-generating.
Maternal retinal and choroidal microvascular alterations in late-onset fetal growth restriction assessed by optical coherence tomography angiography.
Pota A, Alkan Bülbül G, Korkut A … +3 more , Sanhal CY, Erkan Pota Ç, Doğan ME
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42067106 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Fetal growth restriction(FGR) is a common pregnancy complication leading to adverse perinatal outcomes and long-term developmental risks. Beyond placental insufficiency, increasing evidence suggests that mate...
BACKGROUND: Fetal growth restriction(FGR) is a common pregnancy complication leading to adverse perinatal outcomes and long-term developmental risks. Beyond placental insufficiency, increasing evidence suggests that maternal systemic and microvascular alterations may contribute to its pathophysiology. Optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) enables non-invasive evaluation of retinal microvasculature and may provide insights into maternal microvascular alterations in pregnancies complicated by FGR. OBJECTIVE: To assess maternal retinal and choroidal microvascular changes in pregnancies with late-onset FGR and to examine their relationship with Doppler ultrasound parameters. METHODS: A total of 25 pregnant women with isolated late-onset FGR and 30 healthy pregnant women with appropriate-for-gestational-age(AGA) fetuses were included.OCTA imaging was used to measure retinal and choroidal thickness, vessel density in the superficial and deep capillary plexuses, and foveal avascular zone (FAZ) area.Doppler ultrasound measurements of the umbilical artery(UA) and middle cerebral artery(MCA) pulsatility indices(PI) were also recorded and the cerebroplacental ratio (CPR) was calculated. RESULTS: The late-onset FGR group exhibited a significantly wider FAZ area and reduced vessel density in both the superficial and deep capillary plexuses compared to the AGA group (p = 0.004,p = 0.019,p = 0.022 respectively). Choroidal thickness was significantly lower in the FGR group (p = 0.022). A positive correlation was observed between the umbilical artery PI and deep capillary plexus vessel density (p: 0.030,r: 0.486). No significant difference was found in the choriocapillaris vessel density between the groups (p = 0.928). CONCLUSION: Maternal retinal vascular changes detected by OCTA in late-onset FGR may reflect impaired maternal hemodynamic adaptation, providing insight into underlying pathophysiological mechanisms.
Global research trends and evidence-based clinical efficacy of photodynamic therapy in gynecology: A bibliometric analysis (2010-2025).
Niu T, Qi X, Liu W … +1 more , Jia J
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42067105 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has demonstrated broad application prospects in treating gynecological diseases such as human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and vulvar li...
BACKGROUND: Photodynamic therapy (PDT) has demonstrated broad application prospects in treating gynecological diseases such as human papillomavirus (HPV) infection, cervical intraepithelial neoplasia (CIN), and vulvar lichen sclerosus (VLS), due to its non-invasiveness, targeting capability, and low side effects. However, the bibliometric characteristics of this field remain unexplored. METHODS: On March 26, 2026, we retrieved literature from the Web of Science Core Collection (WoSCC) database covering publications from January 1, 2010, to December 31, 2025. A total of 748 publications (545 articles, 203 review articles) were included after data cleaning. Visualization analysis was performed using VOSviewer, CiteSpace, Bibliometrix, and Excel 2023. RESULTS: Publication numbers showed a significant upward trend, peaking at 93 articles in 2022, with synchronous citation increases (2227 citations in 2022). China led in publication volume (310 articles), followed by the United States (109 articles). The United States exhibited higher international cooperation intensity (total link strength 48) compared to China (12). Southern Medical University (28 articles) was the most productive institution, and Zeng Kang was the leading author. Keyword clustering revealed "photodynamic therapy" and "human papillomavirus" as core themes. Burst keywords included "human papillomavirus infection" (2010-2017, strength 4.23) and "5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy" (2021-2025, strength 6.25). Clinical data extraction from burst core literature showed that ALA-PDT achieved a 64.3%-82.5% clearance rate for high-risk HPV in the cervix and a > 70% regression rate for cervical lesions. For VLS, the total effective rate was 64%-91%, with good safety and no impact on reproductive function. CONCLUSION: Research interest in PDT for gynecological diseases continues to rise, with HPV infection and PDT treatment as core directions. The efficient, safe evidence-based data extracted from the literature further consolidates PDT's potential as a preferred non-invasive treatment. Future research should strengthen international cooperation and clinical translation.
Treatment of vitiligo-like actinic keratosis with photodynamic therapy: A case report.
Lv T, Li K, Zha W … +2 more , Qian Y, Shi L
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42055382 · Publisher ↗
OBJECTIVE: Hypopigmented actinic keratosis is a rare variant that clinically mimics vitiligo, posing significant diagnostic challenges. METHODS: We report a case of a 66-year-old Chinese woman with a long-standing hypopi...
OBJECTIVE: Hypopigmented actinic keratosis is a rare variant that clinically mimics vitiligo, posing significant diagnostic challenges. METHODS: We report a case of a 66-year-old Chinese woman with a long-standing hypopigmented patch on her cheek, complicated by central erythema and scaling. The diagnosis was confirmed by histopathology, and the patient underwent treatment with 5-aminolevulinic acid photodynamic therapy (ALA-PDT). RESULTS: The lesion resolved completely after three sessions of ALA-PDT, with remarkable repigmentation observed in the previously depigmented area. CONCLUSIONS: ALA-PDT is an effective and cosmetically favorable treatment for hypopigmented actinic keratosis, offering the dual advantage of lesion clearance and pigment restoration.
Correlation between fundus color and retinal microcirculation in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients.
Chang L, Li D, Zhu K … +3 more , Geng H, Jian W, Duan J
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42055381 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: This study quantified retinal color parameters from fundus photography and integrated microcirculatory metrics from retinal oximetry, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), and color doppler imaging (C...
PURPOSE: This study quantified retinal color parameters from fundus photography and integrated microcirculatory metrics from retinal oximetry, optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA), and color doppler imaging (CDI) to investigate the specific application of fundus color in assessing microcirculation in type 2 diabetic Mellitus (T2DM) patients. METHODS: Participants underwent fundus photography, retinal oximetry, OCTA, and CDI. Fundus color features were extracted using Photoshop and Python based on Red-Green-Blue (RGB), Commission Internationale de l'Éclairage Color Space (Lab), and Hue-Saturation-Value (HSV) models. Microvascular parameters were assessed via oximetry, OCTA, and CDI. Data were analyzed with SPSS 24.0. RESULTS: Fundus color parameter RGB-B correlated positively with age (r = 0.221, P = 0.033, Q = 0.297), venous oxygen saturation (SvO) (r = 0.404, P = 0.000, Q = 0.000), diameter of vein (D-V) (r = 0.246, P = 0.018, Q = 0.197), and negatively with arteriovenous difference (A-V) (r=-0.385, P=0.000, Q=0.000). Lab-a correlated positively with age (r = 0.392, P= 0.000, Q = 0.000) and disease duration (r = 0.357, P= 0.000, Q = 0.000), and negatively with end diastolic velocity of the central retinal artery (r=-0.206, P = 0.047, Q = 0.378). Lab-b correlated positively with foveal density-300 (FD-300) (r = 0.285, P = 0.006, Q = 0.092). HSV-H correlated positively with age (r = 0.513, P= 0.000, Q = 0.000), A-V (r = 0.313, P = 0.002, Q = 0.034) and FD-300 (r = 0.237, P = 0.022, Q = 0.224), and negatively with disease duration (r=-0.409, P= 0.000, Q = 0.000), Glycated Hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) (r=-0.252, P = 0.015, Q = 0.177), and SvO (r=-0.297, P = 0.007, Q = 0.097). HSV-S correlated negatively with age (r=-0.229, P = 0.027, Q = 0.258), SvO (r=-0.412, P= 0.000, Q = 0.000), and d-V (r=-0.215, P = 0.038, Q = 0.323), and positively with A-V (r = 0.387, P= 0.000, Q = 0.000) and FD-300 (r = 0.270, P = 0.009, Q = 0.115). CONCLUSIONS: Quantitative fundus color may serve as a non-invasive potential surrogate marker for systemic state and retinal microcirculatory status of T2DM.
Discordant fibroblast growth factor receptor 3 (FGFR3) expression between photodynamic diagnosis-positive and -negative bladder cancer lesions: An intra-patient paired analysis.
Shigehisa R, Fukata S, Pustimbara A … +15 more , Kawada C, Yoshimura R, Yamashita E, Kurano Y, Furihata K, Atagi K, Takemori D, Yamamoto S, Osakabe H, Nao T, Fukuhara H, Shimizu N, Ashida S, Kurabayashi A, Inoue K
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42031129 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-based photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) improves the detection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) during transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). However, some uroth...
BACKGROUND: 5-Aminolevulinic acid (ALA)-based photodynamic diagnosis (PDD) improves the detection of non-muscle-invasive bladder cancer (NMIBC) during transurethral resection of bladder tumor (TURBT). However, some urothelial carcinomas exhibit no fluorescence (PDD false-negative; FN). The molecular background of FN lesions in human specimens remains insufficiently understood. Therefore, we performed an intra-patient paired comparison between PDD true-positive (TP) and FN lesions coexisting within the same bladder, focusing on immunohistochemical expression profiles, particularly FGFR3. METHODS: We retrospectively reviewed patients who underwent oral ALA-based PDD-TURBT at Kochi University Hospital (January 2018-July 2025). Urothelial carcinomas were classified as TP or FN by intraoperative consensus among ≥3 urologists. Patients harboring both TP and FN lesions were included. Immunohistochemistry for PEPT1, ABCG2, FECH, and FGFR3 was performed on formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded specimens, scored semi-quantitatively (0-3) by a pathologist, and compared within each patient. RESULTS: Seven cases with paired TP and FN lesions were analyzed. FECH and ABCG2 scores were concordant between TP and FN lesions in all cases. PEPT1 showed discordant scores in 2/7 cases. However, FGFR3 expression was lower in FN than TP lesions in 6 cases, while 1 case showed higher FGFR3 expression in the FN lesion. CONCLUSIONS: In this preliminary exploratory analysis, PDD FN lesions were not uniformly explained by differences in PEPT1/ABCG2/FECH expression alone. Lesion-level discordance in FGFR3 expression may reflect phenotypic heterogeneity within the same bladder and may contribute to fluorescence negativity. Further larger studies integrating molecular alteration status and functional assays are warranted.
Analysis of photon transport and detectability in skin tissue through Monte Carlo simulation of photosensitization-mediated fluorescence and singlet oxygen luminescence.
Cui S, Wang S, Li Y … +4 more , Wei Z, Huang D, Zhang X, Huang Z
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42031128 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: Transport of photons that enter and exit biological tissue is strongly influenced by optical property of biological tissue. In situ collection and detection of photons can also be strongly influenced by the c...
BACKGROUND: Transport of photons that enter and exit biological tissue is strongly influenced by optical property of biological tissue. In situ collection and detection of photons can also be strongly influenced by the configuration of photodetector. OBJECTIVE: To study the photon transport and detectability of photosensitization-mediated fluorescence and O luminescence in skin tissue model. METHODS: Monte Carlo modeling was utilized to simulate light propagation in the skin. Spatial distribution of excitation light, fluorescence and O luminescence in layered skin model were examined. Variations in stratum corneum thickness were parameterized to evaluate the impact on light attenuation. Photosensitization-mediated excitation (405 nm, 532 nm), fluorescence emission (630 nm) and O luminescence (1270 nm) were analyzed using a simplified proportional model to assess relative changes in signal generation and collection. Detection performance of excitation-detection confocal mode and fiber optic bundle reflection mode were analyzed. RESULTS: The stratum corneum exhibited a pronounced wavelength-dependent gating effect on light transport, with short-wavelength excitation being highly sensitive to thickness variation. Increasing stratum corneum thickness resulted in a nonlinear reduction in effective delivery of excitation photons, accompanied by decreased fluorescence and O signals. Confocal approach provided substantially higher detection efficiency but strong dependence on axial alignment and pinhole size. The signal collection efficiency of fiber bundle probes of symmetric circular configuration was higher than that of linear configurations, but the linear configurations could provide depth-dependent signals. CONCLUSION: Detectability of photosensitization-mediated fluorescence and O luminescence is strongly regulated by the combined effects of skin structure and optical property as well as the geometric configurations of photon collection apparatus.
Evaluation of photodynamic therapy (PDT) of high-risk cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesions (LSIL) - A single center experience.
Qi W, Ma L, Cui S … +2 more , Huang Z, Liang L
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42025981 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: High-risk cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) can progress to invasive cancer if left untreated. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid mediated...
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVE: High-risk cervical low-grade squamous intraepithelial lesion (LSIL) can progress to invasive cancer if left untreated. This study aims to evaluate the efficacy of 5-aminolevulinic acid mediated photodynamic therapy (ALA PDT) in the treatment of high-risk LSIL. METHODS: A total of 197 cases (20-69 years old) of high-risk LSIL treated by ALA PDT were retrospectively evaluated. Lesion remission and HPV clearance were evaluated at 6 and 12 months follow-up. The influence of age and number of treatments were analyzed. RESULTS: LSIL lesion remission rates were 87.50% and 92.94% at 6 and 12 months follow-up, respective. HPV negative conversion rates were 64.47% and 80.46% at 6 and 12 months follow-up, respectively. There was no statistical difference between age groups for lesion remission rate and HPV clearance rate (p ≥ 0.4). No statistically significant association between the number of treatment and lesion remission rate or HPV clearance rate. No serious side effects occurred. CONCLUSIONS: Topical ALA PDT is effective and safe for the treatment of high-risk LSIL. It is especially suitable for women with fertility requirements and for elderly patients.
Enhanced accumulation of protoporphyrin IX via SLC6A6 and SLC36A1 sensitizes cisplatin-resistant cells to 5-aminolevulinic acid-based photodynamic therapy.
Horibe S, Tanaka T, Kawauchi S … +2 more , Sasaki N, Rikitake Y
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42009158 · Publisher ↗
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a promising treatment for cancer cells. Although cisplatin (CDDP) is a potent anticancer drug, acquired resistance often limits its clinical efficacy. Thi...
Photodynamic therapy (PDT) using 5-aminolevulinic acid (5-ALA) is a promising treatment for cancer cells. Although cisplatin (CDDP) is a potent anticancer drug, acquired resistance often limits its clinical efficacy. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of 5-ALA-PDT in CDDP-resistant cancer cells and elucidate the underlying mechanisms. We used CDDP-resistant sublines (ACR20 and HCR5) derived from human lung cancer (A549) and cervical epithelioid carcinoma (HeLa) cells, respectively. Intracellular protoporphyrin IX (PpIX) accumulation, mRNA expression of transporters and heme synthesis enzymes, and phototoxicity were analyzed. Both CDDP-resistant sublines exhibited significantly higher sensitivity to 5-ALA-PDT and increased intracellular PpIX accumulation compared to their respective parental cells. The mRNA expression of the 5-ALA transporters, SLC6A6 and SLC36A1, was significantly upregulated in both CDDP-resistant sublines. Treatment with their inhibitors (guanidinoethyl sulfonate for SLC6A6 and tryptophan for SLC36A1) markedly reduced PpIX accumulation and cytotoxic effects of 5-ALA-PDT. Although protoporphyrinogen oxidase expression was elevated in ACR20 cells, 5-ALA-PDT cytotoxicity was not affected by its knockdown. These findings show that the enhanced efficacy of 5-ALA-PDT in CDDP-resistant cells is primarily driven by increased PpIX accumulation through the upregulation of SLC6A6 and SLC36A1. Thus, 5-ALA-PDT has the potential to be a universal and effective treatment for cancers that develop CDDP resistance.
DSEGAN: Detail and structure enhanced generative adversarial network for fundus image enhancement.
Liu S, Ouyang J, Wu X … +6 more , Xu F, Zhou Y, Wang X, Zhang H, Wang K, Lu X
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42009157 · Publisher ↗
Fundus imaging is an important tool for screening and diagnosing ophthalmic diseases. Despite continuous advancements in imaging technology, low-quality images may still occur due to environmental factors or patient cond...
Fundus imaging is an important tool for screening and diagnosing ophthalmic diseases. Despite continuous advancements in imaging technology, low-quality images may still occur due to environmental factors or patient conditions, which can adversely affect clinical diagnosability and downstream analysis. In clinical practice, it is difficult to simultaneously acquire paired high-quality and low-quality fundus images of the same patient, making supervised learning-based image enhancement methods difficult to apply. Existing unsupervised methods, such as CycleGAN, can achieve automatic mapping from low-quality to high-quality image domains without requiring paired images; however, they still have limitations in modeling the characteristics of fundus images, primarily manifested as the loss of vessel texture details and the blurring of optic disc contour structures. To address these challenges, we propose a Detail-Structure Enhanced Generative Adversarial Network (DSEGAN) for fundus image enhancement, which employs our designed Detail-Structure Enhanced Generator (DSEGen) as its core. In the encoding stage, DSEGen introduces an attention Enhanced Partial Convolution (AEPConv) block to suppress noise and highlight high-frequency information such as vessel texture details. In the decoding stage, a dual-Branch Fusion Block (DBFB) is adopted to achieve the collaborative fusion of high-frequency information (e.g., vessel details) and low-frequency information (e.g., optic disc contour structures). Experiments conducted on three real-world datasets (CFP, UWF, and EyeQ) and one synthetic dataset (FIVES) demonstrate that DSEGAN outperforms existing methods in objective metrics such as NIQE, FID, and KID. Moreover, its effectiveness in fundus image enhancement is further validated through a downstream vessel segmentation task on the synthetic dataset.
Optical coherence tomography angiography in pediatric myopia: effects of myopia severity on retinal and choroidal thickness and microvascular perfusion.
Li YX, Fei JR, Ma P … +2 more , Ma LX, Li FJ
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42009156 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To summarize current applications of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in pediatric myopia, focusing on myopia severity-related changes in retinal and choroidal microvasculature. METHODS: A narrati...
PURPOSE: To summarize current applications of optical coherence tomography angiography (OCTA) in pediatric myopia, focusing on myopia severity-related changes in retinal and choroidal microvasculature. METHODS: A narrative review of published OCTA studies in myopic children and adolescents was performed, emphasizing macular, peripapillary, and choroidal vascular alterations and recent technological advances. RESULTS: Evidence suggests that the foveal avascular zone (FAZ) is largely preserved in mild to moderate pediatric myopia, whereas area reduction or morphological changes are mainly observed in high myopia, with axial length (AL) as the primary determinant. Superficial capillary plexus (SCP) vessel density generally decreases with AL elongation, particularly in parafoveal regions, although relative preservation or compensatory regulation may occur centrally. The deep capillary plexus (DCP) shows the highest sensitivity to axial elongation, with pronounced vessel density reduction in parafoveal and perifoveal areas, indicating early microcirculatory impairment. Peripapillary radial capillary (RPC) density is significantly reduced in highly myopic children and closely associated with retinal nerve fiber layer thinning, especially in the superior, inferior, and nasal sectors. Choroidal thickness is consistently negatively correlated with AL, while findings on choroidal perfusion remain variable, suggesting potential compensatory mechanisms in childhood. Advances in ultra-widefield swept-source OCTA and artificial intelligence have improved imaging coverage and analytical consistency. CONCLUSION: OCTA enables detailed, layer-specific assessment of microvascular alterations in pediatric myopia, with the DCP and peripapillary circulation serving as sensitive indicators of early disease-related changes. When combined with choroidal thickness or the choroidal vascularity index, this approach helps enhance the individualized prediction of myopia progression risk and the accuracy of intervention efficacy evaluation. Meanwhile, well-designed longitudinal studies with standardized pediatric protocols are required to establish normative parameters and support early monitoring and intervention.
Removal of pulp tissue remnants from the isthmus area of lower molars using Shock Wave Enhanced Emission Photo-acoustic Streaming and sonic-activated irrigation.
Bago I, Filija E, Engelmann L … +3 more , Rajić V, Gambarini G, Vuletić LB
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42009155 · Publisher ↗
BACKGROUND: To assess the efficacy of the Er:YAG laser modality Shock Wave Enhanced Emission Photo-acoustic Streaming (SWEEPS), sonic-activated irrigation (SAI), and passive conventional irrigation (CI) in removing pulp...
BACKGROUND: To assess the efficacy of the Er:YAG laser modality Shock Wave Enhanced Emission Photo-acoustic Streaming (SWEEPS), sonic-activated irrigation (SAI), and passive conventional irrigation (CI) in removing pulp tissue remnants (PTR) from the root canal isthmus area in mandibular molars. METHODS: Forty-six extracted human mandibular molars presenting a continuous isthmus between mesial canals were selected for this study. The specimens were randomly assigned to three experimental groups (n = 12/each) based on the final irrigation (FI) techniques: Group 1, SWEEPS; Group 2, SAI (SmartLite Pro EndoActivator, Denstply Sirona); and Group 3, CI. A control group received no treatment. In the experimental groups, the mesial root canals were initially prepared with a Path File instrument (13/0.02) followed by ProTaper Ultimate up to the instrument F2 (25/0.08), with 3% sodium hypochlorite (NaOCl) as the irrigant. The FI protocol consisted of the sequential application of 3% NaOCl, 15% ethylenediaminotetraacetic acid and 3% NaOCl. After demineralization, histological sections of the isthmus region in the apical third were evaluated, and PTR was measured. Statistical analysis was performed using the Kruskal-Wallis test and post hoc Dunn tests (α = 0.05). RESULTS: The SWEEPS group demonstrated the lowest PTR values (median PTR: 1.58%), with four samples exhibiting no PTR (p < 0.05). This was followed by the SAI and CI groups, which showed median PTR values of 5% and 7.39%, respectively; however, the difference between these two groups was not statistically significant (p = 0.495). CONCLUSION: SWEEPS was the most effective technique for removing RPT from the apical isthmus area, while SAI and CI showed similar efficacy.
Efficacy of red light for myopia control from age 2 to 24 with diverse treatment periods: A real-world study.
Chen Y, Wu Y, Wang L … +10 more , Zhu Z, Shang X, Li J, Ni Y, Chen Y, Jiang F, Xiong R, Yang X, He M, Zeng J
Photodiagnosis Photodyn Ther · 2026 Jun · PMID 42009154 · Publisher ↗
PURPOSE: To explore the age-specific efficacy, long-term outcomes and safety of RLRL therapy in real-world clinical settings. METHODS: In the prospective, multi-center, real-world cohort, 2825 participants who underwent...
PURPOSE: To explore the age-specific efficacy, long-term outcomes and safety of RLRL therapy in real-world clinical settings. METHODS: In the prospective, multi-center, real-world cohort, 2825 participants who underwent low-level red light (RLRL) therapy for myopia control were recruited from 20 hospitals in China. Axial length (AL), spherical equivalent refraction (SER), best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA), compliance, and adverse events were recorded at baseline and each visit. Follow-up duration was stratified into four periods (≤ 6, 7-12, 13-24, and 25-36 months). Efficacy was estimated as the annual changes of AL using longitudinal linear mixed-effect model. RESULTS: AL increased slightly in children aged 2-7 and 8-12 years, but remained stable in those aged 13-24 years. During the first 6 months, annual axial length (AL) changes reached -0.18, -0.29, and -0.72 mm for the 2-7, 8-12, and 13-24 group, and shifted to 0.14, 0.06, and -0.01 mm with 25-36 months of treatment. Multivariable analyses identified larger baseline AL (β = 0.72, p < 0.001) and the oldest age group (β = 0.82, p = 0.009) as independent predictors of AL shortening, while combining orthokeratology offered no additional benefit (p > 0.05). Adverse events were infrequent (0.21%). CONCLUSIONS: RLRL therapy is an effective and well-tolerated approach for myopia control across a broad age range and up to 36 months, showing sustained efficacy and favorable safety in real-world clinical settings.
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